NUMBER SYSTEM

Computer - Memory Units

 Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the
storage unit. This storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.
 The following table explains the main memory storage units −
Sr. Unit & Description
No.
1 Bit (Binary Digit): A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state
of a component in an electric circuit.

2 Nibble: A group of 4 bits is called nibble.

3 Byte: A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a
data item or a character.

4 Word: A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a
unit, which varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer.
Computer - Memory Units
 The following table lists some higher storage units −

Sr. No. Unit & Description

1 Kilobyte (KB) (1 KB = 1024
Bytes)

2 Megabyte (MB) (1 MB = 1024 KB)

3 GigaByte (GB) (1 GB = 1024 MB)

4 TeraByte (TB) (1 TB = 1024 GB)

5 PetaByte (PB) (1 PB = 1024 TB)

6 ExaByte (EB) (1EB = 1024 PB)

NUMBER SYSTEM

 The technique to represent and work with numbers is called number

system.
 Decimal number system is the most common number system.
 Other popular number systems include binary number system, octal
number system, hexadecimal number system, etc.
 In general, the binary number system is used in computers.
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 Decimal number system is a base 10 number system having 10 digits from 0 to 9.
 This means that any numerical quantity can be represented using these 10 digits.
 Decimal number system is also a positional value system. This means that the
value of digits will depend on its position.
 Let us take an example to understand this: Say we have three numbers – 734, 971
and 207. The value of 7 in all three numbers is different−
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 In 734, value of 7 is 7 hundreds or 700 or 7 × 100 or 7 × 102

 In 971, value of 7 is 7 tens or 70 or 7 × 10 or 7 × 101
 In 207, value 0f 7 is 7 units or 7 or 7 × 1 or 7 × 100
 The weightage of each position can be represented as follows −
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

 The easiest way to vary instructions through electric signals is two-

state system – on and off.
 On is represented as 1 and off as 0, though 0 is not actually no signal
but signal at a lower voltage.
 The number system having just these two digits – 0 and 1 – is
called binary number system.
 Each binary digit is also called a bit.
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
 Binary number system is also positional value system, where each digit has a
value expressed in powers of 2, as displayed here:

 In any binary number, the rightmost digit is called least significant bit (LSB) and
leftmost digit is called most significant bit (MSB).
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 Octal number system has eight digits – 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

 Octal number system is also a positional value system with where
each digit has its value expressed in powers of 8, as shown here −
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 Hexadecimal number system has 16 symbols – 0 to 9 and A to F

where A is equal to 10, B is equal to 11 and so on till F.
 Hexadecimal number system is also a positional value system with
where each digit has its value expressed in powers of 16, as shown
here −
COMMON NUMBER SYSTEMS

Number system Base(Radix) Used digits Example

Binary 2 0,1 (11110000)2
Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (360)8
Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (240)10
Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, (F2)16
A,B,C,D,E,F
CONVERSIONS
DECIMAL TO OTHER

 Decimal Number System to Other Base:

 To convert Number system from Decimal Number System to Any
Other Base is quite easy; you have to follow just two steps:
 Divide the Number (Decimal Number) by the base of target base
system (in which you want to convert the number: Binary (2), octal (8)
and Hexadecimal (16)).
 Write the remainder from step 1 as a Least Signification Bit (LSB) to Step
last as a Most Significant Bit (MSB).
DECIMAL TO BINARY
DECIMAL TO BINARY (FRACTIONAL)
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
DECIMAL TO OCTAL (FRACTIONAL)
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)
BINARY TO DECIMAL
BINARY TO DECIMAL (FRACTIONAL)
BINARY TO OCTAL
 An easy way to convert from binary to octal is to group binary digits into sets of
three, starting with the least significant (rightmost) digits.

 Then, look up each group in a table:

Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Binary= 011 100 101

Octal= 3 4 5 =345 oct
BINARY TO OCTAL (FRACTIONAL)
BINARY TO OCTAL (FRACTIONAL)
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
 An equally easy way to convert from binary to hexadecimal is to group binary
digits into sets of four, starting with the least significant (rightmost) digits.
 Binary: 11100101 = 1110 0101
 Then, look up each group in a table:
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)
OCTAL TO BINARY

 Converting from octal to binary is as easy as converting from binary

to octal. Simply look up each octal digit to obtain the equivalent
group of three binary digits.
OCTAL TO BINARY (FRACTIONAL)
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
 When converting from octal to hexadecimal, it is often easier to first convert the
octal number into binary and then from binary into hexadecimal. For example,
to convert 345 octal into hex:

 Drop any leading zeros or pad with leading zeros to get groups of four binary
digits (bits): Binary 011100101 = 1110 0101
 Then, look up the groups in a table to convert to hexadecimal digits.
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL

• Therefore, through a two-step conversion process, octal 345

equals binary 011100101 equals hexadecimal E5.
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)
OCTAL TO DECIMAL

 The conversion can also be performed in the conventional

mathematical way, by showing each digit place as an increasing
power of 8.
 (345)8= (3 * 8^2 ) + (4 * 8^1 ) + (5 * 8^0 )
= (3 * 64) + (4 * 8) + (5 * 1)
= (229)10
OCTAL TO DECIMAL (FRACTIONAL)
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

 Converting from hexadecimal to binary is as easy as converting

from binary to hexadecimal. Simply look up each hexadecimal digit
to obtain the equivalent group of four binary digits.
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
(FRACTIONAL)
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
 When converting from hexadecimal to octal, it is often easier to first convert the
hexadecimal number into binary and then from binary into octal. For example,
to convert A132 hex into octal:

hexadecima A 1 3 2
l=
binary 1010 0001 0011 0010 =1010000100110010
binary

 Drop any leading zeros or pad with leading zeros to get groups of four binary
digits (bits):
binary 1010000100110010= 001 010 000 100 110 010
 Then, look up the groups in a table to convert to octal digits.
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Binary 001 010 000 100 110 010

Octal 1 2 0 4 6 2 =120462
oct

• Therefore, through a two-step conversion process,

hexadecimal A132 equals binary 1010000100110010
equals octal 120462.
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
(FRACTIONAL)
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

 The conversion can also be performed in the conventional

mathematical way, by showing each digit place as an increasing
power of 16.
 C5 octal = (12 * 16^1 ) + (5 * 16^0 ) = 192 + 5 = (197)10
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
(FRACTIONAL)