Q. Explain “S” Curve.

1. It is graphical representation of cumulative project cost (Y axis) against time schedule

(x axis)
2. It is also plotted as “cumulative man hours” which are denoted on Y axis against time
schedule on X axis.
3. This plot takes shape of English alphabet “S”. So, it is known as “S” curve.
4. It is plotted over the phases of project lifecycle.
5. Shape is always travelling ion upward direction as cost is cumulative.
6. This is implemented in application in project management.
7. This is utilized for application in project management to assess or estimate time, base
line, base line cost, etc.
Q. Roles and Responsibilities of Project Manager
1. Planning 2. Organizing 3. Leading 4. Controlling
1. Planning
Planning is instrumental in meeting project deadlines, and many projects fail due to poor
planning. First and foremost, good project managers define the project’s scope and determine
available resources. Good project managers know how to realistically set time estimates and
evaluate the team's or teams’ capabilities.
2. Organizing
Good project managers don’t get their teams bogged down with elaborate spreadsheets, long
checklists, and whiteboards. Instead, they put their teams front and center. They develop clear,
straightforward plans that stimulate their teams to reach their full potential. They cut down on
bureaucracy and steer their teams down a clear path to the final goal.
3. Leading
Leading as a project manager involves guiding, motivating, and inspiring your team to achieve
project goals effectively and efficiently.
4. Controlling
Clients usually judge a project’s success or failure on whether it has been delivered on time.
Therefore, meeting deadlines are non-negotiable. Good project managers know how to set
realistic deadlines, and how to communicate them consistently to their teams.
They know how to effectively do the following:

• Define activity
• Sequence activity
• Estimate the duration of activity
• Develop a schedule
• Maintain a schedule
Q. Team Development Model in Project Management
1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing
5. Adjourning
1. Forming:
• In the forming stage, team members are introduced to each other, and there is a focus on
defining the project's purpose, goals, and objectives.
• Team members may be polite and cautious as they get to know each other and establish
their roles within the team.
• The project manager plays a crucial role in providing clarity, direction, and structure during
this stage.
2. Storming:
• The storming stage is characterized by increased conflict and tension within the team as
individuals start asserting their opinions, ideas, and preferences.
• Differences in working styles, personalities, and expectations may lead to disagreements
and challenges.
• The project manager needs to facilitate open communication, encourage collaboration, and
address conflicts constructively to help the team navigate this stage effectively.
3. Norming:
• During the norming stage, the team begins to resolve conflicts, establish norms, and
develop cohesion. Team members start to appreciate each other's strengths and differences,
leading to greater collaboration and teamwork.
• Roles and responsibilities become clearer, and there is a sense of mutual respect and trust
among team members.
• The project manager continues to provide support, guidance, and feedback to reinforce
positive behaviors and maintain momentum.
4. Performing:
• The performing stage is characterized by high levels of productivity, synergy, and
effectiveness.
• Team members work together seamlessly, leveraging their strengths and skills to achieve
project objectives efficiently.
• Communication is open and effective, and there is a shared commitment to success.
• The project manager plays a facilitative role, providing resources, removing obstacles, and
empowering the team to make decisions autonomously.
5. Adjourning
• The adjourning stage is a critical part of the project lifecycle, providing closure for the team
and enabling them to transition smoothly to new opportunities while capturing valuable
insights for future projects.
Q. Project Management Lifecycle / Phases of Project Management
1. Initiation 2. Planning 3. Implementation 4. Closure
1. Initiation:
In the initiation phase, the project is defined and authorized. This involves identifying the project's
purpose, objectives, scope, stakeholders, and initial feasibility assessment.
Key activities may include developing a project charter, conducting a preliminary risk
assessment, and obtaining approval to proceed.
2. Planning:
The planning phase involves detailed planning and organization of project activities, resources,
timelines, and budget.
Key activities may include developing a project management plan, creating a work breakdown
structure (WBS), defining project tasks and dependencies, estimating resources, creating a
schedule, and identifying risks and mitigation strategies.
3. Implementation:
The implementation phase involves implementing the project plan and carrying out the work
defined in the planning phase.
Key activities may include assigning tasks to team members, conducting meetings, managing
resources, communicating with stakeholders, and monitoring progress against the project plan.
5. Closure:
The closing phase involves formally completing the project and obtaining final acceptance from
stakeholders.
Key activities may include delivering project deliverables, obtaining formal acceptance,
conducting lessons learned sessions, releasing project resources, closing contracts, and archiving
project documentation.
Q. Write note on project manager as entrepreneur.

The entrepreneur (project manager) has the responsibility for success or failure of the business
idea (the project).
Key characteristics of Project manager as entrepreneur:
1. Motivation
Self-motivation is key. An entrepreneur must be the one who gets out of bed in the morning
thinking about the project and what the next steps are to make it successful. Being passionate
about a venture, initiative or project is possibly the easiest way to be motivated as it will come
without trying. Don’t be afraid to be passionate about what you are doing, and perhaps only select
those ventures that you are truly passionate about to get involved with. Your motivation will
spread to you team members and stakeholders.
2. Creativity
This is perhaps one of the more important characteristics of being an entrepreneur - you must be
able to see creative solutions. Entrepreneurs work best dealing with solutions that haven’t been
invented yet and solving these takes creativity. Don’t be afraid to think of many different possible
solutions. Eliminating the less effective ones for whatever reason will leave you with a creative
solution. Another tip I have learned is that creativity and curiosity go hand in hand. Don’t be
afraid to be curious, ask a lot of questions and develop your knowledge about a lot of topics.
3. Vision
You must be able to see into the future and imagine what the end result may be. Perhaps more
importantly you must also be able to communicate this vision to others to get them to see it,
believe it and commit to achieving it as well. Being passionate about your vision will help in
getting others to follow you. Your vision doesn’t need to specific, it can be a general outcome
focused on success, whatever that means, with the details being filled in as you move along the
project lifecycle.
4. Risk tolerance
Some people are naturally risk adverse and this is a great attribute to have in many projects.
Entrepreneurs tend to be more risk tolerant and will generally rely on reactive rather than
proactive measures to deal with risk. There needs to be a balance to make sure risks taken are
reasonable, but the nature of entrepreneurship is to take risks and reap the rewards.
5. Flexibility
You must be able to move on from what you thought was a solution when it becomes inefficient.
Learn to let go, and quickly move to the next solution. Don’t get hung up on one idea far past its
‘best by’ date. Realise that change is always going to happen, and you need to be flexible. When
a roadblock appears, find a way to go around it, over it or under it, and if this can’t be done, then
be prepared to reverse and find another path completely.
6. Collaboration
A great entrepreneur knows their strengths and their weaknesses and will seek out people to fill
in their weaknesses. They will usually seek out people with exceptional skills in these areas. An
entrepreneurial project manager will assemble a great project team with the correct balance of
skills, experience and attitude. They will also know how to train people, or move them on, who
aren’t quite right for entrepreneurial types of projects.
Q. Explain sources of conflict in Project Management.

1. Different stakeholder interest

2. Project manager management style
3. Project Team History
4. Scope changes
5. Schedule changes
6. Project failure or cancellation
7. Declined change request
8. Disagreements with vendors
9. Disagreements over communication methods