Single-Area OSPF Implementation
Implementing OSPF
BSCI v3.0—2-1
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Passes periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routes and
accumulates distance vectors
Link-State Routing Protocols
After initial flood, passes small event-triggered link-state updates to all
other routers
Link-State Routing Protocol Algorithms
Benefits and Drawbacks of Link-State
Routing
• Benefits of link-state routing:
– Fast convergence:
• Changes are reported immediately by the affected source
– Robustness against routing loops:
• Routers know the topology
• Link-state packets are sequenced and acknowledged
– Hierarchical network design enables optimization of resources.
• Drawbacks of link-state routing:
– Significant demands for resources:
• Memory (three tables: adjacency, topology, forwarding)
• CPU (Dijkstra’s algorithm can be intensive, especially when there are
many instabilities)
– Requires very strict network design
– Configuration can be complex when tuning various parameters and
when design is complex
OSPF Overview
• Creates a neighbor relationship by exchanging hello packets
• Propagates LSAs rather than routing table updates
– Link: Router interface
– State: Description of an interface and its relationship to
neighboring routers
• Floods LSAs to all OSPF routers in the area, not just directly
connected routers
• Pieces together all the LSAs generated by the OSPF routers to create
the OSPF link-state database
• Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to each
destination and places it in the routing table
OSPF Hierarchy Example
Minimizes routing table entries
Localizes the impact of a topology change within an area
Configuring Loopback Interfaces
Router ID:
Number by which the router is known to OSPF
Default: The highest IP address on an active interface at the moment of
OSPF process startup
Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest IP address of any
active loopback interface
Can be set manually using the router-id command
Neighbor Adjacencies: The Hello Packet
SPF Algorithm
10
10
1
1
Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the
shortest path to each destination based on the cumulative cost
Cost = Reference Bandwidth / Interface Bandwidth (b/s)
Configuring Single-Area OSPF
RouterX(config)# router ospf process-id
Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol
RouterX(config-router)# network address wildcard-mask area area-id
Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area
Configuring OSPF for Multiple Areas
Load Balancing with OSPF
OSPF load balancing:
• Paths must be equal cost
• By default, up to four equal-cost paths can be placed into the
routing table
• With a configuration change, up to a maximum of 16 paths can be
configured:
– (config-router)# maximum-paths <value>
• To ensure paths are equal cost for load balancing, you can change
the cost of a particular link:
– (config-if)# ip ospf cost <value>
Load Balancing with OSPF
Using passive-interface command
• No need to talk to host by OSPF
• Disables OSPF on selected interfaces.
• Still advertise subnet on the selected interfaces.
Verifying the OSPF Configuration
RouterX# show ip protocols
Verifies that OSPF is configured
RouterX# show ip route
Displays all the routes learned by the router
RouterX# show ip route
Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,
C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived,
E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,
N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route
Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0
O 10.110.0.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:01:00, Ethernet2
O IA 10.67.10.0 [110/10] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
O 10.68.132.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2
O 10.130.0.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2
O E2 10.128.0.0 [170/10] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
. . .
Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)
RouterX# show ip ospf
Displays the OSPF router ID, timers, and statistics
RouterX# show ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 50" with ID 10.64.0.2
<output omitted>
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Number of areas transit capable is 0
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Area BACKBONE(0)
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm last executed 00:01:25.028 ago
SPF algorithm executed 7 times
<output omitted>
Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)
RouterX# show ip ospf interface
Displays the area ID and adjacency information
RouterX# show ip ospf interface ethernet 0
Ethernet 0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.254.202, Mask 255.255.255.0, Area 0.0.0.0
AS 201, Router ID 192.168.99.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State OTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router id 192.168.254.10, Interface address 192.168.254.10
Backup Designated router id 192.168.254.28, Interface addr 192.168.254.28
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 60, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 0:00:05
Neighbor Count is 8, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.28 (Backup Designated Router)
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.10 (Designated Router)
Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)
RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor
Displays the OSPF neighbor information on a per-interface basis
RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor
ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
10.199.199.137 1 FULL/DR 0:00:31 192.168.80.37 FastEthernet0/0
172.16.48.1 1 FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33 172.16.48.1 FastEthernet0/1
172.16.48.200 1 FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33 172.16.48.200 FastEthernet0/1
10.199.199.137 5 FULL/DR 0:00:33 172.16.48.189 FastEthernet0/1
Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)
RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor 10.199.199.137
Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 192.168.80.37
In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Ethernet0
Neighbor priority is 1, State is FULL
Options 2
Dead timer due in 0:00:32
Link State retransmission due in 0:00:04
Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 172.16.48.189
In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Fddi0
Neighbor priority is 5, State is FULL
Options 2
Dead timer due in 0:00:32
Link State retransmission due in 0:00:03
OSPF debug Commands
RouterX# debug ip ospf events
OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0
hello interval received 10 configured 10
net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0
dead interval received 40 configured 30
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:
RouterX# debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0
