Regional Mathematical Olympiad-2023 solutions

1. Given a triangle ABC with ∠ACB = 120◦ . The point L is marked on the side AB so that
CL is the bisector of ∠ACB. The points N and K are marked on the sides AC and BC,
respectively, so that CN + CK = CL. Prove that the triangle KLN is equilateral.

Solution 1

Let CN = x and CK = y. Then CL = x + y. By using cosine rule we obtain

N L2 = x2 − x(x + y) + (x + y)2 = x2 + xy + y 2 = y 2 − y(x + y) + (x + y)2 = KL2 .

Also
N K 2 = x2 + y 2 − 2xy cos 120◦ = x2 + xy + y 2 .
Hence N L = KL = N K and the triangle KLN is equilateral.

Solution 2

Taking KN as base, draw the equilateral triangle KM N such that C and M are on
opposite sides of KN . Since

∠KCN + ∠KM N = 180◦ ,

CKM N is cyclic. Then

CM = CK + CN = CL

which implies M ≡ L.
2. Given a prime number p such that the number 2p is equal to the sum of the squares of
some four consecutive positive integers. Prove that p − 7 is divisible by 36.

Solution

If n > 1 is such that

2p = (n − 1)2 + n2 + (n + 1)2 + (n + 2)2 = 4n2 + 4n + 6

then
p = 2n(n + 1) + 3 > 3.
Observe that if n ≡ 0 (mod 3) or n ≡ 2 (mod 3) then p ≡ 0 (mod 3) and hence can’t be
a prime. Therefore n ≡ 1 (mod 3). Write n = 3k + 1 for some positive integer k. Observe
that
p − 7 = 2(n2 + n − 2) = 2(n − 1)(n + 2) = 18k(k + 1) ≡ 0 (mod 36).
3. Let f (x) be a polynomial with real coefficients of degree 2. Suppose that for some pairwise
distinct nonzero real numbers a, b, c we have

f (a) = bc; f (b) = ca; f (c) = ab.

Determine f (a + b + c) in terms of a, b, c.

Solution

Observe that
af (a) = bf (b) = cf (c) = abc.
. Let
P (x) = xf (x) − abc.
Then P (x) is a polynomial of degree 3 with three distinct roots a, b, c. Therefore

P (x) = k(x − a)(x − b)(x − c)

where k is a real constant. Thus

xf (x) = k(x − a)(x − b)(x − c) + abc.

Putting x = 0 gives k = 1. Hence

f (x) = x2 − (a + b + c)x + ab + bc + ca

and
f (a + b + c) = ab + bc + ca.

4. The set X of N four-digit numbers formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 satisfies the
following condition:
for any two different digits from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 there exists a number in X which
contains both of them.
Determine the smallest possible value of N .

Solution

Let some digit, say 1, appear in exactly k numbers from the N given numbers. Hence, 1
forms at most 3 distinct pairs with the remaining 3 digits of any of these k numbers. Since
the total number of all distinct pairs formed by 1 and the other 7 numbers {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
is equal to 7, we see that 3k ≥ 7. So k ≥ 3. Therefore, each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
must appear in at least 3 numbers. Thus, the total number of all digits in N numbers is at
least 8.3 = 24. But N numbers contain exactly 4N digits. Therefore, 4N ≥ 24, so N ≥ 6.
The following example shows that there are 6 four-digit numbers satisfying the problem
condition:
1234, 1567, 1268, 2357, 3468, 4578.

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5. The side-lengths a, b, c of a triangle ABC are positive integers. Let

Tn = (a + b + c)2n − (a − b + c)2n − (a + b − c)2n + (a − b − c)2n

T2
for any positive integer n. If = 2023 and a > b > c, determine all possible perimeters
2T1
of the triangle ABC.

Solution

Upon simplification we obtain T1 = 8bc and T2 = 16bc(3a2 + b2 + c2 ). Hence

T2
= 3a2 + b2 + c2 .
2T1

Since a > b > c we have 404 < a2 < 675 which is equivalent to 21 ≤ a ≤ 25. Since
2023 ≡ 3 (mod 4), a can’t be even for otherwise

b2 + c2 = 2023 − 3a2 ≡ 3 (mod 4)

which is impossible because b2 + c2 ≡ k (mod 4) where k ≤ 2. If a = 21 then

b2 + c2 = 2023 − 3.212 = 7.102

implying b ≡ 0 (mod 7) and c ≡ (mod 7). But then b = 7b1 and c = 7c1 for some positive
integers b1 and c1 and we get
7(b21 + c21 ) = 102
which is absurd because 7 does not divide 102 = 100. If a = 25 then

b2 + c2 = 48

implying that 3 divides b2 + c2 which is true if and only if 3 divides both b and c. Thus
there exist positive integers b2 and c2 such that b = 3b2 and c = 3c2 . But then we obtain

3(b22 + c22 ) = 16

which is absurd because 3 does not divide 16. When a = 23,

b2 + c2 = 2023 − 1587 = 436 = 202 + 62 .

Note that a = 23, b = 20 and c = 6 are side-lengths of a non-degenerate triangle ABC

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6. The diagonals AC and BD of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD meet at P . The point Q is
chosen on the segment BC so that P Q is perpendicular to AC. Prove that the line joining
the centres of the circumcircles of triangles AP D and BQD is parallel to AD.

Solution

Choose a point T on the line QP so that DT ⊥ DA. The points A, P , D, and T are
concyclic, so the center of the circle AP D lies on the perpendicular bisector ` of DT (notice
that ` k AD). Next, ∠QBD = ∠P AD = ∠QT D, so the points B, Q, D, and T are also
concyclic. Therefore the centre of the circle BQD also lies on `.

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