Atom

Smallest unit into which

matter can be divided
without the release of
electrically charged
particles. It also is the
smallest unit of matter that
has the characteristic
properties of
a chemical element.
 Molecules

A group of atoms
bonded together,
representing the
smallest fundamental
unit of a chemical
compound that can take
part in a chemical
reaction.
 Write any two major differences
between compounds and mixture
1. Compounds are pure 1. Impure substances
substances composed obtained by the mixing
of two or more atoms of two or more pure
of different element substances are called
2. It is formed as a result mixture.
of change. 2. It is formed as a result
3. For examples- Water, of physical change.
nitric acid, etc.emical 3. For examples- Salt
change. solution, camphor and
sand, etc.
Electropositive Radicals(Basic Radical)
1. Sodium = Na⁺ 14. Lead = Pb²⁺
2. Hydrogen = H⁺ 15. Ferrous [ Iron(II)] = Fe²⁺
16. Ferric [ Iron(III)] = Fe³⁺
3. Potassium = K⁺ 17. Aluminium = Al³⁺
4. Lithium = Li⁺ 18. Calcium = Ca²⁺
5. Ammonium = NH₄⁺ 19. Barium = Ba²⁺
6. Cuprous [Copper II] = Cu²⁺ 20. Silver = Ag⁺
21. Gold = Au³⁺
7. Cupric [ Copper III] = Cu³⁺ 22. Manganous = Mn²⁺
8. Magnesium = Mg²⁺ 23. Nickel = Ni²⁺
9. Zinc = Zn²⁺ 24. Palladium =Pd²⁺
10.Mercurous =Hg+ 25.Chromium =Cr3+
11.Mercuric =Hg2+ 26.Plumbous =Pb2+
12.Aurous =Au+ 27.Plumbic =Pb4+
13 Auric =Au3+ 28.Stannous =Sn2+
29.Stannic =Sn4+
Electronegative Radicals(Acid Radicals)
Flouride = F⁻ Nitrate = NO₃⁻
Chloride = Cl⁻ Carbonate = CO²⁻
Bromide = Br⁻ Bicarbonate = HCO₃⁻
Sulphate = SO₄²⁻
Iodide = I⁻ Sulphite = SO₃³⁻
Sulphate = SO₄²⁻ Nitrate = NO₃⁻
Oxide = O²⁻ Nitrite = NO₂⁻
Nitride = N³⁻ Bisulphite = HSO₃⁻
Bisulphate = HSO₄⁻
Sulphide = S²⁻ Chromate = CrO₄²⁻
Carbide = C⁴⁻ Dichromate =CrO42-
Hydroxide = OH⁻ Silicate =SiO32-
Phosphate =PO43- Peroxide =O2-
Borate =BO33- Chlorate =ClO3 –
Cyanide =CN- Thiosulphate =S2O32-
Permanganate =MnO4-
Iodate =IO33-
 Balencing of chemical equation by
partial method
There are two methods of balancing chemical
equation:
1. Hit and Trail Method
2. Partial equation method.
Hit and Trail method:
In this method the equation is balanced by trial and
error methods. There is no definite rules to balance the
equation but simple guessing. Generally hit and trial
method is applicable for simple chemical reaction.
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCL
 Partial equation mathod
Partial equation method is used for balancing
complex chemical equations. There are chemical
equation which involves many steps and reacting
elements occur in more than one products in the
product side.
For eg.
Balance the following equation by the partial equation method.
Cu+HNO3→Cu(NO3)2+NO2+H2O Soln:- (HNO3 is cold and conc.)
2 HNO3 (conc) → 2NO2 + H2O + [O]……i
Cu + [O] → CuO ……… .ii
CuO +2HNO3→ Cu(NO3)2 + H2O………..iii

Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 +2NO2 + 2H2O

Balance the following equation by the
partial equation method.

Cu + HNO3 (1:1) → Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O

Here, used HNO3 is moderately conc i.e 1:1 ratio.
2HNO3 → 2NO + H2O + 3[O]
Cu + [O] → CuO ]x3
CuO + 2HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O ]x3
3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
 Mole concept

Mole in term of particles

A collection of 6.023x1023 particles i.e
electrons, protons, ions, atoms, molecules
and radicals etc.The number of 6.023x10 23 is
called Avogadro's number and it is denoted by
N or NA.
i.e 1 mole = 6.023x1023 no of particles
 Mole in term of mass

A mole is the amount of substance which is

equal to the gram atomic mass
I.e 1mole =Atomic weight in gram
= molecular weight in gram
eg . 1 mole of sodium = 23 gram of sodium
1 mole of CO2 = 44g of CO2
(12+2x16=44)
 Mole in term of Gram- atom
If a mole is expressed in gram, then it is called gram -
atom
I.e. 1 mole of atom = 1 gram- atom
1 mole of Ag atom = 1 gram- atom of Ag
Q.calculte the gram-molecule, gram-atom and gram-ion
of 196g of H2SO4
𝑤𝑡 .𝑖𝑛 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
No.of mole of H2SO4=
𝑚𝑜𝑙 .𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
196
= = 2moles
98
Gram-molecule = No.of moles= 2gram-molecule
Gram- atom = 2 x 7= 14 gram- atom
Gram – ion = 2x3 = 6 gram-ion
 Moles in term of volume
A mole which is equal to 22.4 litres of gas at NTP is called molar
volume.
I.e 1 mole of gas = 22.4 ltr at NTP or 22400ml at NTP
Eg. 1 mole of NH3 = 22.4 ltr at NTP

Calculation of number of moles

1. For atom
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
No. Of moles =
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 ℎ𝑡

𝑁𝑜 .𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
=
𝑁𝐴
3. For gas at NTP
2. For molecules 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑡𝑟
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚 No. Of moles =
No. Of moles= 22.4 𝑙𝑡𝑟
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 ℎ𝑡

𝑁𝑜 .𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
=
𝑁𝐴
 Applications of mole concept
It helps to calculate the absolute weight of an
atom or molecule or compounds.
It helps to calculate the percentage of particular
element in a chemical compound.
Mole cancept calculation tips
 Calculate number of moles present in
64 g of oxygen.
Solution –
Molar mass of O2 = 32 g mol–1
Given wt. of O2 = 64 g

64𝑔
No of moles of O2 = 32𝑔
= 2 moles
 Q.How many grams are there in 5.5
mol of sulphur?
solution:-
Molar mass of sulphur = 32.0 g mol–1
Number of moles of sulphur = 5.50 mol
Therefore, mass of sulphur (in grams) = molar
mass x number of moles
= 5.50 mol × 32.0 g mol–1= 176.0 g sulphur
Q. Calculate the mass of 12.044×1023 Oxygen atoms
Q. Calculate the number of molecules of hydrogen and
carbon present in 4 gram of Methane
Q. Calculate the mass in gram of
a. 1x1023 molecule of Methane
b. 2.5 moles of Cl2
Q. How many number of oxygen molecules present in 3
litres of of CO2 at STP
Q. Calculate the number of molecules in 22.4 litres of
CH4 gas at NTP.
Q.How many atoms of hydrogen are there in 36 g
of NH4?
1. 2063
How many moles of CO2 are there in 4.4 gram of carbon
dioxide?
2. 2063
Calculate the volume of 11 gram of CO2 at NTP?
3. 2062
How many moles of hydrogen are left when 3x1021 molecules
of hydrogen are removed from of a vessel containing 40 mg
of hydrogen?
4. 2061
How many Molecules are contained in 0.35 moles of N2 ?
5. 2059
What volume would 5.5 g of CO2 occupied at STP?
6 . 2058
Calculate the weight in gram of 5.6 litres of chlorine gas at
NTP.
7. 2057
Calculate the number of atoms of carbon present in 25 g of
CaCO3.
8. 2057
16 g of a gas at STP occupies 5.6 litres. What is the molecular
mass of the gas?
9. 2056
How many moles of oxygen molecules are present in 112 ml of
O2 gas at NTP?
10. 2055
If 32 gram of O2 contain 6.023x1023 molecules at NTP. How
many molecules under the same condition 32 gram of Sulphur will
contain?
11. 2055
1 mole of a compound contains 1 mole of carbon and 1 mole of
O what is the molecular weight of the compound?
12. 2055
What will be the molecular weight of a gas , 11.2 liters of which at
NTP weights 14 g?
13. 2054
The cost of table sugar (C12H22O11) is Rs 24 per
kg. Calculate its cost per mole.
14. 2053
Calculate the weight of 11.2 litres of CO2 gas at
STP.
15. 2052
Copper has a density of 8.92 g/ml . If 1 mole of
copper were shaped into a cube, what would be
the length of the side of the cube ?(atomic weight of
copper = 63.5)
16. 2052
How many moles of atoms in is contain in 15 gram
of Zn? ( atomic weight of Zn= 65.5)
17. 2064
Calculate the mass of one molecule of hydrogen.
18. 2058
How many mole of Fe2+ can be oxidized to Fe3+ by
0.75 mole of Cl2 , according to the reaction?
Fe2+ + Cl2 → Fe3+ + Cl-

19. 2072
6.3 gram of concentrated nitric acid is diluted by
adding 68 g of pure water. How many oxygen
molecules are present in the solution?
20. 2068
34.2 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) are dissolved in 180
gram of water. Calculate the number of oxygen atoms
in the solution.
21. 2071
Calculate the mass in gram of
a. 1x1023 of molecule of Methane
b. 2.5 moles of Cl2
22. 2071
Calculate the mass of water having the same number of hydrogen atoms is are
present in 32 g of Methane
23. 2071
How many number of gold atoms are present in 0.6 g of 18 carat gold. The 24
carat gold is taken as 100% pure gold. ( atomic mass of gold is is 197)
24. 2070
6 g of an element ‘x’ combine with 16 g of another element ‘y’ to give 0.5 mole
of a compound xy. What is the molecular mass of x y?
25. 2070
How many number of oxygen molecules are present in 3 litres of CO2 at STP?
26. 2070
How many gram atoms of Sulphur and how many gram of oxygen are needed to
prepare 6.023x1024 molecule of SO2?
27. 2070
Which of the following gases has greater number of
hydrogen molecule?
9 g of CH4 or 10 g of of NH3
28.2070
What mass of H2 gas will react with 22.4 litres of CO2
at STP to produce 36 g of water?
29. 2069
Calculate the mass of
i. one molecule of Nitrogen
Ii. a mole of carbon dioxide
30. 2069
What weight of Na will contain the same number of
atoms as are present in 1.2 gram of carbon (C12)?
31. 2066
Which of the following has larger number of
molecules and how?
7 g of Nitrogen or 1 g of hydrogen.
32. 2065
One atom of an element ‘A’ weights 6.644x10-23 g.
calculate the number of gram- atom in 80 kg of its.
33. 2065
Calculate the mass of 120cc of Nitrogen at NTP.
How many numbers of molecules are present in it?
34. 2064
What weight of 60% pure sulphuric acid is required
to decompose 25 gram of Chalk(CaCO3)
35. 2073
The cost of per mole of sugar (C12H22O11) is Rs 20. How
much a pocket of sugar containing 2 kg would cost?

36. 2072
Calculate the number of molecules of hydrogen and carbon
present in 4 g of methane.
37. 2072
Which one has higher mass and why?
a. 0.5 mole of CO2 or 16 g of SO2
b. 2 g of hydrogen or 6.023 x1021 number f oxygen.
38. 2072
A vessel containing 32 g of pure CH4 gas was partially
evacuated to remove 6.023 x 1023 molecules of CH4. How
many grams of hydrogen and carbon are left in the vessel?
39. 2075
Calculate the number of hydrogen and oxygen molecules
in a solution prepared by mixing 45g of glucose in 36g of
water.
40. 2074
How many number of oxygen molecules are required to
produce 220mg of CO2 according to the reaction?
C + O2 → CO2
41. 2074
What mass of the nitrogen will be required to produce
6.023 x 1024 molecules of ammonia by the following
reaction?
N2 + H2 → NH3
42. 2073
Calculate the mass of carbon monoxide having the same
number of oxygen atoms are present in 88g of carbon
dioxide.
43. 2076
Mass of 2x1021 number of atoms of an element is 0.4g.
what is the mass of 0.5 mole of the element?
44. 2074 , 2076
How many numbers of moles of CO will be left when
2 x 1021 molecules are removed from 0.28g of CO?
45. 2075
Calculate the mass in gram of
i) Two atoms of carbon
ii) Three molecules of hydrogen
46. 2075
How many grams of sulphur and oxygen are needed to
produce 6.023 x 1024 no. of SO2 according to the reaction?
S + O2 → SO2
 Limiting reagent(Limiting teactant)
The chemical reactant which is in deficit amount(less) and finished
first after the completion of chemical reaction is called limiting
reagent or limiting reactant. It is called so as it limits the formation
of products in a chemical reaction.
Excess Regent
The remaining reagent left over unreacted after the completion of
chemical reaction is called excess reagent
Applications of limiting reactant
1. It helps to calculate the actual amount of product formed in the
chemical reaction.
2. It helps to identify the excess reactant and its amount in mass,
volume, no. number of moles etc.
3. It helps in the chemical calculation of given stoichiometric
equation.
Q. What is limiting reactant? Why is it essential in
stoichiometric calculations?
→ The reactant or reagents which is used up first
or finished first in a chemical reaction is called
limiting reactant or limiting reagent. It is called so
because it limits the amount of product formed.

Limiting reactant is essential in stoichiometric

calculations due to the following reasons:
a. It determines the amount of product formed.
b. It help to determine the other reactant required
to complete the chemical reaction.
1) Givan, CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
If 10 g of pure CaCO3 is added in a solution containing 7.665 g
of HCl
a. Find the limiting reactant?
b. Calculate the number of moles of excess reactant left over
unreacted.
c. Calculate the volume of CO2 gas produced at NTP.
d. Calculate the number of grams of NaOH required to abserve
whole of CO2 gas as Na2CO3
2) You are given, Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
The raction is carried out by mixing 130 grams of Fe2O3 and 50 g
of CO.
a. Calculate the limiting reactant.
b. How much mass of iron is produced?
c. How many number of moles of unreacted reactant left over?
d.Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at 250C and 2 atmospheric
pressure.( given: atomic weight of Fe= 56)
3) 2 gram of magnesium is burnt in a closed vessel
containing 3 gram of oxygen.
a. Which one is limiting reactant?
b. Calculate the mole of reactant left over.
c. How many gram of MgO are produced?
d. What is the mass of H2SO4 required to
neutralize MgO formed in the reaction?
4) 3 g of H2 react with 29 g of O2 to yield H2O.
a. Which is the limiting reactant?
b.Calculate the maximum amount of H2O that can
be formed?
c. Calculate the amount of reactants which
remains unreacted
5) A chemical reaction was carried out by mixing 25 g of
pure calcium carbonate and 0.75 mole of pure
hydrochloric acid to give CaCl2, H2O and CO2.
a. Which one is limiting reactant and why?
b. Calculate the mass of CaCl2 formed.
c. How many number of water molecules are formed?
d. What mass NaOH is required to absorb the whole CO2
produced in the reaction ?
6) 10.6 g of pure Na2CO3 is treated with 7.9 g of HCl to
produce NaCl, H2O and CO2.
a. Find the limiting reactant and calculate mole of
unreacted reagent left over.
b. What volume of CO2 gas is produced at NTP?
c. Calculate the mass of NaCl formed.
7) 2 g of magnesium is burnt in a closed vessel containing
1.2 g of oxygen to produce magnesium oxide.
a. Find the limiting reagent.
b. Calculate the number of molecules of unreacted
reagent left over.
c. What mass of MgO is produced?
d. How many gram of pure HCl are required to neutralize
whole MgO produced?
8) Consider a reaction, Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
10 g of Fe2O3 is reacted with 9 g of CO.
a. Find the limiting reagent
b. How many mole of unreacted reagent left over?
c. Calculate the mole of CO consumed in the reaction.
d. What mass of NaOH is required to observe whole CO2
produced
9) How much sulphuric acid containing 80% H2SO4 by
weight is needed to produce 500 kg of 80% HCl by
weight according to the reaction?
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
10) What volume of Oxygen will be produced by heating
245 kg of pure KClO3 at STP?
11) 8 g of pure calcium is treated with 50 g of pure HCl to
give CaCl2 and H2.
a. Which one is limiting reactant?
b. Calculate the mass of unreacted reagent left over.
c. What mass of CaCl2 will be formed?
d. How many moles of water will be produced if the
whole H2 formed in the reaction react with O2?
12) 2.4 g of magnesium is treated with 0.2 mole of
sulphuric acid to yield MgSO4 and H2.
a. Which one is limiting reactant and why?
b. Calculate the mass of excess reactant.
c. How many moles of MgSO4 are produced?
d. What mass of water will be produced if the whole H2
gas formed in the reaction react with O2?
13) 20 g of 40% pure CaCO3 if reacted with 5 g of HCl to
produce CaCl2 , H2O and CO2.
a. Find which one is limiting reactant and why ?
b. Calculate the mass of CaCl2 formed.
c. How many number of water molecules are produced?
d. Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at 270C and
0.5 atm pressure.
14) For the reaction,
Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
The reaction is carried out by mixing 7 g of pure
Ca(OH)2 and 7 g of pure NH4Cl.
a. Find the limiting reactant.
b. Calculate the mole of unreacted reactant left over.
c. How many gram of CaCl2 are formed?
d. What volumes of NH3 gas are produced at 270C and
1.5 atm pressure?
15) 73 g of conc HCl was diluted by adding 144 gram of
water. How many gram-atom of Hydrogen are present in
the dilute acid?
16). Calculate the amount of lime(CaO) that can be prepared
by heating 200 kg of lime stone(CaCO3) that is 95% pure.
17.i) How much sulphuric acid containing 90% H2SO4 by
weight is needed for the production of 1000 kg of
hydrochloric acid containing 42% HCl by
weight in the following reaction?
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
ii) If the above reaction is carried out by mixing 11.7 g of
NaCl and 10 g of pure H2SO4,find the limiting reactant.
18) 17 g of ammonia is completely reacted with 45 g of
oxygen to produced NO and H2O.
a. Which is limiting reagent?
b. Calculate the number of moles of unreacted reactant
left over.
c. What volume of NO are produced at STP?
d. Calculate the mass of water produced.
19) 200 g of 95% pure CaCO3 is completely reacted with
excess of HCl to produced CaCl2, H2O and CO2.
a. Which one is limiting reactant?
b. Calculate the mass of CaCl2 formed.
c. How many moles of water are produced?
d. What volume of CO2 are produced if the reaction is
carried out at 270C and 760 mmHg pressure?
20) 10 g of impure zinc reacts with excess of dilute
sulphuric acid to yield zinc sulphate and hydrogen.
( atomic wt of Zn = 65)
a. Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 consumed.
b. Calculate the mass of ZnSO4 formed.
c. What volume of hydrogen is evolved at NTP?
21) 5 g of pure CaCO3 if treated with 5 g
of HCl to produced CaCl2, H2O and CO2.
a. Find which one is limiting reactant and
why?
b. Calculate the mass of CaCl2 formed.
c. How many number of water molecules
are produced?
d. Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at
NTP.
22) 16.8 g of NaHCO3 when heated produces 9 g of
Na2CO3 according to the following reaction:
2NaHCO3 NaCO3 + H2O + CO2
i. Find the percentage purity of the Na2CO3.
ii. How much volume of CO2 will be produced at 1
atmospheric pressure and 270C?
23) For a reaction, 2NaHCO3 NaCO3 + H2O + CO2
2.5 g of a sample of NaHCO3 when strongly heated gives
310cc of CO2 gas at 270C and 760 mmHg pressure.
i. Calculate the percentage purity of the sample(NaHCO3).
ii. How many mole of water are produced?
iii.What mass of pure HCl is required to neutralize Na2CO3
produced in the reaction?
Empirical formula percentage composition and
molecular formula
Empirical formula:
The simplest formula which shows the simplest
whole number ratio of atoms present in a molecule
is called empirical formula.
Example:- Empirical formula of glucose(C6H12O6
is CH2O, C6H6 is CH, H2O2 is HO etc.
Percentage composition:
The percentage of individual atoms of a given
number of moles of molecules is called percentage
composition.
Wt. of individual atom
% composition = Mol.Wt.of molecule x 100%
Q. Calculate the percentage composition of each
element in sodium thiosulphate(Na2S2O3).
soln:-
Mol.Wt of Na2S2O3 =2 x23+2 x32+3x16=158 amu
46
Now, % of sodium = x100% = 29.11%
158

64
% of sulphur = x 100% = 40.5%
158

48
% of oxygen = 158 x 100% = 30.38%
Q. Calculate the percentage composition of
FeSO4.7H2O( green vitrol)
soln:- Mol. Wt of FeSO4.7H2O = 56 + 32+176+14=278 amu
56
% of Fe = 278 x100% = 20.14%
32
% of Sulphur = 278 x100% = 11.51%
176
% of oxygen = x 100% = 63.31%
278
14
% of hydrogen = x 100% = 5.03%
278
Molecular formula
The symbolic representation of molecule which shows the actual
number of atoms present in a molecule is called molecular formula.
Example:- Molecular formula of sugar is C6H12O6, Sodium carbonate is
Na2CO3 etc
Determination of molecular formula from percentage composition
Rules:-
a. The empirical formula weight of a compound is calculated at first.
b. The molecular weight of a compound is calculated by
Mol.wt = 2 x V.D.
c. The value of ‘n’ is calculated by using the relation
Mol.Wt
n = Empirical formula Wt.
Where, n= 1,2,3,4………..
d. The the molecular formula of a compound is then determined as,
Molecular formula = ( empirical formula)x n
Q. Find the the molecular formula of an organic compound
which give the following percentage composition.
C = 26.6%, H = 2.22%, O = 71.18%. The vapour density of
the compound is 45 amu .
Let us consider 100 g of the compound, the given data can be
tabulated as follow,
Element %composition At.Wt Relative Simplest Simplest
no.of ratio of whole
mole of atoms no.ratio
atoms
C 26.6 12 26.6 =2.21 2.21 =1 1
12 2.21

H 2.22 1 2.22 2.22 1

= 2.22 =1
1 2.21
O 71.18 16 71.18 4.44 2
=4.44 =2
16 2.21
⸫ Emperical formula of compound is CHO2
Emperical formula weight = 12+1+32 = 45 amu
V.D. of compound = 45 amu
Mol.Wt of compound = 2 x V.D
= 2 x 45 = 90 amu
Mol Wt. 90
⸫ n = Emperical formula Wt = =2
45

⸫ Molecular formula = (Emperical formula)x n

= ( CHO2) x 2 = C2H2O4
Q. A sample of inorganic salt contains Na= 14.31%, S = 9.97%,
H= 6.25% and O= 69.47%.If all hydrogen is used to form water of
crystallization, find the molecular formula of the compound.
Molecular weight of the salt is 322 amu.
soln : Let 100% = 100g of salt. The given data can be calculated as
follow.
Element % composition At. Relative no. of Simplest ratio of Simplest
Wt mole of atoms atoms whole no.
ratio

Na 14.31 23 14.31 0.62 2

23
=0.62
0.31
=2
S 9.97 32 9.97 0.31 1
=0.31 0.31
=1
32
H 6.25 1 6.25 6.25 20
1
=6.25
0.31
=20.16
O 69.47 16 69.47 4.34 14
=4.34 =14
16 0.31
⸫ Empirical formula of the given inorganic salt is Na2SH20O14

Empirical formula wt. of the salt = 2 x 23+32+20x1+14x16 = 322

amu

Molecular weight of the salt = 322 amu

Mol.Wt 322
⸫n = = 322 = 1
Empirical formula Wt.
Since all the hydrogen are used to form water of crystallization,

No of water molecule= 10H2O

No. of remaining o- atom = 4

⸫molecular formula of salt is Na2SO4.10H2O

Q. 1 g of an alcohol was burnt in oxygen to produce 1.913 gram of
CO2 and 1.174 g of H2O. Find the empirical formula and molecular
formula of the alcohol. The molecular weight of alcohol is 46 amu.
Solution:
In CO2
44 g of CO2 contain 12 g of carbon
12
1.913 g of CO2 contain 44 x 1.913 g of carbon
= 0.52g
⸫Wt.of carbon = 0.52g
Similarly, in H2O
18 g of H2O contain 2 g of hydrogen
2
1.174g of H2O contain x 1.174 g of hydrogen
18
= 0.13 g
⸫Wt. of hydrogen = 0.13g
Now, Wt. of oxygen in alcohol = 1-(0.52+0.13)
= 0.35 g
 0.52 0.13
⸫% of C = x 100% = 52% % of H = x 100% =13%
1 1
0.35
% of O = x 100% = 35%
1
The % of elements are tabulated as follow.
Element % At.Wt. Relative Simplest Simplest
Composition no.of ratio of whole
mole of atoms no.ratio
atom
C 52 12 52 4.33 2
= 4.33 2.19
=
12
1.97
H 13 1 13 13 6
= 13 = 5.93
1 2.19
O 35 16 35 2.19 1
= 2.19 2.19
=1
16
⸫Empirical formula of alcohol = C2H6O
Empirical formula Wt. = 2x12+6x1+16 = 48 amu
Molecular Wt of alcohol = 48 amu
Mol.Wt 48
Now, n =Empirical formula Wt.= 48 =1
⸫Molecular formula = ( Empirical formula)xn= (C2H6O)X1 = C2H6O
Q. A compound with molecular weight 175 amu
consists of 40% carbon 6.7% hydrogen and 53.3%
oxygen what is the molecular formula of the
compound?
Q. A compound consists of 82.6 6% carbon
and 17.34% hydrogen. It molecular weight is 58.1
amu. Determine its molecular formula.
Q. A compound has following percentage
composition: C = 40% H = 6.67% and O =53.3%.
Its molecular weight is 60 amu. Determine its
molecular formula
Atomic mass and Molecular mass
Atomic mass:- Atomic mass of element is the number of parts by
weight of that element which shows how many times the elements is
heavier than 1/12th weight of one atom of C-12 isotope. it is denoted
by A and its unit is amu (atomic mass unit).
A= Wt.Ofth an element
1/12 part of C-12 isotope

12xWt.of an element
= Wt.Of C-12 isotope
Atomic mass unit:- 1/12th weight of one atom of C-12 isotope is called
atomic mass unit. It is used to express atomic mass and Molecular
mass. It is denoted by amu.
⸫amu = 1/12th mass of one atom of C-12 isotope = 1.66x10−24 g.
Fractional atomic mass:- Isotopes are the atoms of same element
having same atomic number but different mass number due to
different number of neutrons. So that they have almost similar
chemical properties but different physical properties.
Atomic weight can be calculated by taking average weight of different
isotopes of the elements according to their percentage abundance in
nature. Therefore atomic mass is found in fractional number.
eg, Chlorine exist in two isotopic form i.e. Cl-35(75%) and Cl-37(25%)
35x75+37x25
At.wt of Chlorine = 100
= 35.5 amu
Q. Explain mass number of element is always whole number but atomic
mass is not whole number.
Mass number is sum of the proton and neutron present in the nucleus and it is
in whole number but atomic weight is calculated by taking the average weight
of different isotopes of the elements according to their percentage abundance
in nature. So it is in always fractional number.
Eg, mass number of Mg = 12p+12n = 24
But atomic wt of chlorine is calculated by taking average mass of Cl-35(75%)
and Cl-37(25%)
⸫ At.Wt of Chlorine = 35x75+37x25 = 35.5 amu
100
 Molecular mass
It is defined as the number which shows how many times the
molecule is heavier than 1/12th weight of one atom of C-12 isotopes.
Its unit is amu.
⸫Mol.mass of molecule = 1/12Wt. of molecule
part of C-12 isotope

12xWt. of molecule
= Wt.of C-12 isotope

Q. The element Ag consists of two isotopes i.e Ag-107 with natural

abundance of 51.83% and Ag-109 with natural abundance of
48.17%. Calculate the atomic weight of Ag.
Q. What is the atomic weight of magnesium if the element consists of
78.70% Mg-24, 10.13% Mg- 25 and 11.17% Mg- 26.