In this article, a simulation-based analysis

for a PV panel under partial shade

conditions with and without a bypass diode
is described. A solar photovoltaic array's
cells could potentially have some of them
covered in shadow. This study aims to
provide an example of the effects that
partial shading can have on a PV array.
Simulating this is accomplished using
Matlab/Simscape. PV array properties are
contrasted under partial shading and
uniform illumination. In order to demonstrate
two scenarios—one with no partial shade
and one with partial shading—the PV array
system has 18 cells. This study compares
its features under shaded and un-shaded
conditions and demonstrates how they alter.
To demonstrate the results, each outcome
is displayed graphically. This study tries to
give a concrete illustration of how partial
shadowing can affect a PV array. Matlab
and Simscape are used to simulate this. PV
array characteristics under partial shading
and homogeneous illumination are
contrasted. The PV array system comprises
18 cells to demonstrate two scenarios, one
with no partial shading and the other with
partial shading. This study shows how its
properties change by contrasting them
between shaded and un-shaded settings.
Each result is graphically displayed to show
the outcomes.

Introduction:
A photovoltaic cell uses light, which are
actually packets of photons, to capture solar
energy that is abundantly supplied by our
sun. In reality, it wasn't until the 20th century
that this energy was used. As the years
passed and our need on electricity
increased to the point that it was absolutely
necessary for survival, along with our
search for non-conventional energy
sources, solar energy satisfied our desire
for something new, better, and abundant.
Solar energy is therefore very important and
has a bright future. To generate the
necessary electricity in a PV array,
photovoltaic modules are linked in parallel
and series. However, the total power of
such an array is less than the total rated
power of each module individually. The
paper discusses partial shadowing, one of
the primary causes of this power disparity.
Even the cells that are in the shade must all
carry the same current in a series array.
Cells that are darkened could become
reverse biased, operate as loads, and draw
power away from cells that are fully lighted.
If the system is not properly safeguarded,
issues like hot spots may develop, and in
some circumstances, the system may
sustain irreparable damage. PV plants are
currently constructed in a fixed series-
parallel arrangement, and each module has
a bypass diode that is included in various
configurations.
This diode's function is to keep the single
module current from decreasing the current
of the entire solar array by bypassing it
when it emits a small amount of radiation.
This paper's goal is to demonstrate how
partial shade affects some properties of PV
arrays. Simulation utilizing Matlab/Simscape
is used to achieve this.

HOW SIMSCAPE IS DIFFERENT FROM

SIMULINK
Mathematical representations of physical
components are presented using the
physical modeling language Simscape. It
offers building blocks for a variety of
physical systems, including thermal,
electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, and
pneumatic ones. By connecting the building
pieces to create a complete system with the
possibility to have different domains, the
model can be built similarly to Simulink.
The benefits of these programming
languages will be taken into consideration
while connecting Simscape to Simulink
blocks and vice versa. Since the signal
nature of the two languages differs, it is not
possible to directly overlap or connect their
blocks. For this reason, transitional
structures are required. Depending on the
usage and purpose of the signal, there are
two different sorts of intermediate blocks
affected. To connect Simscape diagrams to
Simulink sources and sinks, the first one is
called a converter. While connecting Sim
Power Systems and SimScape Electrical
circuits is done using interface blocks. [2,3]

Due to the shading provided by trees or

buildings, changes in the atmosphere, the
presence of clouds, and daily variations in
the sun's angle, as depicted in Fig. 1, it is
impossible to have consistent illumination of
PV panels all the time.
Shade, current mismatch inside a PV string,
and voltage difference between parallel
strings are all causes of power loss. A
crystalline silicon module typically has
bypass diodes to guard against damage
from reverse bias on cells that are partially
shadowed.
PARTIAL SHADING AND BYPASS DIODE
EFFECTS
A solar cell with a bypass diode works on
the basis that no current flows through it
while it is running normally in the absence of
shade because the bypass diode is reverse
biased and has a high resistance. Figure 2
displays the solar PV module's connection
diagram. The current in the module shunts
around the shaded cell through the bypass
diode as the neighboring cell voltages
forward bias it, lowering its resistance below
that of the shaded cell. As a result, hot spot
overheating is avoided since the un-shaded
cells are prohibited from attempting to force
a current against the shaded cell's reverse
biased condition. When the modules
connected in series and parallel don't
receive the same illumination as the other
modules, the phenomenon is known as
partial shading. As a result, the power
generated by the various modules varies for
the same panel rating. However, if the same
amount of electricity doesn't reach all the
modules, the lower-generating modules will
function as a sink and take the energy away
from the modules that are producing more
of it, which will lead to partial shade and
increased power loss. The cells would heat
up as a result of the power absorption,
creating hot spots that might lead the glass
barrier to fracture. Use a bypass diode
seros to get around this (preferably, a
specific bypass diode should be placed
across the cell in question), but it's not the
only solution. A bypass diode enables easy
operation of the current. If the power is
directed toward the sink, a bypass diode
that is connected in parallel provides a way
for the power to pass. This stops the panel
from losing power and stops issues like
hotspots and shield breaking. [1,4].
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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT WITH PV
CHARECTERSTICS
The electrical equivalent of a single PV cell
is often depicted in FIG. 3. Current
generated by a single cell is denoted by [5].
I =I L −I O
( v + I RS
ⅇ ns v t )
−1 −
v + I Rs
R sh

Specifically, junction thermal voltage v is t

defined as : v = AkTq
t

IL
= photo-generated current
IO
= dark saturated current
Rs
= panel series resistance
R sh
= panel parallel (or shunt) resistance
k
= Boltzmann’”s constant
q
= electron charge
ns
=number of cells connected in series
T = cell temperature (in degree Kelvin)
A = diode quality (or ideality) factor
Since the dark saturation current in equation
1 is insignificant in comparison to the
exposure term, we can ignore the term "-1."
The I-V curve for various irradines,
1000w/m2 and 500wb/m2, is shown in
Fig.4.

FIG.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PV CELL

USING SINGLE DIODE MODEL
FIG.4 CHARACTERSTICS FOR 1000wb/m²
and 500wb/m²

MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF

DIFFERENT SUBSYSTEM
Cells are connected in series and parallel to
create an array in order to supply the
necessary power and voltage. The solar
cells are combined after being acquired
from the Simscape Library. The solar cell
has three terminals, one for irradiance and
the other two serving as the positive and
negative poles of the cell. In FIG. 5, the
connection is complete. Appendix 1
contains a list of the solar cell's
specifications.

FIND FIG.5 ON YOUR OWN

FIG.5. SUBSYSTEM CONSISTING OF SIX
PV CELLS

MODULE OF SOLAR ARRAY WITH

UNIFORM IRRADIANCE
A 1000W/m2 irradiance is applied to 54
cells that are connected in series (by
connecting 3 groups of 18 cells). Each
group of 18 cells has a bypass diode linked
across it. The connection is made as
depicted in FIG. 6, and the characteristics
are represented as power voltage and
voltage current, respectively, in FIG. 7 and
8.
FIG.6: SOLAR ARRAY WITH UNIFORM
IRRADIANCE
FIG.7: P-V CHARACTERSTIC OF SOLAR
ARRAY WITH UNIFORM IRRADIANCE
FIG.8: V-I CHARACTERSTIC OF SOLAR
ARRAY WITH UNIFORM IRRADIANCE

MODULE OF SOLAR ARRAY WITH NON-

UNIFORM IRRADIANCE
In this instance, 54 cells are connected in
series, but only 18 of them receive 1000
W/m2 of illumination, the next 18 receive
800 W/m2, and the remaining 48 receive
500 W/m2. The connection is made as
indicated in FIG. 9 below, and the
characteristics are depicted as I-V and P-V,
respectively, in FIGS. 10 and 11.
FIG. 9 SOLAR ARRAY WITH NON-
UNIFORM IRRADIATION
FIG. 10 I-V CHARACTERSTICS OF PV
PANEL UNDER PARTIAL SHADING
CONDITION (1000,800,500 W/m²) WITH
AND WITHOUT DIODE AND P-V
CHARACTERSTICS OF SOLAR ARRAY
WITH NON-UNIFORM IRRADIANCE
(SHADING EFFECT)