Hanging, Bracing, and

Restraint of System
Piping

CHAPTER 9

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

  Hangers

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 Hangers shall be designed to support five times the weight of the water-filled
pipe plus 250 lb (114 kg) at each point of piping support.

 Listing
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 U-Hooks. The size of the rod material of U-hooks shall not be less than that given in
Table 9.1.2.4.

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  Support of Risers
Risers shall be supported by riser clamps or by hangers located on the horizontal
connections within 24 in. (610 mm) of the centerline of the riser.

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 Underground Piping

CHAPTER 10

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  Listing. Piping shall be listed for fire protection service or shall comply with the
standards Copper tubing (Type K) with brazed joints conforming to Table 10.1.1 and
Table 10.2.1(a) is acceptable for underground service. Listing and labeling
information, along with applicable publications for reference, is as follows:

(1) Listing and Labeling. Testing laboratories list or label the following:
(a) Cast-iron and ductile iron pipe (cement-lined and unlined, coated and
uncoated)
(b) Asbestos-cement pipe and couplings
(c) Steel pipe
(d) Copper pipe
(e) Fiberglass filament-wound epoxy pipe and couplings
(f) Polyethylene pipe
(g) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and couplings
(h) Underwriters Laboratories Inc. lists, under re-examination service, reinforced
concrete pipe (cylinder pipe, nonprestressed and prestressed)

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  Working Pressure. Piping, fittings, and other system components shall be rated
for the maximum system working pressure to which they are exposed but shall
not be rated at less than 150 psi (10.4 bar).

Underground mains may have working pressures in excess of 150 psi (10.4 bar),
such as on the discharge side of a pump. Some authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs)
require higher pressure rated pipe due to the chance that the fire department
pumper may provide water in excess of 150 psi (10.4 bar) through the fire
department connection.

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 Design Approaches

CHAPTER 11

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 If the storage is separated from the surrounding area by a floor-to-ceiling/roof
partition that is capable of preventing heat from a fire on one side from fusing
sprinklers on the other side, the size of the operating area is determined by the
occupancy of the surrounding area. In this example, the design area is 1500 ft2
(139 m2). A 0.3 gpm/ft2 (12.2 mm/min) density is needed within the separated
area with 0.2 gpm/ft2 (8.1 mm/min) in the remainder of the remote area.

Where inside hose connections are planned or are required, the following shall
apply:
(1) A total water allowance of 50 gpm (189 L/min) for a single hose connection
installation shall be added to the sprinkler requirements.
(2) A total water allowance of 100 gpm (379 L/min) for a multiple hose connection
installation shall be added to the sprinkler requirements.
(3) The water allowance shall be added in 50 gpm (189 L/min) increments
beginning at the most remote hose connection, with each increment added at the
pressure required by the sprinkler system design at that point.

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  Water Demand Requirements

 Residual Pressure
The additional pressure that is needed at the level of the water supply to
account for sprinkler elevation is 0.433 psi/ft (0.098 bar/m) of elevation above
the water supply.

For installations larger than 5000 ft2 (465 m2), the 50 psi (3.4 bar) required by
11.2.2.3(4) supersedes Table 11.2.2.1.

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  Density/Area Method.

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 NFPA 415 requires a hose stream demand of 500 gpm (1893 L/min), which
exceeds the 250 gpm (946 L/min) hose stream allowance required by Table
11.2.3.1.2 for ordinary hazard occupancies.

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  Restrictions. When either the density/area method or room design method is
used, the following shall apply:

(1)*For areas of sprinkler operation less than 1500 ft2 (139 m2) used for light and
ordinary hazard occupancies, the density for 1500 ft2 (139 m2) shall be used.

(2) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 2500 ft2 (232 m2) for extra hazard
occupancies, the density for 2500 ft2 (232 m2) shall be used.

(3)* Unless the requirements of 11.2.3.1.4(4) are met for buildings having
unsprinklered combustible concealed spaces, as described in 8.15.1.2 and 8.15.6,
the minimum area of sprinkler operation for that portion of the building shall be
3000 ft2 (279 m2).

The design area of 3000 ft2 (279 m2) shall be applied only to the sprinkler system
or portions of the sprinkler system that are adjacent to the qualifying combustible
concealed space.

(4) The following unsprinklered concealed spaces shall not require a minimum
area of sprinkler operation of 3000 ft2 (279 m2):
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 For extended coverage sprinklers, the minimum design area shall be that
corresponding to the hazard in Figure 11.2.3.1.1 or the area protected by five
sprinklers, whichever is greater. Paragraph 11.2.3.2.2.3 clarifies that extended
coverage (EC) sprinklers have a minimum design area, namely the area that
comprises not less than five sprinklers or 1500 ft2 (139 m2). For an EC sprinkler
listed for use in light hazard occupancies and a protection area per sprinkler of 20 ft
20 ft (6.1 m 6.1 m), the design area would be 2000 ft2 (186 m2) — that is, 400 ft2
(37.2 m2) per sprinkler multiplied by five sprinklers.

If an EC sprinkler was listed with a protection area of 16 ft 16 ft (5 m 5 m), the

design area would be based on a 1500 ft2 (139 m2) area of operation. In this case,
the sprinkler is listed to cover 256 ft2 (25 m2). Multiplying the minimum five
sprinkler design area by 256 ft2 (25 m2) results in an area of operation of 1280 ft2
(125 m2). The requirements of 11.2.3.2.2.3 require the larger area of 1500 ft2 (139
m2) from the density/area curve or the five sprinkler design area.

 The number of sprinklers in the design area shall never be less than five.

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  Sloped Ceilings. The system area of operation shall be increased by 30 percent
without revising the density when the following types of sprinklers are used on
sloped ceilings with a pitch exceeding 1 in 6 (a rise of 2 units in a run of 12
units, a roof slope of 16.7 percent) in nonstorage applications:

 Dry Pipe and Double Interlock Preaction Systems. For dry pipe systems and
double interlock preaction systems, the area of sprinkler operation shall be
increased by 30 percent without revising the density. The delivery of water to
operated or open sprinklers in dry pipe and double interlock preaction sprinkler
systems takes longer than it does for wet pipe systems and noninterlock or
single interlock preaction systems. Because of this delay, system size, in terms
of volume, is limited. To compensate for this delay, a 30 percent increase in the
design area is mandated.

If the density and area for an ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancy are selected at
0.20 gpm/ft2 [8.1 (L/min)/m2] and 1500 ft2 (139 m2) (see Figure 11.2.3.1.1), this
density would be adjusted for a dry pipe system as follows: (30 percent 1500 ft2)
[(30 percent 139 m2)] 1500 ft2 (139 m2) = 1950 ft2 (182 m2).
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
  Special Design Areas

Where the design area consists of a building service chute supplied by a separate
riser, the maximum number of sprinklers that needs to be calculated is three each
with a minimum discharge of 15 gpm (57 L/min).

Where an area is to be protected by a single line of sprinklers, the design area shall
include all sprinklers on the line up to a maximum of seven.

This section is intended to apply to all types of systems including dry pipe and
preaction systems. When protecting a long, narrow space with one line of
sprinklers consisting of more than seven sprinklers, as addressed in 11.2.3.4.2, it is
unlikely that all sprinklers in the space will activate, unless the sprinkler system is
overwhelmed.

Sprinklers in ducts as described in Section 7.10 and 8.15.12 shall be hydraulically

designed to provide a discharge pressure of not less than 7 psi (0.5 bar) at each
sprinkler with all sprinklers within the duct flowing.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

  Exposure Protection.
Piping shall be hydraulically calculated in accordance with Section 22.4 to furnish a
minimum of 7 psi (0.5 bar) at any sprinkler with all sprinklers facing the exposure
operating.

 Water Curtains.
Sprinklers in a water curtain such as described in 8.15.4 or 8.15.16.2 shall be
hydraulically designed to provide a discharge of 3 gpm per lineal foot (37 L/min per
lineal meter) of water curtain, with no sprinklers discharging less than 15 gpm (56.8
L/min).

For water curtains employing automatic sprinklers, the number of sprinklers

calculated in this water curtain shall be the number in the length corresponding to
the length parallel to the branch lines in the area determined by 22.4.4.1.1.

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  Sprinklers Under a Roof or Ceiling in Combustible Concealed Spaces of Wood
Joist or Wood Truss Construction with Members 3 ft (914 mm) or Less on
Center and a Slope Having a Pitch of 4 in 12 or Greater.

Where sprinkler spacing does not exceed 8 ft (2.5 m) measured perpendicular to

the slope, the minimum sprinkler discharge pressure shall be 7 psi (0.5 bar).

Where sprinkler spacing exceeds 8 ft (2.5 m) measured perpendicular to the

slope, the minimum sprinkler discharge pressure shall be 20 psi (1.4 bar).

Hose stream allowance and water supply duration requirements shall be in

accordance with those for light hazard occupancies in Table 11.2.3.1.2.

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh