A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns,

the array being enclosed in round brackets.

The numbers within a matrix are known as the elements or entries (entry) of
the matrix.

 . . . R1
 
 . . . R2

c1 c2 c3

Examples

2 4
  Two rows and two columns.
3 0 

3 5
 
7 8
Three rows and two columns.
1 0 


Entries
The numbers in a matrix are entries or elements.

Names
Matrices are named by capital letters as in the sets.

Example

1 2
A=   , B= ( 1 3 5 )
3 4 

1
Order of a matrix

The order of a matrix is given by the number of rows followed by the number
of columns, and it is denoted by m x n, if the matrix has m rows and n columns.

(Read as m by n).

Example
 2 4 0
A =  
 1 6 2
A is a 2 x 3 matrix.

Class work

State the orders of the following matrices.

 1
2 3  
1. A =  7 4  2. B =  2  3. C = 1 2 3 4
   3
 

 3 2 4
   7 8 0 2
4. D =  0 5 1  5. E =  3 1 5 7 
 8 2 9  
 
6. In a Mathematics test, 65% of the students in Class A scored distinctions,
55% of the students in Class B scored distinctions while 52% of the students
in Class C scored distinctions. Complete the table provided and represent
the given information as a matrix. State the order of your matrix.

Percentage of students who Percentage of students who

Class
scored distinctions did not score distinctions
Class A
Class B
Class C

2
7. A drinks stall sold 160 cups of coffee, 125 cups of tea and 210 glasses of
soft drinks on Monday. On Tuesday, it sold 145 cups of coffee, 130 cups of
tea and 275 glasses of soft drinks. On Wednesday, it sold 120 cups of
coffee, 155 cups of tea and 325 glasses of soft drinks. Design a matrix to
represent this information, labelling the rows and columns. State the order
of your matrix.

8. The 4 by 3 matrix on the right shows the prices,  1.50 1.60 1.50 
 
in dollars, of fruits juices per glass at various  2.00 1.80 2.10 
stalls. The rows represent the fruit juices:  1.20 1.50 1.60 
watermelon, orange, papaya and honeydew in  
that order. The columns represent the stalls: A,  2.50 2.50 2.20 
B and C in that order.
(a) How much does a glass of orange juice cost at Stall B?
(b) At which of these three stalls is a glass of papaya cheapest?
(c) Lynn bought 2 glasses of honeydew juice and 3 glasses of watermelon
juice from Stall C. How much did she pay for them?

Entry notation
‘ aij ’ is used for any entry in a matrix.
‘ i ’ shows the position of row and ‘ j ’ shows the position of column.
Example 1
‘ a11 ’ means an entry in the first row and the first column.
‘ a32 ‘ means an entry in the third row and the second column.

Example 2
entry

A= ( a ij )2 × 2 order

 a11 a12 
A=  
 a 21 a22 

3
Example 3
B= b 
ij 3×3

 b11 b12 b13 

 
 b 21 b 22 b23 
B=
 b 31 b32 b33 
 

Exercies 1.1
1. Find a 2 x 2 matrix if aij = i + j.
2. Find a 3 x 2 matrix if aij = i + 2j.
3. Find a 3 x 3 matrix if aij = i2 + j2.
4. Find a 3 x 2 matrix, whose aij = 0, when i = j and aij = 1 when i  j.
2i
5. Find a 4 x 2 matrix whose aij = .
3j

3 4 7 9
 
 5 1 6 2
6. Given A = .
3 8 0 5
 

(a) State the entry a13, a31, a24, a22, and a32.
(b) Find (i) i and j for aij = 0.
(ii) i and j for aij = 5.

Row Matrix
A matrix with only one row is called ‘ Row Matrix ’.
Example
A = ( 1 2 3)

4
Column Matrix
A matrix with only one column is called ‘ column matrix ‘ .
Example

 3
 
0
B=  
 1
 

Square Matrix
If the number of rows is the same as the number of columns, then the matrix
is called the ‘Square Matrix’.
Example

3 0
A =   is a square matrix of order 2.
 1 2 

Zero Matrix
A matrix whose elements are all zero is called a zero matrix and denoted
by O. It can be of any order.
Example

0 0
0 0  
 0 0
O =   O=
0 0 0 0
 

5
Negative of a matrix
If A is a matrix, the negative of A, written –A, is the matrix in which each entry
is the negative of the corresponding entry of A.
Example

 3 1
A =  
2 4 

3 1 
-A =   
 2 4

Transpose of a Matrix
Let A be a matrix of order m × n. A matrix of order n × m whose rows are
columns and whose columns are rows of A is called the transpose of A and de-
noted by A’ (read as A transpose)

A = (a )  A’ = (a )
ij m × n ji n × m

Example

 1 2
 
 3 4
A=
5 6
 

Order = 3 × 2

 1 3 5
A’ = Transpose of A =  
 2 4 6
Order = 2 × 3.

6
Exercise 1.2
Write down the transpose of each of the following matrices and state the order of it
and its transpose.

 2  1
3 1 4 2  
 4 8 
1. a. A =   b. B =
5 4 0 7  1  2
 

1 2
a b c  
  3 4
 d e f
c. C = d. D =  5 6
g h i   
  7 8 


u
 
v
e. E =   f. F = ( -1 0 1)
w
 

 2 1 3
g. G =  
0 4 2

1 2 3 4 
2. If B =   , find (B’)’.
 5 0 1 9

3. Given that A is a 2 × 3 matrix whose aij = 2i – j , find the transpose of A.

Equality of Matrices
Two matrices are equal if
(i) they are of the same order, and
(ii) their corresponding entries are equal.

7
Exercise 1.3
1. Find x and y in each of the following.

 x  3 7 
a.      b. (3x -y) = ( 12 3)
 4  y 3

 x  2y   9   x2 y 2   16 25 
c.      d.  3    
 2x  y   8 
y
 x 3    125 64 


 2x 0   6 0   2x  y   5 
e.      f.     
 0 y   0 8  3x  y   5 

 x 9 5  3
2. Given that P =   and Q =   , find x and y if P’ = Q.
  3 y 9  4

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

Matrices of the same order can be added or subtracted. Add or subtract
the corresponding elements.
Example 1

 3 1  1  2 0 0
A =   , B =   and O =  
 2 5 4 3  0 0

 3 1  1  2  3 1  0 0 
1. A+B =   +   2. A+O =   +  
 2 5  4 3   2 5  0 0
 3  1 1 2   3  0 1 0 
=   =  
 2  4 5  3  2  0 5  0
 4 1  3 1
 A+B =  6 8  # A =   #
  2 5

8
Example 2
 2
   ( 4 2)
 3
These matrices cannot be added.

Example 3
 2  4
    
3 2
2  4
=  
3  2
2
=   #
 1

Example 4
The following table shows the current stock of colour pens at two shops.

Blue Black Red

Shop 1 30 20 35
Shop 2 45 25 30

Represent the above information as a matrix S. State the order of S.

The following replenishments have just arrived at the shops:

Blue Black Red

Shop 1 70 60 55
Shop 2 105 65 75

Find the matrices R and F which represent respectively the replenishments

and the final stock of pens (after replenishment) at these shops.

9
 Solution
 30 20 35   70 60 55 
S =   R =  
 45 25 30  105 65 75 
 30 20 35   70 60 55 
S + R =   +  
 45 25 30  105 65 75 
 30  70 20  60 35  55 
=  
 45  105 25  65 30  75 
100 80 90 
F =  
150 90 105 

Example 5
After replenishments, the new stock of colour pens for Shop 1 and Shop 2
are as follows:

Blue Black Red

Shop 1 100 80 90
Shop 2 150 90 105

A week later, the owners found that they have sold the following numbers of
pens.

Blue Black Red

Shop 1 83 54 44
Shop 2 76 72 80

Find the matrices A and B which represent respectively the sales of pens
and the stock of pens after these sales.

10
 Solution

100 80 90 
F =  
150 90 105 
 83 54 44 
The matrix for the sales, A =  
 76 72 80 

100 80 90   83 54 44 
The matrix for the stock, F – A =   –  
150 90 105   76 72 80 

100  83 80  54 90  44 
B =  
150  76 90  78 105  80 

 17 26 46 
=  
 74 18 25 

Exercise 1.4
Perform the following additions.

 1  4  0 1
1.   +   2.   +  
 2 3  1  2 

 a  5a   2k  1   2k 
3.   +   4.   +  
 b   3b   k   k 

5. (2u 3v) + ( u 2v) 6. ( 2 3 1) + (4 1 -6)

 1 0  2 1
7. ( 2 -3) + ( -4 6 ) 8.   +  
 0 1  3 4 

11
  6 5  2 3  21 1   14  12 
9.   +   10.  3   
 3 2  0 4  4 2  +   12 1 

 2 1  3 2
11. Let A =  3 4  and B =  
   4 5
Find A+B and B+A. Is A+B = B+A?

 1 2  5 5 3 4 
12. Let A=  3 4  , B =   and C =  
   7 8 9 10
Find (a) A+B (b) B+C (c) (A+B)+C
(d) A+(B+C) (e) Is (A+B)+C = A+(B+C)?

13. Perform the following additions and subtractions where they are
possible, where they are not, write ‘ impossible’.
3
 1 2 7 4  1  
  +       4 
(a) (b)  2  
3 4 5 6 5

1
(c) 1   (d)
 1 0  1 0 0 
    
0  0 1 1 0 1

 2 1  5 4 
(e)      (f) (7 6) - (1 8)
 4 6  7 8

 1  2  1 7   4  2
       
(g)  2   7  (h)
 3  6  5  4 3  7
   

12
14. A factory has several lorries, vans and cars. At times these vehicles need
spare parts. At the beginning of the month, the storekeeper notes the num-
ber of spare parts, and he counts them again at the end of the month to see
how many are left.
Beginning of month End of month
Tyres Bulbs Fan belts Tyres Bulbs Fan belts

Lorries  40 35 15  Lorries  22 27 9
   
Vans  25 40 6 Vans  18 29 4
Cars  19 23 7  Cars  11 15 3 

(a) How many tyres did the lorries use?

(b) How many tyres did the cars use?
(c) How many fan belt did the vans use?
(d) Write a matrix which shows the number of spare parts used on these
vehicles during the month.

15. A university track and field team participated in a three-day competition

with events for men and women. The team recorded the following successes.
1st place 2nd place 3rd place

Men  3 5 2 
Wednesday Women  4 
 3 1 

Men  4 1 3 
Thursday  
Women  5 3 0
 

Men  6 0 3 
Friday  
Women  2 6 2
 

Write down the matrices W, T and F which represent the team’s successes
on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday respectively.
Hence find a matrix to show the men’s and women’s placings for the whole
competition.

13
Scalar Multiplication
If k is a real number and A is a matrix then k A is the matrix, obtained by
multiplying each entry of A by k. This operation of multiplying A by k is called scalar
multiplication.

Example (1)

 2 4
A=  
6 8

1 1  2 4   1 2 
A =  =   
2 2  6 8   3 4

Example (2)

 1  2
A =  
0 3 

 1  2
–3A = –3  
 0 3 
  3 6
–3A =  
 0  9

Example (3)
The number of ships arriving at a harbour every weekday from Monday to
Friday is given in matrix D. The number of ships arriving on Saturday and
on Sunday is given in matrix E.

Cargo Passenger Cargo Passenger

ships ships ships ships

8 3  Dock 1  17 5  Dock 1
D =   E =  
10 2  Dock 2  20 6  Dock 2

14
 Find the matrix 5D + 2E.
What information does this matrix give?

Solution
 8 3  17 5 
5D + 2E = 5   + 2  
10 2   20 6 
 5  8  2  17 5  3  2  5 
=  
 5  10  2  20 5  2  2  6 
 74 25 
=  
 90 22 
The matrix gives the numbers of cargo ships and passenger ships arriving
at Dock 1 and Dock 2 in a week.

Exercise 1.5
 3 21   9 12 
     4  9  5 1
 16  4    9 14    and D=  .
1. Given the matrices A =  , B = , C = 3 10   13 5 
3 8   7 9   
   

find the following matrices if they exist:

(a) 3A + B (b) B–A+C
(c) 2C + 5C – 4D (d) A + 3(B – A)
(e) 2(3C) – 7D (f) –A + 2(D + C)

 2 15  6 4 0 8
2. Given the matrices P=  7  3  , R= 
3 
 and the 2×3 null matrix
  1  4  1
O, find the matrix Q if
(a) Q = 2(5P) – 7P (b) R – 3P = 2Q
(c) 6Q = 4(P+Q)+P (d) R + Q = 2P
(e) 2(P–R) + 4P = Q + 2O (f) 3R – 2Q = O.

15
3. A newspaper man delivered the following papers to two vendors every
working day (that is, from Monday to Friday).
Straits Zao Bao Berita Business
Times Harian Times
Vendor 1  60 50 20 40 
 
Vendor 2  50 70 30 30 

Write down a matrix W to represent the above information.

On Saturday and on Sunday, he delivered one-and-a-half times the number
of papers he delivers on a weekday. Write down a matrix S to represnet the
number of papers delivered on Saturday.
Find the matrix 5W + 2S and explain what the elements in this matrix
represent.

4. Mrs. Tan has three children. Four times during their June vacation, she gives
her children the pocket money shown in matrix M. Matrix L shows how much
of the pocket-money was left at the end of the vacation.
$ $
 25.00  Donny  5.20  Donny
   
Μ   20 . 00  Marie L   7 . 40  Marie
 30.00  Sherry 14.50  Sherry
   
(a) Write down the matrix 4M – L.
(b) Explain what the numbers given in your answer to part (a) represent.

Matrix Equations
Example Solve for X:
A+X=B
Solution A+X=B
-A+ A+X = -A + B
O + X = -A + B
 X=B-A 

16
 Example Solve for X:
kX + A = B
Solution kX + A = B
kX + A - A = B - A
kX + O = B - A
kX = B - A
1 1 1
(kX) = (B - A) X= (B - A)
k k k

Exercise 1.6
1. Find the matrix X, which satisfies the given equations.
3   4 6 9 3
(a) X +      (b) 3X =  9 15 6 
 4  3   
 1 2  1 7
    3
3 4 4  5   4 X

(c)  -X= (d) X + 
5 6
 3  4
  4

 1 2 1
(e) X -    X
 3 4  2

2. Solve the following equations.

 2  2  0
(a) x   y    
     8
2  2

 2x   x   18 
(b) 3 y   3 2y    36 
     

1 2 3 5 a b
(c) 2      
3 4   c 6   7 d 

17
 5 3 2  a b c   9 12 6
(d) 2   
1 6 3    2 4 5   d e f 

 2   7   2a 
(e)    3    
  5   a   b

3. Given that X is a 2 x 3 matrix, solve the equation.

 2  1 4
X     0
 7 6  3 

4. Solve for the 2 x 2 matrix X.

 1 0  0 2
(a) X      
 0 1   2 1 
 2 3  4 1
(b)    X   
 4 5  3 2

5. Solve for the 2 x 2 matrix X.

 6 3
(a) 3X =  
12 9 
3 1 9 5
(b) 2X -     
 4 2   2  8 

6. Solve for the 2 x 2 Matrix X.

 3 1  5 3 
4X-   =  
 4 7  0 13

18
7. Solve the following equation.
 1  1 3 1 2  4
2   + X = 3  
 2  7 5 3 5 1

1 2   4 7
8. Solve :   - 3 X = 2  
3 4  3 8

2 3 4 1
9. Solve:   + X =  
4 5 3 2 

10. Solve the following equations.

 3 4 7 6   2  1 4  8
(a) 2X +  =   (b)    3 X   
6 1  2 1   5 0   2 6 

Identity

In the real number system, 0 is the additive identity and 1 is the multiplicative

identity.

1 0
The 2 x 2 matrix   is called the unit matrix of order 2 and denoted by I.
0 1
It behaves like unity (one) in the real number system.
1 0
I =  
 0 1 

19
Definition of a matrix product

The product of a m × p matrix A and p × n matrix B is the m × n matrix AB

whose entry in the ith row and jth column is the sum of the products of the

corresponding entries in the ith row of A and the jth column of B.

Example 1
A B
m p p n

1. Number of columns in matrix A = Number of rows in matrix B.

2. Product AB exists.
3. Order of prouduct AB=m x n.

Example 2
same
A B
2 3 3 1

2×1
Product AB exists.
Order of product AB = 2 × 1

Example 3
 1
 
A = (2 1 3) and B =  2
3
 
Find product AB and product BA, if they exist.

20
Solution

same
A B
1x 3 3x1

Product AB exists
Order of AB = 1 x 1
 1
 
 AB = (2 1 3)  2
 3
 
=(2+2+9)

 AB = (13) #

same
B A
3x 1 1 x3

Product BA exists.

Order of BA = 3 x 3.

 1
 
2
BA =   (2 1 3)
3
 

2 1 3
 
4 2 6
BA =  #
6 3 9 


21
Example 4

 2 1  2 1 3
A =   and B =   .
 0 5  0 2 1 

Find AB and BA if each of them exists.

Solution
same
A B
2x 2 2x3

Product AB exists.

Order of AB = 2 x 3

 2 1  2 1 3 
AB =   
 0 5  0 2 1 
 4  0 2  2 6  1
=  
 0  0 0  10 0  5 
 4 4 7
AB =   #
 0 10 5

B A
2x 3 2x2

different

Product BA does not exist.

22
Example 5
 1 2  4 5
Given P =   and Q =   find PQ and QP..
 3 1  2 0
Solution

1 2  4 5
PQ =   
3 1   2 0 

 44 50 
=  
 12  2 15  0 
8 5
PQ =   #
14 15
 4 5  1 2 
QP =  2 0  3 1
  
 4  15 8  5 
=  2  0 
 4  0 

19 13 
QP =  2 
4 


Multiplication of Matrices
Example
The result of four soccer teams after each has played 8 games are
summarised in the table below.

Wins Draws Losses

Tigers 4 1 3
Lions 5 2 1
Leopards 2 4 2
Cheetahs 4 0 4

23
 A team is awarded 2 points, 1 point and 0 point for each win, draw and loss
respectively.
4 1 3
 
5 2 1
Given that G =  2 4 2
and P is a column matrix representing the point
 
4 0 4

system, find
(a) P. (b) GP.
Explain what the numbers in the product GP represent.

Solution

2 4 1 3  9 
   2  
5 2 1    12 
(a) P =  1  (b) GP =  2  1 = 
4 2   8 
0    0   
4 0 4  8 
The numbers in the product GP represent the scores of the teams.

Exercise 1.7
1. Find the following matrix products (Test for existence of product not
necessary).

 2 5
   
1 1
a. (3 1 2)   b. (2 -3 4)  
 3 2
   

x
   2 3  1
y
c. (8 -5 -1)   d.   
z  0 4  2 
 

 2 30 3
e.    f.  2 0 
  1 1  2 1
 

24
  1
 
2 2 1 3
g.   h. (2) ( 2 3 4 )
0
 

2. Find x in each of the following.

 1 3
a. (x -2)   =(10) b. (2 x)   = (4)
 4  2
 4  x
c. (x 1)   = (-30) d. (x -3)   = (12)
 x 1
x
e. (2 x)   = (9)
 1

3. Perform matrix multiplication, where possible, by considering the order of

the product first.
 1  1 3   5  1  1
a.  2   b.  2  2 
 3  4    3 

2 3
c. 4 3   d.   1 1
  1  2
 2 1 4 
    1 2
 3 0  0  2 5  
e. f.
 1 2  1
   3 4

 4  2
   
g. 2 3 1 0  h.  1 (5)
5  4
   

 cos x  sin x 
i. (cos x sin x)  
 sin x cos x 

25
4. In each of the following, find a system of equations and find x and y.

3 0  x  12   2 1  x   8
a.  0  2  y    8  b.  1 2  y    1
         

 x y  3   5 x 1 3   2  11
c.  y x  1    1 d.  1
  
 y   1  0 
      2

3 1  x  9
5. Given  2  1 y    1 find a system of equations in x and y..
    
Hence find x and y.

 1 2
6. If A =   , find p,q such that A2 = pA + qI.
 3 4
 1 0
(A2 = AA and I =  0 1 ).
 

 a 1
7. If A=  0 a  , find A2, A3 and A4 , and hence deduce a formula for A2008 and
 
An.

 x 1
8. Find the two matrices of the form X =  0 y  such that X2=I.
 

9. Express as a single matrix.

 2 1  4 1  2 5  3 4
(a)   1 3   2  5  (b)   
     2  3  1  5 

  1 2  1
(c) 2 3   (d)  3 4 
 2 1  2
 3 1  6  2   6 2  3 1
(e)     (f)    
 2 5  4 3    4 8  – 2 4 

26
  1 0 5
 2 1  1   1  4 3 
   0 2     2 
(g) 3 0 4  (h)  2 0  5 

  3 4 3

 1 3
   0  2
 0 5   
(i)
  2 1  4 1 
 

10. A cafe sells lemonade and orangeade each in small and large glasses. The
cost of a small glass of either drink is 30 cents and the cost of a large glass
is 50 cents. During a period of five minutes the following numbers of glasses
of drink were sold.

Small Large
Lemonade 6 2
Orangeade 5 1

 6 2  30 
Given that P =  5 1  and Q =  50  .
   
(a) find PQ.
(b) explain what the numbers given in yours answer to part (a) represent.

11. The following table shows an hour’s output in a toy factory.

Production line 1 Production line 2

Car 20 16
Lorry 25 30
Truck 15 18

 20 16 
  6
Given that P =  25 30  and Q =   denotes the numbers of hours in a
 15 18  7
 
day which the two production lines operate. Compute PQ and give its physical
interpretation.

27
12. The prices of three types of light bulbs are given below.
50watts – $1.20 100watts – $2.00 150watts – $2.35
(a) Represent the above information as a column matrix C.
A factory has a workshop and offices. The number of each type of
bulbs used are given in the table below.

50 W 100 W 150 W
Workshop 12 40 25
Offices 3 30 10
(b) Represent the information contained in the table as a matrix N.
(c) Find the product NC and explain what the number(s) obtained
represents.

Addition and Multiplication

Example
The following tables show the purchase of T-shirts of size L, M and S by 2
classes X and Y.
Class X Size L M S
Boys 10 8 4
Girls 2 9 7

Class Y Size L M S
Boys 6 11 3
Girls 3 10 7
(a) Write down the purchase matrix for each class and find the combined
purchase matrix for the 2 classes.
(b) The costs of the various sizes of T-shirts are shown below:
Size L M S
Cost (in $) 10 8 6
Using matrix multiplication, find the total amount paid by the boys and the
girls resepctively.

28
Solution
10 8 4 
(a) Purchase matrix for class X :  
 2 9 7
 6 11 3 
Purchase matrix for class Y :  
 3 10 7 
10 8 4   6 11 3 
Combined purchase matrix :     
 2 9 7   3 10 7 
16 19 7 
=  
 5 19 14 
(b) The boys purchased 16 L-sized T-shirts amounting to 16×$10, 19M-
sized T shirts amounting to 19×$8, and so on.
Hence we can represent the amount paid by the boys and girls
respectively by the following matrix multiplication:

10 
16 19 7   8 
   
 5 19 14   6 

16  10  19  8  7  6 
=  
 5  10  19  8  14  6 
 354 
=  
 286 
Hence the boys paid $354 and the girls paid $286 for their T-shirts.

1. A hot and cold drink vending machine dispenses drinks in 3 sizes: small
(S). medium (M) and large (L). The numbers of drinks sold from 0800 h to
0900 h are shown in the following matrix:

S M L
Hot 20 10 12  20 10 12 
or  
Cold 28 11 8  28 11 8 

29
 Similarly the numbers of drinks sold from 0900 h to 1000 h are shown by the
 30 18 10 
matrix   .
 42 22 14 
(a) Write down the matrix representing the sales of drinks from 0800 to
1000h.
(b) The cost of drinks depend only on their sizes. The following table
shows the costs in cents:
Size S M L
Cost (in cents) 60 80 100
Using matrix multiplication, find the amounts collected for the hot and cold
drinks respectively from 0800 h to 1000 h. Find also the total collection for
the 2 hours.

2. A factory makes 3 models (X, Y and Z) of a toy using 4 different components

(A, B, C and D).
The following table shows the numbers of each component used in each
model:

Model X Y Z
A 3 2 4
B 4 6 2
C 4 5 3
D 5 4 5

The cost (in $) of each component is shown below:

Component A B C D
Cost ($) 1 2 3 4
Using appropriate matrix multiplication, find
(a) how many of each component is needed to make
100 toys of model X,
150 toys of model Y,
and 200 toys of model Z respectively.
(b) how much it would cost to make one of each model of toys.

30