TYPES OF DOSAGE FORM
2.2. Semisolid Ophthalmic Drug Forms
2.2.1. In Situ Gels (or Sol-to-Gel Systems)
In situ gels are viscous liquids, showing the ability to undergo sol-to-gel transitions when
influenced by external factors, like appropriate pH, temperature, and the presence of
electrolytes. This property causes slowing of drug drainage from the eyeball surface and
increase of the active ingredient bioavailability. Polymers employed in developing these
drug forms include gellan gum, poloxamer, and cellulose acetate phthalate, whereas active
ingredients used in the course of research on in situ gels include ciprofloxacin hydrochloride,
timolol maleate, fluconazole, ganciclovir, and pilocarpine .
2.2.2. Eye Ointments
Ointments are semisolid dosage forms for external use, usually consisting of solid or
semisolid hydrocarbon base of melting or softening point close to human body temperature.
After applying the ointment to the eye, it decomposes into small drops, which stay for a
longer time period in conjunctival sac, thus increasing drug’s bioavailability. Eye ointments
have certain disadvantages—although they are well tolerated and safe, they cause, among
other things, blurring of vision and sometimes have irritating effects, because of which they
are mainly applied night-time
2.1. Liquid Ophthalmic Drug Forms
2.1.1. Eye Drops
Eye drops are accessible in the forms of water and oil solutions, emulsions, or suspensions
of one or more active ingredients, which may contain preservatives if stored in multiuse
packaging. These forms are sterile and isotonic. The optimum pH for eye drops equals that
of tear fluid and is about 7.4. In deciding whether to buffer the drug in this form, one should
take into account the stability of active ingredient and the tissue tolerance to the
preparation []. If the pH value gets outside the range of 4–8 which is tolerated by eye, the
patient may feel discomfort, there may be irritation, and the drug bioavailability can
decrease because of increased tearing .
2.1.2. Ophthalmic Solutions
Ophthalmic solutions are sterile, aqueous solutions used for, among other things, cleansing
and rinsing eyeballs. They may contain excipients, which, for example, regulate osmotic
pressure, the pH, and viscosity of the preparation. They may also contain preservatives if
stored in multiuse packaging
3) Solid dosage form: applied to the eye surface to produce modified release dosage form ...
Most liquid ophthalmic products are prepared using aqueous vehicles. Semisolid dosage ....
Added to prevent the growth of microorganism accidentally introduce during use in
multidose .
4) PARENTERAL PRODUCT=
An aseptic conditions are required to be maintained during
the preparation ofParenteral products and its administration. The parenteral product must
pass the test of Sterility. 3 Free from pyrogens. The parenteral preparations should be free
from toxin and pyrogens
5) DEVICE FOR SURGICAL IMPLANTATION=
Medical implants are devices or tissues that are placed inside or on the surface of the body.
Many implants are prosthetics, intended to replace missing body parts. ... The risks of
medical implants include surgical risks during placement or removal, infection,
and implant failure.
6)LIQUID FOR IRRIGATION=
Liquid Underground is your Okanagan Irrigation solution. Maintenance, Testing, and New
Installations, we serve the Okanagan's irrigation needs.
Its used during surgical operation.
