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MATHEMATICS
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 Preface
We are glad to present our latest book. During our teaching experience, we realized that
there is a gap of very few days between JEE Main and JEE Advanced. So there is very little
time for students to revise/ go through all the concepts in the various subjects. The students
can now put their worries to REST. We have come up with a unique book which provides
Chapter-wise BLOCKBUSTER PROBLEMS covering all the important concepts which a
student should revise before appearing for JEE Advanced Exam. Questions in the books are
carefully designed so as to be exactly similar to the ones that come in JEE Advanced Exam.
Salient features of this book:
The book has been divided into a total of 23 Chapters.
Each Chapter contains one or more than one option correct, Integer type, Matching Type,
Passage-based, and Numeric Value Type questions.
The book is 100% Solved and it contains solutions to each and every question.
The sole aim of this book is to revise all important concepts in a short span of time just by
solving questions. Problems have been designed keeping in mind the examiner's point of
view and current examination patterns.
We hope that the present book will be useful to JEE aspirants. There is no better remuneration
that the satisfaction of the students and teachers. We strongly believe that a student, who
masters all the questions provided in this book, will improve his score in JEE Advanced by
10-15%. We also expect some questions (exact/ similar) from this book to appear in the
upcoming JEE Advanced Exam.
We would like to thank Disha Publication for providing us this opportunity. We would
also like to thank Preetima Bajpai of Disha Publication who has provided her continuous
support in bringing this book to its present shape.
At last, constructive criticism and valuable suggestions are most welcome from the readers
to make the book more useful in the upcoming editions.
Author
Gajendra Kumar
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 Contents
1 . Basic Mathematics 1-9
2. Logarithm 10- 18
3. Quadratic Equations 19- 29
4 . Sequence & Series 30- 41
5. Trigonometry 42-52
6. Complex Numbers 53- 63
7. Permutation and Combination 64-74
8. Binomial Theorem 75- 87
9. Straight Line 88-97
10. Circle 98- 108
11. Conic Section 109-122
12. Properties of Triangles 123- 136
13. Function 137-145
14. Limit 146- 155
15. Continuity & Differentiability 156-166
16. Application of Derivatives 167- 176
17. Indefinite Integration 177- 188
18. Definite Integration 189- 200
19. Area 201-211
20. Differential Equation 212- 224
21. Matrices and Determinant 225- 235
22. Vector and 3D 236- 249
23. Probability 250- 260
 Basic
Mathematics
~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct
1. How many pairs of positive integers m, n satisfy

(a) 4 (b) 7
_!_ + .i = _!__
m
(c) 5
n 12
(d) 3
•
where n is an odd integer less than 60?

2. Suppose, the seed of any positive integer n is defined as follows:

Seed(n) = n, if n < 10 = seed(s(n)), otherwise, where s(n) indicates the sum of digits of n. For example,
seed(?)= 7, seed(248) = seed(2 + 4 + 8) = seed(14) = seed(l + 4) = seed(5) = 5 etc. How many positive
integers n, such that n < 500, will have seed(n) = 9?
(a) 39 (b) 72 (c) 81 (d) 55
3. Let x, y, z be three positive real numbers such that
x + [y] + {z} = 13.2
[x] + {y} + z = 14.3
{x} + y + [z] = 15.1
where [a] denotes the greatest integer S a and {b} denotes the fractional part of b , then
(a) xyz = 349.32 (b) x+y+z = 21.3 (c) x + y-z = 4.9 (d) x-y + z = 27.6

4. Determine the sum of all the real solutions of [ %] + [ 23x] = x.

(a) 21 (b) 28 (c) 15 (d) None of these
20000

s. The units digit of [ 10100 ]

is
10 +3
(a) Morethan5 (b) Lessthan6 ( c) is an odd number (d) is less than 3
6. If 'K' is the total number of integers n between 1 and 10000 (both inclusive) such that n is
divisible by [✓n] , then Here [] is G .I.F
(a) K is more than 198 (b) K is an even no. (c) K is less than 300 (d) K is more than 200

7. IfK is the number of distinct terms in the sequence [

1
~:o],[ :: ],[
1 0
i:o ],. .,[ °;]
1
1 8
~
8
then K is

(a) not divisible by 3 (b) is an even number (c) is an odd number (d) is less than 1490
8. If the number of the first 1000 positive integers can be expressed in the form [2x] +[4x] + [6x] + [8x]
where xis a real number is k and [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then k is
(a) divisible by 100 (b) perfect square (c) an odd number (d) not divisible by a
 2 ------------------- MATHEMATICS
9. For x E R, let [x] denote the greatest integer S x. Largest natural number for which
1
E=[2:]+[- +2:]+[~+2:J ... +[~+2:] <43 is
2 100 2 100 2 100 2
(a) 40 (b) 41 (c) 42 (d) None of these

10. If 'k' is the number of positive integers x which satisfy the condition[~] = [~] , then k is. Here [x]
99 101
is greatest integer function.
(a) a perfect square (b) 3 an odd number (c) less than 2500 (d) divisible by 3
1
11. Find the minimum natural number n, such that the equation [ ~n ] = 1989 has integer solution x.

(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) None of these

12. The equation Ix + 11 Ix - 1i=a2 - 2a -3 can have real solution in x if a belongs to
(a) [1-$,-1] (b) [-1 , 3] (c) [3, 1+ ✓5] (d) [1+ ✓3 , 1+ ✓5]
13. If[x + 0.19] + [x + 0.20] + [x + 0.21] + ... + [x + 0.91] = 542 then
(a) [lOx] = 73 (b) [lOOx] = 739 (c) [lOx + 0.4] = 74 (d) [lOOx + 0.1] = 740

~ Numeric Value Answer

14.
15.
What is the largest amount that can not be paid by using notes of denomination t 5 and t 7.
Positive integers are written on all the faces ofa cube, one on each. At each comer (vertex) of the cube,
the product of the numbers on the faces that meet at the comer is written. The sum of the numbers
•
written at all the comers is 2076. IfS denotes the sum of the numbers on all the faces, if the sum of all
the possible values of S is k Find k/100
16. If a, bare positive integers such that 11 divides a + 13b and 13 divides a+ llb. Then find the minimum
value of (a+ b)/ 10
17. Find the smallest natural number n whose last digit is 6, and if the last digit is erased and placed in
front of the remaining digits, the resulting number is four times as large as the original number.

(I) Integer Answer

18.

19.
Find the number of integral solution of ..!. + .!_ = ..!.
X y 7
The function y = f (x) = Ix- 11 + 21x- 21 + 3lx- 31 +... 1Olx- IOI will attain a minimum value at-
•
20. If K is the area enclosed by two functions f and g then find the sum of digits in K
f = max (lxl, IYD = 8
g = min (JxJ, IYD = 3
21. If area bounded by Ix+ 2yl + J2x - YI = p is P then area bounded by Ix+ 3yl + l3x - YI = 2p is KP then
the value of [K] is , where [K] is G.I.F
Basic Mathematics - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3

f Passage Based Questions

Passage-I

Consider two functions f(x) and g(x) the number of roots of the equation f(x)
•
= g(x) is same as the number of
point of intersection of these two graphs.
2
22. Consider a function y = f ( x) = IIx; 1 - 31- 4 find the number of roots of the equation f(x) = 0

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) None of these

2
23. Consider a function y = f ( x) = IIx ; 1 - 31- 4 for what value of k the equation f(x) = k has 4 roots.

(a) (- 5, 0) (b) (-5,-1) (c) (- 1, 1) (d) None of these

Passage-II
Consider a function of type f(x) = Ix - al + pix - bl will attain - oo when x tends to - oo and will attain oo when
x tends to oo so function will attain a minimum value.
24. Consider a function y = j{_x) =Ix +21 + Ix- 21 + Ix - 51 + Ix - 81+ Ix - 10I find the minimum value of
the function
(a) 11 (b) 14 (c) 18 (d) None of these
25. Consider a function y = f{_x) = Ix + 21 + 2lx - 21 find the minimum value of the function
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) None of these

RESPONSE SHEET

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4. 0®0@) 5. 0®0@) 6. 0®0@)
7. 0®0@) 8. 0®0@) 9. 0®0@)
10. 0®0@) 11. 0®0@) 12. 0®0@)
13. 0®0@) 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. 0®0@) 23. 0®0@) 24. 0®0@)

25. 0®0@)
 4 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ _ _ _ ____.I)' '

1. (d) Given equation is 1/m + 4/n = 1/12 or 1/m 5. (b, c) Assume that n = 10 100 . Then
= 1/12 - 4/n or m = 12n/(n - 48) since m is 1020000 n 200 (n 2yoo -(32yoo 9100
positive hence n > 48 but n < 60 hence possible - - - = - - = ~ ~ - ~ ~+ - -
10100 + 3 n + 3 n+3 n+3
values ofn is 49, 51, 53, 55, 57 and 59, out of 100 100
which only 49, 51 and 57 gives integral values Since 9 < n so 9 < n + 3
ofm. And (n2) 100 - (32) 100 is divisible by n + 3 so
2. (d) The easiest way to solve this question is required quotient is given by (n2) 100 - (32) 100
that take some values of n such that seed(n) Let (n2) 100_ (32)100 = (n2- 32)k
=9 these are 18, 27, 36 etc, that means (n2)100 -(32y oo n 200 _ 9100 1020000 - 8 150
multiples of 9, so what actually we need to find n+3 n+3 10100 + 3
is the number ofmultiples of9 less than 500,
So 500/9 and quotient is 55 hence we will have Since the units digit of 1020000 - 81 50 is 9 and the
55 such numbers. units digit of 10 100 + 3 is 3, the units digit of the
3. (a, b, c) Given that quotient must be 3.
X + [y] + {z} = 13.2 .. . (i) 6. (a, b, c, d) Let t = [ ✓n] then 1 .:S t .:S 102, and
[x] + {y} + z = 14.3 ... (ii)
{x} + y + [z] = 15.1 ... (iii) t2 .:S n < (t + 1)2, or equivalently, t2.:Sn .:S t2 + 2t,
Adding the three equations we get i.e n = t2 + r where r is a non-negative integer
2 (x + y + z) = 42.6, with O.:S r .:S 2t.
or x + y + z = 21.3 ... (iv) Now as per the given condition (t2 + r) is
Now given that x + [y] + {z} = 13.2 divisible by ' t' which implies r can take 0, t and
So {y} + lzl = 8.1, therefore [z] = 8 and {y} = 0.1. 2t for 1 .:St .:S 99 but when t =100 then 'r' has
Then from equation (ii) we get [x] + z = 14.2, only one value which is r = 0
so {z} = 0.2 and z = 8.2 which gives [x] = 6. Thus, total number of integers are 3 x 99 + 1 = 298
From equation (i) x + [y] = 13, so x is an 7. (a,b,d)Since (k + 1)2 -k2 =2k + 1
integer, i.e x = [x] = 6.
Andy = 15.l-O-8 = 7.1 so [(k + l)2] > [ l::__] when2k + 1 > 1980,
So xyz = (6)(7.1)(8.2) = 349.32 1980 1980
And x + y + z = 6 + 7.1 + 8.2 = 21.3
i.e k :?: 990.
And x + y - z = 6 + 7.1 - 8.2 = 4.9
4. (a) The given equation indicates that any Therefore [l::__], , k = 990, 991, ... , 1980
solution x must be an integer. Let x = 6q + r, 1980
where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and q is an integer.
are 991 different values. For the sequence
Then the given equation becomes
Now consider the term ,
q+ [ i] + [ ~r] = r. Now we have following
1
2
l[ l[ l l
2
2
3
2 2

[ 1980 ' 1980 ' 1980 , .... , [ 990

1980 '

l
cases-
Case (i) r = 0 gives q = 0, so x = 0 is a solution. 2
Case (ii) r = 1 gives q = 1, so x = 7 is a solution. Since -990- = 495
[ 1980
Case (iii) r = 2 gives q = 0, so x = 2 is a solution.
Case (iv) r = 3 gives q = 0, so x = 3 is a solution. And any two consecutive terms have difference
Case (v) r = 4 gives q = 0, so x = 4 is a solution. 0 or 1 only, the sequence must take
Case (vi) r = 5 gives q = 0, so x = 5 is a solution. 495 + 1 = 496 different values.
Thus, there are a total of 6 real solutions. So total number of distinct values is
Sum of the solutions of the equation is 496 + ( 991 - 1 ) = 1486
0+2+3+4+5+7= 21
Basic Mathematics 5

8. (a, d) Let the sum be N and x = [x] + {x}

= I + f where I E z;
and 0 S f < 1. Then If [ : ] = [ ~ ] = 1, thenx should lie in the set
9 1 1
N = 201 + [2f] + [4f] + [6f] [8f] S 1000,
{101, 102, .... , 197}, there are 97 numbers.
:.0 SIS 50.
For any fixed OS IS 49, In general , if [ : ] = [
9 1 1
~
] = k where k 2'.. 1,
Consider [8f] its value will change when
_{o'8 ' ~8 ' i8'8i ' ~8 ' §_8 ' 28 '}
f-
_!_ then x must be in the set {101k, 101k + 1,
... , 99(k + 1) - l}, and there are 99 - 2k such
numbers.
= { O, i,¼,¾,½,¾,¾,f,} Now the condition for k is 99(k + 1) - 1 2'.. 101 k
and this requirement is met only ifk S 90. Thus
Consider [6f] its value will change when the total number of positive integers x for

-{o
f-
_!_ ~i i ~}-{o
' 6'6'6 ' 6 ' 6 -
_!_ _!_ _!_
' 6' 3' 2 ' 3' 6
~ ~} which [ ~] = [~] is given by
99 101
Then [4f] its value will change when 98 + I:::l (99-2k) = 2499.
1={0,¼,¾,¾}={o,¼,½,¾} Important Points:
For any m 2_ 2 the number ofpositive integers
And [2f] its value will change whenf= { 0, ½} 2
4
xsuchthat [m~ l] = [m: l] is m - ifm
Combining all the above values we get the 4
universal set of is even
_{o' 81 ' 41 '8'3 21 ' 85 ' 43 ' 87 ' 6'3
f-
1 1 2 5}
' 3' 6 and -
m
2
-
-5
ifm is odd
4
Therefore there are totally 12 different values
ofN for each I= 1, ... , 49, but there are total 11. (a) -10° -1 < [ -10°] < -10°
of 11 different values ofN when I= 0 x X X

(since in this case f cannot take value 0), and . . 10n 10n
I = 50, t = 0 means N = 1000 is also a required 1mphes - -1 < 1989 ::; -
x X
value.
Therefore required number ofvalues is 50 x 12 10° 10°
i.e., - - < x ::; - - ,or (10°)(0.0005025126)
= 600 different values not greater than 1000. 1990 1989
< X S (J 0") (0.0005027652)
9. (b) Since 3.14 <re< 3.142, 1.57 < ~ < 1.571
2 From observation we find that only for n 2. 7
the difference of the two decimals is greater
Thus, [%+1~0 ] = 1 forn = 0, 1, 2, .... , 42 than 1,
So when n = 7 then we find that
Thus, largest natural number n for which 5025 < x S 5027, and x = 5026 or 5027.
E< 43 is 41. 12. (a, c) Equation has solution only if a2 - 2a- 3 2 0
10. (b, c, d) We have following cases ⇒ a s - I ora 2'._ 3
Then equation becomes x2 - 1 = ±( a 2 - 2a - 3)
If [ ~ ] = [ ~ ] = 0 it is possible if and only if
99 101 ⇒ x2 = a2 - 2a - 2 or x 2 = - a2 + 2a + 4

x E { 1, 2, 3, ..., 98}, and there are 98 such For real solution a2 - 2a - 2 .2'.. 0
numbers.
or-a2 +2a +4 2'.. 0
⇒ a S 1- ✓ 3 or a 2'.. 1 + ✓3
 6 MATHEMATICS

or 1 - ✓ 5 S a S 1 + ✓5 16. (2.80) Since 13 divides a + l lb,

So 13 also divides a + llb- 13b = a - 2b
:. a E [1- ✓ 5, -1] U [3, 1 + ✓ 5]
Or 13 also divides l3a-(a -2b) = 12a + 2b
13. (a, b, c) Number of terms is 73
= 2 (6a + b)
Since 542 = 7 x 73 + 31
Or 13 divides (6a + b)
⇒ [x + 0.60] = 7 and [x = 0.61] = 8
Similarly given that
sox = 7.39
11 I (a+ 13b) ⇒ 11 I (a + 2b)
14. (23) Let number of Rs 5 notes is 'x' and that
⇒ 11 I (6a + 12b) ⇒ 11 I (6a + b)
of Rs 7 notes is 'y' then the amount that can be
Hence we can say that both 11 and 13 divides
paid is in the form of 5x + 7y, and the largest
(6a + b) or llx13 = 143 divides (6a + b)
number which can not be achieved by 5x + 7y
Thus we may write 6a + b = 143k for some
is 5 X 7 - 5 - 7 = 23
natural number k.
15. (12.35) Let ABCDPQRS be a cube, and the
or 6a + 6b= 143k + 5b= 144k + 6b-(k + b).
numbers a, b, c, d, e, f be written on the faces or 6 divides k + b and hence k + b ~ 6.
ABCD, BQRS, PQRS, APSD, ABQP, CRSD
So6(a+b) = 143k+5b
respectively. Then the products written at the = 138k + 5(k + b) ~ 138 + 5 x 6 = 168.
comers A, B, C, D, P, Q, R, S are respectively
So we can conclude that a + b > 28.
ade, abe, adf, cde, bee, bef, bcf, cdf. The sum of From some observation we get a = 23 and
these 8 numbers is :
b = 5, satisfy the condition. Thus the minimum
R value of a + b is 28.
D C
17. (153846) From question it is clear that n can
not be a one - digit number
Let n = 1Ox + 6, where x is a natural number of
m digits. Then
6.lOm+ x= 4(10x + 6)
p ⇒ 39x = 6(10t- 24 ⇒ 13x = 2(10t- 8
Q So, 13 I (2(10t - 8) for some m, i.e. the
~
remainder of2(10t is 8
when divided by 13. By observation we find
= (e +f) (ab + be+ cd + ad)
thatm = 5.
= (e + j) (a + c) (b + d).
2c10r-8 _ 199992 -15384
This is given to be equal to 2076 = 22.3.173. Sox= 13 - 13 - ,
Since none of the factors a + c, b + d, e + f is
n = 153846
equal to 1. 18. (3) The given equation can be written as
Thus (a + c) (b + d) (e + f) = 2076 7x + 7y - .xy = 0
But 2076 = 4 x 3 x 173 = 2 x 3 x 346 x(7-y)-7(7-y) + 49 = 0
=2 X 2 X 519 = 2 X 6 X 173 (x- 7)(7 -y) = -49
(x-7) (y-7) = 49
So possible values of summation
Since 49 = l x 49 = 7 x 7 = 49 x l
(a +c)+ (b+d) + (e +f) =4+ 3 + 173 = 180, Sox-7 = 7 orx = 14 andy =14
2 + 3 + 346 = 351 , Similarly, we will get two more pair of solutions
2 + 2 + 519= 523 , Number of ways in which 49 can be written
2 + 6 + 173 = 181. as a product of 2 numbers is equal to the total
Sum of all the possible values of S is number of factors of 49.
19. (7) Total number of critical points is l + 2 + 3
180 + 351 + 523 + 181 = 1235
+ .. .. + 10 = 55 and middle one is 27 which is
Basic Mathematics 7

20. (1) Consider the graph of these two functions In every quadrant it will form a square, area of
10
9
such a square is 5 x 5 =25

6 Total area = 25 x 4 = 100

--1=====:::::::l---~ Sum of digits 1 + 0 + 0 =1

I

21. (4) Since line x + 2y = 0 and 2x - y = 0 are

l _ 1 1 2 :
perpendicular to each other similarly x + 3y
I -2 :
- -t====:::;;;t - - -;- - - - . t===:::;;;t-- and 3x - y are perpendicular to each other so
- 4
-5 bounded area by Ix + 2yl + l2x - YI = p and by
-6
- 7 Ix + 3yl + l3x -yl = 2p are similar so their ratio
. of area is l : 4 So K = 4
-9
- 10

Sol. (22-23)
In order to solve this type of questions l ' 1 plot the graph which is explained below-

Graph y=llx;21_31-4

lx-21
Step 1:- Plot y = - - -3 as we did in
2

previous graphs by 1st plotting y = l; I and

then shift of origin with new origin at (2, -3)

-5

Step 2:- Plot y = -lx-21

- - 3 now in order to -5
2
21
plot y = II x; -31 we change negative

values of y to +ve, as example -1 will -1 O -5 ~--"'

.. 10
become + l and so on, as shown in the figure. ...... ,,, , ; = I X -2 I / 2 -3

-5
 8 MATHEMATICS

5
- - 3I--4 we
= -lx-21
-
Step 3:- In order to plot y ..-...,Y = ll x-21 12-31

will 1st plot y = 11 x; 2

l
1- 31
2

as we did in step -- ....... ....... ....... .,,..-

2, If we pull this graph down by 4 unit then

-5 y=llx-21 12-31-4
we get y - -3I--4, as shown in the
= -lx-21
figure.
l 2

22. (a) The graph will intersect the x-axis twice so we will have 2 roots.
23. (d)From the graph we can say that f(x) = k will intersect the graph 4 times if k lies between local
maxima and local minima which is -1 and --4
Sol. (24-25)
24. (c) Consider the graph of each function separately and then find the minimum value of the function-
Graph ofy =Ix+ 21 +lx-2I+Ix-5l+lx-8I + lx-10I
Plotthegraphofy=lx+2l+lx-21+1x-51
+ Ix - 81 + Ix - 101, we will find that
value of y is minimum at x = 5
Alternately:- Find the critical
points, these are -2, 2, 5, 8 and 10
arrange them in the increasing order
on x-axis, since we have 5 critical
points so we will get only 1 middle
value which is x = 5 so the function ---1----+---l·~·---- - - - - - - + - - - - - -
will attain its minimum value at -1-----+--~{)-+----+----+----+--
x = 5.
Required minimum value is 18

I
- 0 5 I5 0 1,5

All the functions in the form of y = Ix- al + Ix - bl + Ix - c l + Ix - di + Ix - el will have similar graph
with minimum value ofy at x = c here we have assumed that a < b < c < d < e.
Basic Mathematics 9

25. (b) Lets see the graph

Find the minimum value of Ix + 21 + 2Ix - 21

Graph ofy =Ix+ 21 + 2Ix-21

1st question is how many critical

points we have here 2 or 3? An-
swer is we have 3 critical points
and these points are -2, 2, 2 (point
2 taken twice)
Out of these three points middle
one is 2 so the function will attain
its minimum value at x =2
Required minimum value is 4.
 Logarithm

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. Consider an equation [log20 1] + [log202] + .....[log2c,X] = x here [x] is greatest integer function. Find the
value ofx.
(a) 417 (b) 418 (c) 209 (d) 420
2. Ifp = log 12 18, q = log24 54 then the value of pq + 5(p-q) is
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 9
3. Positive numbers x, y and z satisfying xyz = I 0000 and (log10 x) 0og10 y) + 0og10 x) Oog10 z) + log10 y)
(log 10 z) = 6. Find the value of (log 10 x)2 + (log10 y) 2 + (log 10 z)2
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) None of these
4. Find xyz if log 2 x + log4 y + log 4 z = 2
log9 x + log3 y + log9 z = 2
And log 16 x + log 16 y + log4 z = 2
(a) 24 (b) 32 (c) 12 (d) None of these
5. For x, y EN, if 32x - y+ 1 = y - 2x + 1 - 8 and log6 12x2y - xyl = 1 + log36 (xy), then point (x, y) lies in
which quadrant?
(a) lies on axis (b) 1st quadrant (b) 4 th quadrant (d) None of these
6. Which of the following is/are true?

(a) log~ < logf (b) log~

4
( log~6 r-
log~
2
92
(1ogf2 r =3

(c) ( log~ )2 > log~0 (d) 5 . log20 + ( log 2 ) = 1

log10 10 10

log x log y log z .

7. If - 2- = - 2- = - 2- and x 3y2z = 1 then k 1s equal to
4 6 3k '

1
(a) - 8 (b) - 4 (c) 0 (d) log 2 ( - - )
256
8. There exist positive integers A, Band C with no common factors greater than 1, such that
A log2005 + B log2002 = C. The sum A+ B + C equals
(a) A=2 (b) B=3 (c) C= l (d) A+B= 5
1
If log 100lx + YI=
9.
2 and log 10 y - log 10 lx l = log 100 4 then-

(a) !xi < 12 (b) y > I 2 (c) X <5 (d) lYI < 20
Logarithm 11

10. Which of the following is true about the roots of

2 2
log2 x+J (6x +23x+21)=4-log3x+? (4x + 12x+9).

(a) Equation has only one solution (b) Sum of the roots is negative
(c) roots must be less than 2 ( d) At least one root is positive
11. Which of the following is/are true about the root/s of

4
2

2 4
2
log I log8 ( x + 7) +log_!_ log_!_ (x + 7 r = -2

(a) Equation has only one solution (b) Sum of the roots is zero
(c) roots must be less than 2 ( d) At least one root is positive
12. Which of the following is/are true about the root/s of
. 2 X (2)).(logCOS2 X (2)) = 0
x: logS .ill2 X (2) + logCOS2 X (2) + 2(1ogSill

(a) Equation has only one solution in (0, 2n) (b) Sum of the roots is zero
(c) Odd multiple of n/4 ( d) At least one root is positive
13. Which of the following is/are true about the root/s of inequality loglxl lx2 + x + l I '.S l.
(a) No root is negative integer (b) lxl < l
(c) lxl >2 (d) No is positive integer

~ Numeric Value Answer

14.

15.
Let a> l andx > l satisfy log/loga 2) + log0 24-128 and loga (logax) = 256. Find the reminder when
x is divided by l 000.
Find the number integer values of k in the closed interval [- 500, 500] for which the equation
•
log(kx) = 2log(x + 2) has exactly one real solution.
1
16. The domain of the function.f{x) = arcsin(log (nx)) is a closed interval oflength - - , where m and n
m 2013
are positive integers and m > l. Find the remainder when the smallest possible sum m + n divided by
1000.
17. Positive integers a and b satisfy the condition logi(log2a (log2/2 1000))) = 0. Find the sum of all
possible values of a + b.
100
18. For each positive integer n let.f{n) = L [log10(kn)]. Find the largest value of n for which.f{n) ~ 300.
k=I
Note: [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
19. For each ordered pair ofreal numbers (x, y) satisfying logi(2x + y) = log4(x2 + xy + 7y2)
there is a real number K such that logi3x + y) = log9(3x2 + 4xy + Ky2).
Find the product of all possible values of K.

(I) Integer Answer

20. •
Let x, y and z be real numbers satisfying the system logi(xyz - 3 + logs x) = 5, log3 (xyz - 3 + logs y)
= 4, log4 (xyz - 3 + logsz) = 4. The value ofllogsxl + llogs YI + logszl = k, then value of ~ is _ __
5
 12 -------------------- MATHEMATICS
21. Let./{x) = (x2 + 3x + 2)C0 s(ru:)_ Find the number of positive integers n for which
n
L log10 f(k) = 1.
k=I

22. Let x,y andz be positive real number that satisfy 2logx(2y) = 2log 2 x(4z) = log 2 x4 (8yz)-:/- 0.

1
The value of xy 5z can be expressed in the form ~ 1~ , where p and q are relatively prime positive
( ) 2P q
integers. Find the final value of p + q .

•
7

f Passage Based Questions

Passage
Consider the system of equations
log 10 (2000 xy)- log 10 x. log 10 y = 4
log 10 (2yz) - log10 y. log 10 z = 1
And log 10 (zx)- log 10 z . log 10 x = 0
23. Find the number of triplets (x, y, z) which satisfy the above system of equation
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
24. Find the sum of all the possible values of x that satisfy the above system of equation
(a) 110 (b) 100 (c) 201 (d) None of these

RESPONSE SHEET
1. 0®0@) 2. 0®0@) 3. 0®0@)
4. 0®0@) 5. 0®0@) 6. 0®0@)
7. 0®0@) 8. 0®0@) 9. 0®0@)
10. 0®0@) 11. 0®0@) 12. 0®0@)
13. 0®0@) 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22.

23. (a) (b) (c) (cI) 24. (a) (b) (c) (cI)
Logarithm 13

\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ -----&I' '

1. {b) Consider the value of function [log 2cf]in 3
different intervals- ⇒ 3t = - - 8 ⇒ 3t2 + 8t - 3 = 0
t
When x < 20 then [log2cf] = 0
When 20 s x < 400 then [log2cf] = 1 1
⇒ t = -3, 3
When 400 s x < 8000 then [log2cf] = 2 and so on.
Now consider the given equation [log20 1] But t = - 3 (rejected)
+[log 202] + ..... [log2cf] = x So, 32x-y= t = 3- 1 ⇒ 2x - y= -1 ... (i)
Since there are 19 numbers for which [log2cf] = 0 Now consider the 2 nd equation, log612x2y- .xy21
That 19 numbers will be compensated by 19 = 1 + log36 (xy)
numbers from 400 onwards hence. Hencex = 418.
⇒ log6 lx y (2x - y)I = 1 + log6 J-;;
2. (c) We have
⇒ log6 l.xyl = log6 (6-fxy) = xy = 36 ... (ii)
log 2 18 1 + 2 log2 3
p=log,2 18= log212= 2 1 3 and : . On solving (i) and (ii) , we get x = 4 and y = 9
+ og2 So, point (x, y) lies in l st quadrant
log 2 54 1+3log2 3 6. (a, b, c, d)
q = log 24 54 = log 24 = 3 + log 3
2 2 (a) 3 l 17 log~ log~ - logr
log2- og5 = 5
Putting x = log2 3, we have log 2
pq + 5(p - q)
But logr > 4
= 1 + 2x . 1 + 3x + 5 {1 + 2x _ 1 + 3x}
:. 25 > 52 ⇒ 25/2 > 5
2+x 3+x 2+x 3+x
⇒->
5
log 2
s
6x2 + 5x + 1 + 5(-x2 + 1) x 2 + 5x+6 2
- - - - - =1
(x + 2)(x + 3) (x + 2)(x + 3)
log 5 < ~·3 5 < 28
3. (a) Let log 10 x = a; log 10 y = band log 10 z = c 2 2'
Here xyz = 10000 Slog~< 8
⇒ log 10 x + log 10 y + log 10 z = 4
3 8
i.e. a+b+c=4 log 2 < -
Also, ab + be + ca = 6
5
Now, a 2 + b2 + c 2 = ( a + b + c)2 - 2 L ab 5 3
:. log-.log - < 4
= (4)2 - (2)(6) = 4 2 2
:. log~ .log~ - log~ < 0 ⇒ log~ < logF
7
4. (a) From log2 x + log4 y + log4 z = 2,
log4 (x 2yz) = 2 (b) GE= log24.log96- log l 92.log l 2
⇒ x 2yz = 42 .... (i)
= ( 3 log 2 + log 3) (5 log 2 + log 3)
Similarly from we get lo!½ x + log3 y + lo!½ z = 2
we get - ( 6 log2 + log3)(2 log2 + log3)
yzx = 92 .... (ii)
And from log 16 x + log 16 y + log4 z = 2 we get = 3(log~)2 = 3
z 2.xy = 162 .... (iii) 5
Multiply above three results we get (c) Let x = log - > 2
2
⇒ x4y4z4 = (2.3.4)4
⇒ xyz= 24 x2 - X - 2 = ( X - 2) ( X + 1) > 0 ... X > 2
5. (b) Consider the equation
32x- y + I = y - 2x + I_ 8 :. x 2 -x-2>0⇒ (1og~ )2 > log~ +2 = log~0 .
Let 32x - Y = t
 14 MATHEMATICS

(d) logfo (logfo + 1) + (1ogfo )2

= logt0 [1ogf0 + logf0 ]+ logf0 2
the equation becomes 1+ y = 4 - -
y
= logfO .1 + logfO = logJg = 1
or y2 = 3y - 2 or y2 - 3 y + 2 = 0
7. (a, d)
1og 2 x
log y log2 z or (y-2)(y-1) = 0, :. y = 2, 1
--=-2 -=--
4 6 3k log2x+3 (3x + 7) = 2, 1
3log 2 x + 2 log 2 y + log2 z 2
= 12+12+3k
or 3x + 7 = ( 2x + 3) , 2x + 3 .

3
log2 (x y2z) If 3x+ 7 =(2x+ 3)2, then 3x+ 7 =4x2 + l2x+9
=
24+3k or 4x2 +9x+2 = 0
0
=-- or (4x+ l)(x+2) = O;
24+3k
8. (a, b, c, d) If 3x+ 7 = 2x+3, then x = -4.
A log2005 + B log2002 = C But when x = -4, 2x + 3 = -8 + 3 < 0. But no
A log 5 +Blog 2 =Clog 200 = C log(52 23) base of logarithm can be negative. So, x = -4 is
= 2C log 5 + 3 C log 2 not a solution. Whenx = -2, 2x + 3 = -4 + 3 < 0.
hence, A= 2C and B = 3C So, x = - 2 is also not a solution.
for no common factor greater than 1, C = 1 only solution is x = - 114
:. A=2; B=3 11. (b, d)
9. (a, b, c)
1 log_3_G log 2 (x 2 +7)]
From log 1001x + YI = - , we get 4
2
Ix + YI= 100 112 = 10 ... (i) + log _I_ [ ½log2 ( x 2 + 7)] = -2
From log 10 y - log 10 lxl = log 100 4 = log 10 2, we 2
have
By logbP a n = -n logb a
L=2 ⇒ y2 =4x 2 p
lxl
Also x2 + y2 + 2xy = 100
or 5x2 + 4xlxl = 100
2
logr2 ( x + 7) = =~ 2
log 2 ( x + 7)

2 2
⇒
10
X = -
20
for X > 0 ⇒ y = - Let log 2 (x + 7) = t : . x + 7 = i
3 3

10.
andx = -10 for x < 0 ⇒ y = 20.
(a, b, c) log3/4 (it)+ logl/ 2 ( ½t) = - 2
Here,
2 log(t/ 3) 1
log2x+3 (2x+3)(3x+7)=4-log3x+7 (2x+3) + logl/2 - log 1; 2 t = -2
log ( 3/ 4 ) 2
or log 2x+3 (2x + 3) + log2x+3 (3x + 7)
logt - log3 1
= 4-21og3x+? (2x + 3) ~ ~ ~ - + Jogl/2- + logl/2t= - 2
log3 - log4 2
or 1+ log2x+3 (3x+ 7) = 4-2log3x+? (2x+3)
Let log 2x+3 (3x+7)= y, then logt _ log3 + _ logt = _
1 2
log 3 = 2log 2 log3 - 2 log2 log 2
Logarithm 15

[log2- log3 + 2 log2] ⇒ (x + 1)2 ~ O or x 2 + 1 ~ 0 (not possible)

logt~------ ⇒ x = - 1 for which inequility is not defined
{log3- 2 log2) 1og 2
so the only solution to the inequality is O< lxl < 1
= _3 + log3 ⇒ x e (-1, 0) u (0, 1)
log3-2 log2 14. (896)
[3log2- log3] 6log2-2log3 The first condition implies
log f --,-----=-------=----------,----- = ----=--------=------ 128
(log 3 - 2log2)log2 log3 - 2 log2 a = loga loga 2 + loga 24-128
logt = 2log2 = log22 = log 4 128 + a
128
= loga loga 2
24
2 4
t = 4 :. x + 7 = i = 2 = 16 l28a al28
aa = 224
or x2 = 9 x = ±3
12. (c, d) a a12s)(aal28 J
1 (
= 224 = 38
2 + 2
log 2 sin x log2 cos x
al28 = _
2 So, a 8
+- - - - - - - - = 0 Putting each side to the power of 128.
log 2 sin xx log2 cos2 x
2
128 )(al 28) 128 64
2 2 (a =8 = 64 ,
log2 cos x + log 2 sin x + 2 =
⇒ 0
log 2 sin 2 xx log 2 cos 2 x
3
So a 128 = 64 ⇒ a= 2 64 specifically,
⇒ log 2 (sin2x. cos2x) = - 2
2 log 2 (x) 64
sin 2x) loga (x) = - - - = - loga (x)
⇒ log2 ( ~2- = - 2 log 2 (a) 3

⇒ ( sin/x r! = ⇒ sin/x = ±½
=I-
So we have that

256= loga(loga(x))= 64 log2 = (64 loga(x))

3 3
⇒ sin2x = ± 1 ⇒ 2x = (2n + 1) 64
2 12 = log 2 (
3
log 2 (x))

⇒ x = (2n + 1) -1t , n E / 212 = 64 log2 (x)

4
3
13. (a, b, d) 192 = log2(x)
log1x lx 2 + x + 11 ~ 1 X = 2 192
It is bown that x 2 + x + 1 > 0 '</ x E R We only w ish to find x mod 1000. To do this, we
and lx l =I- 0, 1 note that x = 0 mod 8 and now, by the Chinese
So log1x1(x2 + x + 1) ~ loglxllxl Remainder Theorem, wish only to find x mod
For O < lxl < 1 125. By Euler's Theorem:
lxl ~ (x2 + x + l) 2<j>(I25) = 2 IOO = 1 mod 125
⇒ -(x2 + x + l ) ~ x ~ (x2 + x+ 1) 1
⇒ (x + 1)2 2: 0 which is true for all x and So 2192 = __!_ = - - = _!_mod125
2 8 256 6
x 2 + 1 2: 0 which is again true for all x
So we only need to find inverse of 6 mod 125.
so O < lx l < 1 is the one solution for the given
It is easy to realize that
inequality.
6.2 1 = 126 = 1 mod 125, so
Now for lx l > 1
x = 2 1 mod 125, x = Omod8.
⇒ lx l 2: (x2 +x+ 1)
Using Chines Remainder Theorem, we get that
⇒ x ~ - (x2 + x + 1) or x 2: (x2 + x + 1) y = IRQIJ ninrl 1 ()() ni.,hino thP " Inti n
 16 MATHEMATICS
15. (501) takes care of the kx > 0 condition as long as
26
k =1; 0, i.e., k cannot be 0. Now, we graph both
25 (x + 2)2 (the green graph) and kx (the red graph
24 fork = - 1, k = -2, k = -3, k = 8) for x > - 2.
23 It is easy to see that all negative values of k
22 make the equation log(kx) = 2log(x + 2) have
21 only one solution. However, there is also one
20 positive value ofk that makes the equation only
have one solution, as shown by the steepest
19
line in the diagram. We can show that the slope
18
of this line is a positive integer by setting the
17
discriminant of the equation (x + 2) 2 = kx to be
16
0 and slowing for k. Therefore, there are 500
15 negative solution and I positive solution, for a
14 total of 15011.
13 16. (371)
12 We start with the same method as above. The
11 domain of the arcsin function is [-1 , l]
so -1 ~ logm (nx) ~ 1.
10
l II II
9 nx m
m
8
l II II m
X
mn n
m I
n mn 2013
2013
n = 2013m-
m

For n to be an integer, m must divide 2013, and

m > l. To minimize n, m should be as small
as possible because increasing m will decrease
2013 .
- - the amount you are subtractmg, and
m
increase 2013m, the amount you are adding;
-3
this also ideas to a small n which clearly
Note the equation log(kx) = 2 log(x + 2) is valid
minimize m + n
for kx > 0 and x > - 2.
We let m equal 3, the smallest factor of 2013
log(kx) = 2log(x + 2) = log ((x + 2)2). The
that isn't 1. Then we have
equation kx = (x + 2)2 is derived by taking away
2013
the outside logs from the previous equation. n = 2013 * 3 - = 6039- 671 = 5368
3
Because (x + 2)2 is always non-negative,
m + n = 5371 , so the answer is 137 11.
kx must also be non-negative; therefore this
Logarithm 17

17. (881) 20. (5)

To simplify, we write this logarithmic First, we get rid of logs by taking powers :
expression was an exponential one. Just xyz - 3 + log5 x = 25 = 32,
looking at the first log, it has a base of 2 and xyz- 3 log5 y = 34 = 81, and
an argument of the expression in parenthesis. (xyz - 3 + log5 z) = 44 = 256.
Therefore, we can make 2 the base, 0 the Adding all the equations up and using the
exponent, and the argument the result. That log xy = log x + log y property,
mean log2a (log2b (2 1000)) = 1 (because 2° = 1). we have 3xyz + logs xyz = 378,
Doing this again, we get log2/ 2 1000) = 2a. so we have xyz = 125.
Doing the process one more the process one Solving for x, y, z by substituting 125 for xyz
more time, we finally eliminate all of the logs, in each equation, we get logs x = - 90, logs y
getting (2bp•) = 2 1000 . Using the property = - 41 , logs z = 134, so adding all the absolute
20 values we have 90 + 41 + 134 = 265.
that (ao/ = er>', we simplify to 2b· = 21000.
21. (2)
Eliminating equal bases leaves b.2a = 1000.
Note that cos (nx) is - 1 when xis odd and 1
The largest a such that 2a divides 1000 is 3, so
when x is even. Also not that
we only need to check 1, 2 and 3.
x 2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 1) (x + 2) for all x. Therefore
When a = I, b = 500; when a = 2, b = 250;
logIO.f{x) logIO(x + 1) + logIO(x + 2) ifx is even
when a = 3, b = 125.
log 10.f{x) = - log 10(x + 1) - log 10(x + 2) if x odd
Summing all the a's and b's gives the answer of
18811. n

18. (109)
Because of this, L log10 f(k) is a telescoping
k= l
Observe that f is strictly increasing in n. We
series of logs, and we have
realize that we need terms to add up to around n
300, so we need some sequence of 2s, 3s and L log10 f (k) = log IO(n + 2)- log IO2 = log10
k =l
then 4s.
It follows that n "" I 00. Manually checking - 1.f n 1s
n +2
- . even
shows that f (109) = 300 and/ (110) > 300. 2
Thus, our answer is 11091. n

19. (189) L log10 f (k) = - log10(n + 2) - log 102

k =I
Using the logarithmic property
= - log 10 2(n + 2) if n is odd
logan bn = loga b, we note that
Setting each of the above quantities to 1 and
(2x + y)2 = 4x2 + 4xy + y2. That gives - 1 solving for n, we get possible value of
x2 + xy - 2y2 = 0 upon simplification and n = 3 and n = 18 so our desired answer is 2.
division by 3. Factoring x 2 + xy - 2y2 = 0 by 22. (7)
Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick gives (x + 2y) Since there are only two dependent equations
(x - y) = 0. Then, x = y or x = - 2y. From the given and three unknowns, the three expressions
second equation, 9x2 + 9xy + y2 = 3x2 + 4xy + given can equate to any common value (that
Ky2. Ifwe take x = y, we see that K = 9. Ifwe isn't 0, of course), so to simplify the problem
take x = - 2y, we see that K = 21. The product let us assume without loss of generality that
is 11891.
 18 MATHEMATICS

2logx(2y) = 2log2x(4z) = log2x4 (8yz) = 2. or logw(,o/)-log10 x. log10 y = l -log 10(2) ... (iv)
While equation (ii) can be written as
Then
Iog10 (}z) - log10y. log10 z = 1 - log 10 (2) ... (v)
2logx(2y) = 2 ⇒ x = 2y
From (iv) and (v), we get
2log2x(4z) = 2 ⇒ 2x =4z log x + log y - log x . log y logy + log z
2log2x4 (8yz) = 2 ⇒ 4x8 = 8yz -log y. logz
⇒ log x ( I -log y) = log z (1 - logy)
Solving these equations, we quickly see that
⇒ (logx-logz)(l-logy)=0
4x8 = (2y) (4z) = x = 2-116 and then
Ether, log x = log z
y = 2 = 2-1/6--1 = 2-7/6_
or log 10 y= l ⇒ y= lO
Finally, our desired value is
But y = 10 does not satisfy equation (i), hence
2-1/6_ (2-7/6)5. 2-7/6 = 2- 7/6 = 2-43/6 and
rejected.
thus p+q = 43 + 6 =7. log x = log z
7 7
From equation (iii) we get
Sol. (23-24)
(log10 x)2 = 2(log 10 x) ⇒ log10 x[log10 x -2] = 0
Given equations are:
x = I or x = 100
log 10 (2000 xy) - log10 x . log 10 y = 4 ... (i)
if X=Z= 1 theny=5 ⇒ (xpypz 1)=(1, 5, 1)
log10(2yz) - log 10 y. log 10 z = 1 ... (ii)
X= z = 100 theny = 20 ⇒ (x 2,Y2 , z2)
And log 10(zx) - log 10 z. log 10 x = 0 ... (iii)
= (100, 20, 100)
Equation (i) can be written as 23. (c) So number of triplets is 2.
3 + log 10(2 xy) -log 10 x. log 10 y = 4 24. (d) Sum of all the possible values of x is 101 .
 Quadratic
Equations
~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct
1.

2.
Find the sum of the eighth powers of all roots of the equation x 3 - x + 1 = 0
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) None of these
Given that the equation x 2 - ax+ 3-b = 0 has two distinct real roots, x 2 + ( 6- a) x + 6- b = 0
•
has two equal real roots, and x 2 + ( 4 - a) x + 5 - b = 0 has no real roots. Then the ranges of a and b are

(a) 2<a<4,2<b<5, (b) l <a< 4,2<b< 5, (c) 2<a<4,l<b<5, (d) l<a<4,l<b<5.

3. 2
xi
Find all real numbers a for which the equation x + ( a - 2) x + 1 = 3 I has exactly three distinct real
solutions in x.
(a) 1 & 3 (b) 2 & 3 (c) 1 & 2 (d) None of these
4. Find the number of pairs (a, b) ofreal numbers such that whenever a is a root of x 2 + ax+b = 0,a 2 -2
is also a root of the equation.
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) None of these
5. Findsumofall thepossiblevaluesofmforwhich the equation 16x -mx + (2m + 17)x2 -mx+ 16 = 0
4 3

has four distinct roots forming a geometric progression.

(a) 120 (b) 170 (c) 180 (d) None of these
6. a, b, care real numbers with a2 + b 2 + c 2 > 0. Then the equation x2 + (a+ b + c)x + (a2 + b 2 + c2) = 0
has
(a) 2 negative real roots, (b) 2 positive real roots,
(c) 2 real roots with opposite signs, (d) no real roots.
7. Solve for x, ( x 2 + 3x + 1) (x 2
+ 3x - 3) ~ 5
(a) (--oo,-4]U[-2,-l]U[l,oo) (b) (-oo,-4]U[l,oo)
(c) (--oo,-4]U[4,oo) (d) None of these
8. If a, b, c, d are four consecutive terms of an increasing AP, then the roots of the equation
( x - a)( x - c) + 2( x - b )( x - d) = 0 are
(a) real and distinct (b) non-real complex (c) real and equal (d) integers
9. If (x-2)6 +( x-4)6 = 64, then equation has
w~~~~~ ~~~~~~
(c) two real and two irrational roots (d) None of the above
10. Number of integral points (x, y) in the 1st quadrant that satisfy the equation y4 + 6xy2 - 8x = 0 is
equal to
r~, , (h) ? (r infinitv ( ) Nonp ofthP<:P
 20 MATHEMATICS

. ;r' e" ;r" +e'

11. Equation - - + - - + - - - = 0 has
x-e x-;r x-;r-e
(a) One real root in (e, 1t) and other in ( 1t- e, e) (b) One real root in (e, 1t) and other in ( 1t, 1t + e)
(c) Two real roots in ( 1t- e, 1t + e) (d) Both the real roots are positive
12. The solutions of equations x2 + y2 -4x-4y= 60 and xy + 2x + 2y = 20 satisfy the following equation(s).
(a) x+y = l0 (b) x+y = 20 (c) x - y = lO (d) x + y = -10
13. If the equation x4 + ax3 - 13x2 + bx - 4 = 0 has one repeated root and one more root being
2 + ./5, then
(a) Repeatedrootis2 (b) a=l0,b= - 20 (c) a=0 , b = -20 (d) Repeatedrootis-2
14. Let ~ < "!!__ < ~
then the equation (2x - a)(3x - b) + (3x - b)(4x- c) + (4x - c)(2x - a) = 0 has
2 3 4
(a) Both roots real (b) Roots are real and equal

(c) One root lies between ( i,%) (d) Other root lies between ( %,~)
15. If(a + 1) (b + 1) (c+ 1) (d+ 1)= 1, (a+ 2) (b + 2) (c+2) (d + 2) =2, (a + 3) (b + 3) (c + 3) (d + 3) = 3
(a+ 4) (b + 4) (c + 4) (d + 4) = 4. Then the value of (a+ 5) (b + 5) (c + 5) (d + 5) is
(a) More than 25 (b) less than 49 (c) More than 36 (d) An even number
16. For polynomials of the form a,,xn + an_ 1xn-l + ... + a 1x + a 0 with aiE {-1 , 1}, (i = 0, 1, 2, ... , n) which
has all roots realfind then.
(a) the maximum value of n is less than 7 (b) the maximum value of n is more than 5
(c) Number of such polynomials is less than 10 (d) Number of such polynomials is more than 5
17. Let.f{x) be a third degree polynomial with real coefficients satisfying
1/(l)I = 1/(2)1= 1/(3)1= 1/(5)1= 1/(6)1= 1/(7)1= 12, then
(a) 1/(0)I must be a multiple of 12 (b) 1/(0)I is a multiple of 12 but not of36
(c) 1/(0)I is more than 64 (d) 1/ (0)I is less than 120
18. Let lal < lbl and a, b are the roots of the equation x 2 - la l x - IPI = 0. If la l < b - 1, then the equation

loglal ( iJ -1 = 0 has at least one

(a) root lying between (- oo, a ) (b) roots lying between (b, oo)

•
(c) negative root (d) positive root

~ Numeric Value Answer

19. If the quadratic polynomial, y = (cot a) x2 + 2( .Jsin a)x+½tan a, a E [0, 21t] can take negative

values for all x E R, then the value of a E(1tA., 1t), then find the value of A.
2 3 3 3
20. If a,/3, y are such that a+ /3 + y = 2, a 2 + /3 2 + Y = 6,a + /3 + Y = 8, then find the value of
a4 + f34 + r4 .
21. Let P(x) be a polynomial such that the coefficients of P(x) are integers from Oto 24 and P(5) = 1500.
If the total number of such polynomials is k then find k/100.
Quadratic Equations 21

(I) Integer Answer

22. The equation x 3 -6x 2 +9x+A = 0 have exactly one root in (1, 3) then find the number of integral
values of [ A + l] (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
•
x 2 - l x-2
23. If -3 ~ 2 ~ 2 for all x E R , then how many integral values of A exist?
X + X+ 1

24. Find the number of quadratic equations with real roots which remain unchanged even after squaring
their roots.
25. Find the number of integral values of A such that ( A 2 + A - 2)x2 + ( A+ 2) x < l for all x E R ,

g-.. .:
26.
Match the Following
Let x 0, x 1 and x2 be three distinct real numbers. Define three polynomials f0 ( x ), f 1 (x) f2 (x) and f(x)
as follows.
( x-x1 ) ( x-x2 )
•
f0 (x) = (Xo -X1 )(Xo -X2 )

And

Column I Column II
(A) f0(x) + f 1(x) + f2(x) equals (p) x 0 + x 1+ x2 - x v x
(B) (x 1+ x 2)f0 (x) + (x2 + x0 )f1(x) + (x0 + x 1)fi(x) equal (q) 0

(C)
L:-o(x) x 2 equals (r) 1

f (x ) + f (x) + f (x ) _ 1 equals x2
(D) (s)
( x -x0 )f'( x0 ) (x-x1 )f'(x1 ) ( x-xi) f'( x2 )

27. If a, ~ be the roots of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and y, 8 be the roots of px2 + 2qx + r = 0, then
Column I Column II
b2 q2
(A) If a ,/J, y,t5 are inA.Pthen (p) -
=
ac pr
b2 - a c q2 -pr
(B) If a ,/J,y,t5 are in G.P then (q)
c2
= r2
b q
(C) If a ,/J,y,t5 are in H.P then (r) -
=
a p
b2- a c q2 -pr
(D) If a - r = t5 - /J then (s)
a2 = p2
 22 MATHEMATICS

f Passage Based Questions

4 3 2
Passage-I
If roots of the equation x -12x +bx +ex+ 81 = 0 are positive, given that band care rational then
28. Value of b-c is
•
(a) 162 (b) - 54 (c) 54 (d) - 162
29. The roots of equation bx2 + bx + c = 0 are
(a) Complex roots (b) Real and rational roots
(c) Real and irrational roots (d) None of these

Passage-II

Consider a quadratic function f (x) = ax2 +bx+ c and the roots of f (x) = x be a and p if a p A and 8 are

roots of J(f (x)) = x. then-

30. If a and p and are real and unequal then
(a) ).., and 8 are imaginary (b) ).., and 8 are real
(c) ).., and 8 may be real or imaginary ( d) cannot say
31. If a and pare real and equal then
(a) ).., and 8 are imaginary (b) ).., and 8 are real
(c) ).., and 8 may be real or imaginary ( d) cannot say

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Quadratic Equations 23

\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ _ _ _ ____.I)' '

1. (b) If Xi, x 2 , x3 are roots of the given cubic x2 +(a-5)x+l=0. ... (i)
equation then by the Viete formula , we have If x < 0, then equation is
Xi + X 2 + x3 = 0
x 2 +(a+l)x+l = 0. ...(ii)
XiX2 + X2X3 +:3Xi =-1,
{ For these two equations to have exactly three
Xi X2X3 - -1. distinct real solutions if one equation has two
Since xi where i E (1, 2, 3) are roots of distinct real roots and other has repeated roots,
x 3 -x + l=0 and required condition for this is
Case (I) : either ( a - 5) > 4 and ( a + 1)2 = 4;
2
So, x; - x; + 1 = 0 from it follows that
x; = X; -1, Case(II): or (a-5)2 =4and(a+1}2 > 4.
x; = x; - .x; = ( X; -1) x; = x; - x;2 = - x;2 + X ; -1 CASE {I): From (a + 1}2 = 4
x: = x; .x; = (-x;2 + X; - 1) ( X; -1) = -x; + 2x;2 -
we get a = l or - 3.
2x; + 1 = 2x; - 3x; + 2
But only a = 1 satisfies ( a - 5)2 > 4.
Then x 18 +x28 +x38 = 2( x,2 +x22 +x32 ) - 3
Thus a = 1.
(x, +x2 + x3 )+6. Check when a = 1, equation (i) has solutions
x = 2+✓ 3 ; and (ii) has solutions x = -1,-1.
2
But Xi + x22 +X32 = ( Xi +X2 +X3 ) 2 -2
As 2 ± ✓ 3 > 0 and -1 < 0, we see that a = 1
( XiX2 + X2X 3 + X 3Xi ) = 2. satisfy the condition.
And so x: +x! +x! = 4-0+6 = 10. CASE {II) : From ( a - 5)2 = 4,
we have a = 3 or 7.
2. (a) According to the condition given in question,
~ , =a 2 -4(3-b) > 0,ora 2 +4b -12 > 0, ...(i) Both these values of a satisfy the inequality
(a + 1}2 > 4.
~
2
= (6-a) 2 -4(6-b) = 0ora 2 -12a + l2 +
When a = 3, equation (i) has solutions x = l , 1
4b = 0 or a 2 + 4b = 12a-12 ... (ii)
and (ii) has the solutions x = - 2 ± ✓3.
t.3 = (4-a ) 2 -4(5-b) < 0. or a2 -8a-4+4b < 0. As 1 > 0 and - 2 ± ✓ 3 < 0, we see that a = 3
... (iii) satisfy the condition.
From eqs (i) & (ii) we get When a= 7, equation (i) has solutions x = - 1,
- 1, which are negative contradicting x ~ 0.
12a-12-12 > 0,i.e.a > 2
Thus a = 1, a = 3 are the two desired values.
And from eq (ii) and (iii} we get 4. (d) Consider the equation x 2 +ax + b = 0 . It
12a-12-8a-4 < 0,i.e.a < 4 has two roots (not necessarily real ), say a and
So 2 < a < 4 ... (iv} ~- Either a= /3 or a /3 . *
Consider again equation (ii) 4b = 24-( 6 - a )2 Case (I) : If a = /3, then is a repeated root.
Since 2 < a < 4 so Given that a 2 - 2 is a also a root, so
24 - (6 - 2)2 < 4b < 24 - (6 -4)2 2
a= a -2. or(a + l )(a + 2) = 0.
8 < 4b < 10, i.e. 2 < b < 5
3. (a) The given equation can be further sub Hence a =-1 or a = 2.
divided into two groups When a = - l, then (a, b) = (2, 1)
If x ~ 0, then equation is When a = 2, then (a, b) = (-4, 4)
 24 MATHEMATICS

Case (II): Suppose a -:t: /3. Therefore are three . m

possibilities ; Sum of the roots 1s t, + t 2 = -
2 2
16
(I) a = a - 2 and /J = /3 - 2;
Either both the roots are less than -2 or both
Here ( a,/3) = (2,-1) or (-1,2). Hence ( a,b) = are more than 2
Consider the 1st case when both the roots are
= (-(a+/J),a/J)=(-1,-2). less than -2
m
(II) a = /32 - 2 and /J = a 2 - 2; - = t, +t2 < -4
2 2
16
Suppose a = /3 - 2 and /J = a - 2. Then
a-f3 =/3 2 -a2 =(/3-a)(/J+a)
Since, a -:t: /3, we get f3 +a= f3 2 +a 2 -4 Which is impossible.
So 1st case ruled out.
=(a+ JJ)2-2af3-4. Consider the 2nd case when both the roots are
greater than 2.
Thus -1 = 1- 2 a/3 - 4, which implies that
Thus we get 2 < t 1 < t 2 and each of the two
a/3 = -1. Therefore ( a,b) = (-((a+ /3),a/J 1 1
equations x +- = t1, x + - = t 2 , has two real
X X
=(1, -1).
positive distinct roots, which we denote by
(III) a = a 2 - 2 = /3 2 - 2 and a -:t:
/3 x 1, x\ and x 2 , x'z, respectively.
If a =a 2 -2 = /3 2 -2 and a -:t: /3, then Then x 1, x\ = x 2 , x'z = 1.
a =-/3 Thus a= 2, /3 =-2 or (a, b)=(0,-4) We can assume that 1 < x 1 < x 2 form an
Thus we get 6 pairs; increasing geometric progression. Therefore,
(a,b) = -(4,4), ( 2, 1) ,(-1, -2), (1, -1), ( 0, -4) ,( 0, 1). 3
x2 = ( x1 )3 ,x' 2 = ( x\ ) ,

5. (b) Since O is not a root of the equation so we

which implies that
1
can assume t = x+ - then ~ 2
X
ltl t2 =
1
X2 +- = X2 + X2
I

X2
Then we can write the equation as
1 I
16x2 -mx+ ( 2m+17 ) - -m + -162 =0, t 2 = X2 +- = X2 + X 2
X X X2
2
or 16t -mt +(2m-15) =0, = (x1)3 + (x\)3 = (x" x;)[ (x1}2-x1x; +(x;)2]
From this it follows that the given equation has
four distinct real roots if and only if the = (x1 + x; )[(x 1 +x; )2 -3 x 1x;]
quadratic 16t 2 -mt + (2m-15) = 0 has two = t1[(t1)2-3].
distinct real roots t 1, t 2 which are not in,
(-2, 2), as the equation ltl = 2 give two equal Then, - = t 1 + t 2 = t 1[( t 1 ) - 2], And hence
16
roots.
The given equation has two distinct real roots 2
m = 16t1[(t 1) - 2 ] = t1[16( t 1}2-32]
if,
D = m2 -64(2m-15) > 0 =t 1 [mt1 -2m + 15) - 32] =m( t 1 }2 -(2m + l 7)tP
<=:> (m-8)(m-120) > 0 <=:> 17t 1
Which gives = 2
<=:> m < 8, m > 120 (t1) -2t1-1
Quadratic Equations 25

Substituting this value of m into the equation 8. (a) Since a, b, c, d are four consecutive terms
f ( t1 ) = 16( t 1)2-mt1 +2m -15 = owe obtain of an increasing AP so, a < b < c < d
: . f ( x) = (x-a )(x-c) + 2( x-b )( x-d)
l6(t1}4-31(t1}3 -48(t1)2 +64tl +15 = 0.
⇒ f(a) = ( +ve),f(b) = (-ve),f (c) = (-ve)
Substitute y = 2t1 , we have
y4 -4y3-12y2 +32y+15 = 0 ~ (y-5) And f(d)=(+ve)
⇒ One root lies in (a, b) and other in (c, d).
(y+3)(y2-2y-1) = 0. 9. (d) Here, (x-2}6 +(x -4}6 =64 ... (i)
From this it follows that the unique possible Put y = AM of (x-2) and (x-4) = x-3 in
value ofy for which t1 > 2isy = 5.
Eq. (i)
5
Hence t 1 =-,and so m = 170. The Eq. (i) becomes (y + 1)6 +(y-1)6 = 64
2
Conversely, for m = 170 the equation ⇒ 2[/ +15y4 +15y 2 +1] = 64
16x4 -170x3 +357x2 -170x +6=0 has four
⇒ y + 15y + 15y -31 =0
6 4 2
...(ii)

distinct roots .!. ,.!. , 2, 8 which obviously form Now substitute y2 = u, in Eq. (ii)
8 2
u 3 +152 +15u-31=0 ...(iii)
a geometric progression with the ratio r = 4.
Thus the only solution to the problem is It has a root u = I,
m = 170. u 3 + 15 2 + 15u-31 = (u-l)(u 2 + 16u +31) = 0
6. (d) The Discriminant of the equation is given
by ⇒ u = l,u = -16± ✓256-124 = - 8 ±./33
~ =(a+b+c}2-4(a 2 +b 2 +c2 ) 2

= -3a
2
- 3b
2
-
2
3c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca ⇒ y 2 = 1,-8+./33,-8-./33
= -[(a-b)2 +(b - c)2 +(c -a)2 +(a2 +b2 +c2 )] < O ⇒ y = ±1,±✓8 -.J33i, ±✓8+.J33i
So the equation has no real roots
2
⇒ X = 2,4,3± ✓8 --J33i,±✓8+-J33i,
7. (a) Here let t = x + 3x
4
So, ( t + I) ( t - 3) c: 5 10. (d) Here, x = _!' y
8 6 2 but is non-negative.
2
t - 2t - 3 - 5 ;?: 0
y4
~~
8-6y2
t 2 -2t-8 ;?: 0 So c:O or
(t-4)(t+2) c: 0
4
⇒ 8 - 6y > 0 or y2 < -
2
So, t -2or t c: 4
~
3
Let us consider t ~ -2 ie,y = 0,1 (as is non-negative integer)
So, x 2 + 3x ~ -2 ⇒ x 2 + 3x + 2 ~ 0
⇒ (x + l)(x + 2) ~ 0 ⇒ -2 ~ x ~ -1 For y = 0 we get x
0 =
1 .
Now consider t c: 4 For y = 1 we get x = - i: mteger
2
2
x + 3x c: 4 ⇒ x 2 + 3x - 4 c: 0 None of the points lie in 1st quadrant
(x + 4)(x - l) c: 0 ⇒ x ~ -4or x c: l 11. {b, c, d) The given equation can be written as,
1r'(x - n")(x - 1r - e) + e" (x-e)( x-,r-e)
Thus, final solution is
(~,-4]u [- 2,- 1] u [l,OCJ) +(,r" +e')(x - e)(x -1r) = O
 26 MATHEMATICS

Let, f (x) = 1r'(x-n-)(x-1r-e) + e" (x-e)

(x-1r-e)+(1r" +e')(x-e)(x-1r)
Since 1(~ 1(¾)
)and are of opposite sign so

Then consider there exists one real root between ( %,¾)

f(e) = ,r' (e-1r)(-1r) > 0 [since, e < n]
⇒ Both roots are real but not equal
And f(1r) = e" (1r-e)(-e) < 0
We know that if f(a) and f(b) are of opposite Also, 1( ~)and/ ( ¾) are of opposite sign so
sign then f(x) = 0 has at least one root in (a, b)
:. Equation f(x) = 0 has a real root in (e, 1t)
Now f(1t + e) = (1tn + e')(n) > 0
there exist one real root between ( ¾, ~) .
:. Equation f(x) = 0 has a real root in (1t, 1t + e). 15. (a, b) Lets consider a function/(x) = (x + a)
:. f(0) = 0 has a real roots in (e, n) and other in (x + b) (x + c) (x + d) - x which is a monic
(n, e + n). quartic function.
Also, 7t - e < e Then we can observe that
:. Equation f(x) = 0 has real roots in (1t-e, 7t + e). /(1) = /(2) = /(3) = /(4) = 0 so we can write
12. (a, d) Given equations are f(x) as (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3) (x - 4) because
x2 + y 2 - 4x - 4y = 60 ... (i) j(x) is a monic quartic function
xy + 2x + 2y = 20 ... (ii)
So,/(x) = (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) (x + d)-x
Multiply (ii) by 2 an adding it to (i) we get,
x2 + y 2 + 2xy = 100 = (x-1) (x-2) (x-3) (x-4).
Or, (x +y)2 = 100 Now putx = 5 we get
⇒ x + y = ± 10 = > Ix +yl = 10 (a + 5) (b + 5) (c + 5) (d + 5)
13. (c, d) Let f(x) = x 4 + ax3 -13x2 + bx -4 = 0 =4 X 3 X 2 X 1 + 5 = 29
If 2 + ✓ 5 is one root then other has to be 2 - ✓ 5.
16. (a, c, d) Let the roots are x 1, x2 .... , xn then
Let a be repeated root, then
Product of the roots (2 + ✓ 5 )(2 - ✓5 ) a 2 = -4
~:> = 1or-1
1

⇒ a2 = 4 or a =± 2 ... (i) ~)x;) (xi ) = 1 or -1

But a can take only one value, so now consider i<j
I ap = -13
:. -1 + (4- 2 ✓ 5 )a+ (4 +2 ✓ 5) a+ a 2= -1 3 IJ x1 = 1or-1
a 2 + Sa +12 = 0 2
I(x;)2 = (Ixi) -2I(x;)(xi )
(a+6)(a+2) = 0
i<j
a = - 2 or -6 ... (ii) it has maximum value 1-(-2) = 3
From result (i) and (ii), a= -2
Now by using AM-GM inequality we get
Sum of the roots, 2 + ✓ 5 +2- ✓5 + (2) +(- 2)
=a=0
Similarly b = -20
L~i)2 ~(ITxr)~ = 1
14. (a, c, d) Son :'.S 3
Let f (x) = (2x - a)(3x -b) + (3x - b )(4x -c) Required polynomials are
+(4x - c)(2x -a)
x±l,x2 ±x-1, x 3 -x ±(x 2 -1)
1(~)=( a
2
3
2
-b) (2a - c)>0since ~</J_<~
2 3 4 17. (a, c, d) Without loss of generality we can
assume that
/(1) = /(5) = /(6) = 12, then
f (2) = f (3) = f (7) = - 12
Quadratic Equations 27

Let us assume a function g(x ) such that Also, a 3 + p 3 + y2 - 3apy = (a + P + y)

g(x) + 12 = f{x ) then, g(x) is a third degree (a2 + p2 + y2 - py- ya-ap)
polynomial with roots 1, 5, 6 ⇒ 8- 3apy = 2(6 + 1)
⇒ 3apy = 8 -14 = - 6 or apy = - 2 ... (ii)
So g(x) = a(x - 1) (x - 5) (x - 6)
Now, (a 2 + p 2 + y2)2 = L a 4 + 2 L p2 y2
Put x = 2 we get a = - 2
= L a 4 + 2 [(L py)2 - 2apy (ry)]
So f(x)= g(x) + l2=-2(x- l)(x-5)(x-6) + 12 ⇒ L a 4 = 36-2[(-1)2-2(-2) (2)] = 18
So lf{O) I= 72 So required value is 18
18. (a, b, c, d) 21. (3.10) Let the polynomial be
lal = sum of roots = b + a f{x) = a24x24 + a23x 23 + ... + alx + ao
- IPI = product of root = ab Since P(5) = 1500 but we know that 55 = 3025
Because lal < lhl so a is negative and b is > 1500 so P(x) must be in the form of
positive. f{x ) = a 4x 4 + a 3x 3 + ar 2 + a 1x + ao
Now, lal < b - l ⇒ a + b < b -1 = a < - l. So a 0 + 5a1 + 25a2 + l25a3 + 625a4 = 1500
Because a is negative so magnitude of 'a' is Number of solutions is given by coefficient of
greater than one and magnitude of b is greater x1 500 in
than 1 + lal or say greater than 2. (1 + x + x2 + ... + x24)(l + x5 + xlO + ... + xl20)

logla1 (iJ2 -1=0 ⇒ (iJ2 =la l

(1 + x25 + x 50 + ... + x600)
Now, (1 + xl25 + x250 + ... + x 3000)
{l + x625 + xl 250 + ... + x l5000)
⇒ x=±b./lJi Above expression can be written as

Magnitude of x is greater than 'a' as well as 1- x25 l (l - x l25 l ( l - x625 l ( l - x3 125 l

greater than 'b' [ l- x l- x5 l- x25 1- xl25
⇒ one root lies in ⇒ (- oo, a) and other root
lies in (b, oo). l- xl5625 l = [l- x3125 l [ l- xl5625 l
19. (0.83) From the g iven condition b2 - 4ac < 0 [ l- x625 l-x l- x5
and a < 0
Hence cot a < 0 i.e., a E 2nd and 4th quadrant = (l +x+x2 + . .. +x3124 )(l +x5 +xlO + . . . +x15625)
and 4 sin a - 2 tan a cot a < 0
or Coefficient of x 15 oo in

5ID~6 (l +x+x2 + . . . +x3124)(l +x5 +xlO + .. . + x1 5625 )

is 301
. 1 22. (4) Let/ (x) = x 3 - 6x 2 + 9x + 'A
2 sin a < 1 ⇒ sm a < - : . f' (x ) = 3x2 - 12x + 9 = 3(x- l) (x - 3)
2
: . f' (x ) = 0 at (1 , 3)
:. a 2 nd and 4 th quadrant

L
E

sin a :2: 0, as .Jsin a to exists

\+ +
:. a 2nd quadrant
E
5
\i/- 3
Hence, a E ( ; '1t) But/(1) = 4 + 'A and / (3) = 'A for f (x) = 0 to
have exactly one root in (1 , 3)
20. (18) We Know, (a + p + y)2 = a 2 + p2 + y2 + ⇒ / (1) and/ (3) should have opposite signs.
2(py + ya + a p) ⇒ 4 = 6 + 2 (PY + ya + ap) :. / (1)/ (3) < 0 ⇒ 'A ('A+ 4) < 0
⇒ py + ya + ap = - 1 .... (i) ⇒ ['A+ 1] = - 3,-2, - 1, 0
Number of integral values is 4.
 28 MATHEMATICS
26. (A) ➔ (r), (B) ➔ (p), (C) ➔ (s), (D) ➔ (q)
x 2 -AX-2
23. (4) Given inequality is -3::; ::; 2 (A) Consider f(x) = f0 (x) + f 1(x) + flx)
x 2 +x+l Or f(x) = (x-Xi)(x-x2 ) + (x-x0 )lx-x2 )
⇒ -3x2 -3x-3 :;;x2 -AX-2 ::; 2x2 + 2x + 2 ( x0 -x1 )(x0 -x2 ) ( x1 -x0 ) ( x1 -x2 )
(since x 2 + x + 1 > 0 for all x ER) (x-x0 )(x-xi)
From 1st inequality 4x2 - (A - 3)x + 1 ~ 0 +
(x2 -x0 )(x2 -Xi)
⇒ (A - 3)2- 4 · I · 4 · I ::; 0
From observation we can say that f(x) -1 = 0
⇒ -4 ::;A -3 :,;4
has three roots x 0 , x i' x 2 but f(x) is a quadratic
⇒ -1 :,;),,:,;7
function with three roots, that means it is an
From 2 nd inequality x 2 + (A + 2)x + 4 ~ 0 identity and f(x) -1 =0 for all x
:. (A+ 2)2 - 4 · 1 · 4 · 1 ::; 0 So f(x) =l
⇒ -4 :,;),, -3 :,; 4 A➔r
⇒ -6 ::;),,::;2 (B) let g(x) = (x 1+ x 2)f0(x) + (x2+x0)f1(x) +
Combining the above two results we get-1 ::; A::; 2 (x0 +x 1)fi(x) then
Number of integral value is 4 g(x)-(Xo+x1 +x2 -x) = 0forx = x 0,x 1,x2
So g(x) = x O + x 1 + x 2 - x V x
24. (3) Let the original equation has two roots a & p
B ➔p
Then ap = a 2 p 2 .... (i) and a 2 + p 2 =a+ p ... (ii)
Hence, ap(l - ap) = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or p = 0 or (C) Let h(x) = L:=ft(x)x 2 =
0

ap = 1 (x-x1 )(x-x2) 2 (x-x0 )(x-x2) 2

X + X +
If a = 0, then from Eq. (ii) p = 0 or p = 1 or (xo -xi )(xo -x2) (xi -xo)(xi -x2)
ap = 1 or (0, 1), if p = 0 then a = 0 or P= 1, If
(x-x0 )(x-x1 )
1 2 1 1
p = - , then a + - 2 = a+ - ( X2 - Xo )( X2 - Xi )
a a a
h(x) - x 2 =0 for x 0 + x 1 + x 2
2
1
1 ] -2=a+a So h(x) = x 2 V x
⇒ [ a+a
C➔s
(D) Consider f'(x)
Hence, i2 - t - 2 = 0 ⇒ (t - 2) (t + l) = 0
= (x - x 1)(x-x2) + (x-x0)(x- x 2) + (x-x0)(x- x 1)
⇒ t = 2 or t = - 1, if t = 2 ⇒ a = 1 and p = 1, if
t = - l roots are imaginary ( ro or ro2) This gives f ( x) = f0 (x) and so on
( x-x0 )f'(x0)
:. The number of quadratic equation is 3.
25. (2) (),,2 + A- 2)x2 + (A + 2)x- l < 0 for allx E R, f(x) + f(x)
if D < 0 and a < 0, ie, : (A + 2)2 + 4(),,2 + ),, - 2) ( X- Xo )f '( Xo) ( X - Xi )f'( xi)
< 0 and A2 + A - 2 < 0
SA2 + 8),, - 4 < 0 and A2 + A - 2 < 0 +--~--
J(x)
⇒ (5A-2) (A + 2) < 0 and (A + 2) (A-1) < 0
(x-xi)f'(x2)
+ + + - +
= fo(x)+ f 1(x)+ fi(x) = 1
-2 2/5 -2 D➔q
2 27. (A) ➔ (s), (B) ➔ (p), (C) ➔ (q), (D) ➔ (r)
ie, - 2 < A < - and - 2 < A < 1
5 (A) Since a,/J,y,o are inA.P.
⇒ {J-a=o-y
ie - 2 < A < ¾or A E ( - 2, ¾). Integral
⇒ (/J +a) 2 -4/J a=(o+y)2-4o r
values are - 1 and 0
Quadratic Equations 29

b 2 -a c q2- pr a+p+y+8 ~
⇒--- Since, = 3 and ( a Py 8) = 3
a2 p2 4
a = P=y= 8 ⇒ a = p=y= 8= 3
SoA ➔ s
Now, b = I: a p = 6 x 9 = 54
(B) Since, a,f],y,S are in G.P.
C = - La Py = -4 X 27 = - 108
a r a-fl r-S 28. (a)Sob-c = 54+108 = 162
⇒ - = - ⇒ --=--
/J S a+f] y+S 29. (b) Consider b:x2 + bx+ c = 0 sum of the co
efficient is b + b + c = 2b + c = 0
⇒l _ 4a fJ =l _ 4yS :. 1 is a root of equation bx2 + bx + c = 0
(a+f])2 (r+S)2 Sol. (30-31)
Since A is a root off(f (x)) = x
b2 q2 ⇒ f if("-)) = "-
⇒ -=­
ac pr Letf("-) = t ⇒ f (t) = "-
Means if point (A, t) lie on the function then
B ➔p
(t, A) also lie on the function
(C) Since, a,f],y, S are in H.P so _!_, _!_, !, _!_ ⇒ There must be two points C and D on the
a fJ r s parabola y = ax2 + bx + c which are image of
are inA.P each other in the line y = x
Y A B
1 1
And - , - are roots of c x2 + 2 b x + a = 0 and
a fJ
1 1
- , - , are roots ofr x 2 + 2 q x + p = 0
r_ S 1 1 1 1 . AP
Smce roots - , - , - , - are m . so usmg
.
a fJ r s
2
result of A, we get,
b -a c q2- pr Now we have following cases-
c2 r2 Case (n: If a, p are real and distinct
In this case graph off (x) w ill cut the graph of
C➔q
y = x twice
(D) Given that ⇒ If a, p are real so are A and 8 as a , p will lie
a- r = s - fJ or a + fJ = r + s on line y = x
2b 2q b q So number ofroots off (J(x)) =xis 4
Or --=--or-=- Case (II): If a, Pare real and equal
a p a p
In this case graph off (x) will touch the line
D➔r y = x so "- and 8 are not real.
Sol. (28-29) Case (III): If a , p are imaginary
Let roots of x 4 - 12x3 + bx2 +ex+ 81 = 0 be In this case graph off (x) will not meet the line
a, p,y, 8 y = x so "- and 8 are not real
⇒ Sum of the roots is a + p + y + 8 = 12 and 30. (b)
Product of the roots is apy8 = 81 31. (a)
We know that AM ~ GM and equality holds
when all the elements are equal
a + p+y +8 ~ (apy 8 )114
4
 Sequence
& Series
~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct
1. If 1-

(a)
1111
2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - .... = log 2
¼ log2 (b)
I I 1 .
then find the value of 1. _ + _ _ + _10_ 1 + ... upto oo 1s

¾ log2 (c)
23 567 9

½log2
1

(d) None of these

•
14 24 34 n4 1 n •
2. If - + - + - + ... + (
1.3 3 .5 5 .7 2n -12n +1) = 48 f (n) + 16 (2n +1)' Then.f(n) 1s equal to
)(

2
(a) n(n+1)(2n+l) (b) n(4n +1) (c) n(4n2 +6n+5) (d) Noneofthese

3. The sum of 3 21+ 24_3 .(1)2

u·
2
+ .4.
3
5 (1)2 + ... ton terms 1s equal to
3
.

(a) 1 I (b) n-- I (c) l - -I - (d) None of these

(n + 1)2n 2n+I n. 2n+l

4. Sum to 1'nfimte
. terms o f th e senesTT
. I + 1. 2 _ + 1. 3_ _ + 1. _4 _ _ + ... 1s:
.
35 357 3 579

(a) 1 (b) l (c) l (d) None of these

2 2

5. Ifa 1,a2 ,a3, ... areinH.P. andj(k) = (tar) - ak, then /(I)'J(2)'J(3)".J(nn) arein
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
6. A,,,r = l,2,3, ... ,n, are n points on the parabola / = 4x in the first quadrant. If A,,= (x, ,y,), where
x1,,½,,½ ,=> .,xn are in GP and x1 = I, Xi= 2, then yn is equal to
23
(b) y 17 = 29 (c) Y22 = 22 (d) Y1s = 29
7. A sequence a,, az, a3, .. ,, an of real numbers is such that a, = 0, lazl = Ja, + I J, l~I = laz + IJ, ... ,
Jani is equal to Jan-I + l J, where the arithmetic mean of a 1, az, ~, ... , an cannot be less than
- A/µ, then find the value on + µ
(a) A+µ = 3
(b) Aµ= 2
(c) ]._F + µ" = 3
(d) A & µ can be roots of a quadratic equation with rational co-efficient
Sequence & Series 31

1 1 1
8. Sum to n terms of the series is Sn = . . . + . . . + . . . + . ..
1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6
which all statements are correct about Sn
3 l 5
(a) S9 = 55 (b) S~ = 18 (d) S19 = 57
9. If a, b, c, dare four unequal positive number which are in A.P then
1111 1111 1111 1 1 4
(a) - + - = - + - (b) -+- < -+- (c) -+- > -+- (d) -+- > - -
ad b c adbc adbc b c a+d
10. If a 1, a 2, a 3 ..... an is sequence of +Ve numbers which are in AP with common difference 'd' &
a 1, a4 , a 7 + ..... + a 16 = 147 then,
(a) a 1 + a 6 + a 11 + a 16 = 98 (b) a 1 + a 16 = 49
16
(c) a 1 + a 4 + a 7 + .... a 16 = 6a 1 + 45d (d) Maximum value of a 1a 2 ....... a 16 is ( ) ~
11. If b1, b 2, b3 (b 1 > 0) are three successive terms of a G.P. with common ratio r, the value ofr for which
the inequality b 3 > 4b2 - 3b 1 holds is given by

(a) r > 3 (b) l<r<I (c) r < 1 (d) None of these

2

12. . 1 2 1 ( 2 1 ( )2
Forthesenes S=l+-(-)(1+2) + ( ) 1+2+3) + ( ) 1+2+3+4 + ....
1+3 1+3+5 1+3+5+7
(a) 7 th term is 16 (b) 7th term is 18
505 405
(c) sum of first 10th terms is ( d) sum of first l 0 th term is
4 4
~ Numeric Value Answer ■
13. Consider a cube, if all its six faces are assigned with a unique number from 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7 with one
number at each face. For each of the eight vertices of the cube, a product of three numbers where the
three numbers are the numbers assigned to the three faces that include the vertex. What is the largest
value of the sum of these eight products?
2223333334444444444
14. The 2008th term of the sequence 1, ~ ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . where n occurs
3 6 10

n(n + l) times in the sequence, equals k then find ~ is

2 5
9 36 100 k
15. The sum of the series 1 + + + + .... up to n terms if n = l 6 is k then find
4 9 16 100
. . . (a+b+c+d) .
16. If a, b, c, d are d1stmct mtegers in AP such that d = a2 + b 2 + c2 then - - - -~ 1s
5
17. If a 1, a2 , .... an n distinct odd natural numbers not divisible by any prime number greater than 5, then
1 1 1
- + - + .... - is less thank then 2k is
a1 az an
 32 MATHEMATICS

(I) Integer Answer

18.

19.
How many triplets (a, b, c) exist such that a, b, c, b + c - a, c + a - b, a+ b - c, and a+ b + c form
7 term arithmetic progression in some order. Here (a, b, c) are distinct positive real numbers.
How many three - term harmonic progressions a, b, c of strictly increasing positive integers in which
•
a = 20 and b divides c exist?

20. If Sn = L (2n - 2k + 1k)(2n - k + 1) and T,, = L-k.I then find STn

n

k=l k=l
n

21. The sum of infinite terms of a decreasing GP is equal to the greatest value of the function
f(x) = x 3 + 3x -9 in the interval [-2, 3] and the difference between the first two terms isf' (0).

If, the common ratio of the GP is plq then find the value ofp + q

g---..: Match the Following

22.

(A)
Column I
If three real number a, b, c are in AP. and (1 + a), (2 + b), (1 + c) are in G .P. (p) 11
Column II
•
and ac > k then k is equal to
n (q) 2
(B) If(l + x) (1 + x 2) ( 1 + x4) (1 + x 8) . . . (1 + x 128) = L x' then n-250 is
r=O
equal to
(C) Let {a 1, ½, ... } be a sequence such that a 1 = 1 and an - an- I = n2 n 2: 2 (r) 7

then
r=IO lJ ·- 1ai
~~ is equal to

(D)
'
If the largest term of the sequence 1
,
4
,
9
,
16
503 524 581 692
.
, ... 1s T then
(s) 5

-1529T
- . equal to
1s
7
Sequence & Series 33

23.
Column I Column II
(A) The number of values of x such that x, [x] and {x} are in H.P.(where (p) 9
[.] denotes the greatest integer function and { . } denotes fractional part
of x), is equal to
(B) The integers x, y, and z each are perfect squares and x > y > z > 0. If x, y, (q) 4
z from an A.P. then the smallest possible value of x is k, then find the
value of ✓k- 4
(r) 2
(C) If a, b, c be positive numbers then ( a + b + c )( l +
a
¼+ l C
) must be
greater than or equal to
(D) Ifh be the H.M. and g be the G.M. of two positive numbers a and b such (s) 3
that h : g = 4 : 5, then i can be equal to

f Passage Based Questions

■
Passage-I

Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a + b + c = n and if we need to find the minimum value of
axbycz then write a + b + c = (~ + ~ + ... x times) +(} +} + ... y times)+(~ +~+ ... z times)= n I and
then use AM GM inequality,
24. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a+ b + c = n then which all statements are correct [Multiple
correct]
2 b2 2
(a) (aabbcc)l/n ~ a + +c
n

(c) (abbcca)l/n ~ ab+ be+ ca

n

25. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a + b + c = n then which all statements are correct [Multiple
correct]
(a) (acbacb)l/n~ abc
(b) (acbacb)l/n ~a + b + c
(c) (aabbcc)l/n + (abbcca)l/n + (acbacb)l/n ~ n
(d) (aabbcc)l/n + (abbcca) l/n + (acbacb)l/n~ (a+ b + c)2
 34 MATHEMATICS
Passage-II

LetA 1, G 1, H 1 denote the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, respectively, of two distinct positive
numbers. For n ~ 2, Let An_ 1 and Hn _ 1 have arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means as An, Gn, Hn
respectively.
26. Which one of the following statements is correct ?
(a) G 1 > G2 > G3 > ... (b) G 1 < G2 < G3 < ...
(c) G 1 = G2 = G3 = ... (d) G 1 < G3 < G5 < ... and G2 > G4 > G6 > ....
27. Which one of the following statements is correct ?
(a) A 1 > A 2 > A 3 > ... (b) A 1 < A 2 < A 3 < .. .
(c) A1 > A3 > A5 > ... andA 2 < A4 < A6 < ... (d) A 1 <A 3 <A 5 < ... andA 2 > A 4 > A 6 > ...

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Sequence & Series 35
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·----- - - - -&1''

1. (a) Consider the general term:

3. _ n+2 (l)n _2(n+I)-n (l)n
t = 1 (a) tn - n(n+l)" 2 - n(n+l) · 2
r (4r-3)(4r-2)(4r-1)

=½(4r~3- 4/-2+ 4/-1) = ¾(½rl - n ~ I ·(½r

= ½(4r ~ 3 - 4r ~ 2 + 4r1- 1 - 1r) Sn= ttn ={t(½)° -½(½)'}+{½(½)1 -½(½f}
_l
4 2r-1
(-1 __!_)
2r +....... +{¾(½rl - n~l(½r}
1
=1----
(n + 1)2n
4. (b) The general term is
t = n
n l.3.5 ......... (2n + 1)
_ 1[ (2n + 1)-1 ]
- 2 1.3.5 ........ ... (2n -1)(2n + 1)
2. (c) The general term is
1[ 1
1 =2 l.3.5 ... (2n-1) 1.3.5 .. .\2n + 1)]
4 2 -
t = n + _1_6_
= ~ + _l_
(2n-1)(2n+l) 4 16 4n2 -1
n
=MT,,-1-r,,J
_ 4n + +
-
2

16
1 _!_32 [-1 ___1_]
2n-1 2n+l where T,, = 1
l.3.5 ...... (2n + 1)
:. Sum
n 1
4n2
n +1 1 n [ 1
n 1 ]
Sn= ~)n = I-16-+ 32L 2n-1- 2n+l
:.Sn= Ltn =
n=I
2 [To-7;+7;-J;+ ...... - T,,]

l[1- l.3..5....1(2n +1)]

n= l n =l n=l

1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1
=4 6 + 16 n
=
2 - T)
l(To n
=
2
1[l - 31 + 31 - 51 + ···· + 2n1-1 - 1] 1
:. Sum to infinite terms, S = lim Sn = - .
+ 32 2n + 1 n➔= 2

= 4;(4n2 +6n+5)+ A[1- 2}+ 1] 5. (c) We have

= n (4n + 6n + 5) + n
2 f (k) = (ta,)- ak = Sn - ak

48 16(2n + 1) J{;_k)
⇒ - - -_ -Sn -1 Vk _
- 1, 2, ... , n
:. f(n) = n(4n2 + 6n + 5) ak ak

Given a1, ~, :), an are in H.P.

 36 MATHEMATICS

8. (b) Let tr denote the rth term of the given

⇒ _!_ , _L, ..........., _L are in A.P.
al £½ an series, then

⇒ Sn -1, Sn -1. ......... , Sn -1 are in A.P. t =

r
I
r(r + I)(r + 2)(r + 3)
a1 '½ an

f(l) f(2) f(n) . 1

and t =
⇒ -,--, .........., - - aremA.P. r+I (r + I)(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4)
al '½ an
6. (a, b, c) y = 2✓x, being in the first quadrant. ⇒ rt = I
r (r + l)(r +2)(r+3)
The sequence of x-coordinates 1, 2, 4, 8, ...
1
The sequence of y-coordinates and (r + 4)t,+1 = (r+I )(r+2)(r+3)
2, 2✓2,2✓4, 2✓8, ... , where the common
Thus, rt, -(r + 4) t,+1 = 0
ratio is ✓2.
n 1 n+l rt, -(r + l)tr+l = 3tr+l
:. Yn = 2 · ( ✓2) - = 22 Putting r = I, 2, ... , n - 2, n - l, we get
7. (a, b, c, d) Let us add one more number, an + 1 lt1 - 2t2 = 3t2
to the given sequence. The number an + 1 is
such that I an + 1 I = I an + 1I. 2!2 - 3f:i = 3!3
Squaring all the numbers, we have 3t3 - 4t4 = 3t4
a/ = O
a/ =a/+ 2 a 1 + 1
a}=a/+2a2 + 1
a/ a/
= +2 3+ 1 a
Adding above expressions, we get
t1 - ntn = 3 (t2 + t3 + ... + tn)

an2 = an-1 2 +2an-1 +l ⇒ 4t1 - ntn = 3 (t2 + t3 + ... + tn)

an + I 2 = an 2 + 2an + l ⇒ -1__ 1 =3S
Adding the above equalities, we get 1·2·3 (n+l)(n+2)(n+3) n

-
a/ + a/ + ... + a 2 + a + /
2 2 2n n
- a 1 + ¾ + ... + an + 2 (a 1 + ¾+ ... +an)+ n ⇒ sn - -l[l-3 6
1
(n+l)(n +2)(n + 3)
]
⇒ 2(a1 +a2 + ... +an) = -n+a0 + 12 2'.: -n
(c, d) Let b = a + p, c = a + 2p, d = a + 3p
al +a2 + ... +an >-1 = _1 9.
⇒ n - 2 µ 1 I I 1
- +- -+--
so 'A = 1 and µ = 2
_g___g._ = a a + 3p = (1 + p )(1 + 2 p)
__!_+_!_ _ l _ + _ l_ l(a +3p)
:. 'A+µ = 3 b c a+p a+2p
Aµ = 2 2 2
/1,µ + µ"' = 3 a + 3ap + 2 p >
1
a 2 +3ap
A & µ can be roots of a quadratic equation
with rational co-efficient 1 1 1 1
:. - + - > - +-
a d b c
Sequence & Series 37

( _!_
b c
1-) 1 1
+ (a+ d) ( -- + - - ) (a+ a+ 3 p)
a+p a+2p
r=l
= (2a+3p)2 = 4 p2 >4
=_!_{(10)(10+1)(20+1) +(10)(10+1)+10}= 505
a 2 +3ap+2p 2 a 2 +3ap+2p2 4 6 4
10. (a,b,c,d) a 1, a4 , a7 + ... .. + a 16 = 147
13. (729) Let the six faces are assigned with a,
⇒ 3(a 1 + a 16) = 147 ⇒ a 1 + a 16 = 49.
b, c, d, e and f Then sum of the numbers at
Again a 1+ a4 + a7 + a 10 + ..... + a 16
the vertices is
= a 1+ a 1 + 3d + a 1 + 6d + .... + a 1+ 15d
= 6a 1 + 45d = 147 abc + acd + ade + aeb + fbc + fed + feb + fde
= 2a 1+ 15d = 49 = ( a + b )(c + d)(e + f)
al+ a6 + al I + al6 = al+ al+ 5d + al+ From AM, GM inequality we know that this
10d + a 1+ 15d product is maximum when all the terms are
= 4a 1 + 30d equal i.e., (a+ b) = (c + d) = (e + f) which is
= 2 (2a 1 + 15d) possible if(2 + 7) = (3 + 6) = (4 + 5)
= 2(49) = 98 So required maximum value is
Now using AM~ GM 9 X 9 X 9 = 729.
l Here point to note that 2 and 7 are on the
a1 +a2 + ... +a16 16
16 ~ (a1a2a3 ... a16) opposite faces, similarly 3 and 6 are on the
opposite faces and same way 4 and 5.
l
8(a1 +a16) 16 14. (5.50)
16 ~ (a1a2a3 ... a16)
No. of terms
Group (1) 1 1
(~)16 ~a1a2a3 ... a16
Group (2) 2,2,2 3
11. (a, c) b2 = b 1r, b3 = b 1r2 Group (3) 3, 3, ..., 3 6
b 1r2 > 4b 1r - 3b 1
Group (4) 4, 4, ... , 4 10
⇒ r2>4r - 3
⇒ r2> 4r+ 3 > 0 ... . .
⇒ (r -l)(r - 3) > 0 .....
r> 3 or r < 1
12. (a, c) r 2 +r
--
Group (r) r, r, ... , r
2
S=l+ -( l )(1+2)2+( l (1+2+3)2
1+3 1+3+5)
Let 2008th term falls in r th group
+( 1 ) ( 1+2+3+4)2 + ..... . ⇒ 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + ... +
1+3+5+7

rth term Tr = 1 ( 1+ 2 + ... + r )2 (r - 1)2 + (r - 1) <2008:5 1 + 3 + 6 + ... + r2 + r

2r
2 2
2 2 ⇒ (r-l)r(r+l) < :5 r(r+l)(r+2)
= _!_ { r ( r + 1) } = r + 2r + 1 2008
r2 2 4 6 6
3
⇒ r -r < 12048 :5 (r + l)3
- (r + l) ... (i)
T7 =16
⇒ r will be nearer to cube root of 12048
 38 MATHEMATICS
17. (3.75) Since each a 1 is an odd number not
Note: 22 < i'12048 < 23 divisible by a prime number greater than 5,
for r = 22 inequality (i) holds a 1 can be written as a 1 = 3r5 8 where r, s are
for r < 22 RHS of (l) is less than 12048 non-negative integers thus for all n E N
for r ~ 23 LHS of ( 1) is greater than 12048
⇒ r = 22 is the required value _!_ + _1 + ... + -1 < (1+!+~+ ... +)
⇒ 2008th term is 22 a1 az an 3 3
15. (4.46) The given series can be written as
3 13+23 13+23+33 ( 1+!+~+
5 5
... +) = -12
8
1 +--+ + ...
1+3 1+3+5 18. (0) Without loss of generality we can assume
13 +23 +33 + .....n3 that a < b< c then we have two cases
t = -------
n l + 3 + 5 + .... + ( 2n -1) Case (i) ( a + b - C) < a < ( C + a - b) < b < C <
(b + c-a) <(a+ b + c)
2
n2 (n+1)2 (n+1) Let the common difference ofAP is 'd' then
tn = 4n2 = 4 a = (a + b + c)- 5d, b = (a+ b + c)- 3d and
c = (a+ b + c) - 2d
1 adding these we get (a + b + c) = 5d or
tn = - (n+l)(n+l)

l
4 a = 0 but given that a, b, and c are positive

4
1 2
4 k= I
n +n
=-(n +2n+l)=- ~) +2~) l[n 2
real number so this case ruled out.
or Case (ii) (a+ b - c) <a< b < (c + a - b) <
k=l c < (b + c - a)< (a+ b + c)
Let the common difference ofAP is ' d' then
Sn= -1[ n ( n + 1) (2n + 2) + n (n + l ) +n ] a= (a + b + c)- 5d, b =(a+ b + c)-4d and
4 6
c = (a + b + c) - 2d
16 1 33
S16 =¾[ ·: +16.17+16] From this we get (a + b + c) = 1} d

d 3d 7d ... (i)
l
=-[88 x l7 + 16 x 8+ 16] = 446
or a=
2 ,b = 2 ,c = 2
4
Since (a + b-c) is the pt term and (a + b + c)
16. (0.40) d = a2 + b2 + c2 is the 7 th term of AP so
⇒ a+ 3t =(a + t)2 + a2 + (a+ 2t)2
a + b - c = a + b + c - 6d = - d
5t2 + 3 (2a - l)t + 3a2 - a = 0 2
D ~ 0 ⇒ 24a2 + 16a - 9 ~ 0 From result (i) we get
1-Jm
⇒ ----- < a<--+--
1-Jm a+ b - c = d (½ + 1-;) = - 3
f
3 2 3 2
⇒ a= -1,0 which gives d = 0
3 so this case also ruled out .
a=0 t=0 -
' '5 So no such triplets (a, b, c) exist
4 19. (5) Since 20, b, c are in harmonic progression,
a = -l, t = 1,-
5 so _!_ + l = .£ or be + 20b - 40c = 0
20 c b'
⇒ t= 1
a+b+c+d = 2 or be + 20b - 40c - 800 = - 800
Sequence & Series 39

or (40-b)(c + 20) = 800. 21. (5) Let the GP be a,ar,ar2 , ••• (0 < r < 1)
Now we have to factorize 800 in such a way From the question, ~ a = 33 + 3 · 3 - 9 ...(i)
that one factor is more than 20. 1- r
800 = 1 X 800 = 2 X 400 = 4 X 200 = 5 X 160 {since f'(x) = 3x2 + 3 > 0 .
= 8 X 100 =10 X 80 =16 X 50 So, f (x) is monotonically increasing.
(40 - b) (c + 20) = 800 = 1 x 800 = 2 x 400 :. f (3) is the greatest value in [-2,3]
= 4 X 200 = 5 X 160 = 8 X 100 Also, f'(O) = 3. So, a -ar = 3 ... (ii)
= 10 X 80 = 16 X 50.
We thus get the pairs
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), i.e., a = 27 (1 - r)
(b, c) = (39, 780), (38,380) , (36, 180) , and a(l-r)=3,weget r=i,1" .but r<l
(35, 140), (32, 80), (30, 60), (24,30).
Sop + q = 2 + 3 = 5
Among these 7 pairs, only 5 pairs (39, 780), 22. (A) ➔ (q), (B) ➔ (s), (C) ➔ (p), (D) ➔ (r)

(38, 380), (36, 180), (35, 140) ., (30, 60) (A) Given that a, b, c are in A.P so 2b = a+ c
and(2+b)2 =(1 +a)(l +c)
Satisfy condition of divisibility: b divides c. ⇒ 4 + 4b + b 2 = 1 + a + c + ac
thus there are 5 triples exist. ⇒ 4 + 4b + b 2 = 1 + 2b + ac
20. (2) Since 2n - ~k + 1 - 2n - ~k + 1 ⇒ ac = b 2 + 2b + 3
= (b+1)2 +2
k
⇒ ac>2=k
= (2n - 2k + 1)(2n - k + l)'
(A) ➔ (q)
n k (B) (1 + x)(l + x2)(1 + x4)(1 + x 8) .. .(1 + x 128)
We have Sn= t:(2n-2k+1)(2n-k+l)
Multiply by (1-x) in numerator and
denominator we get
256 255
1 -x = '~"\r
1-x L.J
r=O
⇒ n = 255
So 255-250 = 5
(B) ➔ (s)
az
(C) = al + 22 = 12 + 22
a3 = az+ 32 = 12 + 22 + 32

a.I = 12 + 22 + ... i2
= i(i + 1)(2i + 1)
6
 40 MATHEMATICS

= :f i(i+1)(2i+l) =
6
1210 :. I=± ✓2 Fl = ±1
i= I

:. x = 1 + F2 , -1 + Fl .
So total 2 values of x exist
(A) ➔ (r)
(C) ➔ (p) (B) Let x = a2, y = b 2, z = c2 .
·
(D) Consider th _ n2 Then 2b2 = a2 + c2
n term T n - + n
500 3 2 Since b is at least 2, consider the values of b
Let U = _l_ = 5oo + 3n from 2 onwards.
n T,, n2
The first such value occurs when b = 5 (and
2 2 2
dr = (500 + 3n ).2n - n 9n then a = 7, c = 1)
So, the least possible value of x = a2 = 49.
dn (500 + 3n2 )2
✓k -4 =7 -4 =3
3
_ n(1000-3n ) (B) ➔ (s),
=0
- (500+3n 2
) 2 (C) Apply A.M, G.M inequality
A.M. ~H.M.
⇒ n = (- 1000 )1/3
3 ⇒ a+b+c > 3
3 - l+l+l
Now, 6 < ( 1010 )1/3 < 7. a b c

Hence, T 7 is the largest term, so largest term

in the given sequence is ;~ .
1 9
(C) ➔ (p),
(D) ➔ (r) = 2ab g =✓
ab
(D) h
23. (A) ➔ (r), (B) ➔ (s), (C) ➔ (p), (D) ➔ (q) a+b '
(A) Let x = I+/then from the given informa- ⇒ .! = 2ab ⇒~ = 2✓
ab
tion g (a+b) ✓
ab 5 a+b
[x] = 2x{x}
x+{x} ⇒ 2_ = (✓a +✓b)2 ⇒ J ✓a+✓b =3
1 (✓a - ✓b)2 ✓a -✓b
_ 2/ (1 + /)
⇒ I- 1+2/
or ✓a + ✓b =±3
I2 + 2lf = 2lf+ 2/2 ' ✓a -✓b
⇒ I2=2f2 or, a : b = 1 : 4 or 4 : 1 .
⇒ 1 = ±✓2/ (D) ➔ (q)
1 24. (a, b, c, d) Given that a + b + c = n
f = 0, ✓2
aabbcc = (aa ... a times) (bb ... b times)
Iff= 0, I= 0 ⇒ x = 0 which is not possible (cc ... c times)

... f = 1 Applying AM-GM inequality

(aabbcc)l/n :S
Sequence & Series 41

(a + a + ... + a times) + (b + b + ... + b times) H = 2An-l Hn-1

+ (c + c + ... + c times) n An-I +Hn-1
n
⇒ G; = AnHn ⇒ AnHn = An-I Hn-1
Similarly we can prove
AnHn = An-lHn-1 = An-2 Hn-2 = .... = A1H1
Similarly,
⇒ AnHn=ab
2 b2
_ a +
_ ab+ be+ ca <
(a bbcCa)l/n < + c2
n n . df = Gi = Gf .... =ab
Also, ⇒ G1 = G2 = G3 .... = ,J;;E
2 b2 2
(acbacb)l/n '.S ac + ba+ c b '.S a + + c
n n An-I Hn-1
27. (a) We have
So, (aabbcc)l/n + (abbcca)l/n + (acbacb)l/n
. A - A = An-I +Hn-1 ,i
< (a+b+c)2 =n ·· n n-1 2 ''n- 1
n
H n-1-An-l < 0 (· · A
Further, a < n ⇒ aa < an ... -- · n-1 > H n-1 )
2
(aab bcc) < (abc)n ⇒ (aabbcc)l/n< (abc)
⇒ An < An- I or An-I > An
25. (a, c, d) :. We can conclude that A 1 > A 2 > A 3 > ....
a+b e,:- H _ 2ab
26. (c) Given A1 = - - ,G, =vab, , - a+b
2
also

An= - -+-
An-1 Hn-1
- , Gn = .jAn-1H n-1
2
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 Trigonometry

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

n
■
1. If cos3 x sin 2x = L ar sin(rx), \:/ x e R then
r=O
1 1 1
(a) n = 5, a l = -2 (b) n = Sa
, 1
= -4 (d) n = 5, a2 = -4

2. In a triangle ABC, with A =

2
~,B=
4
rc ; C = rc , then a 2 + b2 + c 2 is (R = circumradius of MBC)
7 7 7
(a) 4R 2 (b) 6R2 (c) 7R2 (d) 8R2
3. 5 5
The num ber of solutions of the equation l 6(sin x + cos x) = 11 (sin x + cos x) in the interval [O, 2rc] is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9

4. In the interval [ - ; , ~] the equation log,in<cos 20) = 2 has

(a) no solution (b) a unique solution

(c) two solutions (d) infinitely many solutions
5. Which of the following quantities are rational?

(a) sin (1/;)sinC;)

6. If x cosa + y sina = x cosp + y sin p = 2a and 2sin(;) sin (%)= 1, then

(a) y2 = 4a(a - x) (b) cosa + cosp = cosa cosp

2
4a +y2 4ax
P= ( d) cos a+ cos~ = 2

l·
( C) COS Ct . COS
2 2 2
X +y X +y

7. f .
Sum o f sen.es L.J sm- I[ 2r + 1
------,--;===-.====- 1s
r=I r(r+ l)(✓r +2r+ ✓r - 1)
2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) ~ - sin- ( - - ) (b) cos- (- ) (c) cos- ( - - ) (d) None of these
2 n+l n+l n+2
Trigonometry 43

2 1
8. If (cos x + - - - ) (1 + tan2 2y) (3 + sin3z) = 4, then
2
COS X

(a) x may be a multiple of 7t (b) x can not be an even multiple of 7t

7t
(c) z can be a multiple of 1t ( d) y can be multiple of
2
7t 7t
9. Let x, y, z be real numbers with x ~ y ~ z ~ such that x + y + z =
12 2 and let P = cos x.sin y.cos z, then
(a) Minimum value of Pis .!_ (b) Minimum value of P is .!_
8 4

. 2 +✓3 2+✓ 3
(c) M axllllum va1ue of P.1s - - .
(d) M ax1mum va1ue ofp·1s - -
4 8
10. If (1 + k)tan2 x - 4 tanx - 1 + k = 0 has real roots tan x 1 and tan x2, then
(a) k 2 ~ 5 (b) tan(x 1 + x2) = 2

(c) fork=2,x 1 = ¾ (d) for k= l ,x 1 =0

11. Let 0, $ E [0, 21t] be such that 2cos 0(1 - sin$)= sin2 0 ( tan% +cot%) cos$- 1, tan(21t - 0) > 0 and

-✓3
-1 < sin 0 < - - , then $ cannot satisfy
2
7t 7t 41t 41t 31t 31t
(a) 0 «I>< - (b) - <$< - (c) - <$ <- (d) - < $<21t
2 2 3 3 2 2
12. Which of following functions have the maximum value unity?
2 2
(a) sin x - cos x (b) JI(~sinx + 1cosxJ

(c) cos6 x + sin6 x (d) cos2 x + sin4 x

fiH
13.
Numeric Value Answer

If k =
10
"'
~ cos
= O
3 1tr
3 , then the value of 216 is
k
•
14. There is a unique angle 0 between 0° and 90° such that for non-negative integers n, the value oftan(2n0)
is positive when n is a multiple of 3, and negative otherwise. The degree measure of 0 is .!!_, where p
and q are relatively prime integers. Findp + q. q
45
15. With all angles measured in degrees, the product TI cosec (2k -1)
2 0
= mn, where m and n are integers
greater than 1. Find m + n. k=I
n
16. Define the sequence a" a 2 , a 3, .... by an = I sin k, where k represents radian measure. Find the index
k= I
of the 100th term for which an < 0.
 44 MATHEMATICS

(I) Integer Answer

17. Let/{x) = 0 be an equation of degree six, having integer coefficients and whose one root is 2cos ~.
Then, the sum of all the roots ofj'(x) = 0, is
18
•
18. If a+ 13 +y = 7t and tan[ a+ :-y }an[y+ ; -l3 }an[y+ :-a] = 1, then the value of

1 + cos a + cos 13 + cos y is K - 1 where K is

10
19. The value of Icos3 r; is equal to -ba, then the value of bis (where g. c. d of(a, b) is 1).
r=O
20. For 1t ~ 0 < 21t, let

P = _!_ cos 0 - _!_ sin 20 - _!_ cos 30 + _!_ sin 40 + _l cos 50 - _!_ sin 60 - _l_ cos 70 + .... and
2 4 8 16 32 64 128

Q = 1 - _!_ sin 0 - _!_ cos 20 + _!_ sin 30 + _!_ cos 40 - _l sin 50 - _l cos 60 + _ l_ sin 70 + ....
2 4 8 16 32 64 128

so t hat -p = -✓
2 2 Th
-. - w here m and n are re Iative
. 0 = -m
en sm . Iy pnme
. . . mtegers.
positive . p·m d
Q 7 n
(m +n) / 9.

g-.. .: Match the Following

21.
Column I Column II
(A) If sin0 = 3 sin(0 + 2a), then the value of tan(0 + a) + 2 tana is (p) 0
(B) Ifp sin 0 + q cos 0 = a and p cos 0 - q sin 0 = b, (q) 1
p+a q - b
then - - + - - + 1 is equal to
q+b p - a

. 1t 21t 1O1t
(C) The value of the express10n cos- cos- cos -
. 1t . 31t . 57t . 7 7 7 (r) sec 0
- sm- sm - sm - 1s
14 14 14
(D) If sec0 + tan0 = 1, then one root of the equation 1
(s) --
(a - 2b + c) x 2 + (b- 2c + a)x + (c - 2a + b) = 0 is 4
(t) - 1/2
Trigonometry 45

22.
Column I Column II
(p) 1
(A) Number of solutions of sin x =~ is
10
(B) Number of ordered pairs (x, y) satisfying lxl + IYI = 2 (q) 4

sin(- ) 1 is

(C) Number of solution of the equation (r) 7

sinCF3) = x
2
- 2✓3x+4
(D) The number of ordered pairs (x, y) satisfying the equation (s) 6
sin x + sin y = sin (x + y) and I.xi + IYI = 1 is

f
.
Passage Based Questions

. sin 4 x cos4 x 1 1t
Passage-I

. .
Consider the equation - - + - - = - -, 0 < x < - . Then answer the followmg questions.
•
a b a+b 2
sin 18 x cos18 x
23. - - +- - =
a7 b7
1
(b)
(a) (a+b)8 (d) (a+b)7

sin 16 x cos16 x
24. - - +- - =
as b5
a2 +b2 a 2 +b2 - ab 1 a3 +b3
(a) ( )7 (b) (c) (d)
7
a+b (a+b) (a+b)5 (a + b)7

25. sin 12 x cos12 x

- - +- - =
as bs
1 a 2 +b2 - ab
(b) 5
(d)
(a) (a+b)6 (a+b) 5
(a+b)
 46 MATHEMATICS

Passage-II
sin2n+l8
Given cos 2me cos 2m+l 0 .... cos2n 0 = +I , where 2me "# kn, n, m, k E I. Solve the following:
2n- m sin2m8
. 91t . l l1t . 131t
26. sm-.sm-sm-=
14 14 14
1 1 1 1
(a) 64 (b) -64 (c) 8 (d) -8

I I 1 . 7t ✓5-1 . 31t
(a) 128 (c) -sm- (d) - -sm-
(b) 256 512 10 512 10
1t 21t 37t 37t l11t
28. cos-cos-cos- ....- ....cos - =
11 11 11 11 11
1 1 1 1
(a) - - (b) - (c) - (d) --
32 512 1024 2048

RESPONSE SHEET
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13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20.

21. IAI IB I lei 1°1 22. IAI IBI le i 1°1

23. ©®©@) 24. ©®©@) 25. ©®©@)
26. ©®©@) 27. ©®©@) 28. ©®©@)
Trigonometry 47
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ -----&I' '

1. (b) cos 3x sin 2x = cos2x · cos x sin 2x 3. 5 5
(a) 16(sin x + cos x) - 1l(sin x + cos x) = 0
⇒ (sin x + cos x){ 16(sin4x - sin3 x cos x +
= ( 1- c~s 2x )( 2 sin 2; cos x) sin2x cos2x - sin x cos 3x + cos4x) - 11} = 0
⇒ (sinx+cosx) {16(1- sin2xcos2x
= _!_ (1 - cos 2x)(sin 3x + sin x) - sin x cosx)-11} = 0
4 ⇒ (sinx + cosx)(4sinxcosx-1)
(4 sin x cos x + 5) = 0
= ~[sin3x+ sinx - ~(2sin3xcos 2x)
4 2 *
As 4sin x cos x + 5 0, we have
sin x + cos x = 0, 4 sin x cos x - 1 = 0
-½(2cos2xsin x)] The required values are n/12, 5n/ 12, 9n/12,
13n/ 12, 17n/12, 21n/ 12, They are 6 solutions
= -1sm
[ · x+smx
3 . - -1(sm
' 5 .)
x+smx on [0, 2n]
4 2 7t 7t
4. (b) :. -- ~ 0 ~ -
⇒ -1 ~ sin 0 ~ 1
-½(sin3x - sin x)] 2 2
Here O< sin 0 < 1 ⇒ logsine cos 20 = 2
1 [.
=- 1 .3x - -sm5x
sm x + -sm 1.] cos 20 = sin2 0 ⇒ logsin 9 cos 20 = 2
4 2 2
1 1
3sin2 0 = 1 ⇒ sin20 = _!_
a = -· a = - ·n = 5 3
l 4 ' 3 8' 1
2. (c) a 2 + b2 + c 2 = 4R2 (sin2A + sin2B + sin2 C) sin 0 = ✓3 { :. 0 < sin 0 < 1}
= 2R2(1 - cos 2A + 1 - cos 2B + 1 - cos 2C)
a unique solution
5. (a, b, c, d)
. l11t . 51t
(a) sm - sm -
12 12

= sin(i~}os(i~) = ½sin(¼) E Q

(b) cosec( ~~ }ec( ~n)

= - cosecL~ }ec(~) = -4 E Q

2 2
= 2R 2 [ 3 - -1- ( sm. -3n -sm
. -n + (c) 1-2sin (~}os (~) = 1-¼ = ¾EQ
. 1t 7 7
2 sm -
7
. 5n - sm
sm . 3n + sm
. 7n - sm
. 5n)] (d) ( 2cos2 %)(2cos2 2; )(2cos
2
:n) = ½E Q
7 7 7 7 6. (a, b, d)
2 2 a and p satisfy x cos 0 + y sin 0 = 2a
= 2R [3+ ½]= 7R
⇒ (x 2 + y2)cos2 0 -4axcos0+(4a 2 - y2) = 0
 48 MATHEMATICS

2
4ax
cos a. + cosl3 = 2 ,cosa..cosl3 =
4a 2 - y2 p ::;; ! cos2 z = l +cos z p ::;; 2+ ✓3
X +y
2 2
X +y
2 2 4 8
10. (a, b, c, d)
(1 + k) tan2x - 4 tan x - 1 + k = 0 ... (i)
Since, roots are real, we have
⇒ cos a. + cos 13 = cos a.. cos 13
(-4)2 - 4(1+k)(-1 + k) ~ 0
7. (a, b)
⇒ 16 - 4(k 2 - l) ~ o ⇒ k 2 : ; 5
T =sin-1 [✓,:z;;; - ~)
r r(r + 1) -4 4
We have, tanx1 + tanx2 = - - = - -
l + k l+k
1
Tr = sin- [! ~
rf
--
1
(r+1)2 r+ l f - ?
c--i-] - l +k
And tan x 1.tanx 2 = - -
l +k

r·kr
4

r
1) .
. -I ( - - sm- 1( -
Tr=sm
r +l
1) tan (x I + x2) = -l + k _4_
2 =2
1- - -
1 l +k
Sn = cos- I ( - - )
n+l Fork = 2, equation (i)
8. (a, d) ⇒ 3 tan 2x - 4 tan x + 1= 0
1
2 1
( cos x + -COS-2-X ) ~ 2, (1+ tan 2 2y) ~ 1, ⇒ tan x = l , -3

Fork = 1, equation (i) ⇒ 2tan2x - 4 tan x = 0

2 ::;; 3 + sin 3 z ::;; 4
x_ = tan- 12
⇒ tan x = 0 ' 2 ⇒ x I = 0 ' ·-1.,
So the only possibility is 11. (a, c, d)
1
cos 2 x + - - - = 2, 1+ tan 2 2y = 1, -✓3
2
COS X tan(2n - 0) > 0, -1 < sin0 < - 0 e [O,2rc]
2
(3 + sin3z) = 2
3rt < 0 < 5rt
:. cosx=±l; tan2y= O; sin3z = - 1; 2 3
mt
x = mn; y = 2cos0(1 - sin <j>) = sin 2 0(-l----) cos<j> - l
2 sm0
z = (4p -l) i, m, n, p E / 2cos0(1 - sin <I>) = 2sin0cos <j> - 1
2cos0 + 1= 2sin(0 + <I>)
9. (a, d)
P = _!_cos x[ sin(y + z) + sin(y - z)]
2
3 5
0E( ; ,
3
1t) ⇒ 2 COS 0 + 1 E (1, 2)

~! cosx.sin(y+z) =_!_cos2 x 1< 2sin(0 + <1>) < 2

2 2
1t 1t 1t1t 1 _!_ < sin(0 + <I>) < 1
But x --- (y+z) :s; - - 2.--- :. P ~ - 2
2 2 2 3 8
as 0 + <I> e [O,4rc]
Again, P = ½cos z[(sin(x + y ) - sin(x - y ))]
Trigonometry 49

5 1 1
14. (547) Note that if tan 0 is positive, then 0
0+~e(i , : ) or 0+~e(1! \ :1t) is in the first or third quadrant, so 0° < 0 < 90°
(mod 180°). Also notice that the only way tan
1t 51t 131t 171t (2n0) can be positive for all n that are multi-
⇒ - -0 < ~ < - -0 or ~ - 0 < ~ < ~ - 0
6 6 6 6 ples of 3 is when 2°0, 23 0, 26 0, etc. are all the

~ e (-~7t, -~7t )u( 231t, 7;) ·: 0 e (3;, 5;)

same value (mod 180°). (This also must be true
in order for 0 to be unique). This is the case
if 80 = 0 (mod 180°), so 70 = 0° (mod 180°).
12. (a, b, c, d) Therefore, the only possible values of 0
vs/6( 1 ✓2 smx+
. 1 ) ✓3 .
J3cosx = -Jssmx+ -Jscosx
✓2 between 0° and 90° are
540°
180° 360°
- 7- , 7
and

= sinx. sin~+ cosxcos~ 7

where sin~ = Jr,cos~ = JI 180°

- - does not work since tan 2. - - 1s
7 3600
180° .

positive and - - does not work because

7
= cos(x-~) :5: 1 360° . 7 . . 540°
tan 4. - - 1s positive. Thus, 0 = - - , and a
2 2 7 7
cos6 x+sin 6 x = {cos x)3 +(sin x)3 quick check verifies that it works.

= 1-3sin2 xcos2 x = 1-l(sin2x)2 = :5: 1 540 + 7 = !547!.

4 15. (91) Let p = sin lsin 3 sin 5.... sin 89
(sin2x)2 p = ..Jsin l sin3sin5 ... sin l 77 sinl79
cos2 x + sin4 x = 1- ~-~ :5: 1
4
sin 1sin 2 sin 3 sin 4.... sin 177 sin 178 sin 179
13. [0.25] sin 2sin 4sin 6sin 8 .... sin l 76sin I 78
I= f 2-(
r=0 4
cos3 nr + 3cos nr)
3 3
sin lsin2sin3sin 4... sinl 77 sin l 78sin I79
=-----------------
(2sinl cosl) ·(2sin2cos2) ·(2sin3cos3)...(2sin89cos89)

= f .!-(
r= 0 4
cos1tr+ 3cos 1tr) = ¾ (I 1 + I2)
3
1 sin 90sin 91 sin 92 sin 93 ....sin 177 sin 178sin 179
289 cos I cos 2cos3cos4 .... cos89
10
I 1 = Icos1tr = ✓ 2; 9 because of the identify sin(90 + x)
r= 0
= cos(x)
= 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ...... - 1 + 1 = 1
11
10 3cos(.!.Q ~ ) sin 7t We want - = 289
1

I 2 = 3"
L.Jcos -1tr = 2 3 3 p2
r =O
3
sm -
. 7t Thus the answer is 2 + 89 = []II.
6
l x3 3 16. (628) If n = I , an = sin(l) > 0. Then if n
= --- = -- satisfies an < 0, n ~ 2, and
2 2

⇒ I = ¾(1 - %) = - ½ a =
n
~ sin(k) = ~
LJ
l ~ sin(l)sin(k)
Sill LJ
k=l k= l
 50 MATHEMATICS

l n sin AsinB 1
= sin l I cos(k - 1) - cos(k + 1) cosAcosB tanC
2
k= I sinAsinB - cosAcosB 1- tanC
⇒ --------
1 sin AsinB + cosAcosB 1+ tanC
= sinl [cos(0) + cos( l ) - cos(n) - cos(n + 1)]
2
Since 2 sin 1 is positive, it does not affect the ⇒ - cos(A+B) _ sin (¾ - c)
sign of a0 • cos(A - B) - (7t ) cos - - C
Let bn = cos(0) + cos(l) - cos(n) - cos(n + 1). 4

Now, since cos(0) + cos(l) = 2cos(½) cos ( ½) . (n l (n l

⇒ 2sm l._ - CJ cos (A - B) + 2cos l._ - CJ
4 4
and cos(n) + cos(n + 1)
cos(A + B) = 0
(11 ( 11
= 2C0S l._ n+ l ) COS l._l).
⇒ sin(¾ - C + A - B ) + sin(¾ - C - A +B)

bn is negative if and only if cos ( ½) < cos +cos(¾- C+A + B ) +cos(¾- C - A - B )=o
... (i)
(n +½), or when n E [2kn: - 1, 2kn]. Since 7t is
7t 7t

irrational, there is always only one integer in

A -B- C =
4 - a.; B-A - C =
4 - 13;
7t 7t
the range, so there are values of n such that C- A- B = - y; A+B + C=
4 4
an < 0 at 21t, 41t, .... Then the hundredth such
value will be when k = 100 and n = [200n]
(i) ⇒ cos a. + cos 13 + cos 'Y + 1 = 0
10 l 10 ( \
= [628.3 18] = !628!. 19. (8) "L.i cos3r1t = "L.i l._3cos r1t + cosrn)I
3 4 3
r=O r=O
17. (0) Let0= ~ ⇒ 60 = ~ ⇒ cos60= __1__
18 3 2 =¼[3(cos 0+ cos}"+ .... + cos !~it + (! - I + .... -1=I))]
⇒ 4cos3 20 - 3cos 20 = __1__
2
⇒ 8(2cos2 0 - 1)3 - 6(2cos2 0 - 1) = 1,
¾[cos ( ~ ) sin ( ~ )] 3 1
. n + 4= - 8
sm
let 2cos0 = x 6
20. (4) Nothing the sin and cos in both P and Q,
⇒ 8(2.x: -1J - 6(2 . x: -1J = 1
we think of the angle addition identities.
sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b,
⇒ (x2 - 2)3 - 3(x2 - 2) = 1 cos(a + b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b .
⇒ x 6 - 6x4 + 9x 2 - 3 = 0 With this in mind, we multiply P by sin0 and
f '(x ) = 6x(x 4 - 4x2 + 3) ⇒ f '(x) = 0 Q by cos 0 to try and use some angle addition
⇒ x = 0, ± 1, ± ✓ 3 identities.
18. (1) Indeed we get,
13+y - a. y+ a.- 13 a.+ 13 - y P sin0+Qcos0 = cos0 +__l__(cos0sin0 -
A= 4 B= 4 C= 4 2
⇒ tanAtanBtanC = l sin0cos0) - __l__(sin 20sin 0 + cos 20cos0) ...
4
Trigonometry 51

3 2
= cos0-_l_cos0-_l_sin20-J_cos30 + .. . = cos( ; }os( n }os(~)
4 8 16 7
1
= cos0--P
2 = -cos(?}os(
2
n ~n)
7
}os(
with adding term by term. Similar term-by-
10n 4n
term adding yields. Also, cos - = cos -
P cos0 + Q sin0 - 2(Q - 1) 7 7
This is a system of equation rearrangement n 2n 10n . n . 3n . 5n
So cos-cos-cos--sm-sm-sm-
and rewrite to get ' 7 7 7 14 14 14
P(l - 2 sin0) + 2Q cos0 - 2 cos0) and
P cos20 + Q cos0 (2 + sin0) - 2 cos0.
Subtract the two and rearrangement to get
(D) Clearly, sec0 - tan0 = 1
P cose 2✓ 2
=---= also 1 satisfy the given equation
Q 2+sin0 7 so the roots of the given equation are 1 & sec0.
Then square both sides and use Pythagorean 22. (A) ➔ r; (B) ➔ q; (C) ➔ p; (D) ➔ s
identity to get a quadratic in sin0. Factor that (A)
quadratic and sets for sin0 = -17/ 19, 1/3. The
answer formate tells us is the negative solution
and our desired answer = (17 + 19)/9 = 4
21. (A) ➔ p; (B) ➔ q; (C) ➔ s; (D) ➔ q, r
(A) Given, sin 0 = 3 sin(0 + 2a)
⇒ sin (0 + a - a)= 3 sin (0 +a+ a)
⇒ sin (0 + a) cos a - cos (0 + a) sin a 7t.X2 n
3sin (0 + a) cos a+ 3cos (0 + a) sin a (B) - = (4n+l) - , neZ
3 2
⇒ - 2sin (0 + a) cos a= 4cos (0 + a) sin a
sin(0 + a) 2sina x2 = i (4n + 1), nE Z
⇒ 2
cos(0+a) cosa
⇒ - tan(0 + a)= 2tan a x=±J¾
⇒ tan(0 +a) + 2tan a= 0
(B) We have, p sin 0 + q cos 0 = a ... (i) (0, 2)
And,pcos0 - qsin0 = b ... (ii)
Squaring (i) and (ii), and then adding, we get
(p sin 0+q cos 0)2 + (p cos 0- q sin 0)2 =a2 + b 2
⇒ p2 (1) + q2(1) - a2 - b2 = 0
⇒ (p2 _ a2) + (q2 _ b2) = o
⇒ (p+aj(p - aj+~ + ~q - ~=O (- 2, 0) (2, 0)
⇒ p+a + q-b =O
q+b p-a
. n . 3n . 5n
(C) sm - sm - s m -
14 14 14
(0, - 2)
 52 MATHEMATICS

sin fj= (x- ✓3)2 +1

(C)
2
x=✓3
sin 16 x cos16 x a 3 + b3 a 2 + b 2 - ab
- -+--- - --- - -----
as bs - (a + b )8 - (a+ b )7

. x+y x+y a6 b6
= 2sm- -.cos- - 25. (b) sin 12 x = - - - ,cos12 x = - - -
2 2 (a +b)6 (a+b)6
x + y = 2mt,x = 2m1t,y = 2k1t
sin 12 x cos 12 x 1
- -+ --- = ---
as bs (a + b)s

26. (c)

. 91t . l l1t . 131t . 51t . 31t . 1t

srn - sm - sm - = sm - sm-•sm -
14 14 14 14 14 14
1t 27t 37t 1t 21t 47t
=cos - cos - cos - = - cos- cos - cos -
7 7 7 7 7 7
. 81t
sm-
= - ~7 - =!
4 4 8sin ~ 8
23. (b) ( a:b)sin x+( a:b)cos x= l 7

27. (b) cos2 3 ~cos2 4 ~ .cos25 ~ .... cos210 ~

sin 4 x + ~ sin 4 x + ~ cos4 x + cos4 x = 1 10 10 10 10
a b
. 2 11 7t
(sin2x + cos2x)2 - 2sin2xcos2 Sill 1() 1
b . 4 a 4 3 7t
= 256
x +- sm x +- cos x = 1 256sin2 -
a b 10
=> /E_sin 2 x -
V~bcos ~b
2
x = 0=> tan 2 x = 1t 21t 31t l l1t
f; 28. (c) cos- cos- cos- .... cos -
11 11 11 11
. ✓a
1t 21t 31t 41t 51t )
2
=>sm x= r----:--; = ( cos cos cos cos cos
va+b 11 O O O 0
cosx = ..Ja+b
✓b
= ( cos
1t
cos
21t
cos
47t
cos
81t
cos
5n) 2

11 O O O 0
a9 2 2
Now sin18 x = 5 5
9 sin16 ~
(a + b) = 5 ) =
11 .cos~
[ 2sin 7tcos 7t j
11 11 =
. -1t
( 16 sm 11 32 sm-
. 7t 1024
18
b9 11 11
cos x = 9
(a+b)

sin 18 x cos18 x a 2 +b 2
Now - -+ - - - = - - -
a7 b7 (a+b}5
 Complex Numbers

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1.

2.
Find the minimum value of I z - 2 - i I + I z + 1 + 3i I + I z - 2 + i I
(a) ✓ 19 (b) ✓ IO + ✓3
Find the minimum value of I z - 21 + I z -
(c) ✓ 15- ✓3
41 + I z + 1-i✓3 I
(d) None of these
•
(a) ✓19 (b) ✓52 + ✓76 + 2 (c) 2(1 + ✓ 3) (d) None of these
3
3. If/(x) and g(x) are two polynomials such that the polynomial h (x)= xf(x3) + x2g (x6) is divisible by
x2 + x + 1, then, how many of the following statements are correct?
(i) /(1) = g (1) (ii) /(1) = - g (1) (iii) h (1) = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
4. If the complex number z satisfy the equation (i - z) ( 1 + 2i) + (1 - iz)(3 - 4i) = 1 + 7i, then
(a) T here are two values of z exist (b) At least one value of z lies in 1st quadrant
(c) Exactly one value ofz lies in 3 rd quadrant (d) None of these
5. a
If is a complex nth root of unity and ifz, and Z2 are two complex numbers, then r ::~lz1 + arzl =

6. The locus of the centre of a circle which touches the circle lz- z1I = a and lz- z2 I = b extem ally(z, z 1
and z2 are complex numbers)may be
(a) an ellipse (b) a hyperbola (c) a circle (d) a straight line
7. z
If Zi = a + ib and 2 = c + id are complex number such that 1I = ]z ]z z
2 ] = 1 and Re (Zi 2 ) = 0, then the

pair of complex number a + ic = Wi and b + id = w2 satisfies

8. If ro is a non-real cube root of unity, then which one of the following is correct about the value of
Sn = 1 · (2 - w)(2 - w2 ) + 2 •(3 - w)(3 - w2 ) + .. . + (n - l)(n - w)(n - w2 )
(a) S20 = 36081 (b) S10 = 2016 (c) S31 = 216195 (d) S15 = 11011
9. Ifz0 , z1 represents points P, Q on the locus lz- II = 1 and the line segment PQ subtends an angle ~ at

the points z = 1, then

z - 1
(b) -i = - 1-
Zo - 1
 54 ------------------- MATHEMATICS

10. P is the locus of points given by lz- 4 - ii = 2 . And Q is the locus of points given by lz- 3 + ii = 3,
then
(a) 4 + Js + i(l - Fs )is the complex number associated to both the sets P and Q
(b) There are two complex numbers satisfy both P and Q
(c) The maximum value of IZi - z2 I is = 5 + .Js here z1 lies on P and z2 on Q

(d) The minimum value of lz, - z2I is = 5- .Js here zI lies on P and z2 on Q
11. If Zi, z2 , z 3 are three distinct complex numbers such that - - 1- 2
]z2 - z3] ]z3 -z1]
1 + 4 + 1 =
(z2 - z3) (z3 - Zi) (Zi - z2 )
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
12. One vertex of the triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in the curve lz-(1 + i)I = Jio is
-2 + 2i, then the remaining vertices are
(a) ( 5-;✓3) + i( 1+ ~✓3)

2 2 2
13. If z 1, z 2, z3 lie on a circle with center origin and radius 1 unit and --3__ + ~ + ____1_ = -1 , then sum
Z2Z3 Z3Z1 zl Z2
of all the possible values of ]z1 + z2 + z3 ] is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

~ Numeric Value Answer

14. Let zl' z2, z3 be distinct complex numbers such that Iz1 I= Iz2 I= Iz3 I= 5 then find the minimum value
0f 1 + + 1
]z1 - z2]]z1 - z3] ]z2 - z1]]z2 - z3] ]z3 - z1]]z3 - z2] ·
1
•
15. Two complex numbers z 1 and z2 lie on the curve 2 lz + z] = 32 + (z - z )2 find the maximum value of
]z1 - z2 ]
16. The value of (1 + w) (1 + ol )(1 + w3) ... (1 + w1987 ) is 2k (1 + i ✓3), where w is complex cube root of
unity. Find value of k.

(I) Integer Answer

17. Let z1, z2, z3 be complex numbers that lie on

then for all integers n 2: 2, find the number of possible values of I

lzl =l such that z1 + z2 + z3 -::p O and z,2 + zi + zf
z; + zi + zi I
•
= 0,

lt For ill c,omnlex m1mhe <:: z w ith I z I = fincl the milxim11m vi!lne of 11 - z I+ I 1 + z 2 I
Complex Numbers 55

19. Let a, b, c, z be complex numbers such that I a I= I b I= I c I and a z2 + bz + c = 0. If the minimum and
maximum value of lzl is ✓k2- l :s; lzl :s; ✓k/ 1 then the value of k is equal to _ _ _ __

20. If l lz 10 + 1Oiz9 + 1Oiz - 11 = 0, then find value of lzl .

21. Consider an ellipse having its foci at A(z1) and B(z2) in the Argand plane. If the eccentricity of the

ellipse be 'e' and it is known that origin is an interior point of the ellipse, and e E (a, bl lzl1 - z2 I )
C Z1 + d 1Z2 1
then the value of a + b + c + d is

g-----: Match the Following

22.

(A)
Column I
If co 1and co2 are the non-real complex cube roots of unity then co 14 + co24 equals (p)
Column II
2co,co2
•
to
(B) If co 1 and co2 are the non-real complex cube roots of unity and (q) 0
I + z + z3 + z4 = 0, then, izl equals to

(C) If co and co2 be the non-real cube roots of unity and 1

(r)
-1- + -1- + -1- = -2 and - -1 - + -1- + -1- = - 2 W1W2
a + ro b + ro c + ro ro a + w2 b+w2 c + w2 ro2 '

where a, b, c are real then the value of - 1- +

a+ 1
A+ + ~
c+
is equal to:

(D) If co 1 and co2 are the non-real complex cube roots of unity then
(s) --
1
co1 - co2 + co/ - co/ + co/ - co/ equals to w 1w 2
23.
Column I Column II
(p) Straight line
(A) Iz - cos- 1 cos l 2 l-l z - sin- 1 sin 12 II = 8(1t - 3)

2 (q) Rectangular
(B) z + k1 = i lzil2 + kz.; kz. -:f. k1 E R - {0} hyperbola

(r) Intersection of
(C) Locus of the point z satisfying the equation Re ( z2)= Re ( z + z) hyperbola

(s) Portion of a straight

(D) Locus of the point z satisfying the equation I2/; / I = 2, where i =H line
 56 MATHEMATICS

f Passage Based Questions

Let A1, A2 , ..• ,

Passage-I
•
An be the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides in a circle lzl =l then complex numbers A 1,
A 2, ... , An represents location of roots of equation lzln = 1
+ 1Ai~l + .. -IA1A,,i2 ,
2
24. Which all of the following is/are true about Sn = IAiAi
(a) Is independent of ' n' (b) Sn can never be a prime
(c) S12 > 20 (d) Sn can never be a perfect square

25. Which all of the following is/are false about P,, = IAi A2IIAi ~I-.... -IAi A,, I,
(a) Is independent of ' n' (b) Sn can never be a prime
(c) S 12 > 20 (d) Sn can never be a perfect square

Passage-II

Consider a triangle having vertices at the points A (2e~) , B (2e11;11112 ) and C (2e-5;1111 2 ) . Let the incircle of
L'lABC touches the sides BC, CA and AB at D, E and F, respectively which are represented by the complex
number zd, ze, zf respectively. If P(z) be any point on the incircle, then
26. Ar Br er
+ + is equal to
(a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) None of these
27. If the altitude through vertex A cuts the circumcircle of L'lABC at Q, then the complex number
representing Q is

(a) -✓2 (1 + i) (b) -(1 + i) (c) -(l+i)

✓2

RESPONSE SHEET
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16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. IAI IB I lei 1°1 23. IAI IB I le i Joi

24. ©®©@) 25. ©®©@) 26. ©®©@)
27. ©®©@)
Complex Numbers 57

Hints & Solutions

1. (d) Here we have to find minimum value of 5. (c) Since a is a complex n th root of unity
sum of distances from three points which is So 1 + a + a 2 + ... + a n-I = 0
actually not in the syllabus of IIT JEE but if n- 1 2
options are given (Like in this question) then it
can be asked.
Now, I,lz +a'z
1 2]
r=O
We have seen in the previous question that n- 1
minimum value ofl z - 2 -i I+ I z + 1 + 3i I is 5 = L (z1 + a ' z2) ( z; + ii' z2 )
so minimum value of Iz - 2 - i I + I z + 1 + 3i I+ r=O
I z - 2 + i I must be more than 5, none of the
options given are more than 5 hence none of
the options are correct.
=
n- 1
Llzl
r=O
+ Z1 Z2 rar+ rar
n-1

r=O
Z2Zi
n- 1

r=O
2. (c) Consider the points A(2, 0), B(4, 0) and
C(-1, ✓ 3)
r=O

C = n(I ztl2 + lz2 l2)

6. (b, d) LetA(z1) ,B(z2 )be the centre of given
B circles and P be the centre of the variable circle
which touches given circles externally, then
IAPI =a + r and IBP I = b + r , where r is the
Here angle BAC is 120° so minimum value of
radius of the variable circle. On subtraction, we
z - 21 + I z - 41 + I z + 1 - i✓31 occur when
get IAPI- IBPI = la - bl, a constant.
z = 2.
Required minimum value is Hence, locus of P is
0 + 2 + 12 + 1- i ✓3 I = 2 (1 +✓3) (i) right bisector [AB] if a = b
2 (ii) a hyperbola ifla - bl < IABI = lz2 - z1I
3. (d) The roots of x + x + l = 0 are ro and ro 2 , So
2 3
h ( ro) = 0 and h ( ro ) = 0 also ro = 1 (iii) an empty set ifla - bl > IABI = lz2 - z1I

⇒ ro/(l)+ro2 g (l) = 0 (iv) Set of all points on line AB except those

which lie between A and B if la - bl = IAB] = 0.
2
and ro f ( 1) + rog ( 1) = 0
7. (a, c) Given z1 =a + ib, z2 = c + id
⇒ /(l)=g(l)=0 2 2 2 2
lz, I = lz2 I = 1 ==> a + b = c + d = 1
: . h(l) = f (1) + g(l) = 0
wt = a + ic, w2 = b + id
Hence all the three statements are correct.
4. (c) (i - z)(l + 2i) + (1 - iz) (3 - 4i) = 1 + 7i z1z2 = (a+ib)(c - id)
⇒ i- z - 2 - 2iz + 3 - 3iz - 4i - 4z = l+ 7i
⇒ z + iz + 2i = 0
= (ac + bd) + i (be - ad)
⇒ (x - y) + i(x + y + 2) = 0 [ put z = x + iy ] As, Re( z1z2 ) = 0 ⇒ ac + bd = 0 ⇒ ac = - bd
⇒ x - y = 0 and x + y + 2 = 0
⇒ x = y =- 1
Wi_ W2 = (a + ic)(b- id)
:. z = - l - i
 58 MATHEMATICS
y
We have a 2 + b 2 = c2 + d 2

⇒ a2 - c2 + 2i ac
2 2
= d -b -2ibd(as ac = -bd)

⇒ {a + ic)2 = (d - ib)
2

⇒ a + ic = (d - ib) or - d + ib
. z1 -1
..
- 1 (
_ 1 - · cos
±n + 1sm
. . ±n)-- 1,-1
. .
⇒ a = d and c = -b or a = -d, b = c 20 2 2
⇒ c2 + d2 = b2 + d2 a2 + c2 = a2 + b2 :. Z1 - 1 = (Zo - 1) i, Z1 - 1 = -(Zo -1) i
'
10. (a, b, c) Equation ofQ
2 2
(x - 3) + (y + 1) =9
⇒ l111i I = lw2I = l also ab + cd = - cd + cd = 0
x 2 + y2 -6x + 2y + 1 = 0 ... (i)
Re(111iw2 ) =0
Center (3, -1) and radius = 3
8. (a, b, c, d) {n - l ){n - w) (n - ol) Equation of curve P
(x - 4 )2 + (y - 1)2 =4
2 2 3
= {n -1) {n - (w +w ) n +w }
⇒ x2 + y2 - 8x - 2y + 13 = 0 ... (ii)

= {n - 1) (n 2 + n + 1) = n3 - 1, etc Center (4, 1) and radius = 2

Distance between the centers is
:. Series = r:::(n 3
- 1)

= {13 + i3 + 33 + ... + (n - 1)3 }-{n -1) So these two circles intersect at two points
Solving P and Q we get equation of common
n2 (n -1)2
= - ~ ~ n+l
chord.
4 2x + 4 y - 121 = 0
2
(20 )(19
2
) X = 6-2y ... (iii)
S20 = ~~------'--- -20+ 1 = 36081
4 Solving equation (i) and (iii) we get
2 2 _ 2 4
(10 )(9 ) y- 1- ✓ 5,x= 4+ ✓ 5
S10 = ~ ~ ~ -10+1 = 2016
4
2
(3 t2)(30 ) 11. (a) Let I 1 I = - -2 = I 3 I = 11. ( say )
S31 =~~------'-- -31 +1 = 216195 z2 - Z3 1Z3 - Z1 1 Zt- Z2
4
⇒ 1 = 11. lz2 - z3 I, 2 = 11. IZ:J - z1I, 3 = 11. lz1 - z2I

⇒ 1 = A2 lz2 - zJ = A2 (z2 - z3) (z2 - z3)

9. :. ( 1 )=11.2(z2-z3)
22 - 23
Complex Numbers 59

12. {b, d) The given curve is a circle with center z 0

(1, 1) and radius 2✓2 and for maximum area

the triangle is equilateral

Now let z = z 1+ z2+ z3 then

21t ⇒ arg ( Z2 - (1 +. i)J = -21t z3 - 3z(z2z3 + z3z1 + z1z2) + 4z1z2z3 = 0

arg(-Z 2-- -
Z0
Z1 -zo) = -
3 -3 +1 3

i27t
⇒ Z2 - (1+ i) = e3 (- 3+ i)
= z,z2z3[3z(z1 +z2 +z3) -4]

= Z1Z2Z3 [3zz - 4]

⇒ = lz1 llz2 llz3 11(31z 12 -4)1

3
= (-1 + i"'3} (- 3 + i) + 2 + 2i [z[
2
3
(s - ✓3) + i(l - 3"'3} ⇒ ➔ [z[ -1(31z 12 -4)1 = 0
⇒ Z2 = 2
Now, we have two cases

Similarly arg(z3 - zo) = - 231t Case (n: If [z[ ~ 2 / ✓3

z, - zo
lzl3 - 3 [zl2 + 4 = 0
i27l
Z3 = e3 (-3 + i) + (1 + i) 2
⇒ (lz[- 2)(lz[ - lz[- 2) = 0

⇒ Z3 = - ( l + ~✓3}-3 + i) + (1+ i) ⇒ (lzl- 2)2 (lzl+ 1) = 0

⇒ [z[- 2 = 0 or [z[ = 2
= - ((- 3 - "'3} + i(l - 3✓3)) + 2(1 + 0)
3 2
2 Case (II): If [z[ < 2 / ✓3, then [z[ + 3 [z[ - 4 = 0
(s + F3)+ i(l + 3"'3} ⇒
2
([z[-1) ([z[ + 4[z[+ 4) = 0
⇒ Z2 = 2

13. (c) Since Zp z2 , z3 lie on a circle with centre ⇒ lzl-1 = 0 ⇒ lzl = 1.

origin and radius 1 unit so [z1[ =[z2[ = [z3[=1 Required sum is 1 + 2 = 3
 60 MATHEMATICS

14. (0.04) Let 4 , z2, Z:3 are represented by points 15. (16) Let z = x + iy
:. the given equation of the curve can be
A, B and C on argand diagram.
written as

2 12x1= 32 +( tr
2

⇒ 4lxl =32+(-4 y2)

⇒ lxl = 8-y2

⇒ y2 = - IxI + 8= { x + 8, x < 0
- x+8,x ~ 0

From rotation theorem we get

z0 - z1 = lz0 - z1lei(!- c) = 1ei(1- c)
z2 - z1 z2 - z1 c
(-8, 0) (8, 0)

And Z3 - z1 = lz3 - z1 lei(!- B) = Qei(1- B)

Zo-Zi Zo - Z1 5
From the above graph, the maximum distance
From above two results we get
between the two can be 16 units.
zt = 25 (i(B- C) ) 16. (661) Since ffi3 = 1 and ffi2 + ffi + 1 = 0 and
(z1 - z2)(z1- z3) be
1987 = 662 X 3 + 1
The following identity is easy to verify
2 2 (l
Hence, (1 + ffi)(1 + (02)(1 + (03) ... + (01987 )
z1 + Z2
(4 - z2)(z1- z3) (z2 - z1)(z2 - z3) = L ::~ [(l + (03k+I) (l + (03k+2) (l + (03k+3)]
2
+ Z3 (1 + (01987)
(z3 - z1)(z3 - z2)
2
= R(ai(B- C) + biC- A) + cei(A- B) ) = 1 . = r ::~[(1 +ffi) (l+ffi )(1+1)](l+ffi)
abc
Because, in a triangle = (1 + ffi)[ 2(1 + (0 + (02 + (03)162
asin(B - C) + b sin(C-A) + csin(A - B) = 0
and acos(B - C) + bcos(C-A) + ccos(A-B) = (1 + ffi) [ 2662] = 2662 (-(02) = 2661(1 + i✓3 )
_ abc
- R2
17. (4) Let s 1 = z 1 + z2 + z3 , s2
Putting the modulus we get = z 1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1'
1 = Ir Z12 < L lz1 l2 And s3 = z 1z2z 3
Now consider the cubic equation
(z, - z2 )(Zi - z3) - lz, - z2llz1 - Z:J I
z3 -s Iz 2 +s2z - s3 = 0
= R2L 1 It has three roots Zi, z2 , z3 .
12 1 - z2Ilz, - 2 31
Given that z\ + z/ + z23 = 0, we have
1 + 1 s\=2s2 ... (i)
lz1 - z2 Ilz, - z3I 12 2 - z1 I12 2 - z3I And also,
+
lz3 -
1
z,Ilz3 -
> - 1- =__l_
z2 I - R 2 25 Sz = S3 (l_ + Zz + l_)
zl
_l_
Z3
= S3 (21 + Z2 + z3)
Complex Numbers 61

From equations (i) and (ii) s 12 = 2s3 . st So I 1 - z I + 11 + z 2 I= 2 lsin ½I+ 211 - 2 sin ½I
2

and consequently,
I SI 12 = 21S3 I . I s I I= 2 1SI I . = I a I + I 1 - 2 a 2 I, for a = sin ½ E [- 1, 1 ]
Because s 1 -t 0, we have I s 1 I = 2, so s 1 = 2 ).,
In the given range [-1, l] the required maximum
with I"- I= 1.
From equations (i) and (ii) it also follows that value is 2
19. (5) Let r = I a I = I b I = I c I > 0 .
s =
2
l2 s2I = 2).,2 and s =
3
~
s,
= 2~ = ).,3
2A Then I a z 2 1= I- b z - c I~ I b II z I+ I c I-
Hence r I z 2 I ~ r I z I + r.
The equation with roots zi' z2, z3 becomes It follows that I z 2 1-1 z I - 1 ~ 0 .
z3 - 2).,z2 + 2).,2z - ).,3 = 0.
This is equivalent to (z - A.)(z2 - A.Z + ).,2) = 0. so I z I~
1
+/5 .
The roots are "-, A,(,O, - A.ui,
Now consider
where s = ½+ i f .
Then I c I = I - a z 2 - b z I ~ I a II z I 2 + lbl lzl
I z I 2 + I z I - 1 2 o.
Without loss of generality we may assume that
Thus I z I 2 ✓5 - 1
z 1 = "-, z2 = AW, z3 = - A,(,02. Using the relations
ro2 - ro + 1 = 0 and ro 3 = - 1,
2
So, E0 = I zJ° + z2° + z/ I So ✓52-1 <_z_
11 < ✓5+1
2
= I An + A.n(l)n + (-1 )DAn w2n I
= 11 + ro" + (-l)"ro2n 1. ⇒ k=5

Since Ek + 6 = ~ for all integers k and that 20. (1) The equation can be rewritten as
equalities 9 = 11-l0iz
2
E0 = 3, E 1 = 2, E2= 0, E3 = 1, E4 = 0, E5 = 2. llz + l0iz .
E0 = l zJ° + z/+zJ° I E {0, 1, 2, 3} Now assume that z =a+ bi, and taking modulus
ALTERNATE both the sides we get
It is clearthatz12, z22, z/ are distinct. Otherwise, I 2 9 I = 111 - lOiz
if, for example, z/ = z/, then 1 = I z/ I llz+ l0i
= 1- (z/ + z/) I= 2 1z21 I= 2, a contradiction.
From z 12 + z22 + z32 = 0 it follows that z 12, _ ✓112 + 220b + 102 (a2 + b2 )
z22, z 32 are the coordinates of the vertices of an
equilateral triangle . Hence we may assume that
- ✓112 (a 2 + b2 ) + 220b + 102
z/ = roz/ and z 2 = ro 2 z/, where ro 2 + ro + 1 Let f (a, b) and g (a, b) denote the numerator
= 0· Because z2~ = ro4 z I 2 and z32 = ro 2z I 2 it and denominator of the right hand side. Now
follows that z2 = ±ro 2z 1 and z 3 = ± roz 1. Then
take two cases
I z 1° + z/ + z/ I = I (1 + (±ro) n + (±ro 2)0 ) zJ° I
Case (I): If lzl > 1, then a 2 + b 2 > 1, so g (a, b)
= I I +(± ro2)Il l E {0, 1,2,3}
18. (2) Let z= cost+isint Then I 1- z l > f (a, b), leading to I z9 I < 1, a contradiction
2
= .J(l - cost) + sin t =
2
✓2 - 2cost = 2 1sin½ I hence this case is ruled out.
Case (II): If lzl < 1, then a 2 + b 2 < 1,
and 11 + z 2 1
so g (a, b) < f(a, b), or l z9 1 > 1, again a
=.Jo+ cos2t) 2
+ sin 2t = ✓2 + 2cos2t
2
contradiction so this case is also not possible.
= 2 I cos t I = 2 I 1 - 2 sin 2 { I. Hence lzl = 1.
 62 MATHEMATICS
21. (3) If P(z) be any point on the ellipse. Then :. a = 1 will satisfy equation
equation of the ellipse is, 1 1 1
⇒ --1 +-b1 + --1 = 2 = 2m1ffi2
a+ + c+
lz - z1 l + lz - z2 I= lz1 - z2 I ... (i) C ➔p
e
D. Given co 1 - co2 + co/ - co/ + co/ - co/
:. For P(z) to lie inside ellipse, we have
= (co 1 +co/+ co 13 )-(co2 + co/ + co/)= 1 -1
lz - z1 I + lz - z2 I < lz1 - z2 I =0
e D➔q
It is given that origin is an interior point of the 23. (A) ➔ s, (B) ➔ r, (C) ➔ q, (D) ➔ p
ellipse. A. Given,

⇒ 10 -
1 1
z1 I+ 10 - z2 I < lz1 - z2 I I lz - cos- cos121- lz - sin- sin121 I= 8(n -3)
e
Since, lcos- 1cos 12 - sin- 1sin 121 = 8(n - 3)
⇒e E ( 0, 11
: ; 1:1::11) :. Locus of z is portion of a line joining z 1 and
z2 except the segment between z 1 and z 2.
Soa + b + c + d = 0 + l + l + 1 = 3
A➔ s
22. (A) ➔ r, (B) ➔ s, (C) ➔ p, (D) ➔ q
A. Let m1 = ffi and w2 = w2 then
B. z
2
- ilzl = kz - k 1

:. x2 - y2 + 2ixy-i11.t = t.2 let lz11= t.1

ffi{+ffii =0)4 +0)8 =0) +0)2 = -1 = --1-
0)10)2 ).2
A➔r
⇒ x2 - y2 = t.2 and xy = --f-
B. I + z + z 3 + z4 = 0
:. Locus of z is point of intersection of
⇒ (z + 1)2.(I - z + z2) = 0 hyperbola.
⇒ z = -l , - m, -m2 B ➔r
C. Put = x + iy .

:. Re(x + iy)2 = Re(x + iy + x - iy )

B ➔s
x2 - y2 = 2x
C. The given relation can be written as
_1_ + _1_ + _1_ = 1. or x 2 - y2 - 2x = 0
a+w b+w c+w w Rectangular hyperbola, eccentricity = ✓2
and _ 1_ + _ 1_ + _ 1_ =_1._ C➔q
a + 0)2 b + 0)2 c + 0)2 0)2
2
D. Since z - -ii = 2
⇒ w and w2 are roots of
1

Z +l
_ l _ + _ l _ + _ l _ =l z - -i z - -i
a+x b+x c+x x ⇒ __
2 =l =l ⇒ __
2 =l
z+ l 2 z+l
2
3x + 2 (a + b + c) x + be + ca + ab 2
⇒ -----+-~~~~-~-- = -
(a+ x )(b+x)(c +x) x
⇒ lz - ½I= lz + 11 ie, [ straight line.
⇒ x - (bc+ca+ab)x - 2abc =0
3
... (i)
D ➔p
Two roots of the equation (i) are ro and ro2 . Let 24. (b, c) Since origin is the centre of the polygon
the third root be a, then and z0 ,z1, ... ,zn- l represent the affixes of
a + w + m2 = 0 ⇒ a = - w - m2 = 1 . A . . . ... A . sue a Zn . = 1. z. = ('L
Complex Numbers 63

i27t
z2 = a.2, ...., zn- 1 = an- I ' where a = e-----;;- AP2 +BF2 +CF2

= lz - zl + lz - zzl2 + lz - z3'2
2
2 = 3lzl + lzl + lzzl2 + lzJ - z(z; + z2 + z3 )
2rn - 1..
= 1 - cos-;:;- 2rnl
sm---;:;-
I

= (1 - cos
2
:n r :nr
+ (sin
2 since LlABC is equilateral.
Since lz1 = lz21= lz3
1 I =2
= 2 - 2 cosn2m And 2t + Zz + Z3 = z1 + Zz + zj = 0
3 3
r :JAiAl = r : =2(2 - 2cos r:) Also, lzl = 1
2 :. AF2 + BP2 + cp2 = 3 x 1+ 12 = 15
= 2(n - 1) - 2 {cos 2n + cos 4 n + ... +cos (n - l)1t}
n n n 27. (a) Consider the diagram as per the given
= 2 (n - 1) - 2 (- 1) = 2n condition

2
:. Sn = IAiAzl2 + IA2/41+ ··· + IA1A,J = 2n
25. (a, b, c, d) Now consider
P,, = IAiA2IIAi/41-. -IAiA,, I
= 11 - a l11 - a2 111- a 31··. 11- an- 11

2 3
= l( l - a)(1 - a )(1 - a ) ... (1 - an- l)I - Since,

1,a,a2 , ... ,an- I are the roots Of Zn -1 = 0 L BOD = LCOD = A

⇒ {z - l){z - a) (z - a 2) .. . (z - an-I )= zn - 1
LCOE = 2LCAE = 2 (¥- c)
⇒ {z - a)(z - a 2) ... (z - an- I)

Zn -1 l
=~ - = +z+z2 + .. . +zn- 1
z- 1 Also, L AOB = 2C
Substituting z = 1, we have
(1 - a)(1 - a 2) ... (1- a n- l) = n

P,, = 11- a l11 - a 21.... 11 - an- II = n

26. (b) Given that points are A( 2/1J, B (2e1 2

li1tll )

2
and C(2e- Si1ttt ) so ABC is an equilateral

triangle.
 Permutation
and
Combination
~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct
1. Consider a set X = {1, 2, 3, ... , 9, 10}. What is the number of pairs {A, B} such that A!;;; X and
B!;;; XalsoA:;tBandAnB = {2,3,5,7}
(a) 36 (b) 63 (c) 6C 3 (d) None of these
•
2. Consider 5 points in a plane are situated so that no two of the straight lines joining them are parallel,
perpendicular, or co incident. From each point perpendiculars are drawn to all the lines joining the
other four points. If k is the maximum number of intersections that these perpendiculars can have?
Then
(a) more than 310 (b) k is divisible by 5
(c) k is less than 400 ( d) k is even number
3. If K > B balls are arranged in circular order, then what could be the number ofways of selecting four
of the balls such that no two of which are consecutive?
(a) 25 (b) 55
(c) 49 (d) 105
4. Sixty points, of which thirty are coloured red, twenty are coloured blue, and ten are coloured green,
are marked on a circle. These points divide the circle into sixty arcs. Each of these arcs is assigned a
number according to the colours of its endpoints: an arc between a red and a green point is assigned a
number 1, an arc between a red and a blue point is assigned a number 2, and an arc between a blue and
a green point is assigned a number 3. The arcs between two points of the same colour are assigned a
number 0. Ifk is the greatest possible sum of all the numbers assigned to the arcs, then k is
(a) a perfect square (b) is an even number
(c) divisible by 25 (d) divisible by 9
5. In how many ways can a strip of cloth with 5 stripes on it be colored with 3 different colours? Assume
that the strip of cloth can be flipped over i.e do not count as different patterns that are equivalent if the
cloth is turned around. As example following two strips are same
IR lw la IR lw I
lw IR 1° lw IR I
(a) 135 (b) 270 (c) 105 (d) None of these
6. Consider a 101 digit number N = paAar .. a 99a 100 where pis a prime digit and a; is any digit. How
many numbers N can be formed such that digit 9 is used odd number of times is k, then k is
(a) an even number (b) a perfect square number
(c) is divisible by 2 16 ( d) not divisible by 2
32

7. How many 7 digit numbers can be formed by using only the digits 5 and 7 such that number formed
is divisible by both 5 and 7?
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) None of these
Permutation and Combination 65

8. All possible 6 digit numbers, in each of which the digits occur in non increasing order (From left
to right e.g. 877550) are written as a sequence in increasing order. Find the 2005th number in this
sequence.
(a) 864110 (b) 864000 (c) 864100 (d) None of these
9. Find the number of all 5-digit numbers each of which contains the block 15 and is divisible by 15?
(Example of such number is 31545, 34515 etc)
(a) 479 (b) 487 (c) 480 (d) None of these
10. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1, 2, 3,.... 15. In how many ways seven coupons are selected such
that the largest number appearing on the selected coupon is 9?
(a) 97 - 87 (b) 107 - 87 (c) 87 - ?7 (d) None of these
11. The number of ways in which we can arrange the 2n students with n boys b" b2, •••• , b 0 , and n girls g"
g2 , •.• , g0 in a line so that all the boys and all the girls stand in increasing order of their age (Assume
they all are of different age)
(a) ("C0)2 + ("C/ + ... + ("CY (b) 2nc .
(c) 2" [1.3.5 ... (2n-1)]/ n! (d) 2ncn-,
12. Let N denote the number of ways in which 3n persons can be selected from 2n men, 2n women and
2n kids. Then
(a) N = coefficient of t30 in (l-t2•+ 1)3 (l-t)-3
(b) N = 3n+2c - 3 . n+ l c - 1
Jn n
(c) N = coefficient of t3" in (1 - 3t20+1) (1 + 3C, t + 4C 2 t2 + 5C 3 t3 + ...)
(d) N -1 > 3n2
13. If'K' is the number of ways in which we can choose 5 letters from the word INTERNATIONAL then-
(a) K is a three digit number (b) K is divisible by 4
(c) K is divisible by 11 ( d) k is divisible by 9
14. The number of words which can be made from letters of the word INTERMEDIATE is
(a) 907200 if words start with I and end with E
(b) 21600 if vowels and consonants occupy their original places
(c) 43200 if vowels and consonants occur alternatively
(d) 302400 if all the vowels occur together.

~ Numeric Value Answer

15. If the number of all 6-digit numbers that satisfy the following conditions is k
The digits of each number are all from the set {l , 2, 3, 4, 5}
Any digit that appears in the number appears at least twice (eg- 225252 is acceptable but 222133 is
•
not). Find k/100
16. If the sum of all the 3 digit natural numbers which contain at least one odd digit and one even digit is
k. Find k/1000
17. If the number of 4 digit numbers having non - zero digits and which are divisible by 4 but not by 8 is k
then find k/ 10
18. Ifthe number of6 digit natural numbers such that sum of their digits is 10 and digits 0, 1, 2 and 3 occur
at least once in them is k then find k/100
 66 ------------------- MATHEMATICS
19. Mr. Anshuman has thrown a dice 6 times in how many ways we can get a sum greater than 17?
20. In an Ice cream parlor at South City Mall kolkata, 4 different varieties of ice creams namely Vanila,
Strawberry, Chocolate and Butter Scotch were available. On a particular day it was noticed that each
customer buys at least one ice cream and at max 10 ice creams, on further investigation it was noticed
that no two customer buys same set of ice creams then find the number of customers visited the ice
cream shop on that particular day.

(I) Integer Answer

21. A person has 6 friends and during a certain vacation he met them during several dinners. He found that
he dinned with all the 6 exactly on one day, with every 5 of them on 2 days, with every 4 of them on
3 days, with every 3 on 4 days; with every 2 on 5 days. Furthers every friend was present at 7 dinners
and every friend was absent at 7 dinners. The number of dinner(s) he had alone is equal to
•
22. The number of ordered pairs (m, n); m, n E { 1, 2, 3, ........ ., 20} such that 3m + 7" is a multiple of 10, is
equal to k, then .!_ is equal to k, then k/25 is equal to
25
23. The number of ordered triplets (a, b, c) such thatL.C.M. (a,b) = 1000, L.C.M. (b,c) = 2000 andL.C.M.
(c,a) = 2000 is k, then .!_ is k, then k/10 is_ __

•
10

g-.. .: Match the Following

24.
Column I Column II
(A) In a class of 10 students 6 are boys and 4 are girls, in how (p) 80
many ways class teacher can select student/s for a project
such that the group has at least 2 boys and 2 girls?

(B) In a fruit basket 4 mangoes, 5 bananas, and 4 apples are (q) 22

kept, in how many ways one can select fruits from this fruit
basket such that at least one fruit of each type is always
selected?
(C) In a fruit basket 4 mangoes, 5 bananas, and 4 apples are (r) 627
kept, in how many ways one can select fruits from this fruit
basket such that at least one 1 mango, 2 bananas and 3 ap-
ples are always selected?

(D) There are 6 questions in an examination, a student has to (s) 32

answer at least three question to pass the exam, in how
many ways student can fail the exam?
Permutation and Combination 67

25.
Column I Column II
(A) Find the number ofrectangles in a chess board of l0xlO grid (p) 4356
instead of 8x8 grid

(B) Find the number of squares in a chess board of 10xl2 grid (q) 1568
instead of 8 x 8 grid

(C) Find the number ofrectangles in a chess board of 1l x l 1 grid (r) 495
instead of 8 x 8 grid
(D) In how many ways can you place 2 rooks on a chessboard (s) 3025
such that they are not in attacking positions, if rooks can at-
tack only in a same row or in a same column?

f Passage Based Questions

Passage •
Consider 26 letters of the English alphabets they can be arranged in (26!) ways, out of these (26!) ways letter
A and Bare together in (2)(25!) ways.
26. In how many of the arrangements exactly 5 alphabets are between A and B?
(a) 36(24!) (b) 38(24!) (c) 40(24!) (d) None of these
27. In how many of the arrangements at most 20 alphabets are between A and B?
(a) 360(24!) (b) 630(24!) (c) 480(24!) (d) None of these

RESPONSE SHEET

1. G) (B @)@) 2. G) (B @)@) 3. G) (B @)@)

4. G)(B@)@) 5. G) (B @)@) 6. G) (B @)@)
7. G)(B@)@) 8. G) (B @)@) 9. G) (B @)@)
10. G)(B@)@) 11. G) (B @)@) 12. G)(B@)@)
13. G) (B @)@) 14. G) (B @)@) 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. 23.

24. IAI IBI lei 1° 1 25. IAI IBI lei 1° 1

26. (a) (b) (c) (ct) 27. (a) (b) (c) (ct)
 68 MATHEMATICS
\ I ,

:. \. :
·----- Hints & Solutions ____ \ I ,

..
.... I :
__..,.'

1. (d) Since it is given that An B = {2, 3, 5, 7} 3. (a, b, d) 1st ball (say A) can be selected in K
so remaining numbers {1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10} can ways, then remaining three (say B, C, and D)
be a member of either set A or set B or neither are selected such that number of balls between
in set A nor in set B, so each member of set them is a, b, c and d, from the given condition
{l, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10} has 3 options so total number a, b, c, d > 0.
of ways/pairs is 3 6 but since A :/; B hence And a + b + c + d = K - 4, but since all of
required number of ways is 3 6 - I them are more than 0, hence number of ways is
2. (a, b, c) Lets consider 5 points A, B, C, D and (from partitioning theory) is (k - 5lC4 _ 1 = (k- 5lC3.
E. Consider a point A, number of straight lines But 1st one in K ways and there is a repetition
that can be drawn through B, C, D and E is of 4 (since these four balls can be selected
(4C2) = 6 straight lines, so from A we can draw when we start with B or C or D so we have to
perpendicular to these 6 straight lines, similarly divide the final answer by 4) hence final answer
we will get 6 perpendiculars from other points
is(k/4)[<k - slC]= k(k-7)(k-6)(k-5)
as well so total number of perpendiculars is
3 4!
6 X 5 = 30.
The maximum number of intersections of these 4. (a, b, c) Number ofred coloured card-30
30 straight lines is (3°C2) = 435, but these 435 Number of blue coloured card-20
points are not distinct means out of 30 straight Number of green coloured card-I 0
lines not all of them are non concurrent. We Point between red and green is 1
have to consider the following cases- Point between red and blue is 2
Case (I): Consider one of the ten lines drawn Point between blue and green is 3
from original 5 points, say this line AB, there Point between same colour is 0
are three perpendiculars are drawn on AB For maximum point, we will keep all the 30 red
from points C, D and E, these 3 perpendiculars coloured points alternately andfill up with blue and
are parallel to each other hence they will not green colour in the vacant place, so total points is
intersect each other, these three point if not 2 X 20 X 2 + 2 X 10 X 1 = 100.
parallel could have intersected at 3 points 5. (a) Ifwe did not consider strips to be the same
hence we lost 3 x 10 = 30 points. when turned around or flipped over, then each
Case (II): Since three altitudes of a triangle of the 5 stripes can be filled with any of 3
intersect each other at a point (Called Ortho colors, or total number of ways is 3 5 making a
center). From the original 5 points we will have grand total of 3 5 possible strips.
(1°C3) = 10 triangles. Consider one of these 10 But the answer must be lesser than 3 5, because
triangles, perpendicular from vertex to opposite when turn the strip around, it matches with one
side (altitude) will intersect at one point instead that has the opposite coloring as explained in
of 3 points, hence from each triangle we lost 2 the question itself.
points so total number of points that we have to The answer is given by adding the number
subtract is 2 x 10 = 20 points. of symmetric cases to the number of non-
Case (III): Consider one of the original 5 symmetric cases divided by 2, so we have
points (say A) since from A we have drawn 6 to find the number of symmetric and non-
perpendiculars and these 6 perpendiculars are symmetric cases:
concurrent hence they intersect each other at If we look out carefully then a symmetric strip
one point instead of (6C 2) = 15 points so from has the similar pattern on the right as on the left,
one of this point we lost 15-1 = 14 points, so once we know what's on the left, the pattern
hence total we lost 14 x 5 = 70 points. on the right is determined. There's a different
So total number of points is 435 - 30 - 20 - 70
case with odd and even sized strips. For an
= 11 'i Pnin s
Permutation and Combination 69

are kmdifferent symmetric possibilities and if And 8'00 = (9- 1)'oo =('ooco)(9'oo) - ('ooC,)(999) +
n is odd, n = 2k + 1, there are km+I symmetric ('00C3)(991)+ .. .- ('ooc 99)(9) + ('ooc,oo)(l )]
possibilities. Hence 10 100- 8100
In this case n = 5, so number of symmetric = 2[('00Cl)(999) + (100C3)(997)+ ... + (100C99)(9)]
possibilities are 33 = 27 So required number of numbers is
So required number of ways is 4[1/2(10'00 - 8'00) = 2(10'00 - 8100)
35 + 33 /2 = 135. 7. (b) A number is divisible by 5 if its unit digit is
The number of ways in which we can make a 0 or 5, in this case unit digit is 5.
strip with n strip and k colour is given by Now consider a 7 digit number 7777777 it is
kn+k{n; 1} divisible by 7, in this we have to replace 7 by 5
and then new number should be divisible by 7.
- - ~ - ~ here {x} is the greatest integer
2 When 5 divided by 7 remainder is 5
When 50 divided by 7 remainder is 1
function.
When 500 divided by 7 remainder is 3
6. (a, b, c) P can be selected in 4 ways When 5000 divided by 7 remainder is 2
Number of numbers when 9 is used once is When 500000 divided by 7 remainder is 6
4('00C1)(999) When 5000000 divided by 7 remainder is 4
Number of numbers when 9 is used thrice is Number is divisible by 7 if sum of 2 or more of
4('ooC)(997) the remainders above is divisible by 7.
Similarly number of numbers when 9 is used Since 5 + 2 = 7, so we can replace 7 and 7000
99 times is 4(' 00C99)(9) by 5 and 5000 and the new number is 7775775,
So total number ofnumbers formed is 4[('00CJ applying the similar logic we have following
(999) + ('OOC3)(997)+ .. .+ ('OOC99)(9)] numbers that satisfy above condition-
We know that 10100 = (9+1) 100 =( 100C0)(9 100)+ 7775775, 7757575, 5577775,
('ooC,)(999) + ('ooc)(991)+ ... + ('ooc 99)(9) + 7575575, 5777555, 7755755,
('ooc,oo)(l)] 5755575, 5557755, 7555555
So total 9 such numbers exist.

8. (a) Since number of ways of writing r digit number from n digits with repetition of digits and digits are
in non increasing order is n+r• 1C,
Digits that Number of numbers
Number starting with n r Total
can be used iS n+l'-l cr
6
1 1, 0 2 5 C, = 6 6
2 2, 1, 0 3 5 1
c, = 21 27
8
3 3,2,1,0 4 5 C, = 56 83
4 4,3,2,1 ,0 5 5 9C, = 126 209
5 5,4,3,2,1,0 6 5 10C, = 252 461
6 6,5,4,3,2,1 ,0 7 5 uc, = 462 923
7 7, 6,5,4,3,2,1,0 8 12c, = 792 1715
From 800000 to 855555 5,4,3,2,1,0 6 5 10C, = 252 1967
From 860000 to 863333 3, 2, 1, 0 4 4 1
c. = 35 2002
rd
Next 2003 number is 864000,
2004th number is 864100,
2005th number is 864110
 70 MATHEMATICS
9. (a) If a number is divisible by 15 then it must
be divisible by 3 and 5 so we have following
cases-
Case (I) : Number is in the form of abcl5,
hereat 0, so we have to find number of3 digit
number 'abc' divisible by 3 which is 300. = [2.4.6 ... (2n)][1.3.5 ... (2n-1)]
Case (II) : Number is in the form of ab 150 n!n!
hereat 0, so we have to find number of2 digit = 2n (n!)[1.3.5 ... (2n-1)]
number 'ab' divisible by 3 which is 30
Case (III) : Number is in the form of abl55 n!n!
hereat 0, so we have to find number of2 digit = 2n [1.3.5 .. .(2n-1)]
number 'ab' divisible by 3 which is 30 n!
Case (IV) : Number is in the form of al 5b0 here
12. (a, b, c, d) Let x1 men, x 2 women and x 3 kids
a t 0, so we have to find pair a , b such that
be selected. We have
a + b is divisible by 3 or in other words number
x1 + x2 + x3 = 3n
of2 digit number 'ab' divisible by 3 which is 30.
N = coefficient oft30 in (1 + t + t 2 + ... + t2°)3
Case (V) : Number is in the form of al 5b5 here
= coefficient oft3" in (1 - t20 +1)3 (1 - t)-3
a t 0, so we have to find pair a, b such that a + b
= coefficient of t30 in
gives remainder 1 when divided by 3 or else
(1 - 3t2n+l) (1 + 3cl t + 4C2 t2 + sc3 t3 + ... )
number of2 digit number 'ab' gives remainder
= 3n+2c 3n- 3. n+1cn- l
1 when divided by 3 which is 30, but out of
these 30 numbers consider numbers 31515, = ( 3n + 2)( 3n + 1) ( n + 1) n
3
61515 and 91515 we have already counted in 2 3
case (i) so actual number of numbers in this
caseis30-3=27.
Case (VI) : Number is in the form of 15ab0
1 2 + 6n + 2) = 3n2 + 3n + 1
so we have to find pair a , b such that a+b is =
divisible by 3 which is 34 but out of these 2 (6n
34 numbers consider numbers 15015, 15315, ⇒ N - 1 = 3n2 + 3n = 3n (n + I)
15615 and 15915 we have already counted in 13. (a, c) Letters of the word INTERNATIONAL
case (i) so actual number of numbers in this are (I,I), (N, N, N), (T, T), (A, A), E, R, 0 , L
case is 34 - 4 = 30 5 distinct letters can be chosen in
8
Case (VII): Number is in the form of 15ab5, so C5= 56 ways.
we have to find pair a , b such that a+b is gives Two identical letters and 3 distinct letters can
be chosen in (4C) (7C3) = 140 ways.
remainder 1 when divided by 3 which is 33,
Two sets of identical letters and one distinct
but out of these 34 numbers consider numbers
letter can be chosen in (4C2) (6C 1) = 36 ways.
15155 we have already counted in case (iii)
Three identical and two distinct letters can be
so actual number of numbers in this case is
chosen in (1C) CC) = 7 ways.
33 -1 = 32
Three identical and two other identical letters
So total number of numbers is can be chosen in (1C 1) (3C 1) = 3 ways.
300 + 30 + 30 + 30 + 27 + 30 + 32 = 479 Thus, the required number of ways is 56 + 140
10. (a) Since 7 coupons numbered from 1 to 9 + 36 + 7 + 3 = 242
so that '9' is selected at least once. Thus total 14. (a, b, c) INTERMEDIATE has 3 E's, 2 I's and
number of favourable ways are, 97- 87 2 T's and A, D, M, N, R one each, thus total of
=> Required probability = 97 - 87 12 letters. If words start with I and end with E
11. (a, b, c) Out of2n places we just have to choose i.e. I x xxxxxx xxx E; the ten places (shown by
n places for boys and at the remaining places cross) has to be filled with 2 E 's and 2 T's and
we arranl! !!irls . This an he do e 2°C w vs. 6 isti 1 ers.
Permutation and Combination 71

10! Case (III) : If number is made up with two

Numbers of words = , = 907200 digits, one digit occurs 4 times while other
212
occurs 2 times. Two digits can be selected in
If vowels and consonants occupy their original 5
C 2 = IO ways then there are two ways they
places, then can interchange and these numbers can be
6 vowels (E, E, E, I, I, A) can be arranged in arranged in (6!)/(4!)(2!) = 15 ways, so number
61 of numbers in this case is 2 x 15x 10 = 300.
- at tb err
. ongma
. . I p Iaces.
3!2! Case (IV) When all the digits are same:- we
6 consonant (N, T, T, M, D, R) can be arranged will get 5 such numbers.
6 Total number of numbers is
. - ! at their
m . ongma
. . 1p Iace.
900 + 200 + 300 + 5 = 1405
21 6! 6! 16. (370.76)
Numbers of words = x ! = 21600
3121 2 To find the summation of the given situation
If vowels and consonants occur alternatively, refer to question number 7 and 8 of Concept
then 6 vowels can be arranged in 6 places, Deviator (CD)
6! Required summation is the sum of all the 3
digit numbers minus the answers of question
3!2!
number 7 and 8 of Concept Deviator (CD)
ExE xEx l Sum of all the three digit numbers is
6 consonants can be arranged in 5 places shown
by crosses and one place either
999 X 1000 _ 99 X 100 =
494550
6 2 2
Extreme left or extreme right in ! x 2 ! So required summation is
2!
494550- 69375 - 54400 = 370775
6! 6!
Numberofwords = - x - x2 ! = 43200 17. (7.29)
3!2 ! 3! We have following 4 cases -
If all the vowels occur together, then group Case (I): Assume that number ends with 8,
of 6 vowels taken together will be considered then number must be in the form of ab28, ab48,
one and 6 consonants can be arranged in ways. ab68, ab88 for numbers ab28 and ab48, b must
[There are two T's] be one of the following (2, 4, 6 & 8) while for
6! numbers ab68 and ab88 b must be one of the
But 6 vowels can be arranged in ways. following (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) hence the number of
312 1
numbers in this case is
71 61
Number of words = ___: x -·- = 151200 (9 X 4 X 2)+ (9 X 5 X 2) = 72 + 90 = 162
2! 3!2! Case (II): Assume that number ends with
⇒ (d) is wrong. 6, then number must be in the form of ab 16,
15. (14.05) ab36, ab56, ab76, and ab96 for numbers ab36
We have following cases- and ab76, b must be one of the following (2, 4,
Case (I) : If number is made up with three 6 & 8) while for numbers ab 16, ab56 and ab76,
digits occurring twice. Three digits can be b must be one of the following (1 , 3, 5, 7, 9)
selected in 5C 3 = 10 ways and these numbers hence the number of numbers in this case is
can be arranged in (6!)/(2!)(2!)(2!) = 90 ways, (9 X 4 X 2) + (9 X 5 X 3) = 72 + 135 = 207
so number of numbers in this case is Case (III): Assume that number ends with 4,
90 X 10 = 900. then number must be in the form of ab24, ab44,
Case (II) : If number is made up with two ab64, and ab84, for numbers ab24 and ab64,
digits occurring thrice. Two digits can be b must be one of the following (1 , 3, 5, 7, 9)
selected in 5C2 = 10 ways and these numbers while for numbers ab44, and ab84, b must be
can be arranged in (6!)/(3!)(3!) = 20 ways, so one of the following (2, 4, 6 & 8) hence the
number of numbers in this case is number of numbers in this case is
'"I V 1 f\ - ,..,(\I"\ (0 x <; x ') + 0 x .1 x ')\ = 0 + 7') = 1 F,')
 72 MATHEMATICS
Case (IV): Assume that number ends with 2, Since total number of outcome is 6 6
then number must be in the form of ab 12, ab32, Required number of ways to get a sum greater
ab52, ab72, and ab92 for numbers ab32 and than 17 = 66 - ( 17C ll - 6" C 5)
ab72, b must be one of the following (1 , 3, 5, = 46656- 12376 -6 X 462 = 31508.
7, 9) while for numbers ab 12, ab52 and ab72, 20. {1000)
b must be one of the following (2, 4, 6 & 8) Let a particular customer buys ice creams
hence the number of numbers in this case is Vanila, Strawberry, Chocolate and Butter
(9 X 5 X 2) + (9 X 4 X 3) = 90 + 108 = 207 Scotch of a, b , c and d numbers then from the
So total number of numbers formed is given condition O < a + b + c + d :'.S 10.
162 + 207 + 162 + 198 = 729
18. {4.90) Let us assume a dummy variable k such that
Since sum of the digits is 10 and a + b + c + d + k = 10 then number of integral
0 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 so sum of the remaining two solution of this equation is 10+ 5 - 1C 5_ 1 = 14C4
digits must be 4 and possible combination for 14! 14 x 13 x 12 x ll
- - - = - - - - - - = 1001.
this is ( 4 !)(10 !) 24
(0, 4), (1 , 3) and (2,2)
But there is one case when k = 10 then
So we have following three cases-
a + b + c + d = 10, this case is not applicable
Case (I): If digits {0, 0, 1,2,3,4} so number of
case hence required answer is 1001- 1 = 1000.
numbers in this case is 4 x(5!)/2 = 240
Case (II): If digits {0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3} so number
21. (1)
Let A,, t = l , 2, .. .... 6 be the set of days on
of numbers in this case is
which the friend is present at dinner and B, be
(5!)/(2 !)(2!) + 2(5!)/2! = 150
the set of days on which the friend is absent at
When 1st digit is 2 then number of numbers is
(5!)/(2!)(2!) and when 1st digit is either 1 or 3 dinner. Then I A,I = IB,I = 7
then number of numbers is 2(5!)/2! Also I Az- n Aj I= 7, I Az- n Aj n Ak I= 4
Case {III) : If digits {0, 1,2, 2, 2,3 } so number
I Ai n Aj n Ak n A1 I= 3,
of numbers in this case is
I Az- n Aj n Ak n A1 n Am I= 2 and
2(5!)/(3!) + (5!)/2 = 40+60= 100
So total number of numbers is I A1 n A2 n A3 n ~ n A5 n ~ I= 1
240 + 150 + 100 = 490
Where i, j , k, I, m, vary from 1 to 6 and are
19. {31508)
distinct. Now the number of dinners at which
Let x., x2, ••• , x6 be the number that appears on
at least one friend w as present
the six dies.
As per the given condition x 1+ x 2 + x 3 + ... + x6 = I A1 uA2 u ........ u~ I
:'.S 17.
Introducing a dummy variable x7 (0 :'.S x7) the
= LIA; 1-:~) Ai nAj I+ L I Az- nAj nAk I
inequality becomes an equation -LIA; nAj nAk nA1 I+ LI A; nAj nAk
x 1 + x2 + ... + x 6 + x 7 = 17.
Here 1 :'.S x; :'.S 6 where i = 1, 2, ... , 6 and O:'.S x7. nA1 nAm I-I A1 nA2 n ...... n~ I
So that No. of solution = 6q x 7 - 6
c2 x 5 + 6c3 x 4- 6c4
= coefficient ofx 17 in ( x + x 2 + ... + x6 ) 6
6 6
(1 + x + x2 + x3 + ...) x3 + C5 x 2 - C6 x 1 = 13
= coefficient ofx" in (1 - x 6) 6 (1 - x)-7
Total number of dinners is I A, I + IB, I
= coefficient ofx" in (1- 6x6) (1- x)-7
= 7+7 = 14
= coefficient ofx11 in (I - 6x6) (I + 7C 1x + :. Number of dinners the person had alone
... + 10c4x4 + "Csx5 + ... l7Cllx" + ... ) = 14 - 13 = 1
= 17(' _ ,. ll
Permutation and Combination 73

22. (4) max (A, B) = 3, max (A, C) = max (B, C) = 4

The terminal digit in the different powers of 3 max (R, S) = max (R, T) = max (S, T) = 3.
and 7 are as follows : We can choose R, S, Tin following ways
1
3 =3 (1) R=S=T=3inlways
2
3 =9 33 = ......... 7 (2) Two of R, S and T are 3 and one is 2 in 3
{ 3: :······3
3 - ...... 3
36 = .......9 37 = ........ . ways
(3) Two of R, S and Tare 3 and one is 1 in 3
34= ......... l ways
8 (4) Two of R, Sand Tare 3 and one is O in 3
3 = .........1
ways
So, R, Sand T can be selected in IO ways
Now, we can choose A, B , C in following ways
72 = 9 73 = .........3
6 7 ( 1) C is necessarily 4
7 = .......9 7 =.........3 (2) One of A and B is 3 and other 2 in two
ways
74 = ......... .l (3) One of A and B is 3 and other 1 in two
78 = .......... 1 ways
(4) One of A and B is 3 and other O in two
m = l; n=l, 5, 9, 13, 17,} 5 pairs ways
m = 2; n=4, 8, 12, 16, 20,} 5 pairs (5) A = B = 3 in one way
So, A, B, and C can be selected in 7 ways
m = 3; n=3, 7, 11, 15, 19,} 5 pairs
So, the required number = 10 x 7 = 70.
m = 4; n =2, 6, 10, 14, 18,} 5 pairs 24. (A) ➔ r; (B) ➔ p; (C) ➔ s; D ➔ q
(A) Number of ways of selecting at least two
m = 20; n=2, 6, 10, 14,18,} 5 pairs boys is 6C2 + 6C3 + 6C4 + 6C5 + 6C6
Since we know that 6C0 + 6C 1 + 6C2 + 6C3 + 6C4
:. required (m, n) pairs= 20 x 5 = 100 pairs + 6C5 + 6C6 = 26 hence 6C2 + 6C3 + 6C4 + 6C5 +
ALTERNATIVELY: 6
C 6 = 64 - 1 - 6 = 57 ways.
End digits in power of3 and 7 repeat in cycle of4 Similarly number of ways of selecting at least
3m ➔ 34k = 1 34k+I = 3 34k+2 = 9 34k+3 = 7 two girls is 4C2 + 4C 3 + 4C4
Since we know that 4C0 + 4C 1 + 4C2 + 4C3 + 4C4
7n ➔ 74k = 1 74k+I = 7 74k+2 = 9 74k+3 = 3
= 24 hence 4 C2 + 4C3 + 4C4
So the numbers {l, 2, 3, ... , 20} can be divided = 16 - 1 - 4 = 11 ways.
into 4 sets Hence total number of ways is 57 x 11 = 627
4ktype {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} =A A➔r
4k + 1 type {1, 5, 9, 13, 17} = B (B) Mangoes can be selected in 4 ways (either
4k + 2 type {2, 6, 10, 14, 18} = C 1 or 2or 3or 4 mangoes) similarly Bananas
4k + 3 type {3, 7, 11 , 15, 19} = D and apples can be selected in 5 and 4 ways
Now 3m + 7" is divisible by 10, if end digit of respectively, so total number of ways is
the number is 0. 4 X 5 X 4 = 80
Thus if m E A then n E C, if m E B then n E B B ➔p
if m E C then n E A , if m E D then n E D (C) Mangoes can be selected in 4 ways ( either
So, desired number of ordered pairs (m, n) 1 or 2or 3or 4 mangoes) similarly Bananas
= 5 X 5 + 5 X 5 + 5 X 5 + 5 X 5 = 100 and apples can be selected in 4 and 2 ways
23. (7) respectively, so total number of ways is
1000 = 23.53 , 2000 = 2 4 .53 4 X 4 X 2 = 32
A R B S C T C➔s
So, a=2 .5 ,b =2 .5 ,c =2 .5 ,
 74 MATHEMATICS
(D) Student will fail the exam if he has (D) The first rook can be placed in 64 ways,
answered either 0, or 1, or 2 questions, this can and the second rook cannot be placed in the
be done in 6C0 + 6C 1 + 6C 2 same row or the same column. So, it has 7 rows
= 1 + 6 + 15 = 22 ways. and 7 columns left for it. It can be placed in
D➔q 7 x 7 = 49 ways.
25. (A) ➔ s; (B) ➔ r; (C) ➔ p; D ➔ q But the order in which the rooks are placed is
(A) In the grid we have 11 parallel lines in one not important. So, it will be divided by 2!
set of parallel lines and another set of parallel Total number of ways= 64 x 49/2 = 1568
lines has 11 parallel lines. To get a rectangle D➔q
we have to select 2 lines from 11 parallel lines 26. (c) Since there are 5 alphabets between A and B.
hence number of such rectangle is One number from A or B can be selected in 2
"C2 X "C2 = (11 X 10/2)2 = 3025 ways.
A➔ s 1st letter can be placed at 1st, 2 nd, or at 20th
(B) Since the total number of squares that can position so in 20 ways,
be found within an m x n chessboard (m > n) is Then remaining 24 letters can be arranged in
given by the formula: (24!) ways.
2n3 +3n 2 +n (m-n)(n)(n+l) So total number of ways is
-----+ --~--- (2)(20)(24!) = 40(24!)
6 2
27. (b) From the solution of previous question
Herem = 12 and n = 10 hence required number
0 letters between A and B then number of ways
of squares is 2 x 1000 + 300 + 10 + (2)(10)(11) is 2(25)(24!) = 50(24!)
6 2 1 letter between A and B then number of ways
385 + 110 = 495 is 2(24)(24!) = 48(24!)
B ➔r 2 letters between A and B then number of ways
(C) Number ofrectangles is 12c2 x 12
c 2 is 2(23)(24!) = 46(24!)
2
llx12) And so on 20 letters between A and B then
= (- - = 66 X 66 = 4356
2 number of ways is 2(5)(24!) = 10(24!)
C➔p So total number of ways is
(24!)(50 + 48 + 46 + . .... + 10) = 630(24!)
 Binomial
Theorem
~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct
1. If n is a positive integer then which of the following could be the value of
2 2 2 2

+ s[~c) + 27 [ ~c) + 64 [!c) + . .. +(n3) ( + ]

2
•
[ ~c)
0C ,c 2C 3C (n-1f

(a) 1210 (b) 1440 (c) 2366 (d) 3185

n
2. L ncr sinrxcos(n-r)x is equal to
r=O
(a) 2°-1 sin(n - l)x (b) 2° sin nx (c) 211--t sin nx (d) None of these
3. The va1ue of nc O. 2ncr -
nr
'-'J ·
2n-2c r + nc . 2n-4Cr + . . . + (- l)n ncn 2n-2nc n IS
2
.

(a) 2211--r+ 1 °Cr-n' if r > n (b) 220--r °Cr-n' if r > n

(c) lifr < n (d) 0ifr < n
n 2n n
2
4. If ( l+x+x ) = Larxr ,then I(-1)' a/ C, is/are equal to
r=O r=O
(a) 0 ifn is not a multiple of3 (b) 0 ifn is a multiple of3
(c) °Cn13 if n is not a multiple of 3 ( d) °Cn13 if n is a multiple of 3

5. Consider f(n) = ((2n+1lc) + ((2n+1c)(i3) + ((2n+gc)(26 ) 2 9

+ (( n+~c)(2 ) + ... + (~:: i'? c)(2
3
n)
When/(n) divided by 5 then which one of the following is true about the remainder
(a) Remainder is same as remainder when n divided by 5
(b) Remainder can not be equal to 0
(c) Remainder is independent of n
(d) None of these

6. Consider f ( k) = ( 2:~ C )-( 2k:~ C) ,which of the following is true about/ (k)
(a) f (k) divides 23k but does not divide 23k+ I for all k
(b) f(k) divides 23k but does not divide 23k+ l only for certain values ofk
(c) f (k) divides 23k but does not divide 23k+ 1 only if k < N here N is a 3 digit natural number.
(d) None of these
 76 ------------------- MATHEMATICS

151250270]
7. Find the remainder of
[ 3293
(a) 2068 (b) 1057 (c) 2287 (d) 228
8. Find 1st two non-zero digits of 147 !
(a) 42 (b) 48 (c) 64 (d) 84
2 2 2
9. If (1 + x) n = aa + a1x + azx + ... + aznx n then find the value of

(b) (2n+l)2n nn+l

(d) None of these
2n! (c) (2n + 1)!

10. Values ofr satisfying the equation 69c 3r-l - 69 c; = 69c ; _1 - 69 c 3r is

(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 0 (d) 9
11. 2 2 2
If(1 + x + x )n = a 0 + a 1x + ½X + .... + a2nx n, then the value ofa0 + a 3 + a6 + .... is [n is a multiple of3]
(a) a0 + ½ + a 6 + .... = a 1 + a4 + a-, + .... (b) a0 + a 3 + a 6 + .... =½ + a 5 + a 8 + ....
(c) a 1 + a4 + a 7 + .... =3n--l (d) a 1 + ½ + a4 + a 5 +a-, ....= 2(3n-- 1)
12. Suppose Xi ,Xz, ... ,xn(n > 2) are real numbers such that X; = -xn-i+I for 1" i" n. Consider the sum

Sn = LLLX;X;Xk(1 ~ i, j,k ~ n) (i,j,kdistinct) then which of the following is true?

(a) S10 = 121 (c) S14 =0

13. Which of the following is correct?
(a) (101)100 > (100)101 (b) (26)25 < (25)26
(c) (300)299 < (299)300 (d) (198)199 < (199)19s
14. n is selected from the set {1 , 2, 3, ... .100} and the number 2n + 3n + 5n is formed. Then total number
of ways of selecting n
(a) so that the formed number is divisible by 4 is 49
(b) so that the formed number is divisible by 4 is 50
(c) so that the formed number is divisible by 4 (where n is even) is 48
(d) so that the formed number is divisible by 4 (where n is odd) is 30
15. Ifx 1, x 2, ..........xn are independent variables such that sum of coefficient of

( nqxl + nc2 (xi+ x2 )2 + nC3 (xi +x2 +x3 )2 + ...... .. + ncn ( xi +x2 + ......xn)2 r 2
is ( n(n + l) f 2n - kn ,

then k is.
(a) More than 5 (b) Less than 7 (c) Even number (d) Odd number
16. 6 2 3 3
Coefficient ofx in ((1 + x ) (1 + x )2 (1 + x ) .. . (1 + xnt) is
(a) 35 when n=lO (b) 28 when n=20
(c) even integer when n= 15 (d) odd integer when n=30

17. Let (I + x + x
2
t = ao + a ,x + a2x 2......... + a2nx2n , where n is odd integer, if
S 1 = a 0 + a4 + a 8 + .. .... .
S2 = a 1 + a 5 + a 9 + ..... ..
s,, = a? + a6 + a10 + ...... .
Binomial Theorem 77

S4 = a3 + a7 + a 11 + ....... then
(a) S 1 = S3
(c) S2 + S4 = 0 (d) either S 1 = S2 = S3 or S1 = S3 = S4

18. The value of L

k=O
7
G) f (r) (14)1
(1:)
14

k , , whe,e ,
(n) denotes
n
c,".

(a) 67 (b) greater than 76 (c) 87 (d) greater than 78

~ Numeric Value Answer

19. Let an =
n 1 n r
L- ,Let Pn = L- for n = 10, and k =
r=O ncr r=O ncr
p
___!!..
an
•
Find the value of k/4
20. s = a + (a+ d) + (a+ 2d) + ......+(a+ nd) and
A=a+(a+dlCi +(a+2d)nc + ..... +(a+nd)ncn thenforn= 10
2
if, llA = llKS the find K.

21. If ( 1+ 2x + 2x 2 r = ao + a1x + a2x 2 + ... + a2nx 2" where n is even, then find the value of

22. If a and p are the roots of equation x2 + 4x + p = 0 where p =

r=O
n
L Iler (
l+rx
l + nx
r (-1)
r
then the value of
I a-p 1/5 is ..... .

(I) Integer Answer

23. Find the value of ~ +
41 c
C4
3

J=O
50- 1Ci
L, -57- - + L,
C53
5

k=0
56- kc
57
53

C4
-k
•
24. If the expansion of (1 + x + x2)0 be written as ao + a1x + aix2 + ... + ainx2n, then the value of

ao + a1 + ~ + a4 + a6 + ~ + ....f n 1s
---------- 1
. a mu1tip
. l e of3 .
ai+a5+ag+ ...
25. The last non-zero digit in the sum 2 I, L,i •/ 0 • c/0ck is
05ai<j5an

26. (l+x)(l+x+x2 )(1+x+x2 +x3 ) •• •• (l+x+x2 + .. . +x100 )

when written in the ascending power of x, then the highest exponent of x is A. find the remainder when
)., is divided by 9.
 78 ------------------- MATHEMATICS
27. Let us define D(n) = sum of all the digits of n (Digital sum of number n)
So D(lO) = 1 + 0 = 1
D(7896) = 7 + 8 + 9 + 6 = 30
Then find D(D(D(44444444)))

g-.. .:
28.

(A)
Match the Following

Column I
me1 ncm - me 2 2ncm + me3 3ncm--· is (p)
Column II

The coefficient of xm in the expansion of

•
(( 1 + x)n - l )m
(B) nc + n--Ic + n--Zc + + me is
m m m ··· m
(q) The coefficient of xm in
(1
+x
rl
X

(C) Coen+ C1Cn- l + ...+ cncO is (r) The coefficient of xn in (1 + x)2n

(D) 2m nco - 2m-l n- 1Cm- I .. . (-l)il ncm (s) The coefficient of xm in the expansion of
n- mcn is (1 +x)Il
29.
Column I Column II
(A) IfC0 , C 1 , C 2 ........ en are the binomial coefficients in the (p) = 4n _ 3n
expansion of (1 + x)n, n being even, then C 0 + (C O+ C 1) +
(Co + C 1 + Cz) + ............+ (Co + C I + Cz + ... .... .. + Cn-1 )
is equal to
(B) The coefficient of xn in polynomial (q) n · 2n--t
(x + 2n+ICo)(x + 2n+IC1) (x + 2n+tc,, ....... .....(x 2n+ICn) in
(C) For n > 3, 1 · 2°Cr - 2 · 3°Cr- ]+ ....... + (-l Y (r + l )(r + 2) is: (r) 2. n- 3c
r
(s) 22n
(D) L rn= 1(L r- 1
p=O ncr rep 2P) is equal to

f Passage Based Questions

Passage-I
If nc0, nc1, nc2,... , ncn denote the binomial coefficients in the expansion of( l + x)Il and a + b = I , then
n
•
30. Find the value of L rnc,a'bn- r is
r=O
(a) na2 (b) nab (c) na (d) None of these
31. If nc0 , nCi , nc2 , .... , ncn denote the binomial coefficients m the expansion of (1 + x) 0 and

p + q = 1, then ~>
n

r=O
2
nC,p' qn- , is

(a) np (b) npq (d) None of these

Binomial Theorem 79

Passage-II
n 2n
Porn EN,weput ( l+x+x2 ) =La, x'.
r=O
32. Which of the following is true?

(a) ar = an- r (b) a2r = an- r

(c) ar = a2n--r (d) None of these
33. Value of 2(a0 + a 1 + ...+ an--1) is
(a) 22n--l (b) 30
3n 3n -1
(c) (d)
2 2

RESPONSE SHEET

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7. 0®©® 8. 0®©® 9. 0®©®
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13. 0®©® 14. 0®©® 15. 0®©®
16. 0®©® 17. 0®©® 18. 0®©®
19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24.

25. 26. 27.

28. IAI IBI lei 1° 1 29. IAI IB I lei 1° 1

30. 0®©® 31. 0®©® 32. 0®©®
33. 0®©®
 80 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ -----&I' '

3. (b, d) We have
1. nco. 2nc, _ nc,. 2n- 2c, + nc2. 2n-4c, +

... + (-1r ncn 2n- 2ncn

n
= ~)(n - k + 1)2 =
n
L,k[(n + 1)2 - 2
2k(n + 1) + k ]
= Coefficient of xr in

[
n Co (1 + xr - nc; (1 + xr-
+nC2(1+xr-4 - ... +(-lr ncn(l+xr-2n
2
l
k=I k=I

= Coefficient ofxr in [(1 + x)2 - 1J

k=I k=I k=I
= Coefficient of xr in (2x + x 2}°
=(n+l)2. n(n/1) _ 2 (n +l)· n(n+1~(2n+l) = Coefficient of xr- n in (2x + x)D
= 22n-r ncr- n, l"f r > n
2 {
n (n + 1)2 0, if r < n
+ 4
4. (a, d) We have,
1
= n(n ; )2 [6(n+l) -4(2n+1)+3n]
1
(1 + X + x
2
r 2
= <1o + a1x + ~x + ... + ~ nx n
2
.... (i)
2
n (n + 1)2 ( ) _ n (n + 2) (n + 1) And (x-1)°
= 12 . 11 + 2 - 12
= nCoXn - nC1Xn- l + nC2Xn- 2 - ... + (-lr nCnxn
Now ifwe put n = 10 then
..... (ii)
10xl2xllxll = 1210
Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
12
(1 +x+x2)(x -1)"
If n = 11 then 11 X 12 X 12 X 13 = 1716 = (ao + alx + ar2 + ...+ a2nx2n) X
12
{nc<rn - nclxn-1 + ncnxn-2 _ ... + (-l)n ncn}
Ifn = 12then 12x13x13 x 14 =2366 ⇒ (x3 - l)n
12
= (ao + alx + a2x2 + ...+ a2nx2n)
Ifn = 13 then 13 x 1\ ; 14 x 15 = 3185 X {ncoXn - nc,xn- l + ...+ (-1)° ncn} ... (iii)
Now, coefficient of x0 on RHS of Eq. (iii)
n
2. (c)Wehave, L nC,sinrxcos(n - r)x = aonCo - a(Ci + ~nC2 - ... + (-1r a/Cn
r=O
LHS of Eq. (iii)
= ½[(nc, sin Ox cos nx + nc, sin nx cos Ox)

+ ( n C, sin X cos (n - 1) X + nCn-l sin (n - 1) X · COS X)

=(-1f(1-x r
3
=(-1ri nc,(- x )'
r=O
3

+ ... + ( ncn sin nx cos Ox+ nc0 sin Ox cos nx)1

1 [ nc0 SID
=2 · nx + nr · nx + ... + n
"1 SID cn SID
· nx] r=O
Clearly, if n is not a multiple of 3, then x" does
= 21 [ nC0 + nCI + ... + nCn ] Sill 2 nx
• nx = 2n sin not occur in Eq. (iv).
:. (Coefficient of x" in LHS) = 0, when n is
n
: . ""
LJ ncr sm
· rx cos (n - r ) x = 2n- 1sm
, nx not a multiple of 3. Ifn is a multiple of3 i.e., if
n = ~rn thPn
Binomial Theorem 81

= (-1)3m (-1r 3m cm =3mcm =ncn/3

[since n = 3m]
Thus, equation the coefficients of x 0 on both
sides, we get 3 )2n+l 3
So 2 2 + 1 = A+ 2 2 B ... (i)
aonCo - atC1 +a2nC2 - a/C3 +... +(-lf an ncn (

= {O, if n is not a multiple of 3

n Cn13 , if n is multiple of 3 Then ( 2~ - lrn+l = - A+ 2~ B ... (ii)

5. (b)Here f L (g;:8c)(23k)
(n) = Multiply equations (i) and (ii) we get
(7)2n+I = 8B2 - A2
Since the binomial coefficient ( g;:i]c) is the We know that square of a number when divided
by 5 gives remainder either 0, 1 or 4
2nd, 4th, 6th terms of the expansion (x + y)2 n+ I Similarly when (7)2n+ I divided by 5 gives
l remainder (-1)0 (2)
Now for x = 22 & y = 1 we get So A can not give remainder Owhen divided by 5
So f(n) can not be divisible by 5
6. (d) We know that exponent of 2 in (2°)! 1s
2° -1
We will use the notation
(2n - 1)!! = 1.3 .. .. (2n - 1)

And (2n) !! = 2.4 .... (2n) = (2")(n!)

Using above two results
(2n) = (2n)(n !)(2n -1) ·
Now consider
Grouping the odd and the even terms together
we get 2nC= - 1- ((2n)!)2 = 22n ((2n -l)-}2 !!
n (2n)! n! (2n)!
( 2½ + lrn+l (4n) ! 22n
4n
And znC = 2 = -( -) (4n - !).!!
((2n)!) 2n !
= {((2n+~c)+((2n+1c)(2½r +... +((2(2+~?c)(2½r)}
+{((Zn+l/c)( z½) +((Zn+1c)( 2½r +...+(g;::?c)( 2½r+I)}

= {((2n+2c)+((2n+~c)(2½ J+... +((2(2+~?c)(2½ r"]

+(2½){((2n+'/c) +(C2n+~c)(2½J+... +(&;:;;c)(2½r•)i
Let

A= k2n+~c)+((2n+~c)12½r +... +((2(;~Jc)t2½f")l

 82 MATHEMATICS
By using the property that exponent of 2 in Sincex= 1911 henceR=(3293xl911+1)/3043
(2°)! is 2° - 1 we get- =2068
8. (d) With normal method we will find highest
(2 2
' ) ( 2k - 1) !! power of 5 in 137!
Consider the 1st factor of (i)
(2k)! 5 I 147
5 I 29 _ . R, = 2
exponent of 2 in this is 1
Now the 2 nd factor sI s -.R =4 2

1 -.R3=0
Q1 = T[l46 x 147] = 62
Q2= T[26 x 27 x 28 x 29] = 24
Hence highest power of 5 in 147 ! is
From induction we get for k = 1 highest
P = 29 + 5 + 1 = 35
exponent of 2 is three
So T(l37!) = T[1235] x T[62 x 24]
Let fork = p, highest exponent of 2 is 23P
= T[68 x 62 x 24] = 84
Then that fork= p + 1 is 23 P+3
7. (a) Since 3293 = 89x37 and Euler's Totient 9. {b) Here, a, = 2 n C,
3293(<1>) = 3293(1 - 1/89)(1 - 1/37) = 3168 ⇒ __(!_,_ =
2
n C, = (2n - r + 1)
Hence remainder of [
1
j1~; 8
] is 1
ar -1 2nc
r-1
r

⇒ 1 + __(!_,_ = 2n + 1
When we divide 250270 by 3293 we will get a,_ 1 r
remainder 3166
1s1250270]
Hence required remainder of [ · is ⇒
2
IT n (
1 +~
a ) 2 n (2n + l) (2n +
' = rr~~ = ~~
it
3293 r=I a,-1 r=I r (2n)!
69
c
same as remainder of [
1
j1~; 6
] • Let it be R
10. ( a, b) Given equation is,
= 69c + 10c
C
3r- l
+ 69
3,

.-l- 1 ,.l
3168
.
Hence remamder of [151 ] = [Rx151x151] ⇒ 10c = 10c
3293 3293 3r ,.l

⇒ either 3r = r2 or r2 + 3r = 70
3043R] h. h. l
= [ 3293 W JC JS i.e., either r = 0, 3 or r = 7, - 10
But for r = 0, - 10, the given equation is not
Hence 3043R = 3293x+1 or 3293x+ 1 is defined so ruled out.
divisible by 3043 or 250x+ 1 divisible by 3043 . Hence, r = 3 or 7.
Hence 250x+ 1 = 3043y or 3043y-1 is divisible 11. (a, b, c) Consider the expansion (1 + x + x2}°
by 250 or 43y-l is divisible by 250 = a0 + a I x 2 + + a 2nx20
Or 43y- 1 = 250z or 250z+ 1 is divisible by 43 Put x = co , we get
or 35z+ 1 is divisible by 43
(1 + 0) + 0)2 )°
Or 35z+ 1 = 43p or 43p-1 is divisible by 35 or
8p-1 is divisible by 35 = ao + alco + ½CO2+ ...... + ½ n co2n ... (i)
Or 8p-1 = 35q or 35q+ l is divisible by 8 or Put x = ffi2, we get
3q+ 1 is divisible by 8, q =5 will satisfy this (l+co+co2 )°
condition. = ao + alco2 + ½CO+ ...... + ½n co4n ... (ii)
Since q =5 hence p = (35 x5+1)/8 = 22 Then put x = l , we get
Since p = 22 hence z =(43 x22-1)/35 = 27 3° = a 0 +a 1 + a2 + .... a20 ... (iii)
Since z = 27 hence y = (250x27+1)/43 = 157 Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
Sincey = 157 hence x = (3043x l57- l)/250 = 1911 3° = 3 (a0 + a3 + a6 + .... )
Binomial Theorem 83

⇒ a0 + a 3 + a 6 + ... . = 3n- l ... (iv) 14. (a) If n is odd, then 3n = 4A 1 -1, 5n = 4A2 + 1
Now, subtracting (ii) from (i), we have ⇒ 2n + 3n + 5n is divisible by 4 if n ~ 2
(co - co2)(a 1 - a2 + a 4 - as+ ... ) = 0 Thus n = 3, 5, 7, ... 99
As co - co2 = 0, so ⇒ Total numbers = 49
a 1 + a 4 + ... = a2 + as + . ... .. .(v) Ifn is even, then 3n = 4A 1 + 1, 5n = 4A2 + 1
Now, subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get ⇒ 2n + 3n + 5n will be in the form of 4A + 2
a 1 + a 2 + a4 + as + ...... = 3° - 3n-l = 2(3n-1) which is not divisible by 4.
⇒ 2(a 1 + a4 + a-, + ... )= 2(3n- 1) 15. {b, c) Sum of coefficient

12.
Or a 1 + ½ + a4 + as + a 7 ....= 2(3°-1)
(b, c) Since i, j,k are distinct, n-i + 1, ( ncl + 22 nC2 + ......n2 ncn r
= ( n(n+ 1)2n-2 r
n - j + 1, n - k + I are also distinct and they all 2
lie from I to n. Now, =(n(n + l)f 2n -2n

S = LLL(-xn-i+1)(-xn-j+I)(-xn-k+i) ⇒ k=2
16. (b, c) Coefficient of x 6 in
= - LLLxixJxk = -S ⇒ S = 0 for all n
= 1 x 6 cl + 1 x sci + 1 x 2cl x 3 cl + 2cl
13. {b, c) We note that each option is of the form x 4 c 1 + 3 c2 = 28
(n+lf > or < nn+l 17. (a, d)
t
(1+x+ x 2 = ao +a1x+a2x 2 + ... +a2nx2n
... (i)
Now, (n + lf = _!_[1+_!._]n
nn+l n n 3n +l
2 ⇒ ao + a2 +a4 ... = - 2 -
But [1 + _!._]n =l+n._!_+ n(n + l)(_!._)
n n 2! n 3n -1
a1 + a3 +as ·· · =-2-
3
+ n(n + l)(n+2)(_!_) + .........
3! n Put x = i in equation (i) where i = ~
If n = 4m + 1
1 1 _!_(1
= + +
2!
+ _!_) + _!_(1-!)(1-3-) + ......
n 3! n n
⇒ a 1 - a 3 +as .... = 1
a0 - a 2 + a4 .... = 0
3n + 1
Clearly, (1 +~r > 2 So, a1 + a s +ll<J .. . = - - = S2
4
l)n 1 1 1 3n -3
Also ( 1 + - < 2+ - + + + ..... ..oo a3 +a7 +a11 ... = - 4- = S4
n 2 2 2 3
2
1 Similarly if n = 4m + 3
= 2 + ~ = 3, provided n > 3 Then,
3n -3 3n + 1
S2 = - - and S4 = - -
1-- 4 4
2

... 2 < (l + ~ r < 3

18. (a, b) ±(1: Ck
k=O Ck r=k
f
rck . 14cr )

⇒ -2 < -1 ( 1 + -1 )n < -3 <1, for n > 3 = ± ( 7ck x[k!l4- k f 1H )

k .
n n n n k=O JH r=k [! lr-k lr!l4-r

_._(n + lf < l ⇒ (n+lf < nn+l f or n > 3

nn+l
Which is satisfied only by the option (b) and (c)
 84 MATHEMATICS

= ±
k=O
7 ck . 214-k = 214 ±
k=O
7 ck (½)k
Now,
A= a+(a+d) nq +(a+ 2d) nc2 +

..... +(a+ndf Cn
=214 .(1+1r =67 >76

r=O
19. (1.25)
n I =a[t ncr ]+d[tr. ncr]
We have an = L-- :n = IO
r=O ncr

=
{
2
( n/ )-l [
L -1
r=o n Cr
l
+- - +--
n Cn-r
1
n CI 2
} 1
= a.2n + d.n 2n-l

[·: f
R=O
r Cr = 2n' ±
r=O
r ncr = n 2n-l]

= (2a + nd)2n-I

l
(n/2)-1 2 } l
= L - +-
={ n;1(2a+nd)}{n!I x2n-l}
r=o n Cr n Cn12

l
(n/2)-1 2 } l
=2 L - +- - ... (i)
r=o n Cr n Cn12
:. (n+I)A =2n S
So for n = 10, llA = 1024S so K=l0.24
21. (80.64)
L _r_+ n-r } +-n__
= (n/2)-1{ 12
2)n = a +a xa x 2 + ... +a2nX2n
r=O ncr ncr ncn/2 ( 1+2x+2x 0 1 2
... (i)
Replace x by - x
={nil~}+ n
r=O nCr 2.ncn/2
(1 - 2x +2x
2
r 2
= ao - a1x+a2x - ... +a2nX n
2

=i[{J ,~J+ ,LH",

Hence,
[U,filg(i)J :. ao½n - ala2n--J "·
... (ii)

= coefficient ofx2n in the product ofRHS of(i)

and (ii)
n r n
= coefficient ofx2n in the product ofLHS
L - =- anforall neN

20.
r=Oncr 2
Sok = 5
(10.24)
We have
= coefficientofx2nin [(1+2x

i.e. in (1 + 4x4}°
2
)2 -(2x}2r
s = a+(a +d)+(a +2d)+ ...... +(a+nd) = coefficient ofyn in (1+4y2}° where x2 = y
n+l[
⇒ s =-- 2a+(n+l-l)d ] = ncn · 2n (n is even)
2
2
n+l
⇒ s= -- (2a+nd)
2
For n = 10, K = 8064
Binomial Theorem 85

22. (0.80)
n ( -1 )r n (- 1( rx
P= L ncr · 1+ nx
r=0
L
+ ncr (l
r=0 +nx
)r
n 2
⇒ 2S = (n2n-l), (n2n- 1)- Li2 (nc; )
=(1--1-)n
l+nx
+x±
r=l
n-lC
r -1
(-lr X
(l+nxr where
n
LP( C;)
n
2
i=0

is the coefficient ofx 0 in the

i=0
n-1
1
product of n(l + xf- n ( 1 + ~ )

=O Coefficient of x0 in the product of

:. la-131 = 4 n2 (1 + Xr-2
l
23. (1) Let -----, Coefficient of xn-1 in the
xn-1

£ = _1_[47 C +~ 50-Jr + ~ 56-kc53- k product of n 2(1 + x)2n- l = n2 2n-2cn-l

57 4 ~ '-'3 ~
C4 J=O k=O :. 2S = n2{22n- 2 - 2n-2cn-1}- For n = 10, we
have2S = 1OO{2 18 - 18C9 }
Last digit in 2 18 is 4 and that the last digit in
18C is zero (0).
9
Hence, last non-zero digit in 2' 8 - 18½ is 4.
26. (1)
= 57~ [47C4 +(47C3 + 48½ + 49½ + SOC:i) Highest exponent in the product of first two is
4
3 = 1 +2
+(s'C:i + s2c3 + s3c3 + 54½ + ss½ + s6C:i )] highest exponent in the product of first three is
6=1+2 + 3
s1 C Similarly, Highest exponent in the product of
= --
4 =l first hundred = 1 + 2 + ..... + 100 = 5050
s1 C4
Required remainder is 1
24. (2) 27. (7)
Since, Since D(4444) = 16 and D(16) = 7
(1 +x+x2r = llo +a,x+aix2 + ... +ainx2n So 4444 = 7 (mod 9)
Since 7 1 = 7 (mod 9)
.... (i) 72 = 4 (mod 9)
Substituting x = ro, ro2 and 1 and then, adding 73 = 1 (mod 9)
them together a0 + a3 + a6 + ... = 3n-l So 74444 = 7 (mod 9)
Multiplying Eq. (i) by x 2 and then repeating the Or 44444444 = 7 (mod 9)
same process agam · a + a + a + ... = 3n-l
1 4 7 Let N = 44444444
⇒ llo + a3 + a6 + · · · = a1 + a4 + ~ + · · · Then log N = 4444 log 4444 < 4444 log 104
= a2 +a5 +a8 + . .. = 4444 X 4 = 17776
So N bas at most 17776 digits
. h . d . . 2 · 3n-l
S mce t e reqmre ratio 1s - -1- =2 So D(N) must be less than or equal to
3n-
9 x l 7776 = 159984
25. (4) Let S = L Li· J · nc; · ncj Since D(D(44444444)) = D((N))
0:5.i<j:5.n Consider all the natural numbers less than
159984, maximum digital summation is of
n n n 2
= LLi· J · n C; · n C1 - S+ L i2 ( C; ) n
99999 which is 45,
i=0 i=0 i=0 So D(D( 44444444)) = D((N)) < 45
 86 MATHEMATICS
Now consider all the natural numbers less
than 45, maximum digital summation is 12 of
Coefficient of (1 + x f (1 + x f
number 39. = nco ncn + nCj ncn-1 + nc2 ncn- 2 +
So D(D( 44444444))) = D(D((N))) < 12
But it is known that 44444444 = 7(mod 9) and ... + ncn nco
7 is the only number less than 12 which gives :. Coefficient of.x11 in (1 + x)20
remainder 7 when divided by 9. (D) 2k "Ck= Coefficient ofxk in (1 + 2x)0
Hence required answer is 7. 2k-l n- lCk-l = Coefficient of xk-l in (1 + 2x)n- l
28. (A) ➔ (p); (B) ➔ (q); (C) ➔ (r); (D) ➔ (s)
= Coefficient ofxk in x(l + 2xr-'
(A) (mCi ncm - mc2 2ncm + m½ 3ncm - ...
since
(-lr-lmCm mncm) nC0 (1+2xr - nCjx(1+2xr- l +

nc2x2 (1 + 2xr-
2
= Coefficient of xm in - •••

[ mC1(1 + Xr - mC2 (1 + X r + m½ (1 + X r -... =(1+2x-xf

+(-1r-1 mcm ·(l+xrm] Hence, coefficient of xk in ( 1 + x )0 •

29. (A) ➔ ( q); (B) ➔ (s); (C) ➔ (r); (D) ➔ (p)

= Coefficient of xm in (A) Sum= {Co +(Co+ Ci+······+ C 0 _1)} +

( mCo - [ m Co - mCj (1 + xf + mc2 (1 + x)2n {(Co+ C1) +(Co+ C1 + ... ··· + Cn-2)}

3 +{(Co + c; + C2) +(Co+

- mc3 (1 + x) m + ... + (-1r mcm (1 + x)"'n ])
Ci +······+C0 _ 3)}+······ to(~) factors
= Coefficient of xm in (1- [1- (1- x ft)

= Coefficient of xm in (1-(1 + xf r = ( Co + C1 + C2 + ......... + Cn) +

[ : . n is even]

(B) nCm+ n- lcm+ n- 2cm+ ... + mem is the (C0 + Ci + C 2 + · · · + Cn) · · .

1 factors
coefficient of xm in the series = ~ .2n = n.2n- l
1 2
(1 + xr + (1 + xr- (1 + xr- + ... + (1 + xr
(:.Co= Cn,CI = cn- 1, C2 = cn- 2 ...... etc.)
= (1 + xr [1 + (1 + x) + (1 + x)2 + ... + (1 + xr- m]
ALTERNATIVE METHOD:
S= C0 +(C0 +Ci)+(C0 +C1 +C2)+ ·· ·
=(l+xr[1-(1-xr-m+ll = (l+xr' -(l+ xr
1-(l+x) x +(Co+ Ci+ C2 + ··· + Cn-1)
= nCo+(n-1) c; +(n-2)C2 +···+2Cn-2 + en-I
(l+ )m (l + )m+I
~ -x~ does not have xm = x Write above in reverse order we get
X X
S = O.C0 + l.C0 _ 1 + 2.C0 _ 2 + ··· + (n - 2).C2 + ...
(C) (1 + xr
+(n -1).c; + n.C0
= nc0 + nCj x + nc2x2 + nr
'--'.lx3 + ... + ncnxn
Now, ifwe add above results, we get
... (i) 2S = n(C0 + Ci + C2 + ..... + C0 ) ( · : Cr = C0 _r)
(1 + x)ll = nCo+ nCjx + nc2x2 + nC3x3 + .. . + ncnxn
= n.2"
... (ii) S = n.2n- l
Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equate (A) ➔ q
coefficient of x" both the sides.
Binomial Theorem 87

(B) (x + 2n+1Co) (x + 2n+lcl )(x + 2n+IC2)+ 30. (c) We have,

...... (x + 2n+1Cn)
= xn+l + (2n+lc + 2n+lc + 2n+lc +
0 1 .. . + 2n+1cn + xn + ...
Now consider coefficient ofxn
p = 2n+lc . + 2n+lc + 2n+lc2 + .........+ 2n+lcn
- {f
- na L, n- Ic, _ 1a r-l
r=O
b(n- l)- (r- l) l
⇒ p = 2n+qc2n+l + 1in+lc2n + 2n+lc 2n- J+ = na(a + b)ll- 1
.........+ 2n+Ic2n+I n

:. 2P = 2 2n+l (on adding)(:. ncr = ncn-r)

31. (c) We have, Lr nc,p'qn- r
2

r=O
:. p = 2 2n n
(B) ➔ s =L [r(r - 1) + r Jnc,p' qn- ,
(C) We have (1 + x)° = nco + ncl X + nc2 x2
r=O
n n
+ ... + ncr-1 xr- 1 + ncr xr + ... + ncn xn ... (i) = Lr(r - 1)" C,p' qn- r + Lr. nc,p'qn-r
3 r=O r=O
and (l +xf = l- 3C 1 x+ 4C 2 x 2 - ......+ (- l)
_ f ( _l)!!_r . nr -1
- L,r r
- 1 n- 2c , n- r
,- 2P q
r-1 .r+Icr-1 X r- 1 + (- lY + r+2cr xr + .......to 00 ....(ii)
r=O
Multiply equations (i) and (ii) , we get
(l +xr-3=(nCo+DC1 x+nc2 x2+ ........... .
+ ncn n )(l- 3C l + 4c2 2 _ ...........00)
= n (n - 1)1µ2 (} + qr-2 + np (p + q)"- 1
X X X

Now the coefficient of xr from the product in

= n(n - l)p2 + np [since p + q = 1]
R.H.S. is
1.ncr_ 3C1. ncr-1+4½ .ncr- 2- ·····+(- l"f. r+2c r .nco = n2 p2 - np2 + np
- nc 3 nc + 4.3 nc 5.4 nc + = n2p 2 + npq [since p + q = l]
- r- r- J· TI r- 2 - TI r- 3 ··········

+ (- lY (r + ~y + 1)
32. (c) Given,

ia, (l)' =(1 l + + -\-)n = --b-(x2 + x+ 1r

r=O X X X X
= ½ [ 1.2ncr- 2.3 ncr- 1 + 4.3 ncr- 2- ........
... (i)
2n 2n
+(-lY (r+2)(r+l )]
:. Required series = 2 x coefficient of xr in ⇒ L a,x2n- r = (x2 + X +
r=O
1r = r=LOa,x'
(1 + xr- 3 = 2. n- 3cr On equating the coefficients of x 2 n- r on both
(C) ➔ r sides, we get a, = ain- r for O:s; r :s; 2n.
(D) Given that L :=I ( L:~~ ncr .rcp.2P) 33. (b) On putting x =l in Eq. (i), we get

= ~n nc ( ~r- 1 re .2P) ao + a, + ai + . .. + ain = (l + l + l)" = 3n

L.r=I r L.p=O P
But a, = ain- r for O :s; r :s; n - 1
= ~n nc {(1+2)f - 2r} = ~n nc 3r
:.2(ao + a, + .. . +an_,) +an = 3n
L.r=I r L.r=I r

= (4n - l ) - (3n - l ) = 4n - 3n
(D) ➔
 Straight Line

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. Vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(3, 1), B(13, 6), C(13, 21) and D(3, 16). If a line passing
through the origin divides the parallelogram into two congruent parts, then the slope of the line is
(a) 11/12 (b) 11/8 (c) 25/8 (d) 13/8
•
2. If the lines represented by the equation 3y - x + 2✓
2 2 3x -3 = 0 are rotated about the point ( ✓3, 0)
through an angle 15°, one clockwise direction and other in anti-clockwise direction, so that they
become perpendicular, then the equation of the pair of lines in the new position is
(a) y 2 - x2 + 2✓3+ 3 = 0 (b) y2-x 2 + 2✓3x -3 = 0
(c) y2 -x 2 -2✓ 3x+3 = 0 (d) y2 - x2 + 3 = 0
3. A rectangular billiard table has vertices at P(0, 0), Q(0, 7), R(lO, 7) and S(l0, 0). A small billiard ball
starts at M(3, 4) and moves in a straight line to the top of the table, bounces to the right side of the
table, then comes to rest at N(7, 1). They-coordinate of the point where it hits the right side, is
(a) 3.7 (b) 3.8 (c) 3.9 (d) 4
4. Given A(0, 0) and B(x, y ) with x E (0, 1) and y > 0. Let the slope of the line AB equal to m 1• Point C
lies on the line x = I such that the slope of BC equal to m2 where 0 < m2 < m 1. Ifthe area of the triangle
ABC can be expressed as (m 1 - m2)j(x), then the largest possible value ofj(x) is
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/8
5. 4 3 2 3 4
If two the lines represented by x + x y + cx y2 - xy + y = 0 bisect the angle between the other two,
then the value of c is
(a) 0 (b) - 1 (c) 1 (d) -6
6. Let Ar, r = I , 2, 3, ... be points on the number line such that OA 1 , OA 2 , OA 3 , .. . are in G.P., where O is
origin and the common ratio of the G.P. be a positive proper fraction. Let Mr be the middle point of
the line segment A,Ar+ I. Then the value L: 1OMr is equal to
OA1( OSA1 - OA2 ) OA1( OA1 - OA2)
(a) (c) (d) oo
2(OA1 +OA2 ) (b) 2(OA1 + OA2)

7. The straight line represented by x 2 + mxy- 2y2 + 3y- 1 = 0 meets at

(a) (-1/3, 2/3) (b) (-1/3, - 2/3) (c) (1/3 , 2/3) (d) None of these
8. = =
Let u ax + by+ a~ = 0, v bx - ay + b~ = 0, a, b ER be two straight lines. The equations of the
bisectors of the angle formed by k 1u - k2v = 0 and k 1u + k2 v = 0 for non-zero real k 1 and k2 are
(a) u = 0 (b) k 2u + k 1v = 0 (c) k 2u - k 1v = 0 (d) v = 0
Straight Line 89

9. If one of the lines given by the equation 2x 2 + p xy + 3y2 = 0 coincide with one of those given by
2x 2 + qxy- 3y2 = 0 and the other lines represented by them be perpendicular, then
(a) p = 5 (b) p = -5 (c) q = -1 (d) q = l
10. If the points (a 3J (a - 1), (a 2 - 3) / (a - 1)), ((b 3 I (b- 1), (b2 - 3) / (b- 1)) and ((b2 - 3) / (b - 1)
and (c3 / (c- 1), (c2-3) / (c-1)), where a, b, care different from 1, lie on the line Ix+ my + n = 0, then
m n
(a) a+b +c= - - (b) ab +bc+ca = -
l l
(m +n)
(c) abc = ~ ~ (d) abc-(bc + ca+ ab)+ 3(a + b + c) = 0
l
11. The straight line 3x + 4y- 12 = 0 meets the coordinates axes at A and B. An equilateral triangle ABC
is constructed. The possible coordinates of vertex 'C' are

3✓3'\ 3 ( 1- ✓3)
4 j ,2
( ( 4 )' ( )
(a) l2ll- (b) -2(1 + ./3) , 3 12(1-./3)

( ( 3✓3 '\ 3 ( 4 ) '

(C) (2 (1 + ./3) , 3 /2 (1 + ./3)) ( d) l 2 l 1+ 4) ' 2 1+ ✓3 j
12. If ( a, a 2) lies inside the triangle formed by the lines 2x + 3y - 1 = 0, x + 2y - 3 = 0, 5x - 6y - 1 = 0,
then
(a) 2a + 3a2 - 1 > 0 (b) a + 2a2 - 3 > 0 (c) a + 2a2 - 3 < 0 (d) 6a2 - 5a + 1 > 0
13. Two roads are represented by the equation y-x = 6 and x + y = 8. An inspection bunglow has to be so
constructed that it is at a distance of 100 from each of the roads. Possible location of the bunglow is
given by
(a) (100✓2 + 1,1) (b) (1 - 100✓2,7) (c) (1,7+ 100✓2) (d) (1,7 - 100✓2 )
14. The linesx + y-1 = 0, (m- l)x + (m 2 - 7)y- 5 = 0 and (m-2) x + (2m -5) y= 0 are
(a) Concurrent for three values of m (b) Concurrent for one value of m
(c) Concurrent for no value of m ( d) Are parallel for m = 3

~ Numeric Value Answer

15.

16.
A light ray coming along the line 3x + 4y = 5 gets reflected from the line ax + by = land goes along
the line 5x - 12y = 10. Then b =
Aline 'L' is drawn fromP(4, 3) to meet the linesL 1 andL2 given by 3x + 4y+ 5 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 15 = 0 at
•
points A and B, respcetively. From 'A', a line perpendicular to Lis drawn meeting the line L2 atA 1. Similarly
from point 'B', a line perpendicular to Lis drawn meeting the line L 1 at B 1. Thus a parallelogram
AA 1 BB 1 is formed. Then the equation of ' L ' so that the area of the parallelogram AA 1BB1 is least is
ax + by - 31 = 0 find a/2b
17. Let ABCD be a parallelogram whose equations for the diagonals AC and ED are x + 2y = 3 and 2x + y = 3,
respectively. Iflength of diagonal AC= 4 units and area of parallelogram ABCD = 8 sq. units, then the length
of other diagonal BD is
18. Consider the triangle having vertices 0(0, 0), A(2, 0) and B(l,✓ 3 ). Also b ~ min (a p a2, a 3, ••. an)
means b ~ a 1 when a 1 is least; b ~ a when a 2 is least and so on. From this we can say
b ~ al' b ~ a 2, ... b ~ an
 90 MATHEMATICS
Let R be the region consisting of all those points P inside 1-,.0AB which satisfy
d(P, OA):;; min [d (P, OB), d (P, AB)],
where d denotes the distance from the point to the corresponding line. If the area of the region R is K,
then find ✓3K is
2

(I) Integer Answer

19. Consider 3 lines as follows
L1 : 5x - y + 4 = 0 L2 : 3x - y + 5 = 0 L3 : x + y + 8 = 0
•
Ifthese lines enclose a triangle ABC and sum of the squares of the tangent to the interior angles can be
expressed in the form plq where p and q are relatively prime numbers, then the value of (p + q )/93 is
20. The line x + y = p meets the x-and y-axes at A and B, respectively. A triangle APQ is inscribed in the
triangle OAB, 0 being the origin, with right angle at Q. P and Q lie, respectively, on OB and AB. If the
area of the triangle APQ is 318th of the area of the triangle OAB, then AQ/BQ is equal to
21. A man starts from the point P(- 3, 4) and reaches point Q(0, 1) touching x-axis at R(a, 0) such
that PR + RQ is minimum, then 5lal =
22. Number of value of b for which in an acute triangle ABC, if the coordinates of orthocentre 'H are (4, b),
centroid 'G' are (b, 2b- 8) and circumcentre 'S' are (-4, 8) is

g-.. .:
23.
Match the Following

Column I Column II
•
(A) The distance between the lines (p) 2

(x+ 7y)2 +4✓2(x+ 7y)-42 = 0 is

(B) If the sum of the distance of a point from two perpendicular lines in (q) 7
a plane is 1, then its locus is lxl + lYI = k, where k is equal to

(C) If 6x + 6y + m = 0 is acute angle bisector of line (r) 3

x + 2y + 4 = 0 and 4x + 2y - 1 = 0, then m is equal to
(D) Area of the triangle formed by the lines (s) 1
y2 - 9xy + 18x 2 = 0 and y = 6 is
CODES:
A B C D
(a) p q r s
(b) q p s r
(c) p s q r
(d) s p r q
Straight Line 91

24.
Column I Column II
(A) The lines y = 0; y = l; x - 6y + 4 = 0 and x + 6y - 9 = 0 (p) A cyclic quadrilateral
constitute a figure which is
(B) The points A(a, 0), B(0, b), C(c, 0) and D(0, d) are such that (q) A rhombus
ac = bd and a, b, c, d are all non-zero. The points A , B, C
and D always constitute

(C) The figure formed by the four lines ax ± by ± c = 0 (a * b) is (r) A square

(D) The line pairs x2 - 8x + 12 = 0 and y2 - 14y + 45 = 0 (s) A trapezium

constitute a figure which is
CODES:
A B C D
(a) q r p,r s
(b) p,s p q p,q,r
(c) s r s p,q
(d) p,q,r s r p,q

RESPONSE SHEET

1. G)(00@) 2. G)(00@) 3. G)(00@)

4. G)(00@) 5. G)(00@) 6. G)(00@)
7. G)(00@) 8. G)(00@) 9. G)(00@)
10. G)(00@) 11. G)(00@) 12. G)(00@)
13. G)(00@) 14. G)(00@) 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. 23. IAI 1B I lei 1°1

24. IAI 1B I lei lol
 92 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ -----&I' '

1. {b) a-1 7-a
3. (a) tan0=-=--
3 10-b
7 -4 3
Also tan0 = - - = - -
B(13, 6) b-3 b-3
3 a-1 7-a
Hence - - = - - = - -
' b-3 3 10-b
y
21-x x+ l
m=--=-- ⇒ 63-3x=13x+13
13 3
25
⇒ 1 6x=50 ⇒ x=- 0 0
8 - +---311-1- ( J0, a)
(3, 4) 0
25 33 a- 1
Hence m = (
' 8
1)
+ x _!_ =
3 24 8
= !_! (7, 1)
-+--+--l----''----1---+--+--+--+---+--+-x
2. (b) The given equation of pair of straight (0, 0) - ------+S(I0, 0)
3
lines can be rewritten as
From 1st two relations
(✓3y - X + ✓3) ( ✓3y + X - ✓3) = 0 9 = ab - b - 3a = 3
3a + 6 = ab - b .... (i)
Their separate equations are ✓3y - x + ✓3=O
From last two relations
and ✓ 3y+x- ✓ 3=0 10a - ab - IO + b = 21 - 3a
1 1 13a - ab + b = 31
or y = ✓3 x -1 and y = - ✓3 x+1 or ab - b = 13a - 31 .... (ii)
Hence, from (i) and (ii)
or y = (tan 30°) x - 1 and y = (tan 150°) x + I
y: 3a + 6 = 13a - 31 ⇒ 10a = 37 ⇒ a = 3.7
4. (d) y

After rotation through an angle of 15°, the lines

Let the coordinates of C be ( 1, c). Then,
are (y - 0)
c- y
m2= - -
=tan45° ( x -✓3) and (y-0)- tan 135° ( x- ✓3) l- x
or y = x - ✓3 and y = -x+ ✓3 ⇒ m2 - miX = c - m 1 x
⇒ (m 1 - m2 )x = c - m2
Their combined equation is ⇒ c=(m 1 -m 2)x+ m2 ....(i)
(y-x+ ../3)(y+ x - ✓3) = 0 Now area of LlABC is
0 0 1
1 1
or y2 -x2 +2✓3x - 3 = 0 - x mix 1 = -[ex -mix]
2 2
1 C 1
Straight Line 93

7. (a, c) The equation represents a pair of straight

= ½ I[{(m1 - m2 ) x + m2 ) x - m1x] I lines. Hence,

mz) x + mz x - m1 x] I
2 lx(-2)(-1)+2(¾) x0x ;-1x(¾r
= _!_ I[{ m1 -
2
2 2 2
=½(m1 -m2 )(x-x ) [-:x>x in(0,1)] -(-2)x0 -(-l)x(;r =0

Hence, f ( x) = ½(x - x 2 ) ⇒ m=l,-1

The points of intersection of the pair of lines
1 are obtained by solving
f(x)max =
8whenx = l/2 as = 2x + my = 0
- and -
as = mx - 4y + 3 = 0
5. (d) Since the product of the slope of the four ox oy
lines represented by the given equation is 1 and When m = 1, then required point is the
a pair of lines represents the bisectors of the intersection of 2x + y = 0, x - 4y + 3 = 0. When
angles between the other two, the product of m = -1, the required point is the intersection of
the slopes of each pair is -1. 2x - y = 0, -x - 4y + 3 = 0
So let the equation of one pair be 8. (a, d) Note that the lines are perpendicular.
ax2 + 2hxy - ay2 = 0. Assume the coordinate axes to be directed
Then the equation of its bisectors is along u = 0 and v = 0. Now the lines k1u -Jsv = 0
x2 -y2 .xy and k 1u + k2v = 0 are equally inclined with
--- =
2a h uv-axes. Hence, the bisectors are u = 0 and v = 0
By hypothesis, 9. (a, b, c, d)
x4 + x3y + cx2y2 _ .xy3 + y4 Let, ~x2 + p .xy+ y2 = (y -mx)(y-m'x)
= (ax2 + 2h.xy + ay) (hx2 - 2a.xy - hy) 3 3
= ah(x4 + y 4 ) + 2 (h2 - a 2) (x3y-.xy3) - 6ahx2y2 2
and ~x +_i__.xy+ y2 = (y+__!_x) (y-m'x)
-3 -3 m
6. (b) OMr = OA,, + 0Ar+l2-0Ar
Then, m + m' = - ;,mm' = ¾ .... (i)
OAr +OAr+I
2
1 I -q m' 2
- -m = - ,- - = - - .... (ii)
m 3 m 3
= ½{OA1 x kr-l + OA1 x /( } ⇒ m2 = 1 ⇒ m = ±l
Ifm = 1, m' = 2/3 and sop = -5, q = -1.
= OA1 (l+k)e-1 Ifm = -1, m' = -2/3 and sop = 5, q = 1
2 10. (a, b, d)

:. f
r =l
OMr = OA1 (l+k)f e-1
2 r =l
Since the given point lies on the line
lx+my+n = 0,
so a, b, care the roots of the equation
= OA1 (l+k)x-1- ( t 3 '\ ( t2 -31
2 1- k
l l ~ ) + ml~ J + n = O
1+ OA2
OA1 OA1 OA1(OA1 + OAz ) or lt3 + mt2 + nt - (3m + n) = 0 ... (i)
=- x ---
2 _ OA2 = 2(0A1 -OAz) m
1 Hence a + b + c = - -
OA1 ' I
 94 MATHEMATICS

n ⇒ a, + 2a.2 - 3 < 0 .... (ii)

ab + bc + ca= - ... (ii) 2
Again O and the point (a., a. ) lie on the same
I
side w.r.t. 5x - 6y- I = 0. Hence,
abc = 3m+n 5a. - 6a.2 - 1 < 0 ⇒ 6a.2 - 5a. + 1 > 0
I ... (iii) 13. (a, b, c, d)
So, from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get Let position ofbunglow is P(xp y 1), then
abc - ( be + ca + ab) + 3 (a + b + c) =0 PM= 100 and PN= 100
y
11. (a, d)
y

-----,:C
.··
,- .
(0, 3) B - - --
,
, ..
,'

_o______._A...,.(4-, _,o)- -x
X1 +,fi -8 = ±100 and -,fi + 6 = ±100
X1

AB= 5' D=(2'2I) After solving, we get

x 1 = 1 ± 100✓ 2, 1
✓3 5✓ 3
CD = 5 x - = - , slope of AB is - 3/4, andy 1 = 7, 7 ± 100✓ 2
2 2 Hence, possible location ofbunglow are
slope of CD is 4/3 ( 1+ 100✓2, 1),(1-100✓2, 1),(1, 7 + 100✓2),
If C = (h, k), then
h - 2 k - 3/ 2 5✓ 3 ( 1, 7 -100✓2)
- - = - - - =+ -
3/ 5 4/5 - 2 14. (c,d)
If lines x + y -1 = 0, (m - l)x + (m2 - 7)y - 5 = 0
(
⇒ h=2ll-4J •k=2 1- ✓3
3✓31 3( 4) and (m - 2)x + (2m - 5)y = 0 are concurrent, then
~=0

or h
(l
= 2 1+ 4
3✓31
) •k = 2
3(1+ ✓4)3 1 1 - 1
⇒ m-1 m 2 - 7 - 5 = 0
12. (a, c, d) m-2 2m -5 0
y
⇒ (m-2)(-5+m2-7)-(2m-5)(-5 +m-1)+ 0=0
⇒ (m - 2) (m2 - 12)- (2m - 5) (m - 6) = 0
⇒ m3 - 4m2 + 5m - 6 = 0
⇒ (m - 3) (m2 - m + 2) = 0
⇒ m = 3 but m2 - m + 2 = 0 has no real roots.
x+ 2y - 3 = O
If m = 3, then two lines are parallel.
15. (0.1043)
ax+ by = 1 will be one of the bisector of the given
0 and the point (a., a.2) lie on the opposite sides line. Equation of bisectors of the given lines are
w.r.t. 2x + 3y - 1 = 0. Hence, 3x+4y - 5 = ±(5x -1 2y -10)
⇒ 2a. + 3a.2 - I > 0 .... (i) 5 13
0 and the point (a., a.2) lie on the same side
⇒ 64x-8y = ll 5
Straight Line 95

or 14x + 112y = 15 18. (0.50)

y
64 8 14 12
⇒ a = - b = - - or a=- b = -
115 ' 115 15 ' 115 B(l,D)
16. (3.50)
P(4, 3)

A1 D B
0 M(l, 0)
d(P, OA)
The given lines (L 1 and L2) are parallel and
::; min [d (P, OB), d (P, AB)]
distance between them (BC or AD) is ⇒ d (P, OA) ::; d (P, OB)
(I 5 - 5)/5 = 2 units. Let L BCA = 0 And d (P, OA) ::; d (P, AB)
⇒ AB=BCcosec0andAA 1 = ADsec0 = 2 sec 0. When d (P, OA) = d(P < OB), P is equidistant
Now area ofparallelogramAA 1 BB 1 is from OA and OB, or Plies on angle bisector of
t:,. = AB x AA 1 = 4 sec 0 cosec 0 lines OA and OB. Hence, when d (P < OA) ::; d
8 (P, OB), point Pis nearer to OA than OB or lies
sin20 below bisector of OA and OB. Similarly, when
Clearly, t:,. is least for 0 = n/4. Let slope AB be m d(P, OA) ::; d(P,AB), Pis nearer to OA than AB,
or lies below bisector of OA and AB. Therefore,
the required area is equal to the area of t:.OIA
m+3! 4
Then, 1= 1- - - 1 Now,
_ 3m
1
4 tan L BOA = ✓3 = ✓3 ⇒ L BOA = 600
1
⇒ 4m + 3 = ± (4- 3m) ⇒ m = 1/7 or- 7 Hence, triangle is equilateral. Then J coincides
Hence, the equation of 'L' is
with centroid, which is (1, 1 / ✓3)
x - 7y + 17 = 0 or 7x + y - 31 =0
17. (6.67)
n,.,_______----,,; Therefore, area of t:.OIA is _!_ OA x IM
2
= (1/2) x 2 x (1/ ✓3) = 1/ ✓3 sq. units
19. (5)
Arranging the lines in descending order of
A' " ' - - - - - - - slope, we have
m1 = 5,m2 = 3 and m3 = -l
Angle between the diagonals is given by
1 : . tan A = m1 - m2 = _ 2 _ = _!_
- - +2 3 . 3 1+ m1m2 1+ 15 8
2
tan0 = - - = - ⇒ sm0= -
1+ 1 4 5 tanB = (m2 -m3) = 3+1 =-2
l +~m3 1-3
Area of t:.CPB is m3 -mi -1-5 3
tan C = ----='------~ = - - -
1 10 l +m3m1 1-5 2
- xPCxPBsin0 = 2 ⇒ PB = -
2 3
"tan 2 A=_!.__+ 4 +2_= 1+256+ 144 = 401
20 L, 64 4 64 64
⇒ BD = -
3
 96 MATHEMATICS
⇒ (b -4) (16- 2b) + (b + 4) (b - 8) = 0
3
p 2').
20. (3) MQP =i or--- = - ⇒ 2(b -4) (8 - b) + (b + 4) (b - 8) = 0
MOB 8 ('). + 1)2 8 ⇒ (8- b) [(2b - 8) - (b + 4)] = 0
1 2 ⇒ (8 - b)(b -12) = 0
-p Also
2
2

H G s
(4, b) (b, 2b - 8) (- 4, 8)

:. -8+4 = b ⇒ b = --4
3 3

+ b = 2b - 8 ⇒ b = 8
16
And
3
But no common value of' b' is possible.
O (t. -I)p p 23. (c) (x+7y)2 +4✓2(x+7y)-42 = 0
' A+ I
⇒ (x+7y )2 +7✓2(x+ y)-3✓2(x+ y)-42 =0
0
⇒ (x +y)[x + 7y+7✓2]-3.../2(x-7y+7✓2) =0
⇒ A = 3 ! ⇒ AQ = 3 or.! ⇒ (x + 7y+ 1✓2)(x+ 7y -3✓2) = 0
'3 BQ 3
The value 1/3 is rejected because this gives negative ⇒ x + 7 y + 7✓2 = 0 and x + 7 y - 3✓2=0
coordinates ofPandit is given thatP lies on OB.
21. (3) For PR= RQ to be minimum it should be
the path of light
⇒ d = l7✓2+3✓2 1 = 10✓2 = 2
P(- 3, 4) ✓1+49 ✓50
y y

~ (0, I)
N -----,P(h,k)
A: M I

''
''
'' (0,.....,=o)_M
--1-,-, ,....,.......--x
''
c :.-·
:. L PRA = L QRM Let two perpendicular lines are coordinate axes.
From similar MAR and f:i.QMR Then,
AR PA a +3 4 3 PM + PN = 1
- = - ⇒ -- = - ⇒ a = - -
⇒ h+k=1
RM QM 0-a 1 5
Hence, the locus is x + y = 1
22. (0) As H, G and S are collinear
4 b l But if the point lies in other quadrants also,
then lxl + lYI = 1. Hence, value of k is
b 2b - 8 l =0
Angle bisector between the lines x + 2y + 4 = 0
--4 8 and 4x + 2y - 1 = 0 is
4 b 1 x+2y +4 (--4x + 2y +l)
- - - =+~ - -~
⇒ b- 4 b- 8 0 =0 ✓1 + 4 - ✓16 + 4
-(b + 4) l 6 - 2b 0
Straight Line 97

(-4x-2y+l) ac=bd
⇒ x+2y+4=±----- b a
2 ⇒ -=-
c d
⇒ 2(x+2y+4) = ±(-4x-2y+l)
Since AA' + BB' < 0 so + ve sign gives acute
angle bisector. Hence,
tan0 = 1} ⇒ 0=~
a
2x + 4y + 8 = -4x -2y + 1 tan~= -
d
⇒ 6x+ 6y + 7 = 0
⇒ m=7 Hence, cyclic quadrilateral.
We have, C.
y 2 - 9.xy + 18x2 = 0
or y2 - 6.xy - 3xy + l 8x2 = 0
⇒ y(y - 6x)-3x (y - 6x) = 0
⇒ (y- 3x) = 0 and y - 6x = 0
The third line is y = 6. Therefore, area of the ______,_______x
triangle formed by these lines,
0 0 1 (c/a, 0)
1 1 .
= 1 6 1 = -16-121 = 3umts2
22 6 1
2

24. (b)
A. ax± by± c =O
C
If y = O,y = ±-
a
C
If X = O,y = ± -
d
(-4, 0) (9, 0) ⇒ rhombus

Obviously, trapezium D
y
a=✓ 37} ⇒ a=b
b= ✓
37
Hence, isosceles trapezium
⇒ a cyclic quadrilateral
B.
y

0 x=2 x=6
(x - 6) (x - 2) = 0
x = 6 andx = 2
y2 - I4y + 45 = 0
(y - 9) (y- 5) = 0
⇒ a square
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 Circle

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. Let C 1 : x 2 + y2 = l; C2: (x - 10)2 + y2 = 1 and C3 : x 2 + y - l0x - 42y + 457 = 0 be three circles.
A circle C has been drawn to touch circles C 1 and C2 externally and C3 internally. Now circles C" C2
and C3 start rolling on the circumference of circle C in anticlockwise direction with constant speed.
The centroid of the triangle formed by joining the centres ofrolling circles C" C2 and C 3 lies on
(a) x2 + y 2 -1 2x -22y + l44 = 0 (b) x 2 + y -10x -24y + l44 = 0
2
(c) x + y -8x -20y + 64=0 (d) x 2 + y -4x - 2y -4 =0
2. Let L = 0 be a common normal to the circle x 2 + y-2ax - 36 = 0 and the curve S : (1 + x)Y + eXY = y
drawn at a point x = 0 on S, then the radius of the circle is
(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 12
3. From a point P outside a circle with centre at C, tangents PA and PB are drawn such that
1 1
- - + - - = _!_ , then the length of chord AB is
2 2
(CA) (PA) 16
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) None of these
4. 2
The circle x + y2 = 1 cuts the x-axis at P and Q. Another circle with centre at Q and variable radius
intersects to first circle at R above the x-axis and the line segment PQ at S. The maximum area of the
triangle QSR is

(a)
2
- (b) 5✓ 2 (c)
4✓ 3 (d) ✓ 2
9 7 9 13
5. The equation of chord of the circle x 2 + y 2 - 6x - 4y - 12 = 0 which passes through the origin such
that origin divides it in the ratio 3 : 2 is
(a) y+x = 0, 7y+ 17x = 0 (b) y + 3x = 0, 7y + 3x = 0
(c) 4x + y = 0, 9y + 8x = 0 ( d) y + 3x = 7, y + 3x = 0
6. A point P(x, y) is called a lattice point ifx, y E I ( set of integers). Then the total number of lattice points
in the interior of the circle x 2 + y2 = a 2 , a '# 0 cannot be
(a) 1996 (b) 1998 (c) 1999 (d) 2001
7. Consider the circle x 2 + y- 8x - 18y + 93 = 0 with centre 'C ' and point P(2, 5) outside it. From the
point P, a pair of tangents PQ and PR are drawn to the circle with S as the midpoint of QR. The line
joining P to C intersects the given circle at A and B. Which of the following hold(s) good?
(a) CP is the arithmetic mean of AP and BP
(b) PR is the geometric mean of PS and PC
(c) PS is the harmonic mean of PA and PB

(d) The angle between the two tangents from P is tan -I l¾J
Circle ---------------------------- 99

8. Point M moved along the circle (x - 4)2 + (y- 8)2 = 20. Then it broke away from it and moving along
a tangent to the circle cuts the x-axis at the point (-2, 0) the co-ordinate of the point on the circle at
which the moving point broke away can be

(a) ( -3 46) (b) (-2, 44) (c) (6, 4) (d) (3, 5)

5 ' 5 5 5
9. A circle touches the line x + y- 2 = 0 at (1, 1) and cuts the circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 5y- 6 = 0 at P and Q.
Then
(a) PQ can never be parallel to the given line x + y - 2 = 0
(b) PQ can never be perpendicular to the given line x + y - 2 = 0
(c) PQ always passes through (6, -4)
(d) PQ always passes through (--6, 4)
10. Let kl' k 2 be two integers such that (n - a)! = (n - b)!, 2a + 1 = k 1n + k 2 V n
where a < b ::;; n and a, b, n E N. Let P and Q be two points on the curve
y = log112 ( x + k2 I 2) + log 2 ( ,J4x2 + 4k2 x + k1 + k2 ). Point P also lies on the circle x2 + y 2

= k 13 - 2k2 , however Q lies inside the circle such that its abscissa is an integer then
(a) The values of k1 and k2 are respectively 2 and -1
(b) maximum value of OP.OQ is 7

(c) minimum value of IPol is 1

(d) minimum value of OP.OQ is 3

11. The equation of a circle is S1 = x 2 + y2 = 1 . The orthogonal tangents to S 1 meet at another circle S2
and the orthogonal tangents to S2 meet at the third circle S3 . Then
(a) Radius of S2 and S3 are in the ratio 1: .fi. (b) Radius of S2 and S3 are in the ratio 1: 2
(c) The circles S" S2 and S3 are concentric (d) None of the above
12. Consider the circles C1 = x 2 + y2 - 2x - 4 y - 4 = 0 and C2 = x 2 + y2 + 2x + 4 y + 4 = 0 and the line
L = x + 2 y + 2 = 0 , then
(a) L is the radical axis of C I and C 2
(b) L is the common tangent of C I and C 2
(c) Lis the common chord ofC 1 and C 2
(d) L is perpendicular to the joining centers of C I and C 2
13.

intersect atTthen

(a) 5
(~r +(;:r
If Q, S are two points on the circle x2 + y 2 = 4 such that the tangents QP, SR are parallel. If PS, QR

(b) 10
+ PQ-RS :;t:

(c) 16 (d) 17

~ Numeric Value Answer

14. Let S 1 = x2 +

y
y - 4x - 8y + 4 = 0 and S2 its image in the line y
3
= x at (1, 1) and orthogonal to S2 is ~ , then !:._ is equal to
"\JI\, 5
= •
x . The radius of the circle touching
 100 ------------------- MATHEMATICS
15. As shown in figure three circles which have the same radius r, have centres at (0, 0), ( I, I), (2, 1).
If they have a common tangent line, as shown, then the value of ,2 is.
y

16. r be radius ofincircle of triangle formed by joining centres of(x-a)2 + (y - b)2 = 9, (x-a) 2 + (y - b - 7) 2
= 16 and circle touching above two circles and having radius 5 units. Find r2!4

(I) Integer Answer

17.
point in the set is a ring whose area is A7t, then ~=
10
•
The centre of each of a set of circles, each of radius 3, lie on the circle x 2 + y2 = 25. The locus of any

18. The number of points on y = tan- I x , 'v'x E ( 0, 1t), whose image in y = x is the centre of the circle with
7t 7t
radius r;; units and which is at a minimum distance of r;; units from the circle.
2v2 2v2
19. The number of integral values of a for which the point ( a - 1, a+ 1) lies in the larger segment of the
circle x 2 + y2 - x - y - 6 = 0 made by the chord whose equation is x + y - 2 = 0 is
20. Let M(-1, 2) and N(l, 4) be two points in a plane rectangular coordinate system XOY. Pis a moving
point on the x-axis. When L MPN takes its maximum value, the x-coordinate of point Pis

g-..:
21.
Match the Following

Column I Column II
•
(A) If a circle passes throughA(l, 0) B(0, -1) and c[~ ,JI) such that (p) -4

the tangent at B makes an angle 0 with line AB then tan 0 equals

(B) From a point (h, 0) common tangents are drawn to the circles (q) -2
x 2 + y2 = 1 and the (x - 2)2 + y2 = 4. The value of h can be
(C) If the common chord of the circle x 2 + y2 = 8 and (x - a) 2 + y 2 = 8 (r) 1
subtends right angle at the origin then a can be
(D) If the tangents drawn from (4, k) to the circle x2 + y2 = 10 are at right (s) 2
angles then k can be
(t) 4
Circle 101

22.
Column I Column II
(A) Locus of centre of circles touching x 2 + y2 - 4x - 4y (p) Straight line
= 0 internally and x2 + y2 - 6x - 6y + 17 = 0 externally is,
(B) The locus of the point (3h - 2, 3k) where (h, k) lies on the (q) Circle
circle x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y - 4 = 0 is
(C) Locus of centres of the circles touching the two circles (r) Ellipse
x2 + y2 + 2x = 0 and x 2 + y2 - 6x + 5 = 0 externally is
(D) The extremities of a diagonal of a rectangle are (0, 0) (s) Part of hyperbola
and (4, 4). The locus of the extremities of the diagonal is

f Passage Based Questions

Passage
Tangents PA and PB are drawn to the circle (x -4) 2 + (y- 5)2 = 4 from the point Pon the curvey = sinx,
where A and B lie on the circle. Consider the function y =j{x) represented by the locus of the center
•
of the circumcircle of triangle PAB, then answer the following questions.
23. Range ofy = j{x) is
(a) [-2, 1] (b) [-1 , 4] (c) [0, 2] (d) [2, 3]
24. Fundamental period ofy = j{x) is
(a) 21t (b) 31t (c) 7t (d) Not defined
25. Which of the following is true?
(a) f{x) = 4 has real roots (b) f{x) = 1 has real roots

(c) Range ofy =1- 1 (x) is [ -¾+2, ~+2] (d) None of these

RESPONSE SHEET

1. 0©©@) 2. 0©©@) 3. 0©©@)

4. 0©©@) 5. 0©©@) 6. 0©©@)
7. 0©©@) 8. 0©©@) 9. 0©©@)
10. 0©©@) 11. 0©©@) 12. 0©©@)
13. 0©©@) 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20.

21. IA I IB I lei 1° 1 22. IA I IB I lei 1° 1

23. (a) (b) (c) (cf) 24. (a) (b) (c) (cf) 25. (a) (b) (c) (cf)
 102 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ -----&I' '

1. {b) The equation of circle C is This circle meets the line segment QP at S
(x- 5)2 + (y-12)2 = 122 where QS = r
This circle also touches x-axis at (5, 0). It meets the circle x 2 + y2 = 1 at
From the geometry, centroid lies on the circle ( r 2 - 2 r ,.- -/ \
(x - 5)2+ (y- 12)2= 52. Rl- -
2
, -v4-r-) found by solving the
2
y
equations of the two circles simultaneously.
A = area of the triangle QSR
R

2. (a) atx = O,y = 2, y'(0) = 4

Equation of Normal is x + 4y = 8 ( a, 0) lies on
normal ⇒ a = 8
3. (a) tan0= ~
PA since RT is they coordinate of R

Given _!_ +- 1
- = _!_ dA =!{2r✓4 -r2 + r2(-r)}
r2 PA 2 16 dr 4 .J4 _ r2
- {2r(4-r2)_43} - 8r-3r3
- 4✓4-r2 - 4✓4-r 2
p
dA = o when r(8 - 3r2) = 0 giving r = @
dr 'f3
4✓4-r2 (8-9r2)-(8r-3r3) (-r}4
2
cot 0 + 1
⇒ ---=-
1 d A 2
~
(PA)2 16 dr 2 = 16 ( 4 - r 2 )

⇒ PA sin 0 = 4 = x ⇒ 2x = 8 2
where, r = @, d A < 0.
4. (c) ,{3 dr 2
Q is (-1, 0)
The circle with centre at Q and variable radius
r has the equation
Hence A is maximum when r
maximum area =
= l and the

(x + 1)2 + y2 = r2
Circle 103

8 '48 - 16 _ 4 _ 4✓
4x3V ... -3-12F3- 3✓
3
?,--9-

s. (a) Let AO = 2x, BO = 3x

Now, AO. BO = OE. OF
p~-.----+--:-r+---+-:,..,...,....-:-:---1B
x= ✓2 (2,5)
Now, D is mid point of chord AB
5
AD = DB = ✓ 2

Equation of AB is y = mx

⇒ l3m - 21 = 2__ ⇒ m = -1 -17 / 7

Now,let L=PR= ✓(PC)2 -r2 = ✓20-4=4
✓l+m 2 ✓2 '
= PQ; tan 0 =
2
=
1
17 4 2
Equation of AB is y = -x and y = - x
7 PS
Also cos0=-
PR

⇒ PS = PRcos0 = 4-( .1 )= }s
Harmonic Mean between PA and PB
_ 2(✓-io-2)(✓-io+2)
B - 2✓-io
6. (a, b, c) Given circle is x 2 + y2 = a 2 ... (1)
16 8
= ✓
Clearly (0, 0) will belong to the interior of
circle (1)
5 = ✓
2 5 = PS ⇒ (c) is correct.

Also other points interior to circle (1) will have

the co-ordinates of the form
2 2
Hence, (PS)(PC) = ( }s)(✓-io) = 16 = (PR )2
(±a, 0),(0, ±a) where a < a and

(±a, ±13) and (±13, ±a), where ⇒ PR is the Geometric Mean of PS and PC
⇒ (b) is correct.
a 2 + 132 < a 2 and a,13 E I Now angle between the two tangents is 20, then
:. Number oflattice points in the interior of the
circle will be of the form 1 + 4k + 84, (Astan0 =½)
Where k, r = 0, I, 2, .... .
2
m
:. Number of such points must be of the form
4m + I, where m = 0, I , 2, ......
7. (a,b,c) Radius= ✓16+81 -93 = 2
2t,n-1(½)-ran-I[1~\ J-ran-1
CP = ✓-io;AP = ✓-io - 2;BP = ✓-io + 2
⇒ (d) is incorrect.
AP+BP .
⇒ CP = - - - ⇒ (a) 1s correct
2
 104 MATHEMATICS
10. (a, b, c)
8. (b, c) x 2 + y2 - 8x -16y + 60 = 0
....(1) Clearly a= n-1 , b = n ⇒ 2a + b + I
equation of chord of contact from (-2, 0) is = 2n-1 = k I n + k 2
3x+4y-34=0 ... (2) ⇒ kl= 2, k2 = -1
intersection (1) & (2) is
So,y = log 112 (x- 1/2) + log2 ✓4x 2 -4x + 11
x2 +(34 ~3x r-8x-16(34~3x )+60 = 0 ⇒y = 1

the equation of circle is x 2 + y2 = 10

⇒ 5x 2 -28x-12=0 ⇒ x =6,-2 /5
So, P = (3, 1) whereas Q = (1, 1) or (2, 1)

:. (6,4) & (5-2 '544) ⇒ OP.OQ = 3 + 1 = 4 or 6 + 1 = 7,

PQ = OQ- OP = -i or - 2i
9. (a, b, c)
11. (a, c) Orthogonal tangents to a circle meet
(x-1}2 +(y -1}2 +A(x+ y -2) =0 at the director circle

⇒ x 2 + y2 +(A-2)x+ (A-2)y+2-2A = 0 .
. . 82 =x 2 + y 2 = 2. l ⇒ S2 =x 2 + y 2 = 2
...(1)
2
Also, s3 = x 2 + y2 =4
x + y2 +4x+5y -6=0 ... (2)
Ratio of radius of S2 and s3 = ✓2 : 2 = 1 : ✓2
Eq. ofcommon chord PQ is s -s' = 0 .
Also, the three circles are concentric
⇒ (A-6)x+(A-7)y+8-2A = 0. ... (3)
12. (a, d) C1 = x 2 + y 2 - 2x - 4 y - 4 = 0 ... (')
I
(a) PQllx+y-2 = 0
And C 2 = x 2 + y2 + 2x + 4 y + 4 = 0 ... (ii)
6 -A
⇒ -- =-1 ⇒ 6 = 7 wh.ICh.ISimpossI
. 'ble
:. Radical axis is c1 - c2 = o
A-7
(b) PQ .l x + y - 2 = 0 ⇒ -4x -8y -8 =0

- = 1 ⇒ 11.~ = -
6 13 Or x+2y+2 = 0 whichisL=0
⇒ --A W h.ICh . pOSSI'bl e
IS
A-7 2
(a) option is correct.
13 centre and radius of C 1 = 0 are (1, 2) and 3.
But when A = , we can see that the circles
2
•: length of .l from (1, 2) onL = 0
(1) and (2) are not intersecting each other and
. 11+4+ 21 7 ct·
their radical axis is perpendicular to the given IS r:;-:--;; = r; :t= ra IUS
-v1 + 4 --..,5
line x + y - 2 = 0 .
:. (b) option is wrong
(c) and (d)
Eq. (3) can be written as
Lis also the common chord of cl and c2
:. (c) option is correct.
--6x - 7y + 8 + A( x + y - 2) = 0
·: centres of cl = 0 and c2 = 0 are (1 , 2) and
which is in the form 4 + HJJ. = 0 (-1 , - 2)
Solving L 1 and L 2, we get (6, -4).
Circle 105

:. slope of line joining centres of circles C 1 = 0 or, x 2 + y2 + x(A. - 2) + y(- A. - 2) + 2 = 0 ...(ii)

& C 2 = 0 is As this is orthogonal to S2
-2-2 4
- - = - =2=m1 (say)
-1-1 2 ⇒ 2 2
2(""; ) x(-4)+2 (-\- ) x(-2) = 4+2

And slope of L = 0 is _.!_ = m2 (say) - 4A. + 8 + 2A. + 4 = 6

2
required equation of circle is
x2 + y2 +x -5y+ 2 = 0.
Hence, L is perpendicular to the line joining
centres of cl and c2 Radius=)! +
4 4
-2
25
= ✓ 264- 8 = V4
/18 ="!...J2.
2
:. (d) option is correct.
13. (a, b, c) 3 A.3 8
R-s--,----""?""-,,S-..__
= .Ji ⇒ A. = 2 ⇒ 5 = 5 = 1 . 60
15. (0.05)
y

p .<......../._ _ _ _....::,.....,.Q,..__..-

IQTS = IPTQ = ~ as QS is diameter

2

QT = sin 8, ST = cos 8,
PQ RS
4 4
~ = tan8 ~=cote
PQ 'RS
Equation of line joining origin and centre of
2
... (QT)
PQ + RS (ST) 2
+PQ.RS circle C2 = (2,1) is, y = ~
2

= sin2 8 + cos2 8 + ( 4cot8)( 4tan8) ⇒ x-2y = 0

14. (1.60) Centre of circle S1 = (2, 4) Let equation of common tangent is

Centre of circle S2 = (4, 2) x - 2y +c= 0 ... (1)
Radius of circle S1 = radius of circle S2 = 4 :. perpendicular distance from (0, 0) on this
line
equation of circle S2
= perpendicular distance from ( 1, 1)
(x-4)2 + (y-2)2= 16
x2 + y2 - 8x - 4y +4 = 0 ... (i) ⇒ IJsl =lcisll
Equation of circle touching y = x at ( 1, 1) can
be taken as 1
⇒ c= l- c ⇒ c= -
(x - 1)2 + (y- 1)2 + A.(X -y) = 0 2
 106 MATHEMATICS
Equation of common tangent is 18. (8)
1 Let (h, k) be the point on the curve y =tan-I x.
x-2y+-=0 or2x-4y + 1 =0 ... (2)
2
Image of (h, k) in y = x is (k, h) which is the
Perpendicular from (2, 1) on the line (2)
7t
centre of a circle of radius ~

r=l
4
5o 1
I= 21= ! Given P.M =
7t
2-v2

~ (shortest distance)
16. (1.25) 2-v2
All three circles touch each other externally
And C.M = 7t~ (radius of circle)
2-v2

⇒ h-k= ± !!:_ ⇒ k=h ± !!:_

c 1c2 = 7 2 2
c2 c 3 = 9 Since, (h, k) lies ony = tan-1x
C 3C 1 = 8 ⇒ k = h-!!:_
2
S= 7+8 + 9 =12
2 Now h =~ = tan-I h
' 3
ti= ✓s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) = ✓12x5x3x4
. -7t 7t 7t
Smee, 0<h<1t ⇒ - <h- - < -
r = t,. = ✓5 2 2 2

17. (6)
s
h= tan(h-~) =-cot ⇒ -h = coth
From figure it is clear that point will lie between
19. (1)
two concentric circles
x 2 + y2 = 4 and x 2 + y2 = 64
S(x, y) = x 2 + r -x - y - 6 = 0 ...(1)

Required locus 4 ::;; x 2 + y 2 ::;; 64 has centre at C = ( ½, ½)

According to the required conditions, the given
point P(a, - 1, a, + 1) must lie inside the given
circle.
i.e. S(a. - I , a. + 1) < 0
⇒ (a.-1)2 +(a.+1)2-(a.-1)-(a.+1)-6 < 0

⇒ a.2 -a.-2 < 0, i.e., ( a.-2)( a. + 1) < 0

⇒ -l < a. < 2 ...(2)
Circle 107

Also P and C must lie on the same side of the Therefore, L MPN > L MP'N. Thus P = (1, 0)
line (see figure) :. x-coordinate of P = 1.
21. (A) ➔ r; (B) ➔ q; (C) ➔ p,t; (D) ➔ q,s
(A) Origin is the Circumcentre ⇒ circle is
7t
x 2 +y2= 1 ⇒ 0= -
4
x+y-2=0
(B)Atangenttox2 +y2= 1 is y = mx± ✓l+m 2 .

2m+ ✓l+m2
L(x,y) = x+ y -2 = 0
... (3) It touches (x - 2)2 y2 = 4 if Ql+m2
=2

i.e. L(½, ½) and L (a. - 1, a + 1) must have

The common tangents are
the same sign.
1 2
Since L(.!_ !)=.!_+.!_-2<0 and y= - x - - which
2'2 2 2 ✓3 ✓3

L(o. -1,a+l) = (a-1)+(a+l)-2 < 0, intersect at (- 2, 0).

(C) Common chord of the given circles is
i.e., a.< 1
... (4) (x2 + r- 8) - [(x- a)2 + r-
8] = 0 ⇒ 2x- a
Inequalities (2) and (4) together give the =O
permissible values of a. as - 1 < a. < 1. ⇒ 2x =l
20. (1) a

r
The centre of a circle passing through points Homogenising x 2 + y2 - 8 = 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 - 8
M and N lies on the perpendicular bisector
2
y = 3 - x of MN. Denote the centre by ( : = 0 . It represents perpendicular lines
C(a, 3 - a), the equation of the circle is
(x- a)2 + (y- 3 + a)2 = 2(1 + a 2)
⇒ 1 - 322 + l=O ⇒ a2 =16 ⇒ a=+4
-
Since for a chord with a fixed length the a
angle at the circumference subtended by the (D) (4, k) must lie on the director circle of the
corresponding arc will become larger as the given circle, which is x2 + y2 = 20. Thus
radius of the circle becomes smaller. When 16 + k2 = 20 ⇒ k = ±2
LMPN reaches its maximum value the circle 22. (A) ➔ r, (B) ➔ q, (C) ➔ s, (D) ➔ q
through the three points M , N and P will be (A) sp + s 1p = 2a
tangent to the x-axis at P, which means
(B) a. = 32- 2 A = 3k ⇒ o. + = h ~ = k
2
2(l+a2) = (a - 3) 2 ⇒ a = l or a = - 7 ,., 3 '3
Thus the point of contact are P( 1, 0) or P'(-7, 0)
1
respectively. (C) lsp - s p l=2a
But the radius of circle through the points M,
(D) Locus is a circle with the given diagonal
N and P' is larger than that of circle through
as diameter.
points M, N and P.
 108 MATHEMATICS
Sol. (23-25)
k = sin ( 2h - 4) + 5
Centre of the given circle is C(4, 5). Points
2
P, A, C, B are concyclic such that PC is
diameter of the circle. Hence, centre D of sin(2x-4)+ 5
Or y=-~-~-
the circumcircle of ~ABC is midpoint of PC, 2
then we have ⇒ _1(x) = sin-I (2x-5)+4
1 2
sin(2x-4) + 5
Thus range of y =- ~-~- is [2, 3] and
2
period is 1t.
Also f(x)=4 ⇒ sin(2x-4)=3 which has
no real solutions.

But range of is

[ - 2:+2
4
2:+2]
'4
23. (d)
h = t + 4 and k = sin t + 5 24. (c)
2 2 25. (c)
Eliminating t, we have
 Conic Section

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. The curve represented by the equation Jp; + Jqy = 1, where p, q E R , p , q > 0 is
■
(a)Acircle (b) Aparabola (c) Anellipse (d) Ahyperbola
2. 2
Minimum area of circle which touches the parabolas y = x + 1 and y2 = x - 1 is

(a ) -91t sq.umt
. (b) -91t sq.umt . (c ) -91t sq.umt
. (d) -91t sq.umt .
16 32 8 4
3. An ellipse is sliding along the coordinate axes. If the foci of the ellipse are (1 , 1) and (3, 3), then area
of the director circle of the ellipse (in sq.units) is
(a) 21t (b) 41t (c) 61t (d) 81t
2 2
4. Tangents are drawn to the ellipse x + y = 1( a > b) and the circle x2 + y2 = a 2 at the points where a
2
a b2
common ordinate cuts them (on the same side of the x-axis). Then the greatest acute angle between
these tangents is given by

(a) tan- i(a-b)

,J;;E (b) tan -i(a+2
b)
,J;;E (d) tan
-1( .Ja+b
2ab )
2
5. If the radius of the circle (x - 1)2 + (y - 2)2 = 1 and (x - 7)2 + (y - 10)2 = 4 are increasing uniformly
w.r.t. times as 0.3 and 0.4 unit/sec, then they will touch each other at t equal to
(a) 45 sec (b) 90 sec (c) 11 sec (d) 135 sec
2 2
6. Iftwo points P and Q on the hyperbola x - y = 1 , whose centre C be such that CP is perpendicular
a 2 b2
1 1
to CQ, a < b, then the value of - -2
+- - 2
is
CP CQ

~-~ 1 1 ~b 1 1
(a) 2ab (b) 2+2 (c) 2 2 (d) 2- b2
a b b -a a
7. If the tangent drawn at point (t2, 2t) on the parabola y2 = 4x is same as the normal drawn at point
(.Js cos 0, 2 sin 0) on the ellipse 4x2 + 5y = 20. Then
(a) 0=cos- (-Js)
1
(b) 0=cos-
1
(Js) (c) t=-}s (d) t=- 1
✓5
 110 ------------------- MATHEMATICS
2 2
8. x + y = 1 will represents the ellipse, if r lies in the interval
r 2 -r-6 r 2 -6r+5
(a) (-<XJ, -2) (b) (3, oo) (c) (5, oo) (d) (1, oo)
9. Which of the following is/are true about the ellipse x2 + 4y- 2x - l 6y + 13 = 0?
(a) The latus rectum of the ellipse is 1.
(b) Distance between foci of the ellipse is 4✓ 3.
(c) Sum of the focal distances of a point P(x,y) on the ellipse is 4.
(d) y = 3 meets the tangents drawn at the vertices of the ellipse at points P and Q, then PQ subtends
a right angle at any of its foci.
10. Three sides of a triangle have the equations Li = y- mix = 0; i = 1, 2,. Then Li.Lz + 'A½L:i + µ½Li_ = 0,
* *
where ')., O,µ O, is the equation of the circumcircle of the triangle if
(a) 1+ A+µ= m1m2 +Amim3 + Am3m1 (b) m1(1+ µ)+m 2 (1+ 11,) +m3 (µ+ 11,) = 0
1 1 1
(c) -+-+-=1+11,+µ (d) Noneofthese
m3 m1 m2
11. If a pair of variable straight lines x 2 + 4y2 + axy = 0 (where a is a real parameter) cut the ellipse
x 2 + 4y2 = 4 at two points A and B, then the locus of the point of intersection of tangents at A and B is
(a) x - 2y = 0 (b) 2x -y = 0 (c) x + 2y = 0 (d) 2x + y = 0
12. If two concentric ellipses are such that the foci of one are on the other and their major axes are equal.
Let e and e' be their eccentricities, then
(a) The quadrilateral formed by joining the foci of the two ellipses is a parallelogram

(b) The angle 0 between their axes is given by 0 = cos-l _!_ + _l_ - _ l _
e2 e'2 e2e'2
(c) If e2 e'2
+ = 1, then the angle between the axes of the two ellipses is 90°
(d) None of these
13. If P(x" y 1) , Q(x2, y 2), R(x3, y 3) and S(x4 , y 4) are four concyclic points on the rectangular hyperbola
.xy = c2, then coordinates of the orthocentre of the MQR are
(a) (x4,-Y4) (b) (x4,Y4) (c) (-x4, -y4) (d) (-x4,Y4)
2 2
14. Let £ 1 and £ 2 be two ellipses ~ + y2 = 1 and x 2 + y = 1 (where a is a parameter). Then the locus
2
a2 a
of the points of intersection of the ellipses E 1 and £ 2 is a set of curves comprising
(a) Two straight lines (b) One straight line (c) One circle (d) One parabola
15. Asquare has one vertex at the vertex of the parabola y2 = 4ax and the diagonal through the vertex lies
along the axis of the parabola. If the ends of the other diagonal lie on the parabola, the coordinates of
the vertices of the square are
(a) (4a,4a) (b) (4a , -4a) (c) (0,0) (d) (8a, 0)

~ Numeric Value Answer

16. If S1 and S2 are the foci of the hyperbola whose transverse axis length is 4 and conjugate axis length
is 6, S3 and S4 are the foci of the conjugate hyperbola, then the area of the quadrilateral S 1S3S2S4 is k
find k/4
•
Conic Section 111

2 2
17. For the ellipse ~ + L =1 with vertices A and A', tangent drawn at the point P in the first quadrant
9 4 2 2
meets the y-axis and Q and the chord A'P meets the y-axis at M. If O is the origin, then OQ - MQ
equals to 5
18. An ellipse having foci at (3, 3) and (-4, 4) and passing through the origin has eccentricity equal to
2 2
19. Let any double ordinate PNP' of the hyperbola ~ _ 2:_ = 1 be produced on both sides to meet the
25 16
PQ·P'Q
asymptotes in Q and Q', then ~~~ is equal to

•
5

(I) Integer Answer

20. A circle of unit radius touches positive x-axis and positive y-axis at A and B respectively. A variable
line passing through origin intersects the circle in two points D and E. If the slope of the line is m and
the area of triangle DEB is maximum then -¼- is equal to :
m
21. If the circle passing through the distinct points (1, t), (t, 1) and (t, t) for all values of t E R also passes
through fixed point (a, b) then a 2 + b2 is equal to
22. A chord is drawn from a point P (1, t) to the parabola y2 = 4x which cuts the parabola at A and B. If
PA.PB= 3 ltl, then the maximum value oft is equal to
23. Let tl 1 be the area of a triangle PQR inscribed in an ellipse and ll2 be the area of the triangle P' Q' R'
whose vertices are the points lying on the auxiliary circle corresponding to the points P, Q, R
. Iy. If t he eccentr1c1ty
. . of th e eII.1pse 1s
. -4✓3 h h . -Li 2 1s
. equaI to
respective - t en t e ratio
7 ll 1

g-..:
24.
Match the Following

(A)
Column I
If z is a complex number such that Im(z2) = 3, then eccentricity (p) ✓3
Column II
•
of the locus is
(B) If the latus rectum of a hyperbola through one focus subtends (q) 2
60° angle at the other focus, then its eccentricity is
(C) If A(3, 0) and B(- 3, 0) and PA - PB= 4, then eccentricity of (r) ✓2
conjugate hyperbola is
(D) If the angle between the asymptotes of hyperbola is rc/3, then the 3
eccentricity of its conjugate hyperbola is (s)
✓5
CODES:
A B C D
(a) p q r s
(b) s r q p
(c) q s p r
(d) r p s q
 112 MATHEMATICS
25.
Column I Column II
(A) If the tangent to the ellipse x 2 + 4y = 16 at the point P(<I>) is a (p) 0
normal to the circle x 2 + y2 - 8x - 4y = 0, then i may be
2
The eccentric angle(s) of a point on the ellipse x 2 + 3y2 = 6 at a
(B)
distance 2 units from the centre of the ellipse is/are (q) cos -1(-3
2)

(C) The eccentric angle of intersection of the ellipse x 2 + 4y =4 7t

and the parabola x 2 + 1 = y is (r) -
4
2 2
(D) If the normal at the point P(0) to the ellipse ~ + L =1
14 5 (s) 51t
-
intersects it again at the point 0(20), then 0 is 4
CODES:
A B C D
(a) p, r r, s p q
(b) r s p q
(c) q p s r
(d)

•
r q p s

'
Passage Based Questions
Passage-I
If a circle with centre C(a, ~) intersects a rectangular hyperbola with centre L(h, k) at four points

P( x 1,y1), Q(x 2, y 2), R(x3, y 3 ) and S(x4 , y 4 ), then the mean of the four points P, Q, R, Sis the mean
of the points C and L. In other words, the mid-points of CL coincides with the mean point of P, Q, R, S.
. 11 x, +x2 +x 3+x4 a +h d Y1+Y2+y3+y4 ~+k
Ana lyt1ca y, ~~~~~ - - an
4 2 4 2
26. Five points are selected on a circle of radius a. The centres of the rectangular hyperbola, each passing
through four of these points, all lie on a circle of radius
a
(a) a (b) 2a (c) - (d) <!_
✓ 2 2
27. A, B, C, D are the points of intersection of a circle and a rectangular hyperbola which have different
centres. IfAB passes through the centre of the hyperbola, then CD passes through
(a) Centre of the hyperbola
(b) centre of the circle
(c) mid-point of the centres of circle and hyperbola
(d) none of the points mentioned in the three options.
Conic Section 113

Passage-II
A sequence of ellipse E 1,E2 , .........,En are constructed as follows: Ellipse En is draw n so as to touch
ellipse En--1 as the extremities of the major axis of En--1 and to have its foci at the extremities of the
minor axis ofEn--t·
28. If En is independent of n, then eccentricity of the ellipse En--2.

(a) 3 - ✓5 (b) ✓5 -1 (c) 2- ✓3 (d) ✓ 3 -1

2 2 2 2
29. If eccentricity of ellipse En is independent of 'n' then the locus of the mid point of chords of slope -1
of En (If the axis of En is along Y-axis)

(a) (.Js-l)x=2y (b) (✓5+l)x=2y (c) (3 - ✓5)x=2y (d) (3+ ✓5)x = 2y

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 114 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions .... I :

..
·------ Therefore, radius
_ _ _ _...s:,, •

1. {b) We have, ~ +,[riy = 1

⇒ (~ +,[riy)2 =1 =½ (½-¾r +(¾-½r

⇒ px+qy+2.J(pq)(xy) =1 1 ~ 3
2
⇒ (px+ qy-1) = 4(pq)(xy)
=2'/16 + 16 =s"
91t
Therefore, area = -
⇒ p 2x 2 -2(pq)(xy)+q2y2-2px-2qy+l = 0 32
On comparing this equation with the equation 3. (d) Since x-axis and y-axis are perpendicular tan-
gents to the ellipse (0, 0) lies on the director circle
ax2 +2hxy+by2 +2gx+2fy+c = 0, we get
and mid-point offoci (2, 2) is centre of the circle.
a = p 2 , b = q 2 , c = 1, g = - p Hence, radius = 2✓ 2
The area is 81t units
f = -q and h = - pq y
!!.. = abc+2fgh-af2 -bg2 -ch2

= p2q2-2p2q2 _ p2q2- p2q2 _ p2q2

=-4p2q2-:;: 0

and h 2 -ab = p 2q2-p2q2 = 0

Thus, we have !!.. -:;: 0 and h 2 = ab X
(0, 0)
Hence, the given curve is parabola.
2. (b) Parabola y = x 2 + 1 and x = y2 + 1 are 4. (a)
y
symmetrical about y = x.
Therefore, tangent at point A is parallel toy = x
⇒ dy = 2x ⇒ 2x = 1
dx
1 5
⇒x =- and y = -
2 4
Y'
Tangent to the ellipse at P(a cos o., b sin o.) is

~ cosa + Lsina = l ... (i)

a b
Tangent to the circle at Q(a cos o., a sin o.) is
cos o.x + sin o.y = a ... (ii)
Now angle between tangents is 0,
Then
b
- - cota-(-cot a)
tan0 a
Conic Section 115

6. {d)
y
cota(1-~)
=1-~~~'---1

l+~cot 2 a
a

a-b
= Ia tan a +bcota
I

a-b
-------~---x C
0

(✓atana- ✓bcota)2 +2,J';;E

Now the greatest value of the above expression

is l;~I Let CP = r 1 be inclined to transverse axis at an

angle 0 so that Pis (r I cos 0, r I sin 0) and Plies
on the hyperbola. It gives
When ✓a tan a = ✓bcota 2 2
r? [cos 0 _ sin 0) = 1
⇒ 0maximum = tan- I ( ; ~ ) a2 b2

Replacing 0 by 90° + 0, we have

5. (b) Given circles are 2 2
(x - 1)2 +(y - 2)2 = 1 .. . (i) rf [sin 0 _ cos 0) = 1
and (x - 7)2 + (y- 10)2 = 4 ... (ii)
a2 b2

1 1 cos2 0 sin2 0 sin2 0 cos2 0

⇒ - + - = -- - -- + -- - --
r? rf a2 b2 a2 b2

⇒ _!_ +_!_ = cos 2 0(-

1 1
2 - --)
2
r? rf a b

. 29 x ( - 1 - - 1 )
+sm
Let A = (l, 2),B = (7,10), r1 = l,r2 = 2 a2 b2
AB = l 0, 'i + r2 = 3 1 1 1 1
⇒ -+- = ---
AB > r 1 + r2, hence the two circles are separated. r? rf a2 b
2
Radius of the two circles at time t are
1 1 1 1
(1 + 0.3t) and (2 + 0.4t) ⇒ -- + -- = - - -
cp2 CQ2 a2 b2
For the two circle to touch each other
2 (a, d) The equation of the tangent at (t2, 2t) to
AB
2
= [h + 0.3t) ±h + 0.4t) ] 7.
the parabola y- = 4x is
or 100 = [(1 + 0.3t) ± ( 2 + 0.4t) ]
2 2ty = 2(x + t2)
⇒ ty=x+t2
or 100 = (3 + 0.7t)2 ±[(0.1)t + 1]
2 ⇒ X - ty + t2 = 0 ...(i)
The equation of the normal at point
or 3 + 0.7t = ±10,0.lt + 1=±10 (✓5 cos 0, 2 sin 0) on the ellipse 5x2 + 5y2 = 20 is
:.t = 10, t = 90 [·: t > O]
The two circles will touch each other externally ⇒ (Js sec0 )x -(2cosec 0) y = 5-4
in 10 seconds and internally in 90 seconds.
 116 MATHEMATICS
y
⇒ {Js sec0)x-(2cosec 0)y = 1 ... (ii)

Given that Eqs. (i) and (ii) represent the same Q

line
✓5sec0 -2 cosec 0 -1
⇒ 1 -t - t2

⇒ t = ~ cot0 and t =-_!_ sin0

'\/5 2
2 1 . X'--+-,----1--ie------+--X
⇒ ,,:-cot0 = --sm 0 (-1, 0) (0, 0) (3, 0)
'\/5 2
⇒ 4cos0 = -✓5 sin 2 0 Y'
⇒ 4cos0 = -✓5 ( l-cos 2 0) ⇒ 2ae=2 x2x ✓3 = 2✓3
2
⇒✓ 2
5cos 0-4cos0- ✓5 =0 Sum of the focal distance = 2a = 4
Tangents at the vertices are x - 1 = ± 2
⇒ (cos 0 - -!s) (✓5 cos 0 + 1) = 0 or x = 3, - 1

⇒ cos0 = - Js [·: cos0 * -✓5]

Therefore, the line y = 3 intersect these at
points P(3 , 3) and Q(- 1, 3)
Coordinate of focus are S ( ✓3 + 1, 2)
⇒ 0 = cos- (- 1
Js) Slope of PS is
1
_✓
1
3 , Slope of QS is _ - ✓3
2 2
.
Puttmg cos =- ✓
0
5 mt = -
1 . 1 sm
. 0 , we get
2 ⇒ Product of slopes =
1
------r: x
1
✓3 = -1
2-'\/3 -2- 3
t=-½✓1-¼=- Js 10. (a, b) Li½+½~ +µ.½£i = 0

Hence, 0 = cos- ( -
1
Js) and t = - Js ⇒ (y-m1x)(y-m2 x)+ 'A.(y -m2 x)(y - m3 x)
+ µ( y-m3 x)(y -m1x) = 0 ...(i)
8. (a, c) r2 - r - 6 > 0 and r2 - 6r + 5 > 0 Clearly Eq.(i) represents a curve passing
⇒ (r - 3) (r + 2) > 0 and (r - 1) (r - 5) > 0 through points of intersection of lines L 1, L2
⇒ (r < - 2 or r > 3) and (r < 1 or r > 5) andL3
⇒ r< -2 orr > 5
Equation (i) will represent a circle if coefficient
Also r2 - r - 6 i- r2 - 6r + 5
of x2 = coefficient ofy2 and coefficient of xy = 0
11 :. 1 +'A.+ µ = m1m2 + 'A.m2m3 + µm 1m3
⇒ r ;c -
5
and m1 (1 + µ)+mi (1 +'A.)+ m3 (µ+'A.) = 0
9. (a, c, d) x2 + 4y - 2x - I6y + 13 = 0
⇒ (x 2 - 2x + 1) + 4(y2 - 4y + 4) = 4 11. (a, c) Let the point of equation of intersection
⇒ (x-1)2 + (y-2)2 =1 of tangents A and B be P(h, k), then equation of
AB is
4 1
2xl xh + yk =l ...(i)
:. Length oflatus rectum = - =1 4 1
2
Conic Section 117

P(h, k)

2 ,2
Homogenizing the equation of ellipse using For 0 = 90° e + e
' e2e,2
Eq. (i), we get
2 2 2 ⇒ e2 +e'2 =1
x + y = ( xh + yk )
4 1 4 1 13. (b, c) Let P, Q, R, S lie on the circle
x 2 + T + 2gx + 2.fy + C = 0 ... (i)
h2 -4 ) 2hk ..
⇒x [ ~
2
+y
2
(k 2
-1)+
4 xy = 0 ... (n) And also lies on
xy = c 2 . .. (ii)
On solving Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get
Given equation of OA and OB is
2 2 2
x2 + 4y
+ axy = 0 ... (iii) 2 c ) 2fc
x + ~ +2gx+-x-+c=0
·: Equations (ii) and (iii) represent same line, [
h 2 -4 k 2 -1 hk
Hence, - - = - - = - ⇒ x 4 + 2gx 3 +cx 2 + 2fc 2x+ c4 = 0
16 4 2a
⇒ h -4 = 4(k2- 1)
2
⇒ X1X2X3X4 = C4 .. . (iii)
⇒ h2 -4k2= 0
( c2 l ( c2 l
12.
⇒ Locus (x - 2y) (x + 2y) = 0
(a, b, c) Clearly O is the mid-point of SS' and
And P =(x1,Yi) =l x1, xj, Q =lx2, x2)
HH'
And R = [ x3, :: )
Let orthocentre is O(h, k).
Then, slope of QR x slope of OP= -1

⇒ Diagonals of quadrilateral HSH'S' bisect

-1f-f]x1k-:: ]--l
x3 -x2 h-x1

each other, so it is a parallelogram.

Let H'OH =2r ⇒ OH =r= ae'
2 2
Hlies on \ + Y
2
= 1 (suppose)
a b
2 2 2 2
r cos 0 + r sin 0 1
a2 b2 ⇒ k- c2 = hx2x3 - X1X2X3 ... (iv)
x1 c2 c2
e'2 cos2 0 + e'::i::e =1[·.-b =a (1-e' 2 2 2
)]
Also, slope of PQ = slope of OR = -1
2
e'2 cos2 0 e'2 ⇒ k-~ = hx1x2 - X1X2X3 .. .(v)
⇒ e'2 cos2 0 - - - - =1-- - x3 c2 c2
1-e2 l-e2
 118 MATHEMATICS
From Eqs.(iii) and (iv), we get
4 = 2at = I = l :. t = 2
h = __ c _ and k = - x1x2x3 at2 t
X1X2X3 C2 Therefore, B is (4a, 4a) and hence D is (4a, - 4a)
From Eqs.(iii), we get Clearly, C is (8a, 0)
c2 16. (6.50)
h=-x4 and k=--
x4
Orthocentre lies on .xy = c 2
i.e., (x4,y4) and (-x4,-y4)
14. (a, c) Let P(h, k) be the point of intersection
0
of £ 1 and£2
h2
⇒ 2 + k2 = 1
a
⇒ h 2 = a2 (1 - k2) ... (i)
h2 k2 Required area= 4 area M 2 0S4
and - + - = 1
1 a2 1 1
= 4x-aex8be1-4 x -x2x3 xee1 ... (i)
2 2
⇒ k = a 2 (l-h)2
2
... (ii)
b = a ( e - 1) ⇒ e = ~ + 1 = :
2 2 2 2 1
Eliminating a from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
h2 k2 1 1 4 9
Also - = l - - = l - - = -
l-k = l-h 2
2
e[ e 2 13 13

⇒ h 2 (1- h 2 ) = k 2 ( 1- k 2 ) 2 13
e1 = -
9
⇒ (h - 2 2
k)(h + k)( h + k - 1) = 0 . ✓13 ✓13
Requrredarea =12x-x-=2 x 13=26
Hence, the locus is a set of curves consisting of 2 3
the straight lines 17. (0.80)
y = x, y = - x and circle x 2 + y2 = 1
15. (a, b, c, d)
y

Y'
Let point P be (a cos 0, b sin 0)
Equation of the tangent at point P is
Y'
AC is one diagonal along x-axis, then the other ~ cos 0 + .:[sine = 1
a b
diagonal is BD where both B and D lie on
Then point Q is (b cosec 0, 0)
n;
parabola. Also slope of AB is tan = 1 . If B is
4
Conic Section 119

Equation of chord A 'P is

P'Q = ~(XJ + ✓xf-25)
y-0 =-bsin0
- - ( x+a)
acos0+a
PQ·P'Q = l6
bsin0
Putting x = 0, we have y 20. (3)
cos0+1
The equation of the circle is
Then (x- 1)2 + (y-1)2 = 1
2
bsin0 ) ⇒ x 2 + y2 - 2x - 2y + 1 = 0 ...... (i)
OQ2 - MQ2 = b2 cos ec20 -( b cosec 0 y
cos0+1

b2 sin2 0
= ---
cos0+ 1 ( cos0 + 1)2
(0, 1) B
2 2
b [2cos0 + 2-sin 0)
= cos 0 + 1 ( cos 0 + 1)

2 2
_ b [ 2cos0 + 1+cos 0)
- cos 0 + 1 ( cos 0 + 1) Let the equation of the variable straight line be
y = mx ........(ii)
= b 2 =4
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
18. (0.7142)
(I + m2)x2 _ 2x (1 + m) + 1 = 0
Ellipse passing through 0(0, 0) and having foci
P(3, 3) and Q(--4, 4) Length DE =
PQ ✓ 50 5 m
Then e = - ~ - =~ ~ - = = -
OP+OQ 3✓ 2 + 4✓2 7
Area of MJEB, A = ½DE x distance ofB from DE
19. (3.2)
1 8 1 2m
A2= - - - 2 X --2 = 2
4 · l +m l+m (1 + m 2 )

⇒ A = --
&
I + m2
2
dA _ I-3m = 0 = m = ± - 1-
dM - &(l+m2)2 ✓3

d 2A 1
- - < ifm = -
dm 2 ✓3
NP= i ✓xf-25
5 1
Area is maximum for m = ✓3
. 4
Q 1s on y= - x 21. (2)
5 Let circle x 2 + y2 + 2gx + 2.fy + c = 0 ......(A)
4 it is passing through (1 , t), (t, 1) and (t, t) then
NQ= - X1
5 1 + F+ 2g + 2ft + C = 0 ······ (i)
t2 + 1 + 2gt + 2f+ C = 0 ...... (ii)
PQ = NQ- NP = ~ ( xi - ✓xf-25) 2t 2 + 2gt + 2ft + C = 0 ..... (iii)
(ii) - (i) and (iii) - (ii),
Then 2g (t-1) + 2f(l -t) = 0
 120 MATHEMATICS
or g-/= Oandt2 -1 +2/(t-l) = O
(t + 1) =
1
cos 0 2 sin 0 2 1
J = - - - =g
2 2 ab
cos 03 sin 0 3 1
From (iii), 2t2 - t (t + 1) - t (t + 1) + c = 0
⇒ c = 2t and ~ 2 = Area of ~P'Q'R'
From (A), x 2 + y - (t + 1)x -
(t + 1 )y + 2t = 0 a cos 01 a sin 01 1
⇒ (x2 + y- y ) -t (x + y- 2) = 0,
X - 1
a cos02 a sin 0 2 1
Which is of the form S + 'J..L = 0. Hence always 2
pass through points of intersection of a cos 03 a sin 0 3 1
x 2 + y2 - x - y = 0 and x + y - 2 = 0. On cos 01 sin 01
solving we get x = 1 and y = 1. So, a = 1, b = 1 1
= -a2 cos 02 sin 0 2 1
22. (4) 2
Let equation ofline passing through P(l , t) be cos 03 sin 0 3 1
x -1 y -t
-- = -- = r
cos0 sine Clearly,~=!!_= ✓1-e2 =_!_
~2 a 7
⇒ x = rcos0+1andy = rsin0 +t.
24. (d)
Line meets the parabola at A and B (A) Im(z2) = 3
⇒ (rsin0+t) 2 = 4(rcos0+1)
⇒ 1m((x+iy)2 ) = 3
⇒ r 2 sin2 0+2r(tsin0-2cos0)+t2 -4 = 0
⇒ 2xy = 3, which is a rectangular hyperbola
t 2 -4 having eccentricity ✓2
PA.PB = - 2- = 3ltl
sin 0

⇒
1(2 -
~
-41
~ =sin2 0::; 1
3 It I
⇒ 2
t -3ltl-4 ::;o

⇒ (ltl + 1)(1t l-4)$ o

⇒ lt l::;4
Hence the maximum value oft is 4. Y'
2
23. (7)
(B) tan30o=b la
LetP (a cos01' b sin0 1), Q (a cos02 , bsin02) and 2ae
R (a cos03, b sin03) be the vertices of the 2 2
2 2 ⇒✓3 e=e -1
triangle inscribed in the ellipse \ + y 2 = I.
a b
⇒✓3e 2 -2e - ✓3 = 0
The points on the auxiliary circle correspond-
ing to these points are P'(a cos01' a sin0 1), 2± ✓4+12 2±4
Q'(a cos02 , a sin0 2) and R'(a cos03 , a sin03). ⇒ e= 2✓3 = 2✓3
:. ~, = Area of MQR

1
a cos 0 1 b sin 01 1 ⇒e= i = ✓3
a cos 0 2 b sin 02 1
2 (C) Eccentricity of the hyperbola
a cos 0 3 b sin 0 3
Conic Section 121

AB 6 3 (C) Solving the equation of ellipse and

= --- parabola (eliminating x 2), we have
PA-PB 4 2
If eccentricity of conjugate hyperbola is e', y -I +4y2 = 4
1 1 3 ⇒ 4y2+y -5=0
then(½)'+ ,, I

2 =I ⇒ e = ,[s
⇒ (4y+5)(y-1) = 0
⇒ y=l,x=0
(D) Angle between the asymptotes in
The curves touch at (0, 1). So the angle of
tan-ll a 22ab
-b2
1=~3 intersection is 0.
(D) The normal at P(a cos 0, b sin 0) is
___!1-!__ - ~ = a2 - b2
2~
⇒ -b- = ✓3
2✓e'2 -1 cos0 sine
a2 ⇒ Ie'2 -2I = ✓3 Where a 2 = 14, b2 = 5
--1 It meets the curve again at Q(20),
b2
i.e. (a cos 20, b sin 20). Hence,
(where e' is eccentricity of conjugate hyperbola)
_ a _a cos20 --b-(bsin20) = a 2 - b 2
⇒ e'=2 cos0 sine
25. (a)
(A) Tangent to ellipse at P( q>) is
⇒ ___!_±_cos20--5-(sin20) = 14-5
cos0 sin0
~coscj> + 2:'..sincj> = 1 ⇒ 28cos 2 0 -14-10 cos2 0 = 9cos0
4 2
It must pass through the centre of the circle. ⇒ 18cos 2 0-9cos0-14 = 0
Hence, ⇒ (6cos0-7)(3cos0-2) = 0
4 ,1,. 2 . ,1,.
- cos'+' + - sm'+' = 1 2
4 2 ⇒ cos0=--
3
⇒ cos q> + sin q> = 1
26. (d) Let the circle is x 2 + y2 = a 2 and let the
⇒l +sin2cj> = 1
centre of rectangular hyperbola is (h, k). Let
or sin2cj> = 0 given points on circle are ( a cos 0i, a sin Si) ,
⇒ 2cj> = 0 orn i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 on that
4
⇒ ! = Oor~ ~)cos0i
2 4 i= l
~--- = O+h
4 3
(B) Consider any point p ( ✓6 cos 0, ✓2 sin 0)
5
x2 y2 ⇒ Lacos0i - acos05 = 2h
on ellipse - +- =1
6 2 i=l
Given that OP = 2 5

⇒ 6cos 0+2sin 0 = 4
2 2 Similarly Lasin Si - a sin05 = 2k
i=l
⇒ 4cos 2 0 = 2 As the five points are given,
1 5 5
⇒ cos0=± ✓2 La sin 0; and La cos 0; are known. Let us
i= l i=l
7t 51t assume their values of be µ and 'J,.., respectively.
⇒ 0= - or -
4 4
 122 MATHEMATICS

:. A--acos05 = 2h and µ-asin0 5 = 2k

⇒ 2h-A = -acos05
and 2k-µ=-asin0 5
b~ =a~(1-e~) ....... (i)
⇒ (2h - 1,, )2 + ( 2h - µ )2 = a 2
For En-I , a~-! = b~-l (1- e~-l) ,
bn = bn-len-1, an-I = an

⇒ centre (h, k) lies on circle of radius ~. b 2n-len-1

2 = an2 (1-en2 ) = an-I
2 ( 1-en2 )
2
27. (b) Let centre of circle and hyperbola are b~_1e~-1 = b~-1 (1-e~_1)(1-e~)
(a, ~) and (h, k) and points are A(xl'y 1),
B(x2, y2), C(x3 , y 3) and D(x4 , y 4), then Let all the eccentricities are 'e'
2 2 2
h+a = x 1 +x2 +x 3 +x4 e = (1-e )(1-e )
... (i)
2 4 4 2 ✓5-1
⇒e -3e +l = O ⇒ e = --
and k+~=Y1+Yz+y3+y4 ... (ii) 2
2 4
xx yy x 2 y2
As any chord passing through centre of 29. (b) T = S1 ⇒ -1 +-1 =-1 +-1
a2n b2n a2n b2n
hyperbola is bisected at the centre.
:. AB is bisected at (h, k) -b~x1
⇒ x1 + xz = h ... (iii) ⇒-2- = -l
any,
2
and Y1 +yz =k ⇒ b~x1 = a~y1 ⇒ x 1 (1-e2 ) = y 1
... (iv)
2
x 1 = y1 l -3-
--✓5)
From (i) and (iii), ~ = Y3 + Y4
2
( 2

⇒ (a, ~) is mid-point of CD ⇒ 2x1 = (✓5-l)y1

⇒ (a,~) is lies on CD 2y1 = (✓S+l)x,

⇒ centre of circle lies on CD
 Properties of
Triangles

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. If a,b,c be the sides of a triangle ABC and the roots of the equation a(b - c)x2 + b(c - a)x + c(a - b)

= 0 are equal, then sin

2
( ~ ).sin2 (~ ).sin2 ( ~) are in
(a) AP (b) GP (c) AGP (d) HP
2 2 2
2. If a,b,c are the sides of a triangle, then the minimum value of a + b + c is
b+c - a c+a - b a+b - c
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 1/8
3. In a right angled triangle ABC with A = ~ , a circle is drawn touching the side AB, AC and in circle
2
of the triangle. It's radius is equal to
(a) (2 - ✓2)r (b) (3 - ✓2)r (c) (3+ ✓2)r (d) (3 - 2✓2)r
4. Let S 1 and S2 be the areas of inscribed and circumscribed polygons of 10 sides respectively and S3 is
the area of regular polygon of 20 sides inscribed in a circle, then
2 1 1 1
~ ~=~~ ~ - =- +-
S3 S1 S2

5. T 1 is an isosceles triangle with circumcircle K. Let T 2 be another isosceles triangle inscribed in K

whose base is one of the equal side of T 1 and which overlaps the interior of T 1· Similarly create
isosceles triangles T 3 from T2, T4 from T 3 and so on to the triangle T n· Then the base angle of the
triangle T n as n ➔ oo is
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 120°
6. In /j,_ ABC, LC= 2L A and AC= 2 BC, then which of the following is/are True
(a) Angles A,B,C are in arithmetic progression.
(b) Angles A,C,B are in arithmetic progression
(c) /j,_ ABC is a right angled isosceles triangle
(d) BC2 + CA 2 + AB2 = 8R2 where R is the circum-radius of /j,_ ABC
7. In /j,_ ABC which of the following statements are true?

a
. l f . A . B.C . l
ax1mum va ue o sm- sm- sm- is -
()M
2 2 2 4
(b) R 2 2r where R is circum radius and r is in radius
(c) R2 ;;;=: abc
a+b+c
 124 ------------------- MATHEMATICS
8. Given an isosceles triangle with equal side of length b, base angle a< n /4 . R, r the radii and 0, I the
centres of the circumcircle and incircle, respectively. Then
1 2
(a) R =-bcoseca (b) R = - bcosa
2 3
bsin2a (d) OJ= I bcos(3a / 2) I
(c) r= 2{1+cosa) 2sinacos(a I 2)

9. If a right angled MBC of maximum area is inscribed within a circle of radius R, then (~ represents
area of triangle ABC and r, rl' r 2, r 3 represent inradius and exradii, and s is the semi perimeter of
MBCthen

(d) s=(1 + ✓2)R

10. IfA is the area and 2S the sum of sides of a triangle, then
s2 s2 s2
(a) A<~ (b) A~~ (c) A>-
4 3✓3 ✓3
11. In a triangle ABC, perpendiculars drawn from vertices A, B, C meet the opposite sides BC, CA, AB at
D, E, F respectively, triangle DEF is completed. The perimeter of triangle DEF is greater than or equal
to 3✓3r, where r is in-radius of triangle ABC. Also r = ✓3 and perimeter of triangle ABC is 18. Then
(a) triangle ABC is right angled
(b) triangle ABC is equilateral
(c) area of triangle ABC is 9✓3
(d) ratio of area of triangle ABC to triangle DEF is 4 : 1

12. If cos (0 - a), cos 0, cos (0 + a) a are in HP, then cos 0 sec a is equal to
2
(a) -1 (b) -✓ 2 (c) ✓ 2 (d) 2
13. If the sines of the angles A and B of a triangle ABC satisfy the equation
c2x 2 - c(a + b) x +ab = 0, then the triangle
(a) is acute angled (b) is right angled
(a+b)
(c) is obtuse angled ( d) satisfy sin A +cosA= - -

•
c

~ Numeric Value Answer

14. In a triangle ABC, medians AD and CE are drawn . If AD= 5, L DAC = ~ and LACE=~ then the
8 4
area of triangle ABC is equal to
15. The sides of a triangle inscribed in a given circle subtend angles a, p, y at the centre. Then, absolute

value of the minimum value ofthe A.M of cos( a+~}cos(P+~}cos(y +~) is

Properties of Triangles 125

16. In triangle ABC, a: b: c = (1 + x): 1: (1 - x) where x E (0,1) . If LA = 2: + L C , then 12x2 is equal to

2

17. . 1e ABC, b cos 2 -A + cos2 -B

. tnang
If ma = -3c th en minimum
. . a +-
va1ue o f 1/5 ( - b +-
c +- c ) 1s
. equa1to
2 2 2 2c- a 2c - b
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
18. In MBC letlbe the center of the inscribed circle, and let the bisector of L ABC intersect AB at L. The
line through C and L intersects the circumscribed circle of MBC at the two points C and D . If LI = 2
m
and LD = 3, then IC = - , where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m + n.
n
19. Equilateral MBC has side length 600. Points P and Q lie outside the plane of MBC and are on
opposite sides of the plane. Furthermore, PA = PB = PC, and QA = QB = QC, and the planes of MAB
and t..QAB form a 120° dihedral angle (the angle between the two planes). There is a point O whose
distance from each of A, B, C, P, and Q is d. Find d.
20. Suppose that the angles of MBC satisfy cos(3A) + cos(3B) + cos(3C) = 1. Two sides of the triangle
have lengths 10 and 13. There is a positive integer m so that the maximum possible length for the
remaining side of ti.ABC is ✓ m Find m.
•

21. A hexagon that is inscribed in a circle has side lengths 22, 22, 20, 22, 22, and 20 in that order. The
radius of the circle can be written asp + Jq , wherep and q are positive integers. Findp + q.
22. Let A, B, C be angles of an acute triangle with
15 14
cos2A + cos2 B + 2sin A sin B cos C = and cos2 B + cos2 C + 2 sin B sin C cos A =
8 9
There are positive integers p , q, r, ands for which
2 2 · ·
cos C + cos A + 2smC smA cosB = - - -,
p - q✓r
s
where p + q ands are relatively prime and r is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find p + q + r + s .

( I) Integer Answer
23. The ratios of the lengths of the sides BC and AC of a triangle ABC to the radius of a circumscribed •
circle are equal to 2 and 3/2 respectively. If the ratio of the lengths of the bisectors of the interior
1
angles B and C is a [ ~ }hen a + f3 is

24. Points D , E are taken on the side BC of an acute angled MBC, such that BD = DE = EC.
sin(x + y ). sin(y+z)
If L EAD = x, LDAE = y, L EAC = z, then the value of . . is
smx.smz
25. The lengths of the tangents drawn from the vertices A, B, C to the incircle of ti.ABC are 5, 3, 2
respectively. If the lengths of the parts of tangents with in the triangle which are drawn parallel to the
sides BC, CA, AB of the triangle to the incircle be a , f3, y respectively, then [a + f3 + y] where ([• ] is
G.I.F. is)
 126 MATHEMATICS

g-.. .:
26.
Match the Following
InMBC

Column I Column II
•
S- a S- b S-c (p) 6
(A) If- - = - - = - - , then 33 tan2 A/2 is
11 12 13

31 (q) 52
(B) If a = 5, b = 4 and cos ( A - B) = - , then c =
32
(C) In a MBC, line joining the circum centre orthocenter is parallel to (r) 26
side BC then 4 tan2 B tan2 C =
(D) If the radius of the circum circle of a triangle is 12 and that of the in (s) 13
circle is 4 then the sum of the radii of the escribed circles is
(t) 36
27.
Column I Column II
(A) Number of triangle to which an acute angle triangle ABC can (p) 3
act as a pedal triangle is
(B) DEF is a pedal triangle of ABC, If R 1 and }½ are circumradius of (q) 2
WEF and MBC respectively then R2 is
R1
(C) Three points D,E,F are taken on side BC, CA and AB such that AD, (r) 4
ED.CE.AF . l
BE and CF are concurrent then 1s equa to
DC.AE.FB

(D) i(1 - i )(1 -

2 r2 r3
'i)
is (where rl' r 2 , r 3 are radii ofexcircles of
(s) 1

MBC which is right angled at A)

(t) 5

f Passage Based Questions

Passage-I
In triangle ABC, BC = a, CA= b, AB = c . R is the circum radius and r is in radius and s is the semi
•
r r rr
perimeter and it is given that

(cot; + ( 2cot ~ + ( 3cot ~ = ( ~; then answer the following.

Properties of Triangles 127

28. The ratio of the sides of triangle ABC,

a:b:c is
(a) 1 : 1 : 1 (b) 13 : 40: 45 (c) 1 : 2: 3 (d) 7: 15 : 45
29. The greatest angle of the triangle is

(a) n-cos-
1
G:) (b) sin-
1
G:) (c) cos-
1
(!!) (d) None of these

Passage-II
In triangleABC,AB AC. = AD is drawn perpendicular to BC. BC E
is produced to a point such that
AE DAC
= 10. Let LBAD = = 13 and LEAD = a. Let tan(a - 13), tan a, tan(a + 13) be in G.P. and cot
13, cot (a - 13) and cot a be in A.P. Then answer the following questions.
30. a must be equal to
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 750
31. The value of tanl3 must be equal to
1 1 1 2
(a) - (b) - (c) - (d) -
4 5 3 3
32. The area of triangle ABC must be
40 . 50 . 25
(a) - sq. umts (b) - sq. umts (c) 20 sq. units (d) - sq. units
3 3 3

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 128 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·-----
1. (d) 3. (d)
- - - -&1''

a(b - c) + b(c - a) + c (a - b) = 0 let r 1 be radius ofrequired circle

:. x = 1 is a root of the equation 1 A ~
AO = 1i. cosec - = v21j_
a(b - c)x 2 + b(c - a)x + c(a - b) =O 2
Then, other root = 1 ( ·: roots are equal)
. _ c(a -b) AO= r cosec A= ✓2r
2
.. a,x ~ -
a ( b- c)
00 = ✓2r(r -ri ) But 00 = r1 +r
1 1

⇒ ab - ac = ca - be
(✓2-1)
b= 2ac
a+c
·: r1 + r = ✓2 ( r - 1i.) ⇒ r1 ( .fi.+I(
a, b, c are in HP
1 1 1 . = (3 - 2✓2 )r
Then, -,-,- are mAP.
a b c A
s s s .
⇒--- aremAP
a'b'c
⇒ ~ -1,~ -1,~ -1 are in AP.
a b c
(s - a) (s - b) (s - c) .
⇒ - -,- -,- - aremAP.
a b c
. . . abc
Multiplying m each by ( s - a) ( s - b)(s - c) 4. (b)

Then,
be ca ab
(s - b)(s - c)' (s- c)(s - a) '(s - a)(s - b)
are in AP.
⇒
(s - b)(s - c) (s - c)(s - a) (s - a)(s - b)
~~~~ , ~~~~ , ~~~~

be ca ab
1t X
are in HP. tan - = -
n r
Or sin
2
( i), sin 2 2
( ~), sin ( ~) are in HP
x= rtan -
7t

n
2. (a)
1 2 . 21t
a b c S1 = n x - x r x sm -
--+--+- = - 3+ 2 n
s- a s - b s- c
s- + -s- + - s ) ~ - 3+9=6 S2 = n •r 2 tan -7t
(-
s- a s- b s- c n
2
S3 = n xr2 sin~ Sf = n2 r 4 sin2 ~
2 n n
Properties of Triangles 129

2 2 2 2
. 7t
SIIl- a + b + c = 8R
24 l .7t 7t n 2 2 2
S1S 2 =n r - x2sm-cos-.-- ¢:!> sin A+ sin B + sin C = 2
2 n n cos2:
n ¢:!> 3-( cos2A + cos2B + cos2C) = 4
¢:!> cosAcosBcosC = 0
7. {b, c)
5. {b) 1j +r2 + r3 > 3
T 1 is an isosceles triangle with circumcricle K. 3 - 1 1 1
-+- +-
Let T2 be another isosceles triangle inscribed r1 r2 r3
in K whose base is one of the equal sides ofT 1
4R+r~9r ⇒ 4R ~8r ⇒ R~ 2r
and which overlaps the interior ofT 1• Similarly
create isosceles triangles T 3 from T 2 , T4 from 2 > 2 > 4~2 > 4a2b2c2 4 a2b2c2
R _ 4r _ - - _ ⇒R ~---
T3 and so on, do the triangles T n approach an S2 16R2S 2 4S2
equilateral triangle as n ➔ oo ?
Note that the base angle of T 0 is equal to the ⇒ R2 ~ abc
angle opposite the base of Tn+l (as the figure a+b+c
indicates). Therefore, if 0 is the base angle for 8. (a, c, d)
T0 , then the base of angle for the next triangle Let ABC be the isosceles triangle with AB
. 180° - 0 - 900 0 = AC = b and L B = L C = a.. Let AD be the
(Tn+l) I S--- - --.
2 2 perpendicular bisector of the side BC. Since
MBC is isosceles, AD is also the bisector of
angle A, So that O and I both lie on AD. We
have OB = R and ID = r. Also, since O is the
circumcentre, we get OA = OB = R. Therefore,
from isosceles triangle OAB
A

Suppose, now that 0 is the base angle for TI'

then the base angle for Tn is
90 90 90 ... + {-1)n- 2
90--+---+
2 4 8
+__22.._ + (-l)n-1 _0_
n-2
2 2n-l ·
Note that the limit as ➔ oo of the above is
___2Q_ = 60° by formula for the sum of an OB AB
1+ 1/2
sin ( 90° - a.) sin 2a.
infinite
6. (b, d) bcosa.
⇒ R = ----
LC= 2LA and b = 2a ⇒ sin B = 2 sin A 2 sin a. cos a.
⇒ sin(A + C) = 2 sin A
1
sin 3 A = 2 sin A = - bcoseca.
2
3 -4 sin2 A = 2
(a) is correct. Again
⇒ sinA =_!_ ⇒ A= 30° ~ = BO.AD = b cosa..b sina.
2
C = 60°, B = 90° = _!_b 2 sin2a.
2
 130 MATHEMATICS
Or EF+FD+ED = R(sin2A+sin2B+sin2C)
2
b. ½b sin 2a bsin2a = 4RsinA sinB sinC
r= - =- ~ - - - - ForaMBC,
s _!_(b+b+2bcosa) 2(1 + cos a)
2 - A+-
sin - sin-
B +-
sine . A sm
- '?:. ( sm . B sm
. C)l/3
3
(d) OI2 = R2 - 2Rr
3
9. (a, b, c, d) .
⇒ smAsmBsmC~
. . ✓3 3✓
=- -
3
For a right angled triangle inscribed in a circle ( 2 ) 8
of radius R the length of the hypotenuse is 2R
Then area is maximum when it is isosceles EF + FD + ED = 4R sinA sinB sinC
triangle
~ 3✓3 R = 3✓3r
With each side = ✓ 2R 2

:. S = ½(2✓2 +2)R = (✓2 +l)R But given EF + FD + ED '?:. 3✓ 3r , which is

possible only when triangle is equilateral.
b. = _!_✓2R.✓2R = R2 Also r = (9 - a)tan A ⇒ ✓3 =(9 - a) ~
2 2 "1!3
a = b = c = 6 (since triangle is equilateral)
r-!- (.Jt:t)R ⇒ r-(✓2 -t)R Ar.of AABC = ----=~-bc_ s_in_ _
A _ __
1 1 1 1 1 ✓2 +1 Ar.of WEF _!_bcosB ccosCsin(n - 2A)
- +- + - = - = ~-~ = - - 2
'i r2 r3 r (✓ 2 -l)R R
1 4
10. (a, b) 2cosAcosBcosC 1
S+S - a +S - b+S - c -:?:. ~S(S - a)(S - b)(S - c) 1
4 Also area of AABC = be sinA
2 2
2
⇒ §___ '?:. b. ⇒ A ~ §___
§_ -:?:. A112
2 4 4 =
36
✓3 = 9✓3 sq. units.
2 2
S - a +S - b +S - c '?:.~(S - a)(S - b)(S - c) 12. (b, c)
3 Since, cos (0 - a), cos 0, cos (0 + a) are in HP
s3 (S - a)(S - b)(S - c)S 1 1 1
- >------- :. ( ),- , ( ) are inAP
27 s cos 0 - a cos0 cos 0 + a
2 1 1
⇒ -- = ---- + ---
cos0 cos(0 - a) cos(0+a)
11. (b, c, d) 2cos0cosa
Here EF = a cosA, FD = b cos B, ED = c cos C cos(0 - a)cos(0 +a)
A
⇒ cos 2 0cosa = cos2 0 - sin 2 a
⇒ cos 2 0(1- cos a) = sin2 a

⇒ cos 2 0(1 - cosa) = (1+ cosa)(l - cosa)

⇒ cos 2 0 = (1+ cos a)

Properties of Triangles 131

15. (0.866)
⇒ cos2 0 = 2cos 2 a a ~ y
2 Clearly, LA = - ,LB= - LC= -
2 2 2
⇒ cos2 0sec2 a= 2 :. a + ~ + y=21t

:. cos0sec a = ±✓2
2
2
A.M. = H cos(a+~)+ cos(~+~)+ cos ( ½)]

13. (b, d) = --1 [sma+sm,-,+smy

. . A . ]
·: sinA and sinB are the roots of 3
2 2
c x - c(a+b)x+ab = 0
= - 4 sm
3
. (a)2 . (~)2 . (y)2
sm sm
. A . a+b
Ten
h sm +smB= - -
c 4 . . B.
= -- smAsm sm C
3
And sinAsinB = a~
C

a b a+b
⇒ - + - = --
2R 2R c
a b ab
And - x - = -
2
2R 2R c
: . c = 2R ⇒ 2R sin C = 2R
:. sin C = 1
:. LC= 90°
A + B = 90°
B= 90°-A A.M. will be least if sin(~}in(~}in(½) is
. A +sm
·: sm . B=-
a+b
- greatest i.e. sinA sinB sinC is greatest, we
c know that in a MBC, sin A sin B sin C is
⇒ sinA+sin(90° - A) = a+b greatest if A = B = C = 2=
C 3
. a+b
=-1( ~)' ~
⇒ smA+ cosA = -­
c Uast,<M =
14. (8.33)
AG =~ AD = 10 16. (1.71)
3' 3
a = (I+ x) h b = h c = (1- x) h A - C = 2:
. 7t ' ' '2 2 4
GC AG 10 Sm - AC .A.C 1
--=-- ⇒ GC =- x -- 8 ⇒ cos - .cos- + sm - sm- = -
. 7t
sm-
. 7t
sm-
3 . 7t
sm- 2 2 2 2 ✓2
8 4 4
:. Area fo MBC = 3 Area of MGC
s2 (S-a)(S- c)
⇒
be.ab

3 (_!_ 10 x [lO x sini]J x sin(2=+2=)= 25

(S - b)(S - c)(S-a)(S-b) 1
23 3
sm-
.7t 2 8 3 + be.ab = ✓2
4
 132 MATHEMATICS
we know that LEAD = y. Similarly, LABD = y.
S (S-a)(S-c)
⇒-,~---- Also, using AfC A, we find L CIA = 180 - a -y.
b ac Therefore, LAID a + y. Therefore, LDAI =
(S-b) (S-a)(S-c) 1 LAID= a + y, so MID must be isosceles with
+-b- ac ✓2 AD = ID = 5. Similarly, BD = ID = 5. Then
AL 3
t:JJLB ~ MLC, hence - = - . Also, Al
⇒ (2S-b) (S-a)(S-b) =-1 AC 5
b ac ✓2 bisects L LAC, so by the Angle Bisector
a+c (S-a)(S-b) 1 CI AC 5
⇒-- ,- - - - - = - Theorem-=-= -.
b ac ✓ 2
IL AL 3
10
⇒ 2 (a+c)
2
_ ac
Thus, CI =
3,
and the answer is IO13 I
b - (s-a)(s-c) 19. (450) The inradius of MBC is 100✓ 3 and the
Now a + c = 2h, b = h circumradius is 200✓ 3 . Now, consider the line
⇒ a+ c = 2 s = a+ b + c = 3h perpendicular to plane ABC through the
b ' 2 2 circumcenter of MBC. Note that P,Q,O must
lie on that line to be equidistant from each of
⇒ S _ a = ( 1- 2x) h (S _ c) = ( 1- 2x) h the triangle's vertices. Also, note that since P,
2 ' 2 Q, 0 are collinear, and OP = OQ, we must have
0 is the midpoint of PQ. Now, Let K be the
circumcenter of MBC, and L be the foot of the
altitude from A to BC. We must have tan(LKLP
+ LQLK) = tan(l20°). Setting KP = x and KQ
17. (0.80) = y, assuming WLOG x > y, we must have
1
L.H.S. = -(b +bcosA+a+acosB) x+y
2
0
tan(120 ) -
- - r;; -
-v3 -
100✓3
_xy. Therefore, we
1 3 30000
⇒ - (a+b+c) = - c ⇒ 2c=a +b
2 2 30000
a+c b+c a+c b+c a b c c must have l00(x + y) = xy- 30000. Also, we
- - +- - = - - + - - = - + - + - + -
2c-a 2c-b b a b a a b
must have ( x~yr =( x; yr + 120000 by
,4(::r >4 the Pythagorean theorem, so we have xy
= 120000, so substituting into the other
18. (13) Suppose we label the angles shown below.
equation we have 90000 = 100 (x + y), or x + y
c---- = 900. Since we want x + y, the desired
. ~ 2
answer is @ .
20. (399) cos3A + cos3B = 1 - cos(3C)
= 1 + cos(3A +3B)
2cosl(A + B)cosl(A-B) = 2cos2 l(A + B)
2 2 2
3 3
If cos-(A + B) = 0, then-(A +B) = 90, A+ B
2 2
D
= 60, so C = 120; otherwise,
Properties of Triangles 133

3 3 2
2cos-(A-B) = 2cos-(A+B)
2 2 l· nto the second equa1on:
t·
11
1 - 2( r J -- lrO

. 3 A.
sm-
3
sm- B = 0 Multiplying both sides by r2 and reordering
2 2 gives us the quadratic
l l
So either sin A = 0 or sin B = 0, i.e., either r2-10r-242 = 0
2 2 Using the quadratic equation to solve, we get
A = 120 or B = 120. In all cases, one of the that r = 5 + ./267
(because 5- ./267
gives
angles must be 120, which opposes the longest a negative value), so the answer is 5 + 267
side. Final result follows. I399 I = 12121.
21. (272) 22. (222) Let's draw the triangle. Since the problem
only deals with angles, we can go ahead and set
one of the sides to a convenient value. Let BC=
sin A.
A By the Law of Sines, we must have CA = sin B
and AB = sin C.
Now let us analyze the given:
2 2
cos A+cos B+2sinAsinBcosC
Let us call the hexagon ABCDEF, where AB = = 1-sin2 A+ 1-sin2 B + 2sinAsinBcosC
CD =DE =AF= 22,andBC = EF= 20. We can 2 2
just consider one half of the hexagon, ABCD, = 2-( sin A+sin B-2sinAsinBcosc)
to make matters simpler. Draw a line from the Now we can use the law of Cosines to simplify
center of the circle, 0, to the midpoint of BC, this:
E. Now, draw a line from O to the midpoint = 2- sin2C
of AB, F. Clearly, LBEO = 90°, because BO- Therefore
CO, and LBFO = 90°, for similar reasons. Also
notice that LAGE= 90°. Let us call LBOF =
0. Therefore, LAOB =20, and so LBOE = 90
sinC = Jf ,cosC = i.
-20. Let us label the radius of the circler. This Similarly,
means
sin0 =BF=!_!
sin A= ~,cos A= Jr.
r r
Note that the desired value is equivalent to
. BE 10 2 - sin2B, which is 2 - sin2 (A + C). All that
sm ( 90- 20) = - =-
r r remains is to use the sine addition formula and,
Now we can simple trigonometry to solve for r. after a few minor computations, we obtain a
Recall that sin(90 - a) = cos(a): That means 111 - 4✓35
result of - - - -. Thus, the answer 1s 111
.
1
sin (90 - 20) = cos20 = O . Recall that cos2a 72
r
+ 4+35 + 72 = 12221.
= 1 - 2sin2 a: That means cos 20 = 1 - 2sin20 =
10 Note : That the problem has a flow because
· e = x. Sb.
- . L et sm u shtute to get x = -ll an d cos B < 0 which contradicts with the statement
r r
that it's an acute triangle. Would be more
1
1- 2x2 = O Now substitute the first equation accurate to state that A and C are smaller than
r 90. Mathdummy.
 134 MATH EMATICS
23. (9) a AD
Given ~ =2 · .!!._ _ l 3sinx sinB ...( 1)
R ' R 2
2a AE
...(2)
~=_!?__=R 3sin(x+ y) - sinB
2 3/ 2
B (1) sin(x+ y) AD
2ac B cos- - ⇒ ---'-----------'- = - ...(3)
- cos- a +b 2 (2) 2sinx AE
.------z: ·-
BE a+c 2 C
=- ... (1)
CF= 2ab c a+c cos- b 2a AD
- -cos- ...(4)
a +b 2 2 3sin(y+z) - sine
·: a = 2R use here
a AF
2 2 2 ✓7R ...(5)
a =b +c ⇒ c= - 3sinz sinC
2
(5) sin(y + z) AE
sinB = l;sin = ✓7 - ⇒ ---'------------'- = - ...(6)
(4) 2sinz AD
4 4
2 B 4+ ✓7 :. ( 3) x ( 6) ⇒ sin(x~ y )s~n(y + z) 4
cos - = - -· smxsm z
2 2 '
25. (6)
2B 4+ ✓ 7 2c 7
cos - = - -·cos - = -
2 2 ' 2 8
Now from (1)
BE _ 7 ( ✓7 -1)
CF - 9✓2
A

A
r = (S - a)tan -
2
r r
-- = - ⇒ S - a =5 S - b =3 S - c =2
S- a AP ' '
⇒ S = 10 ⇒ a = 5,b = 3,c = 8

24. (4) ~ + 2:'.+ ~=1 ⇒ a + ~ +1=1

A a b c 5 7 8
ra rb re
a = A ' P= B, y= C
Stan- Stan - Stan-
2 2 2
a = (S - a)a A= (S - b)b = (S - c) c
s ,p s ,y s
a_5 x 5 A_3 x7 _2 x 8
- 10,p- 10,Y- 10
25 + 21 +16 62
a + p +y = --- = - ⇒ [a +p +y]=6
10 10
Properties of Triangles 135

26. (A) ➔ s; (B) ➔ p; (C) ➔ t; (D) ➔ q (C) In MBC If AD, BE and CF are concurred
(A).s - a = llk
s - b= Ilk and if BD = ~and CE=~
DC J3 AB y
s - c= 12k
s=36k Then AF= J__
2 A (s-b)(s-c) 12x13 13 FB a,
tan-= =--= -
2 s(s - a) 36xll 33 ⇒ BD, CE, AF = DC, AE, FB

(B) a-b cotE = tan(A-B)

a+b 2 2
(D) I(l-
2
s -b)(i- s - c)
s-a s- a

⇒ -cot
1 2C
- =-
2
5 - 4 cot C ) = 1- cos ( A - B)
( 5+4 2 l+cos(A-B)
1
28. (b).

( S(Sll-a) r r r
+ 4 ( S(Sll-b) + 9 ( S(Sll- c)

81 2 63 36s2
2C 7 =
⇒ tan - =- 49r 2
2 9
:.cosc=-
1
8
⇒ !: 2
((s-a) +4(S -b) +9(s -c)2)
2

c
2
= a +b2 -2abcosc
2
36s2.s2
=
49 ~

r r r
1
= 25 + 16 + 2.5.4.- = 36
8
(C) tanB tanC = 3 ⇒ ( S; a + ( S; b +( S - c = ::
( ·: 2 R cos B cos C = R cos A)
⇒ 2cosBcosC =-cos(B+C) S-a S-b S-c
Let - - =l - - =m - - =n
6 ' 3 ' 2
⇒ sinBsinC = 3cosBcosC
A ⇒ S = 6/ + 3m + 2n
⇒ 49(/2 +m2 +n2 ) = (6/ +3m+ 2n)
2

⇒ .!_ = m = !! = k (from canchy's inequality)

6 3 2
:. S - a = 36k, S -b = 9k, S - c = 4k
⇒ S = 49k,a = 13k, b = 40k, c = 45k

:. a: b: c = 13 : 40: 45
(D) r 1 + r 2 + r 3 = r + 4R 29. (a)
27. (A) ➔ r; (B) ➔ q; (C) ➔ s; (D) ➔ p 132 +402 -452 -256 -16
(A) ABC is pedal triangle of acute angle I11213 cosc= = =
2 x 13 x 40 2x 13x40 65
and of obtuse angled triangle
11112,11213 and 11311- C = COS-1(- 6S
16) = 1t - COS-1(16)
65
(B) R2 =2
R1
 136 MATHEMATICS
30. {b) tana.2 = tan(a - p).tan(a + P) ⇒ cot p + cot 0 = cote cot 0 - 1
tana-tanp tan a+ tanp
= --------
Solving this we get,
1+ tan a tanp · -ltanp. tanp (cot p + 1) (cot p - 1) = 2(cot p + 1)
⇒ cot p = 3
_ tan2 a-tan 2 p 1
⇒ tanP=-
- l-tan2 a.tan 2 p 3
⇒ tan2 a - tan4 a.tan2 p = tan 2 a - tan2 p (c) is correct
⇒ tan2 a - 1=0 32. (b) MOE is right-angled, isosceles triangle
⇒ a = 45° (·: 0 < a, p < 90°,tana > 0) with
(b) is correct AD = DE = 5✓ 2 (-: AE = 10 given)
31. (c) ·: cot a = 1 and cot a, cot (a-P) and cot p
are inA.P. Also in right-triangle, ACD, tan p = CD
AD
⇒ cot a + cot P = 2cot(a - P)
2
⇒ A(~ABC) = AD.CD = (AD) .tanP = 50.tanp
⇒ 1 + cot P = 2 cot (45° - P)
Put, 45° - p = 0 50
⇒ 1 + cot p = 2 cot 0
= (·: tanp = ½)
3
But45° = 0 + p ⇒ (b) is correct.
A) cotp.cot0-1
⇒ 1 =cot ( 0 +p = - ~ - -
cotp+cot0
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 Function

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. Consider a one-one function An ➔ An where An = { 1, 2, 3 ... n}
Let T(n) be the number of functions from An ➔ An such that 1/(i) -
(a) T(9) =57 (b) T(10) = 89 (c) T(8) = 36
ii < 2, then
(d) Noneofthese
•
2. If 2f(sinx) + f(cosx) = x"dx E JR then range offix) is

(a)
-1t 1t]
[3'3
3. Ifp and q are +ve integers, f is a function defined for +ve numbers and attains only positive values
such that f ( xf (y)) = xP yq

(a) q =p 2 (b) q = p 112 (c) 2q = p 2 (d) None of these

4. A functionf defined V x, yeR is such thatfil) = 2;fi2) = 8 and fix+ y) - kxy =fix)+ 2y where k is
constant then
(a) fi3) = 18 (b) fi2) = 9 (c) fi5) = 25 (d) None of these
5. If (a+ l)(b+ l)(c+ l)(d + 1) = 1
(a+ 2)(b + 2)(c + 2)(d + 2) = 2
(a+ 3)(b+ 3)(c+ 3)(d + 3) = 3
(a +4)(b+4)(c+4)(d +4) = 4
Then find (a +5)(b+5)(c + 5)(d + 5)

(a) 24 (b) 29 (c) 39 (d) None of these

6. For polynomials of the form anx'1 + a,,_ 1_x11-I + ... + a1x + a0 with a; e{- 1,1} , (i = 0, 1, 2, ... , n) which
has all roots real find the maximum value of n.
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) None of these
7. Let function fix) be defined as fix) = x2 + bx + c, where b, c are real numbers and
fi l ) - 2fi5) + fi9) = 32. Ordered pairs (b, c) such that IJ(x)I ~ 8 for all x in the interval [l , 9], then
(a) b = 7 (b) b =-10 (c) c = l 7 (d) b+c = 24
x -5
8. Letfbe a function defined by fix) = - -, x -::I- 3, 2; fk(x) denote the composition off with itself
x- 3
taken k times i.e.,f3(x) = j{f(j(x))) then
 138 MATHEMATICS

(a) / 2012 (2009) = 2009 (b) /2009(2010)= 2006

2007

(c) /2009(2 Oll)= 1003 (d) / 2012 (2012) = 2012

1004
9. Let.f{x) = µ:- 21 and g(x) = f(f(f(f. ..(f(x)))) ...). If the equation for, ke (0,2) then
n time

(a) g(x) = k has 8 distinct solutions then n = 4 (b) g(x) = k has 11 distinct solutions then n = 5
(c) g(x) = k has 6 distinct solutions then n = 3 (d) g(x) = k has 7 distinct solutions then n = 3

10. Let/(x) = a 1 cos(a1 +x)+a2 cos(a2 +x) +... +an cos(an +x). If J(x) vanishes for x =0 and
x = x1 (where x1 -;#; k1t, k E Z ), then
(a) a1 cosa1 +a2 cosa2 + ... +an cos an= 0 (b) a1 sin a 1 + a 2 sin a 2 + ... +an sin an =0
(c) f ( x) = 0 has only two solutions 0, x1 (d) j{x) is identically O V x
11. Which of the following functions are periodic?
1 if x is a rational number
(b) f (x) = { 0 if x is an irrational number

8 8
(c) f(x) = - - - + - - -
1+ COS X 1- COS X
(where [] denotes greatest integer function)
12. Let/(x) = [x]2 + [x + 1] - 3, where [x] = the greatest integer~ x. Then
(a) f(x) is a many-one and into function (b) /(x) = 0 for infinite number of values ofx
(c) f(x) = 0 for only two real values (d) None of these
6a 2 a -8a a 2
13. The sequence ( an )n~l is defined by a 1 = 1, a2 = 2, a 3 = 24 and for n 2: 4, an = n-1 n-3 n-1 n-2
an- 2an-3
then which of the following statement/sis/are correct?
(a) a 2149 is divisible by 307 (b) a 1133 is divisible by 103
(c) a 1457 is divisible by 31 ( d) a 1457 is divisible by 4 7
14. Ifa function satisfies (x-y).f{x + y) -(x + y)j(x - y) = 2(x2y - y3) V x,y E R andj(l) = 2, then
(a) .f{x) must be polynomial function (b) /{3) = 12
(c) .f{O) = 0 (d) .f{x) may not be differentiable

~ Numeric Value Answer

•
Note: [k] and {k} denote greatest integer and fractional part functions of k respectively.
16. If.f{x) is a polynomial of degree 4 with leading coefficient one satisfying /(1) = 1, / (2) = 2, / (3) = 3

then 1/4 [/(-l)+ f(S)]= ([.] denotes GIF)

f(O)+ /(4)
Function 139

17. If roots of the equation Ix - 11= 2 [x] - 3{x} is x;, then find [~x;] here (where [x ] & {x} denotes

integral and fractional part of x)

18. Let W be the set of whole numbers and f W ➔ W be defined by

( x-10[ ~
1
]}0[ 10810
x]

f(x)=

0 if x= 0

where [y] denotes the largest integer ➔ y. Then f (7752) =

19. Consider a functionf A ➔ A, here A = {l, 2, 3 ... N} such that.f{/{/{x))) =x. IfN= 7, then how many
functions can be fo rmed

(I) Integer Answer

20. If a is an integer satisfying Ia 1~5-I [x] I, w here x is a real number for which 2xtan- 1 x is greater
than or equal to ln ( 1 + x 2 ), then the number of maximum non-negative possible values of a is
(where [.] denotes the greater integer function)
•
21. Lct.f{x) = 4x(l - x), 0~ x~ 1. The number of solution of.f{/{/{x))) =~ is
3
22. f(x) = x 5 + x 2 + 1 has roots xi' x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 and g(x) = x 2 - 2 then g(x 1) g(x2 ) g(x3 ) g(x4 ) g(.x5 )
-30g(X1X2X3X4X5) = __

g-.. .:
23.
Match the Following

Column I Column II
•
(A) Fu nction f: [ 0, ~] ➔ [O, 1] defined by f (x) = ✓sin x is (p) one-one function

x+3
(B) Function /: (1, oo) ➔ (1, oo) defined by f(x) = - - is (q) many-one function
x- 1

(C) Fu nction f: [- ~, :7t]➔ [-1, 1] defined by f(x) = sin xis (r) into function

2
(D) Function/: (2, oo) ➔ [8, oo) define f(x) = _ x_ is (s) onto function
x- 2
(t) f' (x) < 0
 140 MATHEMATICS
24.
Column I Column II
(A) The integral value of x E (- 1t, 1t) satisfying the equation (p) 0
µ 2
- 1 + cos xi = !x 2
- 11 + lcosxl can be
(B) The number of solutions of [x] 2 = x + 2{x} is equal to (q) 1
(C) Iff(x) = sin- 1x + cos- 1x + tan- 1x, then [f(x) ] can be equal to (r) 2

(D) (s) 4
An allowable value ofj(x) = .jln(cos(sinx)) can be
([.] and {.} represent integral and fractional parts respectively) (t) -1

f Passage Based Questions

✓1-x2 -1 ~ x<O
Passage •
2
Consider fix) = x O~x<l
(x-1)2 x~l
~~+2
4
Consider another function g is defined such that g (j(x)) = x V x ~ -1 and j(g(x)) = x V x ~ 0
25. The range of the function y = f(f(f(g(x))) is
(a) [-1,oo) (b) [O,oo) (c) [1,oo) (d) [2,oo)
26. The domain ofy = g(g(g(f(x)))) is
(a) [-1,oo) (b) [O,oo) (c) [1,oo) (d) [2,oo)

RESPONSE SHEET
1. 0®@)@) 2. 0®@)@) 3. 0®@)@)
4. 0®@)@) 5. 0®@)@) 6. 0®@)@)
7. 0®@)@) 8. 0®@)@) 9. 0®@)@)
10. 0®@)@) 11. 0®@)@) 12. 0®@)@)
13. 0®@)@) 14. 0®@)@) 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22.

23. IAI IBI lei 1°1 24. IAI IBI lei Joi
25. (a) (b) (c) (cf) 26. (a) (b) (c) (cf)
Function 141

\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·----- - - - -&1' '

1. (b) We have two cases Now put y'l1P = z
Case (i)f{i) - i = 0 orj{i) = i, Then,f(xz) = (xzf ⇒ f(')..) = ').J' ... (iv)
Case (ii)j{i) - i = 1 or - I from Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
Now consider T(2) = 2, T(3) = 3, T(4) = 5 Jfl = y'l1P ⇒ p = q/p
We can establish a result that Hence,p2 =q
'.lln) = '.lln - 1) + '.lln - 2), i.e fibonacci series. 4. (a) f(x+ y) - kxy = f(x)+2y2
Therefore T(5) = 8, T(6) = 13, T(7) = 21 ,
Replace y by - x, we get
T(8) = 34, T(9) = 55, T(lO) = 89 2 2
2. {b) Put x = sin- 1 x and then x = cos- 1 x f (o)+kx = f (x)+ 2x

Put x = sin- 1 x ⇒ f(x) = f(0)+kx 2 -2x 2 ... (i)

we get2f(x)+ 1(.J1-x 2
) = sin-1 x ➔ (1) :. f(l) = f (0) +k - 2 = 2 ... (ii)
And f(2) = /(0)+ 4k-8=8 ... (iii)
x = cos-
1
xthen ⇒ 2/ (✓l-x2 )+ f(x)
Solve Eq. (ii) and (iii), we get
= cos- x ➔ (2)
1 k = 4 and.ft0) = 0 ... (iv)
On solving above two equations we get, :. from Eq.(i), we getf(x) = 2x2
1
5. (b) Lets consider a function j{x) = (x + a)
f(x)+2f ( ~ ) = cos- x (x + b) (x + c) (x + d) - x which is a monic qua-
dratic function
3f(x) = 2sin-1 x -cos- 1 x
Then we can observe thatj{l) =1{2) =1{3) =1{4)
f( x ) = 2 sm
. -I x - 1 (1t . -I
x ) = sm
. -I 1t = 0, so we can writej{x) as (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 3)
3 3 3 - sm x-
6 (x - 4) because j{x) is a monic quartic function
1t 1t 1t
fmax =2- 6=3,
So f(x) = (x+a)(x+b)(x+c)(x+d)-x
= (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4)
f mm = - ~- : = ~1t = -~1t = [-~1t,;] Nowputx= 5weget (a+ 5)(b + 5)(c + 5)(d + 5)

3. (a) Given thatj{x.l(y)) = xPyq = 4 X 3 X 2 X 1 + 5 = 29

6. (a) Let the roots are xi' x 2, . .. , xn then
or [f(xf(y))J1'P = xyqlp
I,x1 = lor-1
or x=[f(xf(y))J1'P
... (i)
I, (X; ) ( x1 ) = 1 or -1
yq/p i<j

1
Let us assume xf(y) = 1 ⇒ x = f (y) ... (ii)
IJx = 1 or - I
1

L (X; )2 = (I,x1 )2 - 2I, (X; ) ( x1 )

yqlp i<j
from Eq. (i) f (y) = 11 it has maximum value 1 - (- 2) = 3
{f (1)} P
Now by using AM - GM inequality, we get
1
: . f (1) = 1/ ⇒f (1) =1 I,(x; )2 > (IJx{)~=1
{f(l)} p n
So, n '.S 3, Required polynomials are
Then.l(y) = y'l1P .. . (iii)
Hence,f(xy'l1P) = xfy'l 2
x±I, x ±x-I, x - x±(x
3 2
-1)
 142 MATHEMATICS
7. (b, c) Givenflx) = x 2 +bx+ c has 8 distinct solution, then n = 4
y
sofll)= 1 +b+c 2 i i
---- ---,I --- I
------
fl5) = 25 + 5b + c '
I
I
I

~+-----¥'~i---'-➔ X
fl9) = 8 I + 9b + c Q 12 I

2 : :
- -- - - -
Also givenfll ) - 2./{5) + fl9) = 32
X
Since If ( x )I ~ 8 for all x in the interval [ 1, 9],
we have
b=O -2 0 I 2 I 4 6
I I
a=l I I

10. (a, b, d) f(0) = 0 ⇒ al COSCX1 + a2 COSCX2

+... +an cos an = 0
Now from Eq. (i),
f(x1) = 0 ⇒ (a1 COSCX1 +a2 COSCX2 + ... +an
32 = If (1)-2/ (5)+ f (9)1
cos an) cosx1 + (a1 sina1 + a2 sina 2 + ... +an
~ If (1)1 + 2 11(5 )1 + If (9 )1 ~ 32 sinan)sinx1 = 0
It is possible only whenfll) = fl9) = 8;./{5) = - 8 ⇒ a 1 sina1 + a2 sina2 + ... +an sin an = 0
i.e.b +c+ 1 = 8; 9b+c + 81 = 8; 5b +c+ 25 = - 8 ·: (x1 -:t:- mt)
The only pair (b, c) that satisfies the condition :. a1 COSCX1 +a2 COSCX2 + ... +an cos an= 0
when b = -1 0 and c = 17 &a1 sina1 +a2 sina2 + ... +an sin an= 0
8. (a, c, d) ⇒ f(x)=0V x
f(x)= x-5 ⇒ f 2 (x)= 2x-5
x-3 x-2 11. (a, b, c, d) (a) sgn (e- x)
ex > 0 for every real x
J\x)= -3x+5
-x+l every constant function is a periodic function.

f4(x) =x.
8 8
(c) f(x) = 1+ cosx + 1-cosx
2012
/ (2009) = 2009
4
= /16 = - - =4lcosecxl
/2009 (2010) = f (2010) = 2005
2007
V~ lsinxl
this is peridoic function.
/2009 (2011) = f (2011) = 2006
2008 (d) f(x) = [ x+½]+[x-½]+2 [-x]
2012
/ (2012) = 2012

9. (a, c) Graph offlx) = Ix - 21; shift the graph on

=( x+½-{x+½}+x-½-{x-½}) +2(-x-{-x})
x-axis by 2 units.
Graph off{f{x)} = llx - 21- 21
Graph off[f{f{x)}] = lllx - 21- 2 1- 21 Since { } is a period function hence this
Obviously, if the equation g(x) = k, k E (0,2) function is periodic.
Function 143

12. (a, b)f(x) = [x]2 + [x + 1) - 3 16. (1.25) Consider expression

= {[x] + 2} {[x] - l ]} f(x)-x = (x-l)(x-2)(x-3)(x- a)
So, x= l, 1.1, 1.2, ......... . f(-1) = 24(1+a)-1
⇒f(x) =0 f(0)= 6a
:. f (x) is many-one
f(4) = 6(4-a)+4
:. f (x) is into
13. (a, b, c, d) Rearranging the given term we get f(5) = 24(5-a)+5
_!!_,i__ = 6 an-I - 8 an-2 f(-1)+ f(5)]=[148]=5
an-I an-2 an-3 [ f(0)+ f(4) 28
a 17. (0.80)
Now let bn = _n; so from the initial
an-I Given equation is lx-11 = 2[x ]-3{x}
conditions we get b2 = 2, b 3 = 12, one easily (i) if x :2'. l, then x - 1 = 2 [x] - 3 {x}
obtains
bn = 2°-1(2n-l_ 1), and so [x] + {x} - 1 = 2[x] - 3 {x}
4{x} = l + [x]
an =2n(n-1)!2nr:il(ii-l)
:.0~l+[x]<4 :.-l~[x]<3
Now an can be written as 2km, with m odd, :. possible value of [x] are 1 and 2
then k :'.S n :'.S n(n - 1)/2 and that there exists
i :'.Sm - 1 such that m divides 2i - 1, namely if[x] = 1, then {x}=_!_ . . x=3!2
2
i = <!>(m) (Euler's totient function : the number
of integers in {1, .. ..,m} relatively prime to m). 11
if[x] = 2, then {x} = 3/4 x=~
From this we can conclude that n divides an 4
14. (a, b, c) (x-y)f(x+ y)-(x+ y)f(x-y) (ii) x < 1, then the equation becomes
l-x=2[x]-3 {x}
= 2y(x-y)(x+ y) 1- [x]- {x} = 2[x]-3{x}
Let ( x - y) = u; x + y =v 2 {x} = 3[x ] - 1
:.0 ~3[x]-1 <2 i.e. 1 ~3 [x] <3
uf (v)-vf (u) = uv(v-u)
f(v) f(u) i.e. _! ~ [x] < 1 which is not possible
- - - - - =v-u 3
V U
:. x = 3 I 2, .!!. are the only solutions.
( f ~v) -v) =(f ~u) -u) = constant
18.
4
(2577).1(7752) = (7752- 10 X 775).103 + .1(775)
Let f (x) -x = A ⇒f (x) = (1.x+x 2 ) = 2000 + .1(77 5)
X = 2000 + (775 - 10 X 77). 102 + .1(77)
f (1) = 2 = 2000 + 500 + .1(77)
A+ 1 = 2 ⇒ A = 1 ⇒ f (x) = x + x
2
= 2000 + 500 + (77 - 10 X 7) .10 1 + .1(7)
= 2000 + 500 + 70 + .1(7)
15. (41.42) f(x)= {x}+{x+L+xx 2 ] } = 2000 + 500 + 70 + (7 - lQ X 0).100 + .1(0)
= 2000 + 500 + 70 + 7 + 0 = 2577
+{x+[~]}+ ... +{x+[ x ]} 19. (351) Here total number of elements is 7
l+2x l+99x 2
Case (I) : j(x) = x, then
= 100 {x} ⇒ (·: {x+m}={x},mel) (1, 2, 3, 4 ... 7) ➔ (1, 2, 3, 4 ... 7)
!(✓2) = 100(0.4142) =41.42
 144 MATHEMATICS
Case (II) :/{x) = x, for only one elements, and :. g(x1).g(x2 ).g(x3 ).g(x4 ).g(x5 )
for remaining elements we make two groups of -30g(X1X2X3X4X5)
3 elements each this can be done in =-23+30= 7
(7 C3)(4 C3) ➔ 2 = 280 23. (A) ➔ (p, r); (B) ➔ (p, s, t); (C) ➔ (q, s);
Case (III) : /{x) = x, for 4 elements, and for (D) ➔ (q, s)
remaining 3 elements can be grouped in 2 ways
as explained previously. So this can be done in
(A) f'(x) = cosx if X
2.Jsinx
e[o,~J3
(7C3)(2) = 70 :. f'(x) > 0 ⇒ j(x) is one-one also
Total number of ways is 1 + 280 + 70 = 351
20. (6)
Lety = 2xtan-1 x- ln(l + x 2 )
0~f(x)~l T)
( ✓3,112
⇒ not onto

2x 2x -4
,
y =2tan
-1
x + -2 - - - - (B)f' (x) = 2
< 0 hence one-one also
1+x 1+x2 (x-1)
⇒ y'>0\/xeR+,y'<0\/xeR- 0 <f (x) < 1 ⇒ onto
⇒ y~0, \/xeR (C) Clearly many-one, onto
5 -I [x] I takes the values 0, 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5. x2 x 2 -4x
(D) f'(x) = - ⇒ f'(x) =
x-2 (x -2)2
{·: I a I~5- I[x] I}
:. f' (x) < 0 if2 <x < 4
I a I~ 5- I [x] I is satisfied by a. j' (x) > 0 if X > 4
= 0, ± 1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5 hence many one also 8 ~ f(x) ~ OC> hence onto
21. (8)/{x) = 4x(l - x), 0 ~ x ~ 1 24. (A) ➔ q, t; (B) ➔ s; (C) ➔ p, q, r; (D) ➔ p
y =/Tf{/{x)}], 0 ~x~ 1 (A) The equation implies that
y y
(x2 -l)cosx ~ 0 andcosx~0
⇒ x 2 -1 ~ 0 and cos x ~ 0
or x 2 -1 ~ 0 and cos x ~ 0
(B) [x]2 =x+2{x} ⇒ [x]2 =[x]+3{x}
2
⇒ {x} = [x] -[x]
0 1 3
2 2
Thus o~ [x] -[x] < 1
22. (7) 3
Put g(x) = y =x 2 -
⇒ [x]e( 1-;13, o] u [l, l + f )
2
⇒ x= ✓Y+2 ⇒ f(✓y+2) = 0
⇒ y5 + 20 y4 + 40y3 + 79y 2 + 7 4 y + 23 = 0 :.[x] = -1, 0, 1, 2
Roots are g(x1),g(x2 ),g(x3 ),g(x4 ),g(x5 ) 2 2 1 8
{X} = - 0 0 - ⇒ X = -- 0 1 -
g(x1).g(x2 ).g(x3 ).g(x4 ).g(x5 ) = - 23 3' ' ' 3 3' ' ' 3
And X1X2X3X4X5 = -1 (C) We have
g(X1X2X3X4X5) = g(-1) = -1
Function 145

25. (d) y = j(j(j(g(x))))

and f(x) = 2: +tan-Ix ⇒ 2: <5, J (x) <5, 3n From the graph it is clear that domain ofg(x) is
2 4 4
:. [f(x)] = 0, 1 or 2 [0, 00 ) and range of g(x) is [-1, oo) , similarly as
shown in table below.
(D) ln(cos(sinx)) ~ 0 ⇒ cos(sinx) ~ 1
Function Domain Range
⇒ cos(sinx) = 1 ·
g(x) [O, oo) [-1, oo)
Hence
fig(x)) [-1 , oo) [O, oo)
ln(cos(sinx)) = 0 ⇒ f(x) = 0V x E Domain.
fifig(x))) [O, oo) [l, oo)
Sol. (25-26)
/W(g(x)))) [l , oo) [2, oo)
Graph off(x) is
26. (c) For the domam ofy = g(g(g(f(x))))
g(g(f{x))) E[0,oo) ==> g(/(x)}E (l,oo)
3
==> f ( X) E [ 2, 00 ) ==> XE [ 1,oo)
2 y
r". .
! /
!/ '
y
//

//
--_--;-J- -/ - /:;fQ::-------:-+--_l__2_ _ j __ ______.. X

/
/ -I
/
 Limit

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. If
.lun ✓l+x2 tan sin tan- 1 x + 2✓1-x
x➔O
P
2 sin tansin-1 x-3x

x
= L then choose the correct option
•
-31 -29 -31
(a) p = 3, L= (b) p = 5, L= (c) p = 5, L= (d) None of these
60 60 60
2.
x ➔O+
t,
The value of lim xm (log x m, n E N is

(a) 0 (b) m (c) mn (d) None of these

n
4+3a . .
3. If a 1 = 1 and an+I = _ _n,n ~1 and 1f lun an = a , then the value of a is·
3+2an n➔=

(a) ✓2 (b) -✓2 (c) 2 (d) None of these

I

4. The value of lim ( ~ ) -;; is equal to

n ➔oo nn

(a) 1/e (b) e (c) e2 (d)

e2
64x -32x -16x +4x +2x -1
5. Evaluate Lt -----,cc-----;::====--,--------
x➔O [ ,J(15+cos x)-4]sin x
3
(a) -96(log2) (b) 96(log2)3 (c) -48(log2)3 (d) None of these

.
2 3
(1-x){1-x )(1- x ) . .. (1-x
2
n)
6. hm 2
is equal to
x➔l ((1-x)(l-x2 )(1-x3 ) . . • (1-xn))

(a) TI n+rr
r=I
1 n
(b) - I1(4r-2)
n! r=l
(c) The sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x )2n-l

(d) The coefficient of xn, in the expansion of (1 + x )2n

Limit 147

. x(l + a cos x) - b sin x

7. Find the value of a and b such that. hm =1
x➔O x3
Then which one of the following could be true
(a) a=-5 12,b=-3 ! 2. (b) a=-5 12,b=-3 ! 4.
(c) a=-5 14,b=-3 ! 2. (d) a=-1 12,b=-3 ! 2.

8. Let (tan ex)x + (sinex)y = ex and (ex cosec ex)x + cos exy = 1 be two variable straight lines, ex being the
parameter. Let P be the point of intersection of the lines. Ifthe coordinates ofP in the limiting position
when ex ➔ 0 be (h,k) then
(a) h-k = 3 (b) lk-hl = 3 (c) lh + kl = 1 (d) lh + kl = 3
9.

r
The value of a for which

( r ex -l

!~ sin (---;t
x' )In (1 + x' is
2
(a) -2 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 2

If a1 =land an =n(l+an_1 )Vn~2,and L = lim(1+_!_)(1+_!_) ... (1+~)= then

n ➔~ a1 a1 a
(a) L > e (b) L < n (c) l > ✓e (d) l > n

11. Given a real valued function/, such that

tan2 {x}
for X >0
x 1 -[x]1
f(x) = 1 for X =0
✓{x} cot {x} for x < 0

where[.] is integral part and{.} is the fractional part ofx, then-

(a) lim f(x)=l (b) lim_f(x) = ✓cotl
x➔O• x➔O

2
1 1
(c) coc (1im_f(x)) =l (d) tan- (1im f(x))=~
x➔O x➔O+ 4

12. If Jim ( 2- x + a [x - l] + b [1+ x ]) exists, then a and b can take values (where [.] denotes greatest
x➔ l

integer function
(a) a = l/3 , b = l (b) a = l,b = -l ( c) a = 9, b = -9 (d) a = 2, b = 2/3

13. Value of lim[msinx] wherem Eland [.] isGIF, is

x➔O X

(a) m if m :S 0 (b) m-1 ifm > 0 (c) m-1 ifm < 0 (d) m ifm >O
 148 MATHEMATICS

!ill
14.
Numeric Value Answer

If an and bn are positive integers and a.+

of k upto 2 points after decimal
•
✓2bn =(2 + ✓2r , then if n~~( :: J= k then find the value
. axex -blog(l+x)+ cxe- x
15. If constants a, band c so that lim • =2 then find (a + b - c)/8
x➔O x2 smx
16. Let f : R+ ➔ R+ be a function satisfying the relation f ( x.f (y)) = f ( xy) + x for all x , y e R+ . And

(f (x )t -1 J= pl q then q/p is equal to

3

lirn
[
x➔O (f (x)) -1
112

1 1 1
17. If Sn = -- + -- + ... + then lim Sn =pl q, then find the value ofp + q
n(n + l)(n + 2)(n + 3) n➔=

•
1.2.3.4 2.3.4.5

(I) Integer Answer

2 2 3
18. IfS = I+ 1+3 + 1+ 3+3 I + 3-
+- + 3-+-
3 ............ upto n terms. And L = [ lim Sn ] , (where [.]
n 2! 3! 4! n➔oo

represent G.I.F), then find the number of roots of sinx = ~

L
(3(n+l))! k
19. Find k if the value of lim 3
=-
n➔= (n + 1) (3n!) 3

20. If f(n+l)=½{t(n)+ f~n)} whereneNand f(n)>O\fneNand n~:of(n) exist then the value

of Lt f(n) =

•
n➔=

g---..: Match the Following

21.
Column I Column II
lirn f (x) =e 2
(A) If f(x)=(1xl1j 2rx, then (p) x➔=

(B) If f(x)= (l+x)11x _ e, then (q) limf(x) =e2

x➔O
X

5 2 lim f ( x ) =e- 2
(C) If f(x)=(1+ x 2 rx' , then (r) x➔~

1+ 3x

(s) lirnf(x) = - e / 2,
x➔ O

,., im f{y)< -1
Limit 149

22.
Column I C olumn II

liml
. (1) -
sm - 1
4·x
(A) (p) 1
x➔- 2 (~)
-
8

tan 2 (-10x2 )+ 10x2

(B) Lt
x➔O X2
(q) ✓2

1 . l
2- - .Sill X +- .COS X
lim X X n-1
(C) l (r)
x➔~ , e 2
1+-
X

(D) lim [ xn -l
x➔I n(x-l)
J-1 (s) 0

f Passage Based Questions

If L = lim
x➔O
sinx+aex +be-x +cln(l+x)
X3
=finite
Passage •
23. The value of L is
(a) 1/2 (b) - 1/3 (c) - 1/6 (d) 3
2
24. Equation a x +bx+ c = 0 has
(a) real and equal roots (b) complex roots
(c) unequal positive real roots (d) Unequal roots

RESPONSE SHEET
1. 0®©® 2. 0®©® 3. 0®©®
4. 0®©® 5. 0®©® 6. 0®©®
7. 0®©@) 8. 0®©® 9. 0®©@)
10. 0®©® 11. 0®©® 12. 0®©®
13. 0®©® 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20.

21. IAI IBI lei 1° 1 22. IAI IBI lei 1° 1

23. (a)(b)(c)@) 24. (a) (b) (c)@)
 150 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ -----&I' '

✓l+x2 tan(R]+2✓1-x2 sin b 3x

1. (c) lim l+x 1-x
x➔O xP
Using expansion

~[✓l+x2+3(1+x2)2 + (1+x2)2~ +...]+2.J1-x2[ vl-x~

x x3 l G 1~ x5
(
x3 3 +
2)-
2
3! 1-x 5! 1-x(
x5 5 ···]-3x
2)-
2
.
hm--~------------~---~------------~-
x➔O

. . 2 2 2 -31
⇒ p = 5 and hm1t = - - + - + - = -
3 15 5! 60
2. (a) Here given function can be transformed to
00 3. (a) Here we will use lim /((n))
- form, and then apply L-Hospital's rule n➔~g n
00

4+3an
Iim (logx/ We have an+I =--
Iim x m (logx)n = x➔O+ 3 + 2an
x➔O• x- m
.
1rman+I _ 1· 4+3an
⇒ - rm--
(Form:) n➔~ n➔~ 3 + 2an

n(logx) (n-1) -1 ⇒ a = 4 + 3a ⇒ 2a2 = 4 ⇒ a = .fi.

= Jim - - - - ~ x 3+2a
-mx - m-1 a -:/:- - .fi. because each an > 0, therefore
1 liman =a>O.
n(logx/- ( Form-
= Iim~~~- oo)
x➔o• -mx- m

n(n -l)(logx/n- 2) ~
00

4. (a)Let A = lim
n➔oo
(~)1/n
nn
= lim
x➔O• (-m)2 X - m- 1
X
:. logA = lim ~log(!!_ (n - l) (n - 2) .. .
n➔oo n n n n n n n
i.3-.~)
(By £-Hospital's rule)
= lim n(n-l)(logx/-2 (Formoooo)
x➔0• m2x-m
L
= lim -1 n -1 log ( n - r )
n➔oo n r=O n

Differentiating N' and D' n times = Jl·log(l - x)dx= -1

0
n!
= lim - - - - = 0 ⇒ lognA= -1 ⇒ A=e- 1
Limit 151

5. (a) Here we will factorize the numerator 7. (a) Here first we will use inverse trigonometrical
If 2x =t, thenNx = t 6 5
-t -t + t2 + t- l4 formula and then expansion
. x(l+acosx)-bsinx
= (t-l)(t 3 -l)(t2 -1) = l1m
x➔O x3

= (2x -1)(23x -1)(22x -1) 2

. x+ax(l-x / 2!+x / 4!- ...) 4
= 11 m---------~
x➔O x3
2x -1 22x -1 2 3x -1
Lt - -.- -.- -.6
x➔O x 2x 3x b(x-x3 / 3!+ x 5 I 5 !- ...)
x3
x3(.Jl5 + COSX +4)
(cosx-l)sinx (1 + a-b)x +(b I 6-a I 2)x3
= Lt log2.log2.log2.6 +(a / 24-b/l20)x5 + ...
x➔O =lim-----------
x3
3
x (.Jl5+ cosx +4) 2
(1 +a-b)+(b / 6-a I 2)x
· -2sin 2(x / 2) .sinx
+(a I 24-b /1 2O) x4. ..
2 = lim-----------
3 X X x2
= Lt -6(log2) . .-.8
x➔O 2sin2(x / 2) sinx Since the limit is given as 1, a finite quantity,
x2 we must have
= Lt - 6(1og 2)3 . .8 = -96(1og 2)3 l+a-b=O ... (i)
x➔O 2(x/ 2)2
and b I 6 - a I 2 = 1 ... (ii)
6. (a,b,c,d) Dividing each term of N' and /Y by Solving we get a= -5 I 2,b = -3 I 2.
8. (a, b, c) Here two straight line,
. the 11m1t
(1 - x ) are usmg · . 11m
· -1- -xm = m ,
x➔I 1-x (tan a)x + (sin a)y = a
and (acosec a)x + (cosa)y = 1 have their
n l.2.3.4.....2n (2n)! 2nc
weget -e = - - - - - = - - = point of intersection as,
(l.2.3.4 ....n)2 n!.n! n'
acosa - sina d a -x tana
x = - - - - - an y = - -.- -
which is also equal to the coefficient of xn in sin a-a sma
(1 + x)2" ⇒ (d) is correct :. when a ➔ 0 , we obtain the point P.
Also in c = 2n! = 2n.n![l.3.5 ......2n-1] .
1.e., . x -_ 11m
. -acosa
- -- --sina(Qfiorm )
11m
n n!.n! n!.n! a➔0 a➔0 sina - a 0
2.6.10.......(4 2) =_!_IJ(4 -2) -a sin a + cosa-cosa
= lim - - - - - - - -
1.2.3 ........n n! a➔0 cosa-1
(applying L-Hospital's rule)
⇒ (b) is correct
. 2n! (n+l)(n+2)..... (n+n)
Agam, - - =
. .
a ( 2 sm-cos- a a)
n !n ! 1.2.3 ....n = lim -asma = lim 2 2
a➔0-2sin2 a / 2 a➔0 2sin2~
n n+r . 2
= IJ- - ⇒ (a) 1s correct
r=I r 2a
Now, coefficient of two middle terms in lim a = lim - -2- = 2
(l + x)2n-l a➔0 tana / 2 a➔0tan a
2
= coefficient ofxn + coefficient of ~ 1

. li a - xtana
= 2n-1cn + 2n- 1cn = 2nCn ⇒ (c) is correct. Again, _1rmn y = .. mn n; ~
 152 MATHEMATICS

Also lim f (x) = lim .J{x} cot{x}

= lim ( ~ - x
-) x➔O- x➔O-
x➔O sin a cos a
= ✓cotl ...(ii)
lim ___<:___ lim ~ x - = 1-2 = - 1
u➔O sin a u➔O cos a (·: x ➔ 0; [x] = - 1 ⇒ {x} = x+ l ⇒ {x} ➔ 1)
2
lim x = 2]
[ ·: a➔O Also, coc 1 ( 1im_ f(x)) = coC 1(cot l) =l
⇒ lim y =-1 x➔ O
a➔O
12. (b, c) Since the greatest integer function is
Hence, in limiting position P(2, -1)
⇒ h-k = 2 + 1 = 3
discontinuous (sensitive) at integral values of
4
x, then for a given limit to exist both left- and
ex - 1 right-hand limit must be equal.
( ) L.H.L. = lim(2 - x + a[x -1]+b[l +x])
9. (a, d) lim x =8 x➔l-

x➔O sin ( ----:1

2 2
x ) loge ( 1+ x ) = 2 - 1 + a (- I) + b (l) = 1 - a+ b
2 R.H.L. = lim(2 - x + a[x -l] +b[l+ x])
x➔I+

a2 (:22)' 2
x2 .2 = 2 - 1 + a(0) + b (2) = 1 + 2b
On comparing, we have - a = b
13. (a,b) If m ~ 0, then
= (1)4 =8 ⇒ a2 = 4 sin x sinx
1 1 (a) 0 < - - <1 ⇒ m+ l ~m -- ~ m
a 2 ·2 X X
when x is sufficiently near 0
:. a =±2
10. (b, c) :. [ m s~ x] =m, :. !~ f (x) = m
1
.~~( a a: 1)( a~: 1 J.{ a:~ 1) (b) Ifm > 0, then
sin x sin x
- - < 1 ⇒ m -- <m
X X
But when x is sufficiently near 0, then
sin x
m -l < m-- <m
X

= Lt ( -1 + - a.) : . [ m si: x] = m - I , :. lim f(x)

x➔O
= m -1
n➔ oo n! n!
14. (1.42)
1 + ~~
= Lt ( - 1 + ~~ a. _1 ) =e
n➔ oo n ! (n-1) ! (n -1)!
Since an + ✓2bn = (2+ ✓2r
11. (a, b, c, d)
⇒ an - ✓2bn = (2 -✓2r
We have fun f (x) = fun { tan' {x} )
x➔O+ x➔O+ x 2 - [x]2 Hence an = ½[(2+ ✓2r +(2- ✓2r]
.. .(i) [(2+ ✓2r -(2-✓2r J
And bn = r,:;
(-: x ➔ o+;[x] =0 ⇒ {x} = x) 2v2
Limit 153

J(f (x}.f(y}) = f(xy} + y+ f(x} ... (iv)

Again interchanging x and y in Eq. (iv), we
have
J(f (y}.f(x}) = J(yx}+x+ J(y} ...(v)
From above 2 equations we get
f(xy}+ y+ f(x} = f(yx}+x+ f(y} ... (vi)
Suppose J(x)-x = J(y)- y = A
Substituting f ( x) = 11, + x in Eq. (i), we have
15. (0.75)
x.f(y)+11, = (xy+11,}+x
Here we will use expansion formula

ax(l+x+ ~~ + ...)-b( x- x~ + x: .. .) ⇒ x.f(y} = xy+x

Therefore x(y+ 11,) = xy + x [-: f (y} = 11,+ y]

⇒ AX=x ⇒ 11,=l (·: x>O}
So J(x} = x+A = x+
3
(f(x}f -1 (l+x}1'3 -1
Hence lim - - - - = l i m - - - -
x➔O (f (x}f2 -1 x➔O(l+x}1'2 -1

l
2
(a-b+c)x+x ( a+%-c)
3

('!-~+£_) . (~
=hm x )11--1
(1+~ - J( I+ x -1
.
+x3
2- 3-~2 x➔O l+x-1 · (l+x}1'2-1
11m - ~ ---
x➔O x3. .. 1/3 2
=- =- =plq
Given limit is 2 so 1/ 2 3
b a b c 17. (19)
a-b+c=Oa+--c=0---+-=2
' 2 '2 3 2 1
S =c-- - - - - -
Solving, we get n (n+l)(n+2)(n+3).3
a= 3,b = 12,c = 9. So a+ b - c = 6 n=l ⇒ s1 =c--- ⇒ c
1
16. (1.50) 2.3.4.3
Given relation is f (x.f (y}) = / (xy} + x ... (i) 1 1
= --+--
1.2.3.4 2.3.4.3
Interchanging x and y
f (y.f (x}) = f (yx}+ y ... (ii) 1 ( 31)
c= - - 1+-
2.3.4
Again replacing x with f (x} 1
=
18
J(f (x).f(y)) = J(y.f(x})+ J(x} ... (iii)
1
Now as n ➔ 00 , Sn ➔ c=-
Therefore, Eqs. (i) -{iii) we get 18
 154 MATHEMATICS

18. (7)S = 1 + 1+3 + 1+3+3

2
............... . :. f(x) = (~)-x = (-x+ 2)x

=
n 2!

3n -1
L(3-l)n!
3!

=
1 n 3r -1
2~7'=2
1[ 3r
1:-;i-
l 1
r! =(1-~J
-x+2 -x

;~(Sn)=½[(e -1 )-(e-1)] = ½[e -e]

3 3
⇒ lim f(x)= lim (1-2-)x =e- 2 (r)
x➔--oo x➔--oo X
= [8.59]
L=[S0 ] = 8
Number of roots of sin x = ~ is equal to 7
8

19_ (9) lim (3n + 3) (3n + 2) (3n + 1) (3n !)

n➔~ (n+1)3 (3n)! X

3
27n (1+.!.)(1+2)(1+_!_)
= lim n 3n 3n = 27 X

n➔~ n 3
(1+~J = e(- ½+ ~: x+ ...)
20. (3)
Let Lt f (n) = / ⇒ Lt f (n + l) = / ⇒ lim f(x) = - ~ < -1 (s,t)
n➔oo n ➔oo x➔O 2
ll x 2
Lt f(n+l) = _!. Lt [f(n)+___2_____()] (C) f(x) = (l+5x2 )
n ➔= 2n➔= f n 1+3x2

⇒ /=½[i+T]
ll x 2

:. limf(x) = lim(l +Sx:)

x➔O x➔O l+3x

2/ = /2 + 9 ⇒ 2/2 = / 2 + 9 ⇒ /2 = 9 ⇒ I=3 lim ( l+Sx

2
) I
I x➔O 1+3x' -I --;'i
=e
·:f(n) >O'ilnEN :. Lt f(n)=3
x➔~

21. (A) ➔ p, r; (B) ➔ s, t; (C) ➔ q

= e~C+!x') = e2(q)
(A) For
x➔ =x oo,lxl 22. (A) ➔ p; (B) ➔ s; (C) ➔ q; (D) ➔ r

(A) lim 1 sm
. (41) ·-:;1=_!
:.f(x)=(x:2rx =(x:2r
x➔= 2 (~) 8

=(l+~J (B) 1t2 =9.8 ⇒ Lt tan2(-l0~2) +10x2

⇒
x➔O X
limf(x)=lim(1+2-)x =e2(p) 2
x➔oo x ➔oo X
= x➔O
lim ( -tanl0x +10) =- 10+10 =0
and for x ➔ -oo, lxl = - x x2
Limit 155

2-
1 .
X
1
- . SIIl x+ - .COS X
X = lim
(a+ b) + (l + a - b+ c)x +(~ +!!_ _ ~)x
2 2 2
2

(C) lim
x➔- 1 x➔O x3
l+-
x
+ ~ - _!!__ + ~) x 3
( - _!_
= ✓2- 0+0 = ✓2 +
3! 3! 3! 3
3
l+0 X

(D) Put x - 1 = h, as x ➔ I, h ➔ 0 a b c
⇒ a+b=0 l+a - b+c=0 - + - - - =0
1/h ' ' 2 2 2
.. l
Llffilt = 1l.ffi [ (l +hf -1 ] 1 a b c
h➔O nh and L =-- +- - -+ -
3! 3! 3! 3
1/ h
n(n - 1) Solving first three equations,
l+nh+ - -h 2 ...... - 1
2 we get c = 0, a = - l/2, b = l/2.
= lim '
h➔O
[
nh ] Then, L = - 1/3
Equation ax2 +bx+ c = 0 reduces to

= lim(l+ (n -l) h)l/h= en~ L x2 - x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 l

'
h➔O 2
11 x+c l-2a 1<4b
Sol. (23-24)
reduces to II x I+11< 2
L = lim sinx + aex +be- x +c ln(l + x)
⇒ 0~l x l<l
x➔O x3
⇒ XE [-1, 1]
x - x 3 ) + a ( 1+ ~ + x2 + x3 ) 23. (b) 24. (d)
( 3! l! 2! 3!
=lim- - - - - - - - - -
x➔O x3

b(1- fi+ ~~ - ;~ )+c(x - x; + x:)

+------------
x3
 Continuity &
Differentiability

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. Let/ (x) is defined as follows :
■
(
7t
(cos x - sin x)cosecx - - <x< 0
2
f( x ) = a x=0 ; Iff(x) is continuous at x = 0, find a and b
el lx + e2/x + e3/x 7t
0 < x <-
ae21x + be3/x 2

( a) a = e-1 = -1 or a = e-1 and b = e (b) a = e- 1 = b or a = e- 1 and b = e

b
(c) a = e-l = ! or a = e -l and b =- e ( d) a = e-l = ! or a = e-l and b = -a
b b
2
2. Let f (x) = 1+4x- x , v'x ER
max {J(t) ; x ~ t ~ (x + 1)0 ~ x < 3)
g (x) = { . {( ) } ; Findtheintervalforcontinuityofg(x)forall xE [0,5]
mm x + 3 ;3 ~ x ~ 5

(a) (0, 3] u (3, 5] (b) [0, 3]u(3, 4] (c) (0,2] u [3, 5] (d) none of these
1
3. If a, p, (a < P) are the points of discontinuity of the function/(f(f(x))), where/ (x) = - -, then the set
1-x
of values of a for which the points (a, P) and (a , a 2) lie on the same side of the line x + 2y - 3 = 0, is
(a) (- 3/2, 1) (b) [-3/2, 1] (c) [1, 00 ] (d) [-oo,-3 / 2]

[/(x)], x E(o.~)u(~ ,7t)

: =~
2
4. If g (x) = where [x ] denotes the greatest integer function
{ 3, 2

2(sin x -sinn x lsinx-sinn xi )+

and/(x) = - - - - -~ - - - - , n ER then
2(sinx-sinn x )-lsin x -sinn xi

(a) g(x) is continuous and differentiable at x = 1tl2, when 0 < n < 1

(b) g(x) is continuous and differentiable at x = 1tl2, when n > 1
(c) g(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1tl2, when 0 < n < 1
f ..-1\ - 1 ......\ ;,.. ............ +; ......... ,....... ,.. ....+ ... ,...+ .,.:a ;,t:t',..,,_....,.......;..,. 1 ..... ..... ... ,. - _,,, ...... i. ........ .,. ....._ 1
Continuity & Differentiability 157

5. /(x)=[logex]+.J{logex},x>l, where[.] and{.} denote the greatest integer function and the
fractional part function respectively, then
(a) f (x) is continuous but non-differentiable at x = e
(b) f (x) is differentiable at x = e
(c) f (x) is discontinuous at x = e
(d) none of these
1
6. Given the function f(x) = - -. The points of discontinuity ofthe composite function,y= f(f(x)) are atx = 0
l-x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) -1
2
7. The function f(x) = [ x [ ; ]] , x "#
2
0 is ( [x ] represents the greatest integer ::; x)

(a) continuous atx = l (b) discontinuous at x = - l

(c) discontinuous at infinitely many points ( d) none of these
8. A function/ is defined on an interval [a, b]. Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect?
(a) Iff(a) and/(b) have opposite signs, then there must be a point c E (a, b) such that/(c) = 0.
(b) If/is continuous on [a, b],f(a) < 0 andf(b) > 0, then there must be a point c E (a, b) such that/(c) = 0.
(c) If/is continuous on [a, b] and there is a point c in (a, b) such that.f(c) = 0, then/(a) andf(b) have
the same signs.
(d) If/has no zeros on [a, b], then/(a) andf(b) have the same sign.
9. Let/ (x) = Jim (sin x) 2n, then/is
n➔ oo

(a) continuous atx = rc/2 (b) discontinuous x = rc/2

(c) discontinuous at x = - rc/2 ( d) discontinuous at an infinite number of points
10. A function/(x) satisfies the relation/(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy(x + y) 'v' x,y ER. If/'(0) = -1, then
(a) f(x) is a polynomial function (b) f(x) is an exponential function
(c) f(x) is twice differentiable for all x ER (d) /'(3) = 8

f(x) = [x]+l for /:[o,~) ➔ (_l_,3], where[.] represents the greatest integer function and{.}
{x}+l 2 2
represents the fractional part of x, then which of the following is true.
(a) f (x) is injective discontinuous function. (b) f (x) is surjective non-differentiable function.

(c) min( lim f(x), lim /(x))

(1) x➔I- x➔I+
/(1) (d) max (x values of point of discontinuity) = f

2
12. If f(x) = x+ Ix I+cos([n ]x) and g(x) = sin x, where[.] denotes the greatest integer function, then
(a) f(x) + g(x) is continuous everywhere
(b) f(x) + g(x) is differentiable everywhere
(c) f(x) x g(x) is differentiable everywhere
(d) f(x) x g(x) is continuous but not differentiable atx = 0

13. The function /(x)= lltanx+cotx i-ltan x -cotx i l, O<x<~ is

(a) continuous everywhere (b) differentiable everywhere

 158 MATHEMATICS

!ill
14.
Numeric Value Answer
Let/(x) be a differentiable function such thatf'(0) = 1 and the sequence {an} is defined as a 1 = 2 and

an = lim x (1(an-I)- f (0))

2
2
, n E N. If the value of Ila; = 2k, find k/100.
•
x➔- X i=I

15. The number of points where

[ COS1t X] , X~ 1
f (x ) ={ I I[ ] (where[.] denotes the greatest integer function) in [0, 2] is discontinuous
2x - 3 X- 2 , X >1
is P and non-differentiable is Q, then find (P + Q)/5

16. Test the continuity and differentiability of the function f ( x) = x + I( ½) [x ]I by drawing the graph
of the function when -2 :S x '.S 2, where [.] represents greatest integer function. If P is the sum of all
the points where function is discontinuous and Q is the sum of all the points where function non-
differentiable then find P + Q

17. Let/be a continuous function on R such that/(1/4n) = (sin e'1) e-n + Then the value of
2
+-.2

•
5/4 f (0). n +1

( I) Integer Answer
18. Let/ be a continuous function on R such that
/(0)
1(- =
1
4n
)
2
2
(sin en)e-n + ~ then find the value of
n +1
19. Find sum of all the points where function is not differentiable off(x) = min. {lxl, Ix:- 21, 2 - Ix:- 11}.
20. The number of points in (1 , 3), where/(x) = a [x2], a > 1, is not differentiable, where [x] denotes the

•
integral point x.
g-.. .: Match the Following
21.
Column I Column II
(A)
. [-
hm
x➔O
tan--
1
l
x , where[.] denotes the greatest integer function, is equal to
X
(p) -1

(B) (q) 0
If the Jim sin 2 x - a sin x be a finite number then a can be equal to
x ➔O x3
(C) (r) 1
If f(x) = g(x)
{' eX - e X
_1_

ex +e X
'}
_ _1_ ,x * 0 and ~~/(x)exists, where
g(x) = x!1h (x), h(x) being a continous function, then n can be equal to
(D) Let f(x) = - 1 + Ix- 11, g (x) = 2 - Ix+ 11 then go (s) 2
f (x) is continous if xis equal 3
(t) -
?
Continuity & Differentiability 159

22.
Column I Column II
2 (p) a =3
(A) The function x = {x +3x+a,
. /() x ::;; l 1s
. diffierentla
. ble V x E R, then
bx+ 2, x> l
(q) b=5
lxl ~ i
(B) The function J (x) = { ~I' is differentiable everywhere, then
ax +b, lx l < 1

(C) The function f ( x) =

{ax -bx+2,
2
x<3
is differentiable everywhere then (r)
35
a =-
9
bx2 - 3, x~3

(s) b=~
2
1
(t) a =--
2

(u) b = IO
3

f Passage Based Questions

Passage
2
If/ (x) = x 2 +ax+ 3 and g (x) = x + band F(x) = lim f(x)+x ng(x)
n➔ro l+ x 2n
23. If F (x) is continuous at x = 1, then
00 b = a+3 ~) b = a -I (c) a = b-2 (d) None of these
24. If F (x) is continuous at x = -1 , then
(a) a + b =-2 (b) a -b = 3 (c) a + b = 5 (d) N one of these

RESPONSE SHEET
1. 0(0(0@) 2. 0(0(0@) 3. 0(0(0@)
4. 0(0(0@) 5. 0(0(0@) 6. 0(0(0@)
7. 0(0(0@) 8. 0(0(0@) 9. 0(0(0@)
10. 0(0(0@) 11. 0(0(0@) 12. 0(0(0@)
13. 0(0(0@) 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20.

21. IAI IB I lei Joi 22. IAI 1B I lei 1°1

B. (a) (b') (C) (d) 2 . (a) (b') (C) (d)
 160 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ ~---...&I' '

1. (a) Here, f(x) is continuous at x = 0 Which is clearly continuous for all x E [ 0, 5]

R.H.L (at x = 0) = L.H.L (at x = 0) = f(0) exceptx = 3
:. R.H.L. (at x = 0)
:. g(x) is continuous for x = [0,3]v(3,5]
. ellb + e2/h + e3/h
- l i m - - - - - -form
{00 } 1
- h➔O ae21h + be3th oo 3. (a) We have, f(x) = -
1-x
Clearly,.f(x) is defined for all x ER- {1}

...... (1) Now, J(f(x))=f(i~x)

x-1
1--1- X

again, L.H.L. (at x = 0) 1-x

= Iim(cos h+ sin h)-cosech
h➔O
We find thatf(t{x)) is defined for all x * 0, 1.
Now,

h➔O
I
= lim {1+ ( cos h + sin h-1)} sinh {100 form} f(f(f(x)) = 1(x:l) !-l =
1--
= x

x
1 1
= lim {cosh+sinh-1}(--.- ) ...... (2) *
for all x 0, 1.
/1 ➔ 0 \. smh
Thus, the set ofpoints of discontinuity is {0, 1}.
It is given that (a, 13) = (0, 1) and (a, a2) lie on the
same side of the line x + 2y- 3 = 0. Therefore,
And f(0) = a (0 + 2 - 3) (a+ 2a2 - 3) > 0
⇒ 2a 2 +a -3 < O
⇒ 1
a=e- =¾ ora = e- 1 andb = e ⇒ (2a + 3)(a- 1) < 0
⇒ -3/2 <a< 1
2. (a) Here, f(t) = 1 + 4t - t2
⇒ (a E (-3/2,1)
f' (t) = 4- 2t, when f' (t) = 0 ⇒ t = 2 4. (b) For 0 < n < 1, sin x < sinn x and for n > 1,
at t = 2, f(t) has a maxima. sinx > sinn x
Since, g(x) = max. {f(t) for Now, for 0 < n < l
t E [x,x+ l],0 :,; x <3} 2(sinx-sinn x)-(sinx-sinn x) _ 1
f ( X) - -----'--------i--------,---------------,-- - -
f(x+l, if[x,x+ l] < 2 - 2(sinx-sinn x )+ (sinx-sinn x) 3
:.g(x)= /(2), ifx::;2::;x+l
{ and for n > l
f ( X), if 2 < [ X, X+ I]
x
2(sinx-sinn )+ (sinx-sinn x) _
2 f(x)= 2 (smx-sm
. . n x ) - ( smx-sm 3
4 + 2x - x , if 0 :,; x < l • • n )-
x
5, ifl:c;x ::; 2
:.g(x)= Forn > 1, g(x) = 3, x e (0,1t)
l+ 4 x_x2, if2 < x < 3
:. g(x) is continuous and differentiable at
6, if3 :,; X:,; 5
1t
x =-,, , and for 0 < n < 1
Continuity & Differentiability 161

Thus the points of discontinuity of the composite

g (x) = {m3=0, xe(o.:~~(~··) 7.

function/ (f(f (x))) are x = 0, 1.
(b,c)
We have/(1) = / (-1) = 1
' 2
1
Let x > 1, then O< 2 < 1
:. g(x ) is not continuous at x = ~.Hence g(x )

is also not differentiable at x =

2

~
2
⇒ c1 2
]=0⇒
X

f(x)=O'ifx> l

Also, ifx < -1, then x 2 > 1

5. (a) /(e)= [logee] +.J{logee}
1
⇒ o <2 <1
= [1] +.jV} = 1 + 0= 1 X

f(e+ ) = [loge e+ ]+ ../{toge e+} ⇒ f(x) =O 'ifx< -1

= lim [1+ h] +
h➔O
.J{l + h} = 1+ 0 = 1 Hence.f(l) = 1,.f(-1) = 1 and.f(x) = 0
Ifl x l > l
f (e- ) = [loge e-] +../{loge e- } .·. f (x) cannot be continuous at x = 1 and x = - 1

= lim[l- h] +.J{l-h} = 0+ 1= 1 Again, let _!_ < x 2 <1 ⇒ 1 < ~ < 2

h➔O 2 X

Hence,f(x) is continuous at x = e
'( +) . f(e+h) - f(e)
Now f e = 11m - - - - -
h➔O h
. [1 + h] + {l + h} -1
= hm------'----
.J
h➔O h
. l+✓h -1 . 1
= hm - - - = hm ,. ➔ oo
h➔O h h➔Ovh
⇒ j(x) = 0 E(-1,}i)u(}i,1)
if x

Hence,f(x) is non-differentiable at x = e
N ext, Iet -1 <x2 1 1
6. (a, b) < - ⇒ 2< - < 3
3 2 x2
The point x = I is clearly a point of discontinuity
1
of the function y = f(x) = - -
l- x
If x :;c 1, then v (x) = f (f(x))

_ i (- 1
- [- x
J- -
1
_ _ 1_
= x -1
X
1
1-x ⇒ j(x ) = 0 if
Hence, the point x = 0 is a point of discontinuity
of the function v. xE(-}i,-~)u(~,}i)
If x :;c 0, x :;c 1, w(x) = f(f(f(x)))
1 2 1 1
At x =± ~,x = -. =2 ⇒ J(x)= l
v2 2 2
X
= /(x: l J = ! -1 = x
1-- . . l 1 1 1
x S1m11ar y at x = ..fj , ,
2 5 ... .... .......
✓
 162 MATHEMATICS
:. f{x) is discontinuous at infinite number of . f(x+h)- f(x)
:.hm-----
points given by x E {± ~ , n E N} · h➔- h
. f(x)+ f(h)+xh(x+h)- f(x)
= hm----------
8. (a, c,d) h➔O h
(a) is wrong as continuity is a must forf(x).
= lim f (h) + lim x (x + h) = -1 + x 2
(b) is the correct form of intermediate value h➔O h h➔O
theorem. x3
y :.f'(x)=-l+x2 :.f(x)=--x+c
3
:. f (x) is a polynomial function,f (x) is twice
differentiable for all x ER andf'(3) = 3 2 -1 = 8
11. (a, b, d) Y

Y'
: ::::-t:::.:~:j::.:::·
(c) as per the graph (in figure) is incorrect.
y L~. . -.. . . . .
1 ........

X'·- ---•
o
__i; _l--...1I_ x
s12
1 2 3
1
--,0:S;x<l
x+l
2
f(x)= -,l:S;x<2
X
3 5
Y' - ,2:S;x<-
(d) is wrong if/is discontinuous. x-l 2
9. (b, c, d) Clearly, f (x) is discontinuous and bijective
.
S mce, .
hm x
2m
= {o, if Ix I< 1 function
n➔oo 1, if I X I= 1 lim f(x) = _!_, lim f(x) = 2
x➔C 2 x➔l+
. . 2n {O, if I sin x I< 1
: . f(x) = hm (smx) =
1, "f I . _ 1
n➔oo l Sill X 1-
min( lim f(x), lim /(x)) = _!_ * /(1)
This shows that f (x) is continuous 't/ x except x➔C x➔I+ 2
possibility when sin x = l when max (1, 2) = 2 = /(1)
For this point 12. (a, c) f(x) = x+ Ix I+cos9x,g(x) = sinx

lim ,/(x) = 0 * 1= /[(2k + l)i] Since bothf{x) andg(x) are continuous everywhere,
f(x) + g(x) is also continuous everywhere
x➔(2k+l)-
2 f(x) is non-differentiable and x = 0
⇒ f(x)is discontinuous for these points. Hence/(x) + g(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0
10. (a, c, d) Now h (x) = f (x) x g(x)
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + xy (x + y) (cos9x)(sinx), x<0
{
= (2x+cos9x)(sinx), x~O
f(O) = O :.lim/(h)=-1
Continuity & Differentiability 163

Clearly, h(x) is continuous at x = 0

[cos 1tX] 0~x~l
Also
i.e. f(x)= -l2x - 31, l<x<2
cosxcos9x - 9sinxsin9x, x<0 {
h'(x) = { 0, x=2
(2 - 9sin9x)sinx +cosx(2x+ cos9x), x > 0
1, ifx=0
h'(0-) = l,h'(0+) =1
⇒ f(x ) x g(x) is differentiable everywhere. 0, if0< x~_!_
2
13. (a, d) f (x) = min {I tan x I, I cot x I}
From the graph it is clear thatf(x) is everywhere - 1, if_!_< X ~l
2
⇒ f(x)=
continuous but not derivable when x = re 2x- 3, ifl~x<2
4
y 2
.f -3 ~x<2
.... 3- 2x, 1
2
.... 0, ifx=2

From graph,

f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0, _!_, 2 so P = 3

2

f(x) isnoIHlifferentiableat x = o,!,i , 1,2 so Q = 5

2 2
14. [10.23] y

Put x= an- I, if x ➔ oo,h ➔ 0

h
I

3/2 2
:. an = lim(an-1 )2 (f(h) - /(0))2 I

- ---e----------1.------e----------1-------- ~x
n➔O n 0 1/2

= (an-1 )2 Jim
h➔O
(f (h )- f h
(0))2

Now, an = (an _,)

2
, hence 16. [3.50] Here,f(x) = I(x + ½} x f-2 ~ x ~ 2
a2 = a12 = 2 2,a3 = a22 = 24 ,a4 = a 32 = 2 s an d
so on l(x+½)c- 2)j, - 2~x< - l,
:. IJa;
JO
= 2 1+2+22+23+...+29) = 21023
(

i=l I(x+½)c-1)j , -1 ~x<0

⇒ = 1023
15. [1.60) ⇒f(x) = j(x+½)co)j, 0~ x< l
[cosnx],
f(x) = { l2x - 3l[x-2],
I(x+½)(l)j, 1 ~ x < 2
l%x2I, x= 2
 164 MATHEMATICS

- (2x+l), -2 :5: X < -1

1
and lim [(sin en) e- n +
n➔oo n 2 +l
2
_r!__l
- (x+½), -1 :5:x< - -
2

(x+½), - 1/2:5:x<l
⇒f(x) = . [-
lIm en
sin - + -- 1 -] - 1
n➔oo
2
en l + _1_
0, 0:5: x<l
n2
1
x+ - l:5:x<2
➔0 as n ➔ oo,
2' 2
Since lsinen I :5: 1 and e- n
5, x=2
thus f(0) = 1
which will be plotted as
y 19. (5) f(x)=min.{lx l,lx - 21,2 -lx -ll}
Draw the graphs of
~---7---7--- ---7---7----,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Y = lxl, y = Ix- 21and y = 2 - Ix - 11
_ _ _ y = lxl
: : i 3 h:
• : _ _ _ y= lx - 21
~----~-- -+---2____ J_ --+----!
I I I I I
_ _ _ _ y=2 -[x -l]
I I I I I I y
~----~---- --- ----~-----l-----'
: : 1 : : I

I : : :

X' '--~-~---->------<>--~ - ~ x
-2 -I 0 2

Y'
Figure clearly shows thatf(x) is not continuous
at x = {- 1, 0, 1, 2} as at these points the
graph is broken. f (x) is not differentiable at

x= {-1 - 1 l 0' , 2} as at
, 2' y
I

x = {-1 , 0, 1, 2} the graph is broken and at : / ,,

I I '
--1---- ,/!- - - - -
x = - 1/2 there is a sharp edge. I
I
I
I ,
, I
I
I I ,/ I
SoP+ Q = 3.50 : : ,.✓-' :

---~----- -~ -----~-----
17. (1.25) '
I ' '
I
: :
As/is continuous so/(0) = Jim f(x) X ---'.__,,___;_____--'-_-----"'-----''-------''---~'-----+- X
x➔ O : 2:
f(0) = lim f(l/4n)
-2:'
--- - - - - - 1-- - - - -
I
'
: I
- - - - -1- - - - - - 1- - - - - -1- - - - -

n ➔oo
: - 1 : : :
: :' :' :'

It is clear from the graph,

f(x) = min. {lxl, lx- 21, 2 - Ix - 11} is continuous
= 0 + l = l. Vx E R and non-differentiable at
18. (1) As f continuous on R, so 1 5
=- , 0, 1, 2,
lim
n➔oo
!(_!_) = f(0)
4n
X
2 2
Sum of all the points is 5
Continuity & Differentiability 165

20. (7) = lim -8 cos2x+acosx

Here 1 < x < 3 and in this interval x 2 is an x➔O 6
increasing function, thus 1 < x 2 < 9
which is a finite number (= - 1) if a = 2.
[x
2
] = 1, 1 ~ x < ✓2 el/x - e - 1/x l- e- 2/x
(C) ·: lim - - - - = Jim - - - = 1
=2, ✓2 ~ X < ✓) x➔O+ e 11 x +e- l/x x➔O+ l+e-Zlx
=3, ✓3 ~ x< 2 and
=4,2~x< ✓ 5 . el/ x - e-1/ x e - 2/x _ 1
=5, ✓5~x< ✓ 6 bm - - - - = Jim - - - = -1
x➔O- e 11x +e- 1/x x➔O- e 21x +1
=6, .,J6 ~ X < ✓7
=7, ✓ 7 ~x< ✓ 8 Clearly Jim g(x) { el;x - e
x➔O el x +e
=:;xx } can exist if
= 8, ✓F, ~ X < 3
and only if Jim g(x) = 0 ⇒ n ~ 1.
Clearly, [x2] and also a[x' ] is discontinuous x➔O

and not differentiable at only 7 points. X- 2 if X ~1 {1 - X if X ~ -1

(D) f(x)= { - xif x<l ' g(x)= x+3if x<-1
X =✓ 2, ✓),2, ✓5,✓ 6, ✓ 7,✓ 8
21. (A) ➔ q; (B) ➔ s; (C) ➔ r,s,t; (D) ➔ p,q,r,s,t 1- f(x) if f(x) ~ -1
(A) Comparing the graphs of x = y and {
g(f(x))= f(x)+3 if f(x)< -1
y = tan-1x, we get that if x > 0 l-(x-2) if x -2 ~ -l and x~l
_ tan- 1 x
x>tan 1 x>0 ⇒ 0<---<1 1- ( - x) if - x ~1 and x < 1
X
{ x - 2 + 3 if x - 2 < -1 and x ~ l
- x+3 if - x< -l and x<l
3- x if x~l
⇒ g(f(x)) = { 1 "f 1
+ x 1 x<
Clearly g(j{x)) is continous everywhere.
22. (A) ➔ p,q; (B) ➔ t,s; (C) ➔ r;u

(A) R f '(l )= lim f(l+h) - f(l)

h➔O h
Also, ifx < 0, then x <tan- Ix< O = Jim {b(l+h)+2} - {1+3+a}
h➔O h
tan-1 x at h ➔ 0, Numerator = b - a - 2 must be zero
⇒ 0 < - - - <.1
X
(-: f(x ) is differentiable)
So, lim[tan-l x] = O . bh b
Then Rf'(l) = J1m - =
x➔O X ' h➔O h

(B) lim sin2x - asinx lim 2cos2x-acosx Lf'(l) = lim f(l - h)- f(l)
x➔O x3 x➔O 3x2
h➔O -h
In order that the limit exits, 2 - a = 0
= Jim ((l - h)2 + 3(1 -h) + a) - (4+a)
h➔O -h
⇒ a = 2, then limit
2
. -4sin2x + asinx = Jim h - 5h =5
= 11m ------
x➔O 6x h➔O -h
T l"'/ 1 = 1) I'' 1 \
166 MATHEMATICS
⇒ b=5
Also, a = b - 2 = 5 - 2 = 3 Also, f'(x) = {2ax-b, x <3
2bx; x ~3
:. a -b = -2
⇒ f'(3) = lim f(x) = lim f(3-h)
x➔r h➔O
X ' 6b = lim 2a(3 - h) - b = 6a - b
h➔O
1
(B) f(x)=
X ' or 6a = 7b ... (ii)
2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
ax +b -1 < x < l
' a= 35 b = 10
9 ' 3
·: f(x) is differentiable, then its also continuous.
:. f(l) = Jim f(x) = lim f(l-h) Sol. (23-24)
x➔ C h ➔O . f(x) + x2n g(x)
f(x) = l1m - - - - -
⇒ 1 = lim a(l - h )2 + b ⇒ l = a + b n➔oo l+x2n
h➔ O
f(x), 0 :5: x 2 < I
1
x~-l f(x)+ g(x) 2
X
2' x =1
2
1 2
and f'(x) = -2' X ~ l g(x), x >1
X
2ax, -1 < x < l g(x), x<-l
f(-1)+ g(-1)
x=-I
2
/'(1)= lim /'(x)= lim/'(1-h)
x➔ l- h➔O f(x), -1 < x < l
⇒ -1 = lim 2a(l - h) f(l)+ g(l)
h➔O
x= 1
2
1 g(x) x>l
⇒- 1 = 2a ⇒ a = - -
2 If F (x) is continuous Vx eR, F (x) must be
3 made continuous at x = ±l .
Then, b =
2 :. a - b=2
For continuity atx = (- 1),f(- 1) = g (- 1)
(C) f (x) is also continuous, ⇒ I -a + 3 =b -l

:. f (3) = lim f (x) ⇒ a+ b = 5 .... (1)

x➔3-
For continuity atx = 1,f(l) = g (1)
9b-3 = lim /(3-h) ⇒ I+a+3=I+b
h➔O
⇒ a - b=-3 .... (2)
= lim a(3-h)2 -b(3-h)+2 Solving equations (1) and (2),
h➔ O
we get a = I and b = 4
= 9a - 3b + 2 f(x) = g (x) ⇒ x 2 + x + 3 = x + 4
or 9a - l2b = - 5 ... (i) ⇒ x2 = 1 ⇒ x =± l
23. (a) 24. (c)
 Application
of Derivatives

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. Define a positive integer n to be squarish if either n is itself a perfect square or the distance from n
to the nearest perfect square is a perfect square. For example, 2016 is squarish, because the nearest
perfect square to 2016 is 452 = 2025 and 2025-2016 = 9 is a perfect square. (Of the positive integers
between 1 and 10, only 6 and 7 are not squarish.)
For a positive integer N, let S(N) be the number of squarish integers between 1 and N, inclusive. Find

positive constants a and ~ such that lim S ( N) = ~.

N➔oo Na

(d) None of these

2. Let/ be a three times differentiable function (defined on JR and real-valued) such that/ has at least five
distinct real zeros. Then which ofthe following is correctaboutthe roots of h ( x) = f + 6 f' + 12/ + 8/ m

(a) h(x) has no real roots (b) h(x) has at least two real roots
(c) h(x) has at most two real roots (d) None of these
3. Find the minimum value of Isin x + cos x + tan x + cot x + sec x + cosec xi, for real numbers x.
(a) 2✓2-1 (b) 2✓2+1 (c) 4✓2-2 (d) None of these
4. Letfbe a real function with a continuous third derivative such thatf(x),f'(x),f"(x),f"' (x) are positive
for all x. Suppose thatf"'(x) -S.f(x) for all x.
(a) f'(x) < 2/(x) for all x (b) f'(x) < 2/(x) for all x >0
(c) f'(x) < 2/(x) for all x <O (d) Nothing can be determined uniquely
5. The tangent at any point on the curve x = a cos30, y = a sin30 meets the axes in P and Q. The locus of
the mid point of PQ is
(a) x3/2 + y3/2 = a3/2 (b) x2/3 + y2l3 = a213 (c) 4(x + y ) = a
6. Given a positive integer n, let M(n) be the largest integer m such that

m ) > (m -
( n-1 n
l) and L= lim M ( n) , then
n➔oo n
(a) Lisanirrationalnumber (b) [L] = 2
3- ✓5
(c) {L} = --
2
 168 MATHEMATICS

2 1 2 1
7. Findallvaluesofoforwhichthecurves y=ax +ax+- and x=ay +ay+- aretangenttoeachother.
24 24
(13± ✓601) (11± ✓601)
(a) 2/3 and 3/2 (b) 5/2 and 2/5 (c) ~-~ (d)
12 12
8. Consider a point (a, b) in first quadrant with b < a, let P be the minimum perimeter of a triangle with
one vertex at (a, b), one on the x-axis, and one on the line y = x, then
(a) p = ✓10 ifa = 2,b = 1 (b) p = ✓50 ifa = 4, b = 3
(c) p = .fio ifa = 3,b = 2 (d) p = ✓ 80 ifa = 6,b = 3
9. f(x) . g(y) = g'(y) - f'(x) . g(y), Vx, y E Rand g'(0) = 1, g(0) = l ,f'(0) = - 5, then
1
(a) /(0) = 6 (b) /(l) = e (c) g(l) = e (d) g(-1) = -
e
10. Ify = f (x) be concave upward function and y = g (x) be a function such that
f'(x).g(x)- g'(x).f(x) = x 4 + 2x2 +10, then
(a) g (x) has atleast one root between two consecutive roots off(x) = 0
(b) g (x) has atmost one root between two consecutive roots off(x) = 0
(c) if a and f3 are two consecutive roots off (x) = 0, then ap < 0
(d) when/(x) increases g (x) decreases
11. f: [1 , 4] ➔ [7, 14] is a surjective, twice differentiable function such that/"(x) > 0, Vx E (1, 4), then
49
the equation (J'(x)) 2 = has
9
(a) at least one root in (1, 4) (b) exactly one root in (1, 4)
(c) at least two roots in (1, 4) (d) at most two roots in (1, 4)
12. In (0, x),f(x) = sinm x + cosecm x attains
(a) a maximum independent ofm
(b) a minimum value which is a function of m
(c) a minimum value which is independent of m
(d) the minimum value at the same point independent of m.
13. The value of a for which the function f(x) = (4a - 3) (x + log 5) + 2 (a - 7)

cot ~sin2 ~ does not possess critical points is

2 2
(a) (-oo,-4/3) (b) (-oo, -1) (c) [1 , oo ) (d) (2, oo)

~ Numeric Value Answer

14. Ifx,y,z are positive real number, such thatx+ y+ z = 1. Ifthe minimum value of (1 + !)(1 +_!__J(1 +!)
is K, then find K/1 0 x Y z
•
15. Let/(x) be a differentiable function on [0,8] such that/ (1) = 3,/(2) = 1/2,/(3) = 4, /(4) = -2,
/(5) = 6,/(6) = 1/3,/(7) = - 1/4. Then the minimum no. of points of interaction of the curve y = f'(x)
and y = f'(x)(f(x)) 2 is k, then find k
16. If P(x)= x 6 - x 5 - x 3 - x 2 - x & a,~. y, 8 are the roots of the equation Q(x)= x 4 - x 3 - x 2- 1 = 0 and
P(a) + P(f3) + P(y) + P(8) = A, then find A/4
17. f : R ➔ R be a twice differentiable function satisfying f"(x) - 5f'(x) + 6j(x) ~ 0 V x ~ 0
if j(0) = 1,f'(0) = 0. Ifj(x) satisfies f(x) ~ ah(bx) - bh(ax), V x ~ 0, then find (a+ b)h(0)/2
Application of Derivatives 169

( I ) Integer Answer
18.

19.
Let f (x) = 30 - 2x - x3, if K is the largest positive integral values of x which satisfies
f(f (f (x))) > f (f (-x)). Then find k
Find the point of inflexion of (x - 5)55 (x - 6)66_
•
20. If the curves ax2 + by2 = 1 and a 1x 2 + b 1y 2 = 1 may cut each other orthogonally such that

_!_ _ _!_ = 1s(_!_ _ _!_) then find the value of1s

a a1 b bi
20
21. If a= ei2 n/7 and f(x) =Ao+ L Akxk and the value of/(x) + f(a.x) + f(a-2x) + .... + f(a6x) is k
k=I
(A 0 + A-,x7 + A 14x 14) , then find the value ofk

g-.. .:
22.
Match the Following

Column I
A circular plate is expanded by heat from radius 6 cm to 6.06 cm. Approximate
Column II
•
(A) (p) 5
increase in the area is
(B) If an edge of a cube increases by 2%, then percentage increase in the volume is (q) 0.72 1t

2
(C) If the rate of decrease of ~ - 2x + 5 is thrice the rate of decrease of x , then (r) 6
2
x is equal to (rate of decrease is non-zero)

The rate of increase in the area of an equailateral triangle of side 30 cm, when
(D) (s) 3✓3
each side increases at the rate of 0.1 cm/s is -
2

23. Let f(x) = x2 + ax + b, VxER,f(O) > 0 and.f{x) has integral roots. Tangent at (~, p) tof{x) is parallel
to x-axis and g(x) =J{x + 1). 2

Column I Column II
(A) (a + b) can be (p) -1
(B) Value of [p] can be (where [.] represents greatest integer function) (q) 1
(C) Number of points where g(lxl) is non differentiable can be (r) 3
(D) Number of points where lg(lxl)I is non differentiable can be (s) -3
(t) 5

f Passage Based Questions

Passage
A conical vessel is to be prepared out of a circular sheet of copper of unit radius as shown in the figure where
a be the angle of the sector removed (i.e. L'.AOB), then
•
 170 MATHEMATICS

A,B
AB
Then, a. = -
1
⇒ AB = a ⇒ ABC = 2n - a
Circumference of the base of the cone = 2n - a.. Let r be the radius of the base of the cone then
a.
2nr = 2n - a⇒ r = 1- -
21t
24. The volume of the vessel. (If a = n)

(a) ~ (b) ✓31t2 (c) ✓3n (d) none of these

24 6 24
25. The value of' r' for which volume is maximum (when a is variable)

(a) ~ (b) 1 (c) JI (d) none of these

RESPONSE SHEET

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4. G)(00@) 5. G)(00@) 6. G)(00@)
7. G)(00@) 8. G)(00@) 9. G)(00@)
10. G)(00@) 11. G)(00@) 12. G)(00@)
13. G)(00@) 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. IAI IB I lei 1°1 23. IAI IB I lei 1°1

24. G)(00@) 25. G)(00@)
Application of Derivatives 171

\ I I
: ____
:., \......,_ Hints & Solutions _ _ _ _...s:,, •
\ I I

..
.... I :

1. (a) For any given positive integer n, the 3. (a) Let.f(x)

integers which are closer to n 2 than to any = sinx+cosx+ tanx+cotx + secx+cosecx
other perfect square are the ones in the interval
1 sinx+cosx
[n2 - n + l, n 2 + n]. The number of squarish =sinx+cosx+ . +----
Sill X COS X Sill X COS X
numbers in this interval is + [ -Jn - 1 l]+ [ ✓n].
This means that Since sinx+cosx = ✓2 cos(¾ - x}
✓
N
S( N) ~ f 2✓xdx = i N 314
Let y = 1t/4 - x, then
0 3 . 1 . 1
smxcosx =-slll2x = -cos2y
3 2 2
So a = ,P= 4 .
4 3 and writing c = ✓2 cosy, here c belongs to
Aliter [-✓
2, ✓2], we can write the given function
We know x - 1 :S [x] :S x, and the upper and
lower Riemann sum estimates for the integral
f(c) =(1 +c)(l + + ) - 1 = c+--2_
of ✓ x, to derive upper and lower bounds on C -1 C-1
S(N): 2
[-m]-1 Then f'(c)= l - ~ ~
S(N) ~ Ln; J ( 2✓,;=i-1) (c-1)2

[-m]-2 And f' (c) = 0 where c = 1± ✓2, but where

~ f0 2✓xdx- ✓
N c=1+ ✓2 >✓
2.

~~(✓
N -3)312 -✓
N And f(l - ✓ 2)= 1-2✓ 2
So required absolute value is 2✓ 2 -1
S(N) ~ L[r] (2✓
N +l) 4. (a) We know that if/is a differentiable function
onallof!R., lim f(x)~O, andf'(x)>0
x➔-oo

~ fb✓NJ+! 2✓xdx+ ✓
N +l (function is increasing) for all x E JR., then
f (x) > 0 for all x E JR. .
~4 ( '\JN+2
r:;;; )3/2 r:;;;
+'\JN+1
Given that /" ( x) ~ f ( x) we obtain
3
Now from Sandwich theorem we get f"(x)f"'(x) ~ f"(x)f(x) < f"(x)f(x)+ f'(x) 2
3 4
a=4,P= 3 sincef'(x) is positive. Integrating both the sides
X
we get
2. (b)Let us assume that g( x) = ( x). Then g
e2 f .!_(f"( X )>2 < f
( X )f'(X ). . •• (i)
2
has at least 5 distinct real zeros, and by repeated
application ofRolle's theorem, g',g",g'" have On the other hand, since f (x) and/ "'(x) are
at least 4, 3, 2 distinct real zeroes, respectively. both positive for all x, we have
Now consider 2f'( x )!"( x) < 2/'( x )!"( x ) + 2/(x )f"'(x).
X
1 - Again integrating both the sides we get
g"'(x) = - e2 (f (x )+6/'(x) + 12/"( x )+ 8/"'( x )) f'(x) 2 ~ 2/(x)f"(x) •·· (ii)
8
and exf2 is never zero. So h(x) has at least two Combining (i) and (ii), we obtain
 172 MATHEMATICS

P(n} = 3n-1- ✓5n -2n+ 1

2 2
_!_(/'(x)2 ) < !(/"( X ))2 <f(x)f'(x)
2 2/(x) 2 ' 2
both of which are real since 5n2 - 2n + 1
or (J'(x))3 <8/(x)3. = 4n 2 + (n - 1)2 > O; hence m satisfies the
given inequality if and only if P(n) < m < a(n).
We conclude f'(x) < 2/(x).
(Note in particular that since a(n) - P(n)
5. (d) We have,
= ✓5n2 - 2n + 1 > 1, there is always some
dy
2 integer m between ~(n) and a(n).)
dy=d0= 3asin 0cos0 = -tan 0 So, we can say than M(n) is the greatest
dx dx 3acos2 0(-sin0) integer strictly less than a(n), and thus that
d0 a(n)- 1 '.S M(n) < a(n).
Equation of tangent at '0' is Now
y -asin3 0 = -tan0(x-acos3 0)

⇒ -x-+_Y_=l
acos0 asin0
.. a(n}-1 3+ ✓5 d
P is (a cos0,0) and Q (0, a sin0). If mid an d s1m1 1ar1y Jim ~~- = - -, an so
n➔oo n 2
point of PQ is (h, k), then
by the Sandwich theorem,
h = acos0 k = asin0
2 ' 2 lim M ( n} = 3 + ✓5. L= 3 + ✓5.
n➔oo n 2 2
2
Eliminating 0, we get h 2 + k 2 = <-l___ 7. (a, c) Let C 1 and C 2 be the curves
4
y = ax2 +ax+_!_
a2 24
2
:. focus is x + y2 = -
4 2 1
and x = ay + ay + - respectively and let L
6. (a, b) Since m > n + 1, both binomial coefficients
24
are non-zero and their ratio is be the line y = x. Now we have three cases
Case en: IfCI is tangent to L, then the point of

(n~l) m!n!(m-n-1}! tangency (x, x) satisfies

(m:1) = (m-l)!(n-l}!(m-n+l}! 2ax+a =l,

by symmetry, C 2 is tangent to L there.

mn
= ------ So cl and c2 are tangent.
(m-n+l)(m-n) 1
Writing a = ( ) in the first equation and
Thus the condition (n~ > ( m:
1
)
1
) is
2x + l

substituting into the second, we have

equivalent to (m - n + 1) (m - n)-mn < 0. The x 2 +x 1
x =- -+ -
left hand side of this last inequality is a 2x+l 24
quadratic function of m with roots. or 24x2 - 2x - 1 = (6x + 1) (4x - 1) = 0,

a(n} = 3n- 1+ ✓5"'n 2 - 2n+l or x e {!4'_!}.

6
Application of Derivatives 173

1 '(0) 1
Hence, a= ( 2x +l) e{¾ ,¾}· Put y = 0 then ~ = - = I
' g(0) 1
Case (11) : If C 1 does not intersect L, then C 1 So,j(x)+f'(x) = 1 and g '(y) = 1
and C 2 are separated by L and so cannot be g(y )
tangent.
⇒ tr f(x) = tr + ').. lng(y)= y+ lnb
Case (Ill) : If C 1 intersects L in two distinct
points P 1, P2 , then it is not tangent to L at either ⇒f(x) = 1 + ')..e- x g(y) = beY
point. Now let at one of these points, say PI' f'(x) = - ').. e-x g(0) = b = 1
the tangent to C 1 is perpendicular to L; then by ⇒ b=1
/'(0) = - '}..
symmetry, the same will be true of C2, so C 1
and C2 will be tangent at P 1. In this case, the = - 5 ⇒ ').. = 5 g(y) = eY
point P 1 = (x, x) satisfies f (x) = 1 + 5e-x 1
g(l) = e, g(- 1) = -
2ax + a =- 1, x = ax2 +ax+_!_ · f(O) = 6 e
24' 5
/(1) = 1 + -
e
writing a =( - l ) in the first equation and 10. (a, c) As
2x+l
substituting into the second, we have f'( x ).g(x) - g'(x ).f(x ) = (x 2 + 1)2 + 9 .. . (i)
x 2 +x 1
x= - - - + - => f'(x)g(x) - g'(x) f (x) > 0
2x + l 24'
If a, ~
are consecutive roots off (x) = 0, then
(-23 ±v'601)
or x = ~ - -~ and hence f'( a).g(a) > 0, / '(p).g(p) > 0
72
=> g(u).g(P) <0 ... (ii)
-1 (13±v'601)
a- - - - - - - -~ Hence there exists atleast one root in (a , P) also
- (2x+ l) - 12 from (i)
8. (a, b) Consider a triangle ABC with vertices A, f"(x) g (x) - g"(x).f(x) = 4x ( x 2 +I)
B, C so that A = (a, b), B lies on the x-axis, and
C lies on the line y = x. => f" (a) g (a) = 4a ( a +
2
1) ,
Further let D = (a, - b) be the reflection of A in
the x-axis, and let E = (b, a) be the reflection of /"(P)g(p) = 4P(P2 + 1)
A in the line y = x.
Then AB = DB and AC = CE, and so the => 16uP(u2 +1)(P2 +1)
perimeter of ABC is DB + BC + CE ~ DE = /"(u).f"(P).g (u).g(p)
= -J(a - b) + (a +b) = ✓2a +2b .
2 2 2 2
Asf"(x) > 0 and g(u).g(P) < 0
To get this value just set B (resp. C) to be the We can conclude that up < 0
intersection between the segment DE and the 11. (a, d)
x-axis (resp. line x = y); thus the minimum Sincef"(x) > 0 graph off(x) is concave upward.
7
perimeter is in fact ,J2a2 + 2b2 . Now f' ( x) = ± having a solution would mean
9. (a, c, d) 3
f(x). g(y) +j'(x). g(y) = g'(y)
line having slope ±7__ touching the curve.
[f(x) +f'(x)]g(y) = g'(y) 3
g '(y ) The graph will strictly lie in the rectangle
f(x) + f'(x) = g(y) = constant formed by x = 1, x = 4, y = 7, y = 14.
 174 MATHEMATICS
If f is monotonic the line parallel to either ⇒ (x + y) (y + z) (z + x) 2: 8xyz ........ (ii)
of diagonal of rectangle will touch the graph ⇒ (1 + x)(l + y)(l + z) 2: 8.8.xyz
exactly once and if f is non-monotonic, then
lines parallel to diagonals will touch the graph (1+~)(1+~ )(1+~) 2: 64
atmost twice.
12. (c, d) 15. (12.1) f (x) =f'(x)(j{x)) 2
f (x) = (sinm12 x - cosecm12 x) 2 + 2 ~ 2 Eitherf'(x) = 0 at least 4 roots
Thus f(x) attains the minimum value of 2 at f (x) = l at least 5 roots
f (x) = - 1 at least 2 roots
(x = %) independent of m. Total at least 11 roots.
13. (a, d} We have,
X • 2 X
J(x) = (4a-3)(x+ log 5) + 2 (a- 7) cot sm
2 2
⇒ f(x) = (4a - 3) (x + log 5) + (a - 7) sin x 7 8
: . f' (x) = (4a - 3) + (a - 7) cos x
Iff (x) does not have critical points, then
f' (x) = 0 does not have any solution in R.
Now,
4a-3 16. (1.50)
f'(x) = 0 ⇒ COSX = - - Q(x) = (x3 - 2x2 + x -l )(x + l ) = 0 ⇒ 8 = -1
7- a
a + p + y = 2, ap + py + ya = l
⇒ l47a-- a3 lsl [·: lcosxl s 1] P(x)=(x2 + l)Q(x) +x2 - x+ 1
P(a) + P(P) + P(y) + P(-1)
4a-3 = a2 + p2 + y2 + 1 _ (a + p + y - 1) + 4 = 6
⇒ -l s - - s l ⇒ a - 7s4a - 3 s 7 - a
7-a 17. (2.50) Given inequality can be written as:
f"(x) - 2/'(x) ~ 3 (f'(x) - 2/(x))
⇒ a ~ - 4/3 or a s 2.
Let f'(x) - 2/(x) = g(x)
Thus,f '(x) = 0 has solutions in R if a ~ - 4/3
⇒ g'(x) - 3g(x) ~ 0 Multiply e- 3x
or as 2.
⇒ (g(x)e- 3xy ~ O⇒ g(x)e- 3xis non-decreasing.
So,f '(x) = 0 is not solvabel in R if a < - 4/3
Now g(0) = f'(0)- 2/(0) = - 2
or a>2
g(x)e- 3x ~ - 2, Vx ~ 0
i.e. a E (- co, - 4/3) v (2, co).
f'(x) - 2/(x) ~ - 2e3x, Vx ~ 0 Multip ly e- 2x
14. (6.4) Given that x + y + z = I
⇒ (f(x)e- 2x)' ~ - 2eX, Vx ~ 0
or (y + z) + (z + x) + (x + y) = 2
⇒ (f(x)e- 2x + 2eX)' ~ 0
Let y + z = A, z + x = B, x + y = C
⇒ f (x)e- 2x + 2eX ~ 3
(1 + x)( l + y)(l + z) = (B + C)(C + A)(A + B)
⇒ f (x) ~ 3e2x - 2e3x, Vx ~ 0
⇒ ( 1 + x)( l + y)( l+ z) 2: 8(x + y ) (y + z)(z + x)
Comparing ah(bx) - bh(ax) with 3e2x - 2e3x,
..... (i)
we get h(x) = eX, a = 3, b = 2
As, (x + y) (y + z) (z + x) = (1 - x) (1 - y) (1 - z)
⇒ (a + b)h(0) = 5
= 1 - (x + y + z) + (xy + yz + zx) - xyz
18. (2)/(x) = 30 - 2x - x 3
= xy + yz + zx - xyz
j'(x) = - 2 - 3x2 < 0
(x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
⇒ j'(x) is decreasing function

=xyz [_!_ + _!_ + !-1] Hence/(f(f(x))) > f(f(- x))

rl
X y Z ⇒ f(f(x)) <f(- x) ⇒ f(x) > - x
⇒ 30 - 2x - x3 > - x ⇒ x 3 + x - 30 < 0
Now, x-1 + y;I +z-1 2: ( x + ~ + z ⇒ (x - 3)(x2 + 3x + 10) < 0 ⇒ x < 3
Highest integral value is 2.
Application of Derivatives 175

19. (5) Let f (x) = (x - 5) 55 (x - 6)66 2

f' (x) = (x - 5) 55 66 (x - 6)65 + Putting the value of ~ in (v), we get
(x - 6)66 55 (x - 5)54 y2
54 65
= (x - 5) (x - 6) (66 (x - 5) + 55 (x - 6))
f' (x) = 0 ⇒ (x- 5)54 (x- 6)65 :~ (;:;)=-1
(121x- 660) = 0
660 or a - a1 = _ q - b =b - q
⇒ x=5 6 ~
' ' 121 aa1 bq bq
Now, applying method of intervals
1 1
or - - - = - - -
a1 a q b
5 660 6 21. (7)
t
Point of
121

t t
Min.
2
f(x)+ f(ax)+ f(a x)+ ....... + f(a x)
6

inflexion Max.
20. (1) Equation of given curves are
= ~
7 Ao + LJ Akx k ( 1 + a k + ..... + a 6k)
ax2 +by= 1 ..... (i)
k=I
and a 1x 2 + b 1y2 = 1 ..... (ii)
but when k-ct- 7 and k-ct- 14, then
From (i), 2ax + 2by dy =0
dx 1 + a k + a 2k + .... + a 6k =0
dy ax 6
. - = --- ..... (iii) Hence f(x)+ f(ax)+ ...... + f(a x)
dx by

From (ii) 2a1x + 2qy dy = 0,

dx
. dy _ 1 a x
.. dx - -~y ...... (iv)
k =7
Curve (i) and (ii) will cut each other at right 22. (A) ➔ q; (B) ➔ r; (C) ➔ p; (D) ➔ s
(A) r = 6 cm 8r = 0.06
angles if the product of the values of dy for
dx A= nr 8A = 2nr8r = 2n(6)(0.06) = 0.72n

(B) V = x 3 ,8v = 3x28x

8V 8x
- x 100 =3- x100=3x2 =6
2 V X
or aa1 ~=-1 ...... (v) dx dx
bq y2 (C) (x- 2) dt = 3 dt
from (i) and (ii), ax2 + by2 = a1x 2 + qy2 ⇒ x=5

✓3 x 2 ⇒ dA = fi(xdx)
2
or (a-a 1)x = (q -b)y2 (D) A=
4 dt 2 dt
......(vi)
= ✓3 x30x_!_= 3✓3
2 10 2
 176 MATHEMATICS
23. (A) ➔ p,q; (B) ➔ p,s; (q ➔ q; (D) ➔ r,t

f (0) > 0 and tangent at (%,P) to f (x) is

parallel to x-axis.
So both roots should be positive f'(x) = 0 at
5
x= - ⇒ a = -5 For maximum or minimum values of V, we
2
So quadratic is x 2 - 5x + b = 0 must have dV = 0
da
⇒ r = ,fj
{I
Possible cases are (x- 1) (x- 4) = 0 and (x-2)
(x - 3) = 0 ⇒ b = 4 or 6 ~ ( 2 - 9 r2 ).!!!__
So a + b can be -1 or 1 2 da
d V 1
--=-- 3 r dr
Vertex may be(%,-¾) or(% , ~) da2 6 +(2r-3r ) - - . -
✓l-r2 da
1 -9 l - r2
So pmaybe - - o r -
,
[p] =- 1 or - 3
4 4
. #
Putting r = - and -dr = - 1 , we get
3 da 2n
g(x) = (x - l)(x - 2) or x(x - 3)
So, g(jxl) is non differentiable at one point and d 2V 1 1 -1
- 2 =-- X- -(2-6).- <0
lg(lxl)I is non-differentiable at 3 or 5 points.
da 6 (l-¾) 21t
24. (c) a=21t(l-r)=1t ⇒ r = 1/2,

Hence Vis maximwn, when r = ✓

213
Also, h = .J1- r 2 = ✓3
2
1 2 ✓3rc
⇒ v=-nr h ⇒ --
3 24
 Indefinite
Integration

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. Evaluate f (x 2 dx)✓
+l x
x.
•
(a) 1 -i( x -1) 1 1 1x -Jh+11 (b) 1
-tan -I ( -X -1) +- 1 log I-
X--Ex+ 11 + c
✓2,tan Jh-2✓2°gx+Jh+l+c ✓2 ✓'h 2✓ 2
=,--
x+ ✓'h +l

2.

log[N+l- x✓2) log[N+j-x✓2)

1 x2 - 1 1 -1 X
(a) - +c (b) r;:; +c
4✓2 ~ 1 4v2 ~
'\IX~ + 1
+tan
-1 vx· r;:;
+l -tan
-I

X"l/2 x✓2

1
log[N+j--1x✓2JX
(d) None of these
(c)
2 ✓2
-I
~
'\IX' +I
+c
-tan

r
x✓ 2

3. ::t x =f "{I) cost + J'{I) sin tand r -f" {I) sin I+f' (I) cost. Then f[(:)' + ( : )' dt iscqual

(a) f'(t) + f"'(t) + c (b) f"'(t) + f'(t) + c (c) f(t) + f'(t) + c (d) f'(t) - f''(t) + c

4. If f (l.J;)'
x) +x 6
dx =).In(~)+ c, then a + 11. is
xa +1
(a) =2 (b) >2 (c) <2 (d) =1
 178 MATHEMATICS

5. If J,J
(
-
sin 32 0+cos 23 0 d0
-
l = a✓cosa. tan0 +sin a. +b✓cosa.+sin a.cote+ c, then
sin 3 0 cos3 0sin (0 + a)
(a) a = 2 sec a, b = 2 cosec a, c ER (b) a = 2 sec a.,b = -2cosec a, c ER
(c) a = -2 sec a.,b = 2cosec a, c ER (d) a = 2 cosec a.,b = 2 seca.,c ER

6. If / = f sin' rn)
cos ( %) ✓,-co_s_3_0_+_c_o-s2_0_+-co_s_0
d8, then I equals

(a) coC 1(tan0 + sec0) + c (b) -coC1,J(cos0+ sec0+ 1) +c

1 (d) tan- 1,J(cos0 + sec0 + 1) + c
(c) tan- (tan%+sec%+1) +c

7. f
If I= sec2 xcosec4 x dx = K cot3 x + L tanx + M cotx + c, then
(a) K = -1/4 (b) L = 2 (c) M = -2 (d) None of these
{(x +n(n- l))}
2
8. Iff (xsmx+n
. cosx)2 dx= f(x)+ g(x)+c, then
x"
(a) f(x)= - n- -- - - (b) f(x) =
x smx + ncosx xn sinx + nxn-l cosx
(c) g(x)= tanx (d) g(x) =secx
9. The value off dx where 'e' is a constant.
l+e cosx

(a)
1
ptan- ( ✓~=: tan~)+c (e liesbetweenOand 1)
(b) p tan-
1
(✓~=: tan~)+c, (e lies between Oand 1)
1 e+cosx+~sinx .
(c) ,::,--: log + c, (e 1s greater than 1)
'\I e- _ 1 1+ e cos x

2 e+cosx+~sinx .
(d) ,::,--: log + c, (e 1s greater than 1)
'\le- _ 1 l+ecosx

10. f (1 + Jx)2010 =2[ 0.(1 +1✓x)° X

-

~(1 +
~X) ~ ]+c where a,~> 0, then
(a) la.-~I = 1 (b) (~ + 2)(a.+1) = (2010)2
(c) ~. a, 2010 are inA.P (d) a+ 1 = ~ + 2 = 2010
Indefinite Integration 179

11. If f(x) =lime n

(') (') and f ~ f ( )
x tan - In -
n
X
dx = g(x) + c (c being the constant of integration), then
n➔= 3
sin11 xcosx

(b) g(x) is a continuous for all x

1
(c) g ( ~) = - : ( d) g(x) is not differentiable at infinitely many points

12. Which of the following is/are the final result of the integration f smx+
. ~3cosx =
(a) .!.1ogtan(~+~)
2 2 6

(b) ½log { cosec ( x + ~) - cot ( x + ~)}

(c) ½log {sec ( x -¾)+ tan ( x - ¾)}
(d) -½ log { cosec ( x + ~) + cot ( x + ~)}

13. If f sin x dx = A
sin(x-:)

(f(x)+ log I sinx-cosxl)+c, then

(a) A= ✓2 (b) A=l /✓2 (c) f (x)=sinx (d) f (x) x

~ Numeric Value Answer

14.
, , AIO
If (sin4x ) /an xdx=-A(cos 4 x )e1an x +B, then -
J 100
is equal to
•
f·
3
15. If esmx (xcos
--- x-- sinx) /(7)
- dx =esin x ( f(x)-secx ) + C, then - . equal to
- IS
cos2 x 2

16. Iff
2
sec x-2010dx= p(x)
. 20 !0
sm x sm x
C
. 2010 + ' I
·r p (~)=k
3
h
' t en
k2+3 -
4
IS

17.
f
2
(l + .,/tan x )(1 + tan x ) dx = -l Iog (f (x )) + ✓~-- f (~)
tan x + c , th en ti nd _ _
2tanx 4 2
 180 MATHEMATICS

(I) Integer Answer

4
cos Xdx 1( A )B
18. I sin x(sin
If
3 5
x+cos5 x)
315
= - - 1 +cot x +C, then AB is
2

1
19. If J dx=a log 1e- 2 x +3e- x+2l+b log 1e- x+l l+c. Thenb-ais
2e2 x +3ex +l e- x +2

20. If I (dx
xn x 1 - 6
2 3
) = A { 1n ( p )6 + 9p - 2 p -18p } + c, where p = {x
- 7-
x
7
-6} , 6
then - =
A
4

2 3x abc
21.
I
If x e dx = e""[bx2 - ex + d] + c, then - =.

•
d

g-.. .: Match the Following

2
loge ( x + .Ji + x )
22. If J ~2
dx = fog (x)+ c,
l+x
Now match the entries from the following two columns:
Column I Column II
(A) /(2) is equal to (p) 0
(B) g(O) is equal to - - - - (q) 1
3 1 (r) 2
(C) f
If J(x) g (x)dx = ax g(x) + b(l + x
3 2
)2 + c (l + x )2 + d ,
2

then a + c is equal to

(D) J
If eg(x)dx = ax(x +.Ji+ x 2
)+ ag(x )+ c, then a is equal to (s) 1
-
2
1
(t) -
3
23.
Column I Column II
(A) 2 1 (p) 0
If Jx d(tan- x) = x+ f (x ) + c, then/(1) is equal to
(B) (q) -2
J.Jt + 2 tan x(tan x + sec x) dx = a log lcos ~ -sin ~ I+c,

then a is equal to ( 0 < x < ~)

(C)
If fx 2 e 2xdx = e 2 x f( x )+ c, then the minimum value of/(x) - 1t
(r) -
is equal to 4
(D)
If
I 4
x +1 1
dx = a log lxl+-2- + c, then (a - b) is equal to
(s) 1
1
r f r 2 + 1I2 X +b (t) -
Indefinite Integration 181

f Passage Based Questions

Passage-I •
If an integral cannot same type be evaluated, then it can be converted to another integral of lower degree but
of same type using reduction formula, we can derive reduction formulas for the integral of the form

fsinn xdx,f cosn xdx , f tann xdx , fcotn xdx , fseen xdx, fcosecn xdx by using integration by parts. These
reduction formulas can be used to compute integrals of any natural number index of sin x, cos x, tan x etc.

24. f
If sec6 xdx = ¼tan5 x+ B tan3 x+ Ctanx+ D, then B + C is equal to

(a)
7
- (b) ~ (c) .!._! (d)
13
3
3 3 3
s
25. Ifftan 6 xdx=~ x+Atan3 x+Btanx+Cx+D, thenA + B + Cisequalto
00 -In ~) -IM ~ -ID (d) - 1/5
Passage-II
Let n be a non-negative integer and,

f .J 2 2
Let 1. = xn a -x dx (a > 0), we can find relation among 1., 1. _ I' 1. _ 2• It can be observed that / 1 is
1 n-l(a2 2)3/2
elementaryintegrationwhosevalueis - (a2 -x 2)3i 2. If/.= x ;x +a 2 Bln_2
3
where A and B are constants. Then
26. A must be equal to
(a) n + l (b) n-1 (c) n + 2 (d) n
27. B must be equal to
(a) n+ l n+2 n n-1
(b) (c) (d)
n+2 n+l n+2 n+2

RESPONSE SHEET
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4. 0®©@) 5. 0®©@) 6. 0®©@)
7. 0®©@) 8. 0®©@) 9. 0®©@)
10. 0®©@) 11. 0®©@) 12. 0®©@)
13. 0®©@) 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. iAi iB i lei IDi iAI23. iBi lei iDi

24. 0®©@) 25. 0®©@) 26. 0®©@)
27. (a) (6) (c) (ci)
 182 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions .. .... I :

·---- - - -~·
x2 - 1
I2 = f - -~ d x
(x 2 + l)✓x 4 + 1

~ f (i-_!z) dx

(x+~)✓x2 + : 2

Putting x + 1/x = v, we have

dv . 2 2
12 = f vvv-
~,puttmgv
- 2
- 2=w

. f(
gives
wdw
) =
1
r,; tan
_1 w
r,; + c 2
2
w +2 w v2 v2

1 JT:i
= r,; tan
-1
r,; + c2
v2 xv2

log[JT:i-x✓2J
1 x2 - 1
J= - +c
4✓2 ~I
- 1 '1/X' +1
- tan
x✓2

3. (c) dx = f"'(t)cost - f"(t)sint

dt
+ f"(t)sint+ f'(t)cost
=[f"'(t)+ f'(t)]cost

dy = - f"' (t )sin t - f" (t )cost

dt
+ f"(t)cost - f'(t)sint
= - [f"'(t) +f'(t)]sint

⇒ [(:r +(:rr
1/ 2
=[U"'(t)+ f'(t))2 (cos2 t+sin2 t)]
= f"'(t)+ f'(t)

⇒ f[(:r +(:rr dt

= f"(t)+ J(t)+c
Indefinite Integration 183

cos ex tan e + sin ex = t 2 ,

f (✓x)5
Put in the first
4. (b) Let/ = dx 2
integral and cos ex+ cote sin ex = u m
(✓xf +x6 second integral
⇒ sec2 d0
= f dx
= 2tdt and cosec2 0d0 = - 2u du
(✓x)'[(;,)' +I] cos ex

1
f 2tdt
sin ex
f 2udu
:. = (cosex)t sin ex.u
1
Put - -5
+l=t 2 2
(✓x) =--t---u+c
cosex sinex
dx 2 2
or - - =--dt = - -.J(cosex tan0+sinex)
(✓xf 5
cos ex

--l:-.J(cos ex tan 0 + sin ex) + c

:. I =-3._fdt =-3._lnltl+c smex
5 t 5

6. (b, d) I = f ':msin' rn)ro,m d8

= ¾in[ :~ ]+c 2
(cos 2).Jcos 0+ cos 0+ cose
3 2

x 2 +l
On comparing, we get = _!_ f sine ( 1- cos e) de
2 {l+cose).Jcos 3 0+ cos2 0+ cos0
2 5
). = - and a=- :. A+ a> 2
5 2 Put cos 0 = x, so that

[,in½ 8+co,½ 8)de I = _ _!_ f (l-x) dx

2 (I+x).Jx3 +x 2 +x
5. (b) Let/ = ------r=======
✓sin3 e cos3 0sin(e +ex) = _!_ f ( 1)
x2 - dx

x✓x+~+l
3
2
f sin 2 0d0 {x+1)
2

✓sin 3 3
= _!_ f ( 1)
0cos 0sin (e + ex)
dx x2 -
3

+f x ( x+~+2)✓x+ ~ +l
2 2 2
cos 0d0
✓sin3 0cos3 0sin(0+ex)
Put x+_!_+l =t2
= f de X
.Jcos3 0(sin 0 cos ex + cos e sin ex)
8
⇒ (1- : )dx = 2tdt 2

+f .Jsin 0(sin0c:s ex+cos0sinex)

3
: . I= + _!_ f 21
dt dx = tan-1 t + c
2 (t 2
+l)t
= f sec 0d0
2

.J<cos ex tan e + sin ex) = tan- 1 .J(cos0+sec0+ 1) + c

+f lrM:os:::~d~; N
 184 MATHEMATICS

7. (c) Put tanx=t ⇒ sec 2 xdx=dt J- 2 dt f

I t4 t4 t2
I
I= (1 + t4 +2t2)dt = dt +Jdt+ f }:_dt
- 1-e t2 +(l+e)
1-e
1
Case (i): If0 < e < 1, + e > 0, so, integration
=-_l_(tan x)- 3 + tanx-2 (tanx)- 1 +c 1-e
3
= - cot + tan x - 2 cot x + c
of type J 2
dx 2 , then
X +a
Therefore, K = -1/3, L = I, M = -2
x 2+n(n-1)
I= Jb (l-e
l-e2
tan-1
1+e
tan~) +c
2
8. (b, c) I = I (xsinx+ ncosx ) dx 2
Case (ii): Ife > 1, l+e < 0
1-e
Multiplying and dividing by x 2 n- 2
. . o f type
So, mtegrat1on J 2 dx
(x 2 +n (n-l))x2n-2 X - a2
I=f-----d x
(x sinx+n cosx)2 x 2n- 2 1 e+cosx+~sinx
I= 1og
I=J (x2 +n(n -I)) x2n- 2 2 dx .Je2 -1 1+ e cos x
(xn sinx +n xn-l cosx) 10. (a, b, c, d)

Let xn sinx + nxn- l cos x = t I =f dx -I ✓xdx

⇒ (nxn-l sinx+xn cosx+ n(n -1)
(1+ ✓x)2°10 - ✓x(1+ ✓x)2°10
xn- 2 cos x - nxn- l sin x )dx = dt Nowlet t =l+ ✓x,thendt= 1
,dx
2vx
⇒ xn- 2 cosx(x2 + n(n-I))dx = dt
I= 2 I tt-I
2010 dt =2
I &
2009 - 2 I &
2010
(x 2+n(n-I))xn-2 cosx t t
I
I = - - - - - - - -~ xn secxdx
(xn sinx + n xn- l cosx )2
1
or / =2 [ 2009 (2009
1
2008 (2008 ]+c=2
Integrating by parts; we get
1 1
2009 2008 ]+c
J = x n secx ( - - - - - 1 - - -) [ 2009(1 + ✓x) 2oos(1+ ✓x)
xn sinx+nxn-l cosx
(xnsecx tanx+nxn-1 secx) ⇒a= 2009, p = 2008
I
+ - - - - - - - - -dx
(xsinx+nxn- l cosx) 11. (c, d) f(x)= lim / an(;)1n(;)
1

n➔~
xn secx
- - - - - - - + tan x + c So, f(x)=e° = 1.
xn sin x+ nxn- l cosx

9.
x
(b, c) Lett = tan - , thendt = - sec - dx
1 2x Hence J f (x) dx
2 2 2 , ~sin 11 XCOSX
4
2 =J sec 11/3
x dx =f (t - 1113 + t - 5/3 )dt
= ½(1+ t )dx
(tanx)
2dt
2 3 - 8/3 3 - 2/3 3 (1+ 4 tan 2 X)
Sol= J l+t =- - t - - t +c=- - - - - - ~ +c
1 +e1 ~ t: 1 8 2 8 tan2 x~tan2 x
Indefinite Integration 185

Thus, g(x) = -
3 (1+4tan
2
x) = ~ fdu+ ~ f cotudu
8 tan 2 x~tan 2 x
1 = ~u+ ~flog I sinu l+c
and g(¾)= - :

Clearly, g is not defined at x = 0 and odd = ~ (x+ log I(sinx - cosx) I + c

multiples of _1t_. So (b) is not correct Thus,A=l/✓2 , f(x)=x

2
12. (a, b, c, d) 14. (10.24)
f dx l f dx f
I = (sin4x)etan xdx
2

Sin X + ✓3 COS X = 2 sm
. ( x+ -1t ) 2
3 = J2(sin 2x)( cos 2x)etan x dx

( 1- tan 2 xl 2
J
=4 sinxcosxl
l + tan 2
x
)etan xdx

2
= 4f tanxsec2 x cos6 x(l - tan 2 x)etan xdx

Put tan 2 x = t ⇒ 2 tanx sec 2 xdx = dt

2
:. I = 2 scl- t)e1 dt = - 2 f [t+ l - ]e' dt
(l+t)3 (t+l)3

= -2f [(t:1) 2 + (t : ~)3 ]e'dt

t 2
=- 2 - e- +c = - 2 cos4 x .e1an x +c
(t+ 1)2
10
⇒ .:i_ = 1024 = 10.24
10 100
15. (3.50) We have
3
1 = f esin x (xcos x2- sinx) dx
cos x
f
= xesinx cosxdx - f esinx(secxtan x )dx
= [ xe•inx - f esinx dx] - [ e sinx sec X - f esin x dx]

In the same way we can prove

= e sin x (x - secx)+ C

tan(i+~)=sec ( x - ~) + tan ( x - ~) So f(x) = x and f (?) = 3.5

2
13. (b, d) f sin x dx
f sec~ ~~;010 dx
sin( x-¾) 16. (1.50)
Slll X

f
= sec x(sinx)- 2010
2

. ( 1t)
sm u +-
= f .
4
du (Put u = x -
smu
_1t_
4
⇒ du = dx1J - 2010 f . l
(smx)2010
dx=l1 -12
 186 MATHEMATICS
Applying, by parts on 11 we get
h dx= -dt
Nowpute- x =t,ten -
I = tan x + 201of tan xcos x dx e- x
1
(sin x)2° 10 (sin x)2° 11
: .l = -f t2+;t+2dt
= tanx + 2010f dx
(sinx)2010 (sinx)2010 Lett = A(2t + 3)+ µ
tanx p(x) Comparing the coefficient of like powers of t,
⇒ I=l1 -/2 = . 2010 = - - - -
(smx) (sinx)2010 we get
l
)=tan~= ✓3
2A= 1, 3A+µ= Q::::} A= - ,µ = - 3/2
p(f 2

2
:. I = -f A(2t + 3) + µ dt
k + 3 = ~ = 1.50
2
t +3t+2
4 4
= - Af 2t+3 dt -µf 1 dt
t 2 + 3t + 2
17. (1.50) I= f l dx+.!f ~ dx
t2 + 3t + 2
2sinxcosx 2 sinxcosx 1f 2t + 3 d 3f l d
-f·2 2
= 1 sm x + cos x dx +
1 2
sec x dx -f -2 ,, +3t+ 2 t+2 (,+¾)' -(½)' '
2 sinxcosx 2 -Jtanx
=.!log(tan 2 x)+-Jtanx +c
4
= -½ Jog 112 + 3t + 21+ ¾
3 1
1 t+2-2
So f(x) = tan' x and)~) = 3_= 1.50
2 2
x~(2 -
1 )Iog
t+-3 +-1
+c

18. (2)
f 3
4
(cos xdx) 2 2 2
3 5 5
(sin x)(sin x+cos x)5 = - -11og Ie-2x + 3e- x + 2I + -3 Iog I- + 11 + c
e- x -
2 2 e- x +2
= J 4
(cos xdx) 20. (7) Write the given integration as
3
J-f dx _ f dx
6
(sin x)(1+cot
5
x)5 - x22 ( x 7 - 6) - x29 ( 1- x~ )
Now write t =I+ cot 5 x, then - dt
= 5cot4 x cosec 2 xdx Let ( 1- x~ ) = p ⇒ :; dx □ dp and
-sf ~=-2t1 3. +c=-2(1+cot
1 dt 1 3.
x) +c5 5 5
x7 - ( _ 6_ J = f dx _ _1 f (l - p)3 dp
t5 - 1- p x29 (l- ; )- 42 (6)3 p
2
So A = 5 &B = - so AB = 2 3 2
5' I 1 f 1- p - 3p+3p d
2 (42)(216) p p
19. (2) Divide numerator and denominator by e x
1
I= J l dx= f l dx = - - [lnp 6 +9p2 - 2p3 -1 8p] +c
2e2x +3ex +l _ 2_ + _ 3_ + 1 54432
e- 2x e- x 21. (3) Here we have to use integration by parts
-2x
=J2+3e-e x +e- Zx dx ;~c;xdx = x2;3x - f12x e:x jdx
Indefinite Integration 187

(D) Jeg(x)dx= J(x+ ✓I+x 2 )dx

2
=x
2
+!_.JI+ x 2 +_!_
2 2
1n(x+ ✓l + x 2 )+ c
2
=½x(x+ ✓I+x2 )+½g(x)+c
x 3x 2 3x 2 3x
=-e --xe +-e
3 9 27

= e3x ( x: -¾x+ ; )+c 23. (A) ➔ (r);(B) ➔ (q);(C) ➔ (t);(D) ➔ (p)

1
2
1 2
3 x -x- (A) Jx2 d(tan- 1 x)= f x 2 dx
abc = 3 9 =I x 27 =3_ I+x
d 2 9 2
27
= J(1- ----½-) dx = x-tan- 1 x+ c
I+x
22. (A) ➔ (r);(B) ➔ (p);(c) ➔ (t);(n) ➔ (s) ⇒ f(x) = -tan-1 x
Put 1n(x+✓I+x 2 )=t ⇒ Q I+x 2
=dt
(B) J.J1 + 2 tanx(tanx + secx)dx

r
So, 2
= J.J(secx+tanx) dx
= t~ + c = ½{ln (x +✓I+ x
2
J = Jt dt ) +c
= ln isecx + tan xi+ ln isecxl + c
Thus
x2 l+sinx
= ln l- -
2
l+ c= inldd + c
(A) f(x) = cos x I-sinx
2 2

(B) g(x) = 1n(x+ ✓x

2
+ I) = -lnlcosi-sinil +c

(C) Now, J x; 1n(x+ ✓x2 + 1)dx =-2lnlcos%-sin ~I+ c

= x: 1n(x+✓x2 +I)
3
1J x [
- 2 3 x+✓x2 +I
1

= x3 ln (x + .Jx 2 +I) - _!_ J

]{i + 2✓x2 +1 }dx
x 3dx
2x
ax: ,2x_[x-: -f< dxl
( x 2 X I 2x l
6 6 ✓x 2 +I = l 2 - 2+4) e + c

= x: 1n(x+ ✓x2 +I )-¼J(t 2

- I)dt
2 2
= ¾(2x 2 - 2
I)
2x + e x + c
Putting x + I = t
1
1n(x+ ✓x2 +I)
2
Now, 2x -2x+ I ~ -
= x: 2

- 1 ( I+x 2 )3/ 2 + 1 ( I + x 2 )1/2 +c ⇒f ( x) = ¾(2x2 - 2x +I) ~ ½

18 6
 188 MATHEMATICS
2 Sol. (26-27)
x4+1 -f ( x 2 +l ) -2x2
(D) f
2 2 dx- 2 dx I" = f xn ✓a 2 - x 2 dx
x (x + 1) 2
x (x + 1)
= f xn-1 (x.Ja2 -x2 )dx
= J[_!_- 2x 2)dx= ln]x]+ - 2l_ +c Apply integration by parts
x (x2 + i) x +I
1n =-.!_(a2 -x2)312xn- l
3
:. a= b = l
24. (b) Let!= f sec6 xdx = f sec4 x.sec2 xdx
f
+ n;l xn-2(a2 -x2)3!2dx

2 2 2
= f (l + tan x) sec xdx =-.!(a2 -x2)3i2 xn-1 + n-l
3 ~- 3
Put tanx = t :. sec2 xdx = dt
f (a2xn-2.Ja2 -x2 -xn .J~a-2- -x-2 )dx
Then, f
I = (l+t2)2 dt
ts 2t3
=f(t4 +2t 2 +I)dt= -+-+t+D 1n =-.!_(a2-x2)3/2xn-
3
l
5 3
n-1 2 n-1
= .!tans x+~tan3 x+tanx+D +-3- a I n- 2 - - - 1
3 n
5 3
2 5 -(a2 - x2)3i2xn-l (n-1 ) 2
Here, B=- C=l ⇒ B+C=- - ------+ -- a I 2
3' 3 ⇒ In - n +2 n+2 n-
6 4 2
25. (c) Let/= f tan xdx = f tan x(sec x- l)dx n-l
⇒ A=n +2 B=--
, n+2
= f tan 4 xsec2 xdx -f tan 2 x(sec2 x -l)dx

4 2
= f tan xsec xdx
f
if/"= xn.Ja2 -x2dx
0
2 2 2
-f tan xsec xdx+ f (sec x-l)dx
⇒ In=(;:~)a /n-2 ⇒/4 =¾a 212
2

tans x tan3 x
= - - - - - + tanx-x+D 1 2 7ta2
5 3 ⇒I =- a l 0 ⇒ I= ~
2 4 0 4
1
Here,A = - - B = l C = -1
3' ' 311t61t2
⇒I =- x - x - a = - a
4
1 6 4 4 4
:.A+B+C=--
3 26. (c) 27. (d)
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 Definite
Integration

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

3
■
1. Suppose that/ is a function on the interval [1, 3] such that-1 $.j{_x) $. 1 for all x and Jf ( x) dx = 0 . Find
I
3
J(x)
the maximum value of J~ - dx be?
I X

16 4 4
(a) log (b) log (c) 1+ log (d) None of these
3 3 3
r
C Jtt/2x r
sinxdx
2. Find a real number c and a positive number L for which lim O =L
r➔- J: \r cos xdx
1

2 2 4
(a) c = 1,L = - (b) c =-l,L = - (d) c =-l,L = - (d) None of these
1t 1t 1t
I
3. Suppose that / :[0,1] ➔~ has a continuous derivative and that ff(x)dx=O. Then for every
0

a E (0,1) Find the minimum value of

lr1(x)dxl
O
I ( )I
max f' x
OSxSI

(a) 1/2 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/8 (d) None of these

I I
4. f
For Un = xn ( 2 - x f dx; vn =Jxn (1- x f dx n E N, which of the following statements(s) is/are
true? o o
(a) Un= 2nvn (b) Un= 2- nvn (c) Un= 2 2nvn (d) Un= 2- Znvn

5. Let Pk be a point in xy-plane whose x coordinate is 1+ ~(k = 1, 2, 3, ........... , n) on the curve y = In x.

n
IfA is (1, 0) then lim _!.
n ➔= n
I, (APk )2 equals
k= l

(a)
1
- +21n2 2
3
(b) ½+21n
2
(~) (c) 1 (2)3
3+1n2
 190 ------------------- MATHEMATICS

6. If a0 ,aI ,a2 ,a3 are all positive, then 4a0 x3 +3aI x2 +2a2 x+a3 = 0 has atleast one root in (-1, 0),
then
(a) a0 +a2 = a 1 +a3 (b) 4a0 +2a2 > 3a1 +a3

2
7. If f (2-x) = f (2+ x) and f (4-x) = f (4+ x) andf(x) is a function for which ff (x)dx = 5, then
50 0

fJ(x)dx is equal to
0 46 51 52
(a) 125 (b) f f(x)dx (c) f J(x)dx (d) f J(x)dx
--4 2
I
8. Let a,b,c be non-zero real numbers such that Jo+ sins x)(ax2 +bx+ c )dx
0

2
= J(l + sins x)(ax +bx+c )dx = 0. Then the equation ax
2 2
+ bx+ c = 0 has
0

(a) exactly one root between O and 1 (b) exactly one root between 1 and 2
(c) two roots between Oand 1 ( d) no roots between O and 1
9. Let G(x,t)

x(t-1), when x~ t
= t(x-1), when t < x and tis
{
continuous function of x in [0, 1]
I
If g(x) = ff(t)G(x,t)dt, then
0

(a) g(0)+g(l)=0 (b) g(0)=0 (c) g(l) = 1 (d) g'(x)= f(x)

4
10 {✓x} 10
10. Let 11 = J r dx and 12 = J (x{x 2 })dx, where{.} denotes fractional part ofx. Then
0 '\IX 0

(a) 11 =12 (b) 11 <12 (c) 11 =412 (d) 11 =100

1t
2
sin 2 nx
11.
0 sm x
J
If Un= - . -2 - dx, then

n ~
W ½=2 ~ ~=T
n .
(c) Un - Un- 1= (d) U 1,U2 ,U3 ...... are mA.P.
2
12. Let e be the eccentricity of a hyperbola and f ( e) be the eccentricity of its conjugate hyperbola then
3
f.flf ......... f(e)de is equal to
nllmes
1

(a) 4, if n is even (b) 4, if n is odd (c) 2, if n is even (d) 2 ✓2 , if n is odd

Definite Integration 191

1/ 2 1
13. IfI = fo ~
l-x
dx, for n ~ l , then
2n

(a) I< l (b) l>l/2 (c) I> l (d) I< l 12

~ Numeric Value Answer

14. Find the sum of the series •
5
15. If the value of
I001t
1 1
f ([coC x ]+[tan- x ])dx is 100n +p cotp, then the value of Lis
0
10
X X

16. Let f: (0, 00 ) ➔ R be a differentiable function such that xf (l-t)f(t)dt = ft f (t)dt\f XE (0, 00 ) and
0 0

5
f (l) =1 . The value of the limit Jim f (x) is equal to k, then find k +
x➔00 4
I 7
4
29f(l-x ) dx
17. Find the value of - ~
- - --
10J(1-x4 )6 dx
0
X 12
18. Let f: (0, 00 ) ➔ Rand F(x) = ft f 2 4
(t)dt. If F(x )= x +x
5
, then L f(r 2 ) is equal to k. Find _l_
0 r =I 73

(I) Integer Answer

19. If/is continuous and differentiable on [0, l ] with f(O) = 0 and f (1) = 1, then the minimum value of
I
f(f' (x ))2 dx is equal to
0
•
20.
. 0
11m ~ - ~
(fxex' dx)2
-=
x➔oo f:e2x dx
2

21. Let F(x) be a non-negative continuous function defined on R such that F ( x) + F (x + ½) = 3 and the
9000
value of
1500

0
f
F ( x) dx is - - . Then the numerical value of "A is
A,
 192 MATHEMATICS

g-.. .:
22.
Match the Following

(A)
3
f- 2
- -
dx
- - - i s equal to
Column I

(p) e
Column II •
1 x + [ x ]2 + 1- 2x [x]

(B) If J ~=~.then
6
xis equal to (q) 0
log2 eY -1

n
(C) f (-1Jx1dx, n EN, is equal to (r)
7t

2
-n

(s) --e

(t) log(4)

([.] denotes the greatest integer function)

23. Column I Column II

(A) ✓2j[
OX
+ +I
]dx is equal to (p) 1

10 x
3
(B) ln3 f Ndx is equal to (q) 2
-103
I
(C) J[x[l+sin1tx]+l]dx is equal to (r) 3

(D)
If
-I

1t!Z

f
o
{
a 2 ( --+-cosx
oos3x 3
4 )+
4
-a 2
asinx-20cosxdx~ -
3
lthen 'a' can be equal
(s) 4

to (more than one may be correct).

(t) 40

(In all of the above, [.] represents the greatest integer function)
Definite Integration 193

f Passage Based Questions

Passage-I

A series of the form/(x) =a;+ I, an cosnx+ I, bn sin nx is called Fourier series where a0 , al' a 2,
•
..... an,
n=I n=I l 1t
b I' b2, ... b n are constants and the coefficients are evaluated an = i f
f (x ). cos (nx) dx, for x E [a., a. + 21t]
l a+21t - 1t
using the formula and bn = -
1t a
J
f (x) sin nx dx. Let us consider/ (x) = x + x 2 for-1t :'.5x:5 1t, then

24. The value of a0 is

21t2
(a) - (c) 1t
3 5 2
25. The value of a0 is

(a) 4(-lf
n21t2
Passage-II
. af sini.. nx
Consider I = - - d x, where aE R+ and n, µ , AE N
n Sinµ X
0

26. If a =~, 11, = 2, µ = 1, then In+I - In is equal to

2
1 1
(a) -- (c) (d) n + I
2n+l (b) 2(n + 1) n+l

27. If a= %, 11, = 2, µ = 2, then I n+I + In- I - 2In is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

RESPONSE SHEET
1. G)(§)@)@) 2. G)(§)@)@) 3. G)(§)@)@)
4. G)(§)@)@) 5. G)(§)@)@) 6. G)(§)@)@)
7. G)(§)@)@) 8. G)(§)@)@) 9. G)(§)@)@)
10. G)(§)@)@) 11. G)(§)@)@) 12. G)(§)@)@)
13. G)(§)@)@) 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. IAI IB I lei 1°1 I 23. IAI IB I lei 1°1

24. G)(§)@)@) 25. G)(§)@)@) 26. G)(§)@)@)
17 (;') (h'\ (c) (rl'\
 194 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions .. .... I :

·-----
1. First we assume that the function
{b) is
- - - -&1''
Now by integration by parts, we have f
integrable. 7t/2 1t/ 2 f (r )
First solution: Let g(x) be 1 for 1 ::; x::; 2 and Jxr cosxdx = ~ Jx x sinxdx = - - -
0 r+1 r+l
- 1 for 2 < x::; 3, and define h(x) = g(x) - f(x). 0

3 Thus put c = - 1 in the given limit, we get

Then fh(x)dx = 0 and h(x)::: 0 for 1 ::; x::; 2,
lim (r+l)f(r) =~ as desired.
I
r➔~ if(r+l) 1t
h(x)::; 0 for 2 < x::; 3. Now
3. (c) Let L = max lf'(x)I and define
f h(x) dx =Jlh(x)I dx-f lh(x)ldx O,sx,sl
I X I X 2 X X

g(x) = ff (y)dy.
~ f lh(x)I dx- f lh(x)I dx = 0. 0
I 2 2 2 Since g(0) = g(l) = 0, the maximum value of

and thus f f ( x) dx ~ f g ( x) dx
lg(x)I must occur at a critical point ye (0,1)
satisfying g' (y) f (y) 0. Let a = y here
1 X I X
after.
4 (X ]-(X
= 2log2-log3-log-. Since ff(x)dx=- Jf(l-x)dx,wemayassume
3
0 0
So required maximum value is logi that a ::; 1/2. Then substituting -f(x) forj(x)
1t/ 2 3
2. (b) Let f (r) = Jxr sin xdx. Then
ifneeded, we may assume that ff (x)dx ~ 0.
(l

0
0

Now from the inequality f'(x) ~-L, hence

f(r)< 'j','dx= (ff'
r+l
we can concludef(x)::; L(a - x) for O::; x::; a,
(l (l
0
So ff(x)dx ~ JL(a-x)dx
While since sin x ::: 2x/n for x ::; n/2 0 0

2xr+I (
1t/2 ~J+l 1 21a a 1
=--L(a-x) =-L ~ -L
2

f(r)> f - d x = ~ - 2 0 2 8
0 1t r+2
It follows that 4. (c) Given Un = I>n-(2-xr dx;
2)r+l
lim r
r➔~
(- f (r) =1
1t
Vn= I>n-(1 - xr dx

In Un put x = 2t ⇒ dx = 2dt
So
fl/ 2
2)r+l :. Un = 2J
0
2n.tn2n (1-tt dt ... (i)
. f(r) . r (i f(r)
lim -~- = hm - ~ ~ - - - - . Now, vn = 2Jo x
r112 n(1-x)n dx ... (ii)
r➔~ f(r + l) r➔~ 2
(r+l) -
( )r+2 f(r+l)
1t From (i) and (ii)
2(r+l) 2 Un = 22n_vn

nr 1t
Definite Integration 195

2
5. (b) L = lim _!_
n➔~n
±[(~)
k=l n
+ 1n
2
(1 +~)]
n
=12[If(x)dx+ [!(4-x)dx ]+5
Now by the integration of first principle

= f~ (x2+1n2(l+x))dx=i+21n2~ =12[!r(x)dx+ Ir(4+ x)dx) + 5

2

~+~,m~+~)) = 24ff (x)dx+5 = 125

0

Also,
50 46 52
ff(x)dx= ff(x)dx= ff(x)dx=125
0 -4 2
8. (a, b) Let,
8 2
f(x) = J(1 + sin x )(ax +bx+c )dx
8 2
6. (a, b) P(x)=4a0 x 3 +3a1x 2 +2a2 x+a3 is a :. f' = (1 +sin x )(ax +bx+ c) ... (i)
polynomial and hence is continuous for all From the given conditions,
x.P(x)= 0 has a root in (-1, 0) if it takes /(1)- f(0)=0 and /(2) - /(0)= 0
both positive and negative values in (-1, 0)
as continuity implies that P(x) = 0 at one :. f(O) = f(l)=f(2)
point at least. This will happen if either ByRolle'stheoremfor f (x) in [0,1],f'(a) = 0
P(-1). P(0)< 0 or the area enclosed by the
for at least one a, such that 0 < a < 1
graph of P (x), the x-axis and the ordinates at
ByRolle'stheoremfor f(x) in [1,2],J'(~)= 0
x=-land x=0 is zero.
As P(0)= a3 > 0, for at least one ~, such that 1 < ~ < 2
P(-1) =-4a0 +3a1 -2a 2 +a3 < 0 From (i),

or 4a0 + 2a2 > 3a1 + a3 • f'(a) =0⇒ (1 +sin8 a)(aa2 +ba+c) = 0

0
fP(x)dx =0 gives a 0 + a 2 = a 1 + a3 .
Similarly, ~ is root of the equation
-1

7. (a, b, d) f(2-x) ax 2 +bx+ c = 0 , being a quadratic equation

= f(2+x),f(4 - x)= f(4+x) cannot have more than two roots. Hence the
equation ax2 +bx+ c = 0 has one root a
fl4+x) = J(4 -x)= f(2+2 -x)
between 0 and 1 and the other root ~ between
= f(2-(2-x)) = f(x) 1 and 2.
9. (a, b) G(0,t) = 0 for ~ , so
:. 4 is a period off(x).
50 48 2 I
ff(x)dx = fJ(x)dx+ ff(x)dx g(0) = f f
0
(t).0dt = 0
0 0 0
4 2 G(l, t) = t.(1-1) = 0fort < 1.
=l2ff(x)dx+ ff(x)dx
0 0
 196 MATHEMATICS

I
1tft2 sin (2n + l)xsinx- sin (2n - l)xsinx
Hence, g(l) = ff (t).0dt =0 = - - - - - - 2- - - - d x
0 0 sin x
Also, Jt/2 . Jt/2
X I = f 2cos~nxsmx dx = 2
smx
f cos2nxdx
g(x)= ff(t)t(x-l)dt + ff( t)x(t -l)dt 0 0
0 X 2
= · 2nx ]Jt/
sm
X I 2
[ 2n 0
= (x-1) ft f (t)dt + x ff (t)(t-l)dt
0 X
=_l_ (sinn1t-sin0) =0-0 =0
Hence, g'(x) n
X I
= (x-l)xf (x)+ ft f (t)dt+ ff (t)(t-l)dt Un-I +Un+I = 2Un
0 X i.e. un-1 ,Un,Un+I form anA.P.
-xf(x)(x -1) U1 ,U2 ,U3 •••.•••• •• •••.•. are inA.P.
I I Jt/ 2
= ftf(t)dt- ff(t)dt
0 X
Now, U1 = f dx=~2
0
and

Thus g"(x) = f(x) 2

= f -sm. -2 -x = 4 f cos 2 xdx =1t
Jt/2 . 2 Jt/ 2
10 {✓x} U2
4
10
10. (c, d) 11 = f ,
dx, 12 =
0 ',/X
fx{x }dx
0
2
0 sm x 0

Common difference of A.P.

!
2

11 = 210 {t}dt [ Put✓x = t 1x = 2dt] =U2 -UI =-

1t
2
1t 1t n1t
102 { } Un =U1 +(n-l)d = +(n-1) =
I= f - t dt Put x 2 = t ⇒ xdx = dt] 2 2 2
2
0
2 [ 2 12. (a, d) The eccentricities of a hyperbola and its
conjugate ei and e2 are related by
IL= 4 1 1
12 el
2 + 2 =l ⇒ e2 = ~
102 l\ e2 v ef -1
Also, 11 = 2 f {t }dt e
0 :. f(e) = ~ ⇒ ff(e)=e
2
I I e - 1
2 2
= 2 x 10 f {t} dt =2 x 10 ft dt =100 jff .....f(e)
0 0 '-v------'
n times
11. (a, b, c, d) Let Un+I -2Un +Un-I
ki•
1t/ 2 sin 2 (n + l)x
= f - - -dx-2 f sm nx
0 sin 2 x
1t/ 2 · 2

O sin x
2

+f
1t/
2 2
sin (n -l)x
·2 dx
lffff...
-

- e~ -
2 1

.f (e)de
ifnis odd

if nis even

= {2✓2,_ if ~is odd

0 sm x 4, 1f nis even
1
2 2 2 2
(n + nx
1ti 2 {sin (n-
=J~--~~--~~
o ~n2x
l)x -sin }-{sin nx-sin l)x}
Definite Integration 197

1 15. (3.2)
13. (a,b)For0 <x< - ,0<x2 n~x2
2 1t
⇒ 0>-x2n ~ - x2 7t/2
⇒ 1 > 1-x 2 n ~ 1-x2
1 1
⇒ 1<~==~~=
2
.J1 - x n .J1 - x 2 0 cot 1 I001t

1/2 1/2 dx 112 dx

⇒ fl dx< f - - ~ f - -
o o .J1-x2n o ✓1 -x 2 7t/2

I
2 I ............ ··_::::•..
1 dx 7t
⇒ - < J - - - ~ - <1
2 0 .J1-x2n 6 I001t

14. (0.28) Let an = !'._ then given sum is

n
I001t
f ([coC1 x ]+ [ tan-1 x])dx
0

Interchange m with n we get = cot 1+ (1001t- tan 1)

1-tan2 1
= 1001t+---= l001t+2cot2,
tanl
Adding above 2 results, we get 25
So - = 3.2
10
2S = ff 1
m=l n=l (am)(am +an)
ff +
m=l n=l (an)(am +an)
1
X X

16. (1.25) We have xf (1-t)f(t)dt = ftf(t)dt

2

=f f = (f _!l_J
0 0
l
n=l (an)( am)
m= I n=l 3n Differentiating both sides with respect to x,
we get
00

We know that L -n =-
3 X

x(l- x)f(x)+ f (l-t)f(t)dt =xf(x)

n=l3n 4
0
X

⇒ x2f(x) = (1-t)f(t)dt f
0
00
n 3 Differentiating again with respect to x on both
Then f'(l) =L--; = - sides, we get
n=13 4
So S = 9/32 x 2 f'(x) +2xf(x)=(1 -x) f (x)
 198 MATHEMATICS

f'(x) _ l-3x n 5
⇒-----
Lf (r 2 ) =2n+ -n(n+ 1)
f(x) x 2 r=I 4
Integrating both the sides, we get n(5n+l3)
mlf(x)I = -_!_-3lnx+A 4
X
~ ( 2) = 12(60+13) =219
⇒ 3
1n[x lf(x)l]+_!_=).and /(1)=1
X
⇒ ,L, f r
r=I 4
1
⇒ A,= 1
(1) Consider 0::;; J(f'(x)-1)
2
19. dx
⇒ lt(x)l =~Ji- ~) _ X I
0
I I
= f(f'(x))2 dx-2ff'(x)dx+ fdx
Thus lim f (x) = 0 ⇒ k + = 1.25
5
0 0 0
x➔- 4
I

17. (2.80) / = J{l-x

I
4
)
7
dx
= f(f'(x))2 dx-2[/(x)]~ +1
0
0
I

= [ x{l- x
4
f1+7 x 4[ x(l-x )6 x dx 4 3 = f(f'(x})1 dx-2(1-0)+1
0
I

=-28J{l-x
I
4
)
7
dx+28J{l-x
I
4
)
6
dx
f(f'(x))2 dx ~ 1
0
0 0

r
and the value 1 will be minimum.
I 6
=-28/ +28J{l-x4 )
0
dx
(0) L = Iim / dx
x2 (r 00
20. 2 is of the form
I 6 x➔- J ;e2x dx oo
29/=28J{l - x 4 ) dx
0 :. using L' Hospital's Rule
I 7
2ex' I xex2
29f(I-x4 ) dx L = lim ? dx
0
2.80 x➔- e2x
I 6
4
10 J{l- x ) dx
0

x2
2 4 5
18. (3)Here, F(x )=x +x = ft f(t)dt ex' 1
0 =21im - ,- = lim - = 0
x➔~ 2ex X x➔- X
Differentiating w.r.t. 'x', we get
x2 f(x 2 ).2x =4x3 +5x4 21. (4)Wehave F(x)+F(x+½)=3 .. .(1)

5
⇒ j(x2 ) =2+- x
2 Replace x by x + _!_ in (1 ), we get
2
2
f(r )=2+%r F(x+½)+F(x+l) =3 ... (2)
Definite Integration 199

:. From (1) and (2), we get 0 0

F(x) =F(x+ 1) ... (3) = f 2dz ={2tan-lz) e' -l
z2 +l I
⇒ F(x) is periodic function. I
Now consider 1 1
I =2[ tan- .Jex -l- tan- 1]=% given
1500 2 I
I= f F(x)dx=l500fF(x)dx+fF(x)dx
0 0 -
I
2tan- 1 .Jex -1 = (~+~)
6 2
=
2
3
7t
2

.Jex -1 = tan~= ✓3
Put x = y +_!_2nd integral, we get 3
2
: . ex -1 = 3 or ex = 4 : . x = log 4 .

I = 1500 J
2
F(x)dx +f2 F ( y +- dy 1)
2 (C) Let/ =
n
J(-1P1dx
0 0
-n
1
Suppose f (x ) = (-1f

= 150o!(F(x)+ F(x+½) )dx = 1500! 3dx :. f(-x) = {- ltx) = (-1)-1-{x), X e; I

(Using (1 )) = -{-1)-[x) - _ _
1 _ - - {-ljxJ
- {-lt) - {-1)2[x)
Hence I = 1500(3)(½)=750x3 = 2250
= - (-ljxl = - f(x) , f(x) is odd function.
9000
n
4
22. (A) ➔ (r); (B) ➔ (t); (C) ➔ (q); (D) ➔ (p)
:. I = f (-1f 1
dx=0

l
-n
3 dx
(A) Let.I = 2 J-----
1 x +[x]2 + l-2x[x] (D)
100 (I[f(r-l+ x )dx
~
2 dx 3 dx I I I
f 2
= x + [x]2 + 1-2x[x] + [ x +[x]2 + 1-2x [x] 2 = f J(x)dx+ f f (l +x)dx+ f f (2+x)dx
0 0 0
2 dx 3 dx I

f
= I x 2 + 1+ 1-2x + 2 x 2 +4+1 -4x f +...+ JJ(99+x)dx
0
2 dx 3 dx I 2 3

f
= (x -1) 2 +1 + [ (x - 2)2 +1 = f f (x )dx+ f f(x)dx+ f f (x)dx + ...
0 I 2
I 2 I 3 7t JOO
= [tan- (x - 1)] + [tan- (x - 2)] = - .
I 2 2 + f f(x)dx=e
(B) Put eY -1 = z 2 :. eYdy = 2z dz and 99

adjust the limits. 23. (A) ➔ (r); (B) ➔ (t); (C) ➔ (q);

Also eY= z +1
2 (D) ➔ (p, q, r, s)
3
:. -V-i.
(A) 0 < - - ~3
f -e2zY-
I .Z
dz
2
x +1
200 MATHEMATICS

⇒ -- = 2
3 2a 2
2 =- +a - 20
x +1 3
1 3 Thus the given inequality is
⇒ x =- and - - =1
✓2 x2 +1 2a 2 a2
- + a - 20 :s; - - i.e., a 2 + a - 20 :s; 0
⇒ x= ✓2 3 3
I ⇒ - 5:s;a:s;4
✓2 ✓2 - 1 Since ' a' is a positiv e integer so , a = 1, 2, 3, 4.
I= f 2dx+ f l.dx + f 0dx = ✓2 + ✓2 - ~ I 7t 2 2 7t3 21t2
o _!_ ✓2 v2 24. (a) a0 = - J x+x dx= - X- = -
✓2 1t - 7t 1t 3 3

=2✓2 - }i = }i 25.
I 1t 2 4 (-If
(a) an = - J (x+x )cosnx dx = 2 - 2
1t_1t 7t n
10 1 1
(B) J TTdx =20J3x- [x]dx=20J3xdx 1t/2 . 2
10 0 0 26. (a) I n -_ J sm• nx dx
O Slll X

=20[!'JI=;~ 2 2
_ 1tJ/ sin (n + I)x
and In+I - .
O
dx
SlllX
1
1t/2 I
(C) J[x[l +sin1tX]+ 1]dx In+l - In = J sin(2n+ l )xdx=- -
-1 0 2n+I
0 I
27. {a) In+I + In- I - 2In
= f[ x[l + sin 7tX]+ 1]dx + f[[l +sin 7tX]+ 1]dx
-1 0 7t
2 2 2
N ow, -l <x<0⇒ [l +sin7tX] =0 = J2 sin (n + I)x+ sin (n - I)x - 2sin nx dx
. 2
0 Slll X
And 0 < x < 1 ⇒ [1+ sin 7tX] = 1
It

⇒ [ x [ 1 + sin 1tX] + I] = I = f 2cos2nx - cos(2n+2)x- cos2(n - I)x dx

I I- cos2x
So, f [x [1+ sin 7tX] +I] dx = 2 0

_ I 1tJ 2cosnt - cos(n+I)t- cos(n - I)t

-1
- - - - - - ~ ~ - ~ ~~dt
(D) The L.H.S. of given inequality is equal to 20 I- cost
2
2 sin3x 3 . ) . ]1t/ 7t

[a ( -----ii 4
+ Slll X - a cos X - 20 Slll X 0 ⇒ J cosntdt =0
0

= a 2( - _!__+i) - a(0 - 1) - 20
12 4
 Area

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. IfABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle of radius r. If AB = AC and h is altitude from A to

BC then the triangle ABC has perimeter P = 2(✓2hr - h 2 + .J2i;) , calculate area A and lim
h ➔OP
~
•
.

(a) l/64r (b) l /128r (c) l/32r (d) None of these

2. Find the area of the region containing the points satisfying I y I+_!_~ e-lxl ; max (I x I, Iy I)~ 2.
2
(a) 2(1-ln2) (b) 2(2 -ln2) (c) 2( 1-ln3 ) (d) Noneofthese
3. Consider a square with vertices at (1, 1), (-1 , 1), (1, -1) and (- 1, -1 ). Let S be the region consisting of
all points inside the square which are nearer to the origin than to any edges. Sketch the region S and
find its area.

(a) ¾(✓2-1)(3- ✓2)

(c) ¾(✓2-1)(3+ ✓2) (d) None of these

4. Find the area of the region lying inside x 2 + (y - 1)2 = 1 and outside c 2x2 + y2 = c2 , where c = ✓2 -1.

(d) None of these

5. Letf (x) = max. { sinx, cosx, ½} then determine the area of region bounded by the curves y = f (x),

x-axis, y-axis and x = 2n.

(a) (~; - ✓2 + ✓3) (b) U;+ ✓2+ ✓3) (c) U;+ ✓2- ✓3) (d) Noneofthese

2
6. The area bounded by the curve y = x ( x - l ) , the y-axis and the line y = 2 is alb , here a and b are
co-prime then
(a) a + b = 13 (b) a - b = 7 (c) b - a = 7 (d) a + b = 11
 202 MATHEMATICS
y
7. Let C 1 and C2 be the graph of the functions y = x2 and y = 2x,
(1/2, I) (I, I)
0:,:; x:,:; 1 respectively. Let C3 be the graph of a function y = f (x),
0:,:; x:,:; 1,/(0) = 0. For a point Pon C" let the lines through P ,
parallel to the axes, meet C2 and C3 at Q and R respectively. If
for every position of P (on C 1), the area of the shaded regions Q p
OPQ and ORP are equal, Then which all are true about the
function/(x)
(a) .1(1/2) = -1 /8
(b) .1(1/4) = -3/64 (I, 0) X

(c) .1(4/5) = -16/ 125 R

(d) .1(1/8) = -3/64

8. Which of the following is/are correct about the area bounded between the curves y = ✓4 - x
2
and
i=3lxl
(a) more than 2n/3 (b) less than 1t (c) more than 4n/3 (d) less than 2n/3
1
9. The area of the region bounded by the curve y = ( )" 2 and the x-axis between the
1+ tanx
ordinates x = n/6 and x = n/3 is n(a/b). Where (alb) in simplest form then
(a) a+b > ll (b) a+b < 20 (c) a-b >5 (b) b-a>4
10. Let J and g be continuous function on a :,:; x:,:; band p (x) = max {/ (x), g (x)} and q (x) = min
{f(x), g (x)}. The area bounded by the curves y = p (x), y = q (x) and the ordinates x = a and x = b
is given by

(a) f: (f (x) - g(x))dx (b) f:(p(x) - q(x ))dx

(c) f: [ p(x)-q(x) [dx (d) J:[J(x)-g(x)[dx

Which of the following have the same bounded area ?

(a) f(x) = sinx,g(x) = sin2 x, where 0 :,:; x:,:; l0rc

(b) f(x) = sinx,g(x) = Isinx I, where 0:,:; x:,:; 201t

(c) J(x) = I sinx l,g(x) = sin3 x, where 0:,:; x:,:; l01t

(d) f(x)=sinx,g(x)=sin 4 x, where0:,:;x::; 10n
12. If the area bounded by the x-axis, the curve y =fix) and the lines x = a, x = b is equal to ✓b2 - a 2 ,
\::I a < b, where 'a' is a given positive real then

(a) J(2a)=±~ (b) J(2a) = ± ~ (c) J (3a) = ± (

4v2
b
3
(d) f(3a)
2v2
=± ( b
3

13. The area between the curve y = 2x4 - x 2 , the x-axis and the ordinates of the two minima of the curve
is p/q, then
(a) p+q = 127 (b) p-q = 113 (c) p < 10 (d) q > 10
Area 203

!ill
14.

15.
Numeric Value Answer

If the area of the region {(x, y) :0 $ y $ x 2 + 1, 0 $ y $ x+l,0 $ x $ 2}. is p/q, then find pl~q.

The area enclosed by the curve y2 + x 4 = x 2 is

•
16. Area bounded by the parabola (y- 2)2 = x - 1, the tangent to it at the point P (2, 3) and the x-axis is
equal to
17. Find the area enclosed by the curve [I x I] + [I y I] = 3 where [.] denotes the greatest integer function .

(I) Integer Answer

18. A point P(x, y) moves is such a way that [x + y + l] = [x] (where [.] greatest integer function) and
x E (0, 2). Then the area representing all the possible positions of P equals
•
19. If the area of the region bounded by the curves ly+x l$ 1, ly - x l$ 1 and 3x2 + l2y 2 = 2 is

( p - ___1f,_)
p +l
square unit then p is equal to

20. Ifthe total area between the curves f(x) = cos- 1 (sinx) andg(x)= sin- 1 (cosx) on the interval [0, 98n]
is A, then find the last digit of A (Given n = 22/7).
21. The area of the region enclosed between the curves x = y 2 -1 and x = I y I ✓1 - y2 is

f Passage Based Questions

We know that the definite integral

b
Passage-I

fydx gives the area ofthe region, which is bounded by the curve Y = f(x),
•
a
the x-axis and the two ordinates x = a, x = b.
y
Now, consider a closed curve represented by the parametric equations
x = f(t) , y = ~(t), t being parameter.
We suppose that the curve does not intersect itself. Suppose that as the
parameter 't' increases from a value t 1 to the value t2 , the point P (x, y)
describes the curve completely in the counter-clockwise sense. The curve
being closed, the point on it corresponding to the value t2 of the parameter is
the same as the point corresponding to the value t 1 of the parameter. The area
of the region bounded by such a curve is given by the formula
12 0 X
A = 2f
1 ( dy dx)
x dt - y dt dt
11

The above formula gives the area enclosed by any closed curve what so ever, provided only, that it does
not intersect itself ; there being no restriction as to the manner in which the curve is situated relative to the
coordi ate axes.
 204 ------------------- MATHEMATICS

22. The area of the loop formed by the curve given by x = a (1 - t 2 ), y = at (1 - t 2 ) , - 1 ::; t ::;; 1 is

2
(b) 3a2 8a 2
(a) a2 (c) 5a (d)
5 8 15

23. The area enclosed by the curve x = a cos3 t, y = b sin3 t, is

nab 3rtab
(a) (c) nab + 4
8 (b) 8
8

Passage-II

Let f (x) be a continuous function defined for all x, such that 0 :s; x :s; 2 bounded by y = f(x), y = x 4 - 4x2 ,

the y-axis and the line x = t (0 :s; t :s; 2) is k times the area bounded by y = f(x), y = 2x2 - x3, y-axis
and the line x = t(O :s; t :s; 2). Let x 4 - 4x2 :s; f(x) :s; 2x2 - x 3 . Given/ (1) = - 1
24. The value of k is equal to
1 2
(a) - (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
2

25. f (x) = 0 for

(a) exactly one value ofx (b) exactly two values of x
(c) exact!y three value of x (d) no value ofx

RESPONSE SHEET

1. 0®©® 2. 0®©® 3. 0®©®

4. 0®©® 5. 0®©® 6. 0®©®
7. 0®©® 8. 0®©® 9. 0®©®
10. 0®©® 11. 0®©® 12. 0®©®
13. 0®©® 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. 0®©® 23 0®©® 24. 0®©®

25. 0®©®
Area 205

\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ -----&I' '

1. (b) We have BC = 2BD , AD = h, OD = h - r 3. (a) S is the region bounded by the following
/ 2 2 four parabolas:
so thatBC=2vr -(h-r) .
Now consider P = 2AB + BC (-1 , I ) , - - - - - ~ ~ - _ ,( I , I)
2
A x =- 2(y + 1/2)
_-1---=t-~:::-----::~- (-ff-1, -ff - I)

1----++ y2 = - 2(x - 1/2)

(i) Parabola having origin O as its focus and

⇒ P=2(✓2hr-h 2 +-fii;;-) ⇒ AB=-fii;;­ the edge x = 1 as its directrix. Its equation is
The area A of the MBC = BD x AD
y2 = -2(x-½).
= h✓2hr - h 2 (ii) Parabola having O as its focus and the
edge y = 1 as its directrix. Its equation is
3=
P 8(✓2hr-h 2 +./if;;)3 2
x = -2(y-½)
1
lim ~= .Ji; = (iii) Parabola having O as its focus and the
h➔O p 3 8(25-)3 128r edge x = - 1 as its directrix. Its equation is

2. (a) IYl~e-lxl_..!.. ... (i) y2 =2(x+½)

2
First drawing graph of e-lxl and bounded (iv) Parabola having O as its focus and the
edge y = - 1 as its directrix. Its equation is
between ( O, -½) and ( O, ½) 2
x = 2(y+½).
and its symmetrical about y-axis and x-axis.
Required area = 4 x Area OMABCO
Hence the required area
= 4 (Area OMBCO + Area MABM).

=4[1'(,-•-½)dx] =4[(-•-·+r] =4(~r (.!_ - Jdx T0-h dx)

0 2
x
2

2
+
✓2-1
2(1 - ln2) sq. units
y
(0, 2) =•![~-x:r-[(1-~x)"' [,)
= ¾{4- 2✓2 + 2(3-2✓2)3' }
2
(0, ½)

= ¼(✓2 - 1)(3-✓2)
4. (a) Given curves are
x2 +(y - 1)2=1 ... (i)
2
max (Ix!, !YI '> 2) andx2 + , . /,., n2 . .. (ii)
206 MATHEMATICS

D
y
= n - 2( ✓2 -1) [_!_ + _!_
4
2 4
~J
1
+ 2( - -
✓2
oJ + [!4 + _!_2 4 ~J
= n-(✓2-2)(2:n J+ ✓2
X

2
=n [ 3✓2 2-1) + ✓2 +1
✓2 ✓2 sq. umts
.

(i)-(ii) ⇒ (y-1)2 -
(✓
2-1)2
y =0
5. (b) f(x) = max { sinx, cosx, ½}
y
⇒ y- l =± _Y_=±y(✓2 +1)
✓2-1
1 cos x sinx cosx
⇒ ✓2y=-l,(2+ ✓2)y=l
1 1
⇒ y=- ✓2·2+ ✓2
1
[ ·: y > 0 for point B]
y= 2+ ✓2 Interval value off(x)
1 for O:.:::; x < TC!4 cos x
For y = ~ , from (ii) for TC!4 :.: :; x < 5TC!6 sin x
2+-v2
for 5TC/6 :.: :; x < 5TC /3 1/2
2 1
x2 = l - y =1-- ~ - - ~ - - for 5n/3 :.: :; x < 2TC cos x
(✓
2-1)2 2(✓2+1)2(✓2-1)2 Hence required area= Area ofthe shaded region
11/ 4 511/6
= 1-
2 2
12 tiorpomt
1 = 1 , :. x = ✓ . B I= f cosx dx+ f sinx dx
0 11/ 4
Now required area = TC (1)2-2 area OABO 511/3 1 211
I
..fi
+ f 2 dx + f cosxdx
= TC - 2 J(Y1 - Y2)dx = . ] 11/4 [
511/6
[ Sill X O - COS X
] 511/6
511/3

0 1114
I
..fi 1 511/3 . 211
= n- 2(✓2 - 1) ✓1 - x J 2
dx
+ 2 [x]511!6 + [smx] 511/3
0
I
..fi
= (~-o)-(-~ -~)
+2 J(1 + ✓1-x2 )dx

= n - 2(✓2 - 1)
[
0

~ + l sm.
X"\/l - x-
2 2
-I
x l
0
i
6.
= c; +✓
+ ½(5;-s;)+(o + ~)

2 + ✓3 Jsq. units
(a, b) It is easy to find that y has maxima at

+2 iJ [ ~
0
2
X"\J 1 - x~
dx + 2 - - - + - s m x
2
1 . -I
li
0
x = l/3 and minima at x = l. The curve cuts the
axis of x i.e. y = 0 at points (0, 0), (1 , 0). When
x increases from 1 and 2, y also increases and is
nnc 1t"u,::.. YXl hPn 11 = ") ') = v f v _ 1\ 2
Area 207

y 8. (b, c, d) Plot the graph, find the intersection

)~
y=2 point and then find the bounded area.
D Graph is as shown
le~.2) H,../3 )
---t--- (1,../3)
y2 =31xl
V
V
L
V
I/ ~

0 A B
r X
I 2 -2 2

3 2 2
or x - 2x + x - 2 = 0 or ( x - 2) ( x + 1) = 0
x=2
The required area = Shaded area
2
= Area of the square OBCD - Jy dx
2 0
2 I
= 2 -Jx(x-1)2dx=4
0
Required area = 2J (
0
.J4- x 2
-.Jh)dx

(x ~
-_ 2 --y'+4 -
2
X- 2 4 . _1
+ -Sm
2
(x) -
2
-✓
-3.2-x 312
3
-)
1

0
21t- ✓3
3
1
9. (a, b, d) The given curve is y = 112
7. l+(tanx)
1/2
( cosx )
⇒ y = (smx
. )l/2 + ( COSX )l/2
Area bounded between the intervals x = n/6
and x = n/3 is given by
(l 1113
( COS X )1'2
Area OPRO = J(Y1 - Y2) dx A = J(smx
. )1'2 + ( cosx )1'2 dx

r
0 11/6
(l 3 (l 2

J
= [x
2
- /
3 0
(x)] dx =
(x) dx ~- ff ... (ii) _ 1113 (cos(~+~ - X)
0
According to question area OQPO
= AreaOPRO
- 1116J(
sin(~+~-x
))1/2+ (cos (~+~-x) )1/ 2 dx

2 3 cx,4 cx,3 J(l

- a -- = - -
3 4 3 0
f(x)dx _ 11/3J ( ·
smx
)l/2
dx
. )1/ 2 ( )l/2
11/6 ( smx + COSX
Cl CX, 4 CX, 3
or, Jf(x) dx = - - - ... (iii) 11/3
0
4 3 Adding 2A = J dx
11/6
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. a , we get j(cx.)
= cx,3- cx,2
~ ,, ... (iv)
⇒ A = ~I;-; l = .: s . units.
 208 MATHEMATICS
10. (b, c, d) Here, curveABCD is max {f(x), g (x)}
y y = I sin x i
= p (x) and curve EBCF is
min {f(x), g (x)} = q (x).
y g (x)
f(x) X'

Y'

0 X The area bounded by y = sin x and y = sin3 x for

x e[0,2n] is 4 sq. units.
Then for x E [0, l01t], the area bounded is 20 sq.
units. Similarly, the area bounded by y = sin x
and sin4 x for x e[0,lOn] is 20 sq. units.
12. (a, d) Find the area in terms ofdefinite integration,
then differentiate it using Leibnitz rule.
Thus, area can be determine by either (c) or (d) According to the given condition
or (b) b
11.
y
(a, c, d) fI f(x)ldx = ✓b2 -a2
a
Differentiating with respect to b ( as b is a
variable), we get
1 X
f(b) = +------.= = 2b; f(x) = ±--===
2n X 2✓b -a
2 2
✓x2 -a 2
So f ( 2a) = ± ( 2a) = ± ( 2)
✓?,a ✓3
~y=sm- x 3
Y' And /(3a) = ± ( a) = ± ~
2✓2a 2✓2
We know that area bounded by y = sin x and
13. (a, c, d) Given curve is y = 2x4 - x 2
x-axis for x e[0,n] is 2 sq. units.
Tracing of curve:
Then area bounded by y = sin x and y = sin2 x is
(i) y = 0 ⇒ x2(2x2 - 1) = 0
4 sq. units for x e[0, 2n].
1
Then for x e[0,lOn], the area bounded is ⇒ x=0 ,±✓2
20 sq. units.
y Therefore, curve cuts x-axis at
y = sinx y=lsinx l
,/

,, ,,,
--✓'
'\
(0, 0), (- }i ,o) and ( }i ,O)
I
(ii) X = 0 ⇒ y = 0
(iii) Curve is symmetrical about y-axis
(iv) dy = 8x3 -2x = 2x(4x2 -1)
Y' dx
The area bounded by y = sin x and y = I sin x I Sign scheme for dy i.e. for x(4x2 - 1) is given
for x e[0,2n] is 4 sq. units. dx l 1
Then for x E [0, 20n] , the area bounded is 40 sq. below y has minima at x = - - and x = -
2 2
Area 209

min. max. min. from above figure the required area

+ve +ve I 2
- ve
--! - ve I
1 = f( x 2 + 1} dx + f(x + 1) dx
dee. inc. dee. inc. 0 I
y 1 2
= x3 )
+x + (x2 )
+x = 23 sq. umts
.
(3 2 6
O 1
( I I
F -72,-2✓3
I 4
(1.33) A = 4f x✓l-x 2 dx = -,
0
(-_]__
./2'
Or 15.
0 3
E(-12 ' -1
8
) C(_!_2' .:!)
8
Graph is as shown below

Required area= 2 area ODCO

1/2 1/2
= 2 f I y I dx = -2 f y dx
(1, 0)
0 0
2

=-2 1/2
f (2x 4
-x 2
) dx = -2 2~-~ [ 5 3 ]"
16. (9.00) Given the equation of parabola, find out
0 5 3 0
the equation of tangent of parabola at P (2,3)
1
=-2 (}· 32 - 2~) = - 2 (s 1 1
0 - 24) (y - 2)2 = (x -1) ⇒ 2(y - 2). dy = 1
dx
--2(3-10) _ _}_ .
- 240 - 120 sq. umts.

14. (2.90) Let R = {(x,y):O :,:; y :,:;x2 +1,0

:,:; y :,:;x+ 1,o:,:;x :,:; 2}

= { ( x, y) : 0 :,:; y :,:; x + 1} n {( x, y) : 0 ~ y ~ x + 1}
2

= R 1 nR 2 n R 3 n{(x,y): 0 ~ x ~ 2} dy 1
⇒ - =
2 dx 2(y-2)
where R1 ={(x, y):0 ~ y~x +1}

R2 = {(x, y) : 0 ~ y ~ X + 1} Thus equation of tangent at P(2, 3) is,

1
R3 = {(x, y):O~x~2} (y - 3) = - (x-2) i.e. x = 2y-4
2
Thus the sketch of RI' R 2 and R 3 are : Required area
y 3

5 Li= f((y-2)2 + l-(2y-4) py = 9 sq. units

0
y=x+ l 17. (16) First draw the graph of[x] + [y] = 3
[x] = 0, 1, 2, 3, then [y] = 3, 2, 1, 0, then
y = x1 + 1 2 ( 1, 2) graph of [I x I] + [I y I] = 3 is as shown.
:. Required area
(0, I)
= 4{1 x 1+ 1 x l + l x 1+ 1 x 1} = 4(4) = 16sq.units

0 2 X
 210 MATHEMATICS
Y.
Area of the ellipse = nab = ~
3
Area of the square = 2 sq. units

Required area =( 2 - ~) sq. units.

20. (4) f(x) =~ - sin- 1(sinx) ;

2
g(x) = ~ - cos- 1(cosx)
2
18. (2) If x E (0, 1)
f(x)
Then- 1 :5: x + y < 0, And ifx E [l , 2) 1C ••••••••• •••• ••••••• •••••••••• •••••••
0 :5:x +y < 1 ''
''
Required area = 4( ½. l .✓2 sin i) = 2 sq. units ''
rc/2 ·•······················ .•.•.....•.•l ...........
' ''
2 ...'''' ..
'''

. :
rc/2 1C 3rc/ 2 2rc
2 3

g(x)
~ ............. ........... ·~·.....................·· 1

x+y=I
x+y = O
x +y= - 1
2rc
19. (2) ly+ x l:5:1 ⇒ - 1:5:x+y:5: l
It represents the region between the lines
x + y = l and x + y = - l
Similarly, ly - x l:5: 1 Both f (x) and g (x)
⇒ - 1 :5: y - x :5: 1 represents the region between
the lines x - y = 1 and - x + y = l
⇒ Both together form a square of side ✓2 units
3x2 + 12y2 =2 is an ellipse with

a=J¾, b= ~
ye 2rc

((rc / 2)

So, area = rc✓2 x ~✓2 = rc2

2
X
From 0 to 98rc, there are 49 period
22 22
So A = 49rc2 = 49 x x = (22) 2 = 484
' 7 7
Area 211

21. (2) 2
y. 3ab f1t 3nab
=- (1 - cos4t)dt= - -
16 0
8

Sol. (24-25)
According to given condition
I

X' f[f(x) - (x4 - 4x2 )]dx = k

0
I
f[(2x 2
- x 3 ) - f (x)]dx
0

Differentiating both sides with respect to t, we

1
get
A= 2f [yv'1-y2 - (y2 -1)]dy = 2 sq. units
0 f(t) - t 4 - 4t2 = k[2t 2 - t3 - f(t)]
t 4 - kt 3 + 2(k - 2)t 2
22. (d) dx = - 2at and dy = a(l - 3t2 ) . ⇒ f(t) = k+ l
dt dt
dy dx x 4 - kx3 +2(k-2)x2
So, x - - y - f(x) = k+l
dt dt
= a 2 (1 - t 2 )(1 - 3t2 ) + 2a 2 t 2 (1 - t 2 )
= a 2 (1 - 2t2 + t 4 )
So, the required area
1 I 8
=-
2
f a2{1 - 2t
-1
2
+ t 4 )dt = - a 2
15
23. (b) Clearly as t varies from Oto 2n the given y = f(x )
equations describe a closed loop, we have

dx = - 3acos2 tsin t, dy = 3bsin2 tcost k- 3

dt dt 24. {b) Given f( l ) = - 1 ⇒ -- = - 1 ⇒ k=1
k+l
dy dx
So, x - - y -
dt dt 1 4 3 2
25. (b) f(x) = [x - x - 2x ]
= 3absin 4 cos 2 t + 3abcos4 t sin 2 t 2
2
3ab . 2 f(x) = 0 ⇒ ~[x2 - x - 2] = 0
= - Sm 2t 2
4
⇒ x = 0, -1 ,2
: . Required area = -1 f -3ab sm.
21t
2
2tdt 0 ::,; X ::,; 2 ⇒ X = 0, 2
2 0
4
 Differential
Equation
~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

Evaluate
1
fOX
ln(x+l)
2
+1
dx
•
(a) 1t log(2)/8 (b) 1t log (2)/4 (c) n log (2)/2 (d) None of these

2. Ify + ~ (xy) = x (sin x + log x), then

dx
2 . 2 X X C
(a) y = cosx +- sm x+-2
cosx+ - logx - - + -
2
x x 3 9 x
2 . 2 X X C
(b) y = - cosx - - sm x + - 2 cosx+ - logx - - + -
x x 3 9 x2
2 . 2 X C
(c) y= - cosx + - sm x + - 2
cosx + - logx - - + -
x x 9 x2
(d) None of these
3. The equation of a curve passing through ( 1, 0) for which the product of the abscissa of a point P and
the intercept made by a normal at P on the x-axis equals twice the square of the radius vector of the
pointP, is
(a) x2+y2 = Cx4 (b) x 2 +y2 = 2x4 (c) x2 - y2 = 4x4 (d) x 2 - y 2 = x4

4. The curve which satisfies the differential equation tan y + (1 + x 2) coi- 1 x ( : ) = 0 and passes through

(1,~}s
1
(a) 1tsiny=4coC x (b) 1tcosy=4tan- 1 x (c) 1tsiny=4tan-1 x (d) 1ttany=4coC1 x
5. The differential equation of all conics whose centre lies at origin, is given by
(a) (3xy2 +x2y 3)(y - xy 1)=3xy2 (y- xy 1 - x2y2) (b) (3xy1 +x2y 2)(y 1- xy3)=3xy 1 (y - xy2 - x2 y 3)
(c) (3xy2 + x 2y 3) (y1 - xy) = 3xy1 (y - xy 1 - x2 y 2) (d) None of these
6. The solution of x 2y 12 + x yy 1 - 6y2 = 0 are
1
(a) y = cx2 (b) x2y = c ( c) - logy = c + log x (d)
2
dn
7. If y = e- x cos x and y + k v = 0, where Yn = ~ and k, n E N are constants
n n' dxn
(c) k 12 = 20 (d) k 16 = - 24
Differential Equation 213

8. Which of the following pair(s) is/are orthogonal?

(a) 16x2 + y2 = c andy16 = kx (b) y = x + ccx and x + 2 = y + ke-Y
(c) y = cx2 and x 2 + 2y2 = k (d) x 2 -y2 = c and xy = k
where c and k arbitrary constant.
if o::;;x::;;2
9. Let dy + y = f (x) wherey is a continuous function ofxwithy (0) = 1 and f (x) = [e-x
~ ~ if x> 2
Which of the following hold(s) good?
(a) y(1)=2e-1 (b) y'(l) = - e- 1 (c) y'(3) =-2e-3 (d) y'(3)=2e- 3
X X

10. Letfbe a continuous function satisfying the equation Jf (t)dt+ J(x-t).f(t)dt = e-x -1, then
0 0
(a) e 10 J(10)=9 (b) e 10J(10)=10 (c) e7 J(7)=6 (d) e 11 J(ll)=ll
2
11. The differential equation d ; + y+ cot2 x = 0 must be satisfied by y = f(x) thenj(x) may be-
dy

(a) 2+c1 cosx+~sinx (b) cosx.1n(tani)+2

(c) 2 + c 1 cos x + c 2 sin x + cos x log ( tan 1) (d) all the above

12. If y(x) satisfies the differential equation : = sin 2x + 3y cot x and y ( ~) = 2 , then which of the

following statement(s) is (are) correct?

(a) y(%)=o
(b) y'(~) = 9-~✓2
(c) y(x) increases in interval ( %, ~)
rc/2
(d) The value of definite integral J y ( x) ~ equal re
- rc/ 2
13. Let C be a curve such that the normal at any point P on it meets x-axis and y-axis at A and Y respectively.
If BP:PA= 1:2 (internally) and the curve passes through the point (0,4) then which of the following
altemative(s) is/are correct?
(a) The curves passes through(.Jio,- 6)

(b) The equation of tangent at (4, 4✓3) is 2x + ✓3y = 20

(c) The differential equation for the curve is yy" + 2x = 0
(d) The curve represent a hyperbola
 214 MATHEMATICS

!ill
14.
Numeric Value Answer

Let y = f(x) be a curve passing through (2, 2) and ( 8, ½) and satisfying a differential equation
•
y( ~;) =2(: r. Then find/( 10)

15. A function y = f(x) satisfies xf'(x)-2f (x) = x 4 f 2

(x), 'ix> 0 and f(l) = --6. Find the value of
f'(31 /5) !5.

16. A normal is drawn ata pointP(x,y) on a curve. It meets the x-axis and they-axis at A andBrespectively
such that (x-intercept)- 1 + (y-intercept)-1 = 1, where O is origin, and R is the radius of the director
circle of the curve passing through (3, 3). Find R/5

17. Let x::-y=x2 (xex +ex-1) forall xeR-{0} suchthaty(l) = e -1.Ify(2) = ky(l)(y(1)+2),

k2
then the value of - is
5

( I ) Integer Answer
18. Let y = f(x) defined in [0, 2] satisfies the differential equation
and f' (1) =0 ,f(l) = 1 then find the maximum value off(x).
y3 y" + 1 = 0 where f (x) 2: 0 'if x •
E D1

[Note: D denotes the domain of the function and y" denotes the 2 nd derivative ofy w.r.t. x.]
1
19. A car is driven at speed of x km/hr, where x E (20,120) and its mileage is given by

f(x)= In(~())), whereg(x)= (e-l)x+l. Ifthebesteconomicalspeedisk,then .!_ is

g X 50 10
20. Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank by opening a valve at the base of the tank. It is known
that the rate at which the water level drops is proportional to the square root of water depthy, where
the constant of proportionality k > 0, depends on the acceleration due to gravity and the geometry of the

hole. If tis measured in minutes and k = __!___ then the time (in hour) to drain the tank if the water is 4m
deep to start with is 15

21. Iff(x) = f'(x) and/(1) = 2, then [/(3)]. Where[.] is G.I.F.

2
Differential Equation 215

g-.. .:
22.
Match the Following

Column-I
(A) The differential equation formed by differentiating and eliminating the (p)
•
Column-II
O+2D = 5
constants fromy = a sin2 x + b cos2 x + c sin 2x + d cos 2x, where a, b, c,
d are arbitrary constants. If order and degree of the differential equation
represented by O and D, then
(B) The order and degree of the differential equation, whose general solution (q) 20 + 3D= 5
is given by y = (c 1 + c 2) sin (x + c 3) -c4 ex+c,+c6 ,
where cl' c 2 , c 3, c4 , c5 , c 6 are arbitrary constants, are O and D, then
(C) The order and degree of the differential equation satisfying (r) O =D

✓0 + x 2 ) + ✓0 + y2) = A(x✓O + y2) + y.j(l + x 2 )) are O and D, then

(s) oD+D0 = 4
(t) zO+ 3D= 11
23.
Column-I Column-II

(A) Let f(x) is a derivable function satisfying f(x) =fe sin (x-t) dt and (p) -1

g (x) = f" (x) - f (x) then the possible integers in the range of g (x) is
Ifthe substitution x = tan- 1 (t) transforms the differential equation
(B) 2
d ; + xy dy + sec 2 x =0 into a differential equation
dx dx (q) 0
2
0 + t2 / + (2t + y tan-1(t)) dy
; =k then k is equal to
dt dt
(C) If a 2 + b2 = 1 then (a 3b - ab3) can be equal to (r) 1

x-Ay-z=O}
(D) If the system of equations AX - y - z = 0 has a unique solution, then the (s) 2
value on. can be x+ y - z = o
 216 MATHEMATICS

f Passage Based Questions

Passage

Letf (x) be non-positive continuous function and F(x) =

X

f f (t)dt
•
V x ~ 0 andf(x) ~ c F(x), where c > 0
0

and let g: [0, 00) ➔ R be a function such that d g(x) < g(x)Vx > 0 and g (0) = 0.
dx

24. The total number ofroots of the equationf (x) = g (x ) is / are

(a) oo (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
25. The number of solutions of the equation
lx2 + x - 61 = f(x ) + g (x) is/are
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 3

RESPONSE SHEET
1. 0®©@) 2. 0®©@) 3. 0®©@)
4. 0®©@) 5. 0®©@) 6. 0®©@)
7. 0®©@) 8. 0®©@) 9. 0®©@)
10. 0®©@) 11. 0®©@) 12. 0®©@)
13. 0®©@) 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. IAI IB I lei 1°1 23. IAI IBI lei 1°1

24. (a) (6) (c)@) 25. (a) (6) (c)@)
Differential Equation 217

\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ _ _ _ _....1,7 •

1. (a) Substitute x = tan 0 then dy

1tl 4 When m=-
dx
J log(tan(0)+1)d0
0 Take, let Y=O
We know that X=my + x
log(tan (0) + 1) = log(sin(0) + cos(0))- log (cos(0)) Hence x (my + x) = 2(x2 + r)
Since sin(0) + cos(0) = ✓2 cos ( ¾ - 0) . So, we xy: = x 2 + 2y2, which is a homogeneous
can write integrend as equation.
y = vx
½log(2) + log(cos(¾-0) )-log(cos(e)) Now put

dv x 2 (1 + 2v2) 1 + 2v2
But over the interval [O, 7t/4], the integrals of b v+x- ----=
dx

log(cos(0)) = log(cos(¾-e)) dv 1 + 2v2 1 + v2

⇒ x-=---v=--
dx v v
The desired integral is then just the integral of
vdv Jdx
.!..1og(2) over the interval [O, n/4] which is n
2
I l+v
--2 = -x
1 (l +
⇒ -In
2
v2 ) =lnx + C

2.
log (2)/8.
(c) The given differential equation can be written
1n(1:;2 ) = c⇒ x2 +y2 = Cx4
as
4. (a) The differential equation being of variable
x dy + 2y = x (sin x + log x) separate form,
dx
, 1
dy 2 . l y cot y = - - - - - -
⇒ - + - . y= sm x + ogx, (l +x2 )coC1 x
dx X
On integrating,
which is linear in y
2
log (siny) = log (coc 1 x) + log A
ef Pdx = e logx = x2
⇒ sin y = Acoc1 x
2
Solution is y. x2 = J x (sin x + logx)dx+ c As the curve passes through (1 , n/2)
= - x 2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x
l = A.~ ⇒ A = ~
x3 x3 4 4
+- logx-- + c
3 9 the equation of the curve is
.
1.e.y=-cos x + - sm x+ 2 cosx
2 . 2 1tsin y =4coC 1 X
X X 5. (a) Equation of all conics whose centre lies at
X X C
+ - log x - - + - 2 origin, is
3 9 x ax2 + 2hxy + by =1 ... (i)
3. (a) Y- y= - _!_ (X- x ) Differentiating (i) with respect to x ,
m 2ax + 2hxy 1 + 2hy + 2byy 1 = 0
 218 MATHEMATICS
Multiplying by x equation becomes, 7. (a, b) y = e-x cos x
ax2 + h (xy + x 2y 1) + bxyy 1 = 0 ... (ii) y 1 = -e-x cos x-e-x sin x
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
h (xy-x2 y 1) + b (y-xyy 1) = 1
=-✓2 e-x cos ( x-~)
⇒
⇒
(hx + by) y-xyl (hx + by) = l.
(hx + by) (y-xy 1) = l.
y2 =+(✓2)2 e- x cos ( x-~)
1
⇒ hx +by= - -
y-xy,
... (iii) y3 = (-✓2)3 e-x cos ( x- 3: )
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get y 4 = +(✓2)4 e- x cos (x-1t)= -4 e-x cosx
(y, -xy2 -y,)
h +byl = ⇒ y + 4y = 0 ; k = 4
(y-xyl)2 4 4
Differentiating it again 4 times
or h + by = xy2 ... (iv) y 8 +4y4 =0 ⇒ y 8 -16y=0
I (y-xyl)2
k 8 = -16
From (iii) and (iv), we get ⇒ y 12 +4y8 = 0 ⇒ y 12 + 64y= 0
2
b (y-x ) = y-xy1 -x Y2 ⇒ k 12 = 64
Y1 ( y-xyi )2 Similarly, k 16 = - 256
2 8. (a, b, c, d) Here we have to analyse each of the
⇒ b= y -xy, -x Y2 options separately
... (v)
(y-xy,)3 dy dy l6x
(a) 32x+2y - =0 ⇒ - =m1 =--
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dx dx y
2 2
O= Y1 - y, -3xy2 -x y3 + 3(y-xyi -X Y2)xy2 and 16y15 dy =k ⇒ dy = mi = - k 15
-
(y-xy,)3 (y-xy,)4 dx dx l6y
l6x k x
⇒ (3xy2 + x 2 y 3) (y-xy 1) m, mi= - - .- - ,s = - ~ .k
= 3xy2 (y - xy 1- x2 y 2) y 16y y

6. (a,c,d)x 2 y/ +xyy 1-6y = 0 =-- -

X yl6
= -1
yl6. X
_ - xy±.Jx2 y2 +24x2 y2
Y1 - lx2 (a) is correct.

- xy±5xy 2y 3y
= - ,- - (b) dy = l-ce-x =l -(y-x) = -(y -x-l)
2x2 X X
dx .
[usmg ce
-x
=y - x ]
dy 3y
or - = --
dx X
and dy -k. dy e- y= 1
. 1 dy dx dx dx
i.e., - - = -
2 y X
or [l - (x + 2 - y)] dy = l
dx
or Jdy = -3Jdx [using ke-Y = x-y + 2]
y X
dy l
i.e., ln y = ln cx2 or lny = - ln cx3 - = m2 = --- ⇒ m1 m2 = - 1
dx y - x -1
y = cx2 or x 3y = c
⇒ (b) is correct.
Differential Equation 219

dy y 2y 3e- 2 = e- 2 + Ce- 2 ⇒ C =2
(c) -=2cx=2x. -
2
= - =m1
dx x X :. for X > 2
dy dy X
y = e- 2 +2e-x ;
Also 2x+4y- = O ⇒ -=--=m-
' dx dx 2y ··-1.
hence y(3) = 2e- 3 + e- 2
Hence, m Im2 = -1 ⇒ (c) is correct.
= e- 2(2e- 1 + 1)
(d)x2 -y2 = c
dy dy X
2x -2y - = O ⇒ -=-=m 1
dx dx y y'(3) = -2e- 3
xy=k (c) is correct.
X X
dy dy y 10. (a,c) f f(t)dt+ J (x - t)f(t)dt=e- x -1
x - + y= O ⇒ -=--=m2
dx dx X 0 0
X X
:. m 1m2 = - 1 ⇒ (d) is correct.
x f f(t)dt+ Jf( t)(l-t)dt = e- x -1
⇒ (a), (b), (c), (d) all are correct. 0 0
9. (a, b, c) Differentiating both the sides w.r.t. x
X
dy + y = f(x)
dx x.f(x)+ J f(t)dt+ f(x)(l- x) = - e- x
0
I.F. = ex Again differentiate w.r.t. x
⇒ yex =J ex f(x)dx+C
xf' (x)+ f(x)+ f (x)+ f'(x)
Now ifO :5 x :5 2
- xf'(x) - f(x) = e- x
then yex = Jexe- xdx+C ⇒ yex = x+C
e- x = f'(x)+ f (x)
x = 0, y(O) = 1, C = I
:. yex =x + 1 ... (i) I.F. = ex ⇒ y.ex = Jdx
x +l 2 f(x) eX = x + C;f(O) = - 1
y= - ; y (l) = -
ex e :. f(x) ex = x- 1
(a) is correct. 11. (b, c)
, _ ex -(x+ l)ex (a) y = 2+ c1 cosx+ Fi, sinx
Y - 2x
e
dy = - c1 sin x + Fi, cos x ;
y'(l) = e -2e = - e = _ _!_ dx
e2 e2 e d2y .
(b) is correct. - = - c1cosx - Fi, sm x= 2 - y;
2
dx
Ifx > 2
d2
yeX = J ex- 2dx ---f+y+2=0
dx
yeX = ex- 2 +C
(b) y = cosx 1n ( tan1)
y= e- 2 + Ce - x
as y is continuous dy
-= sec (x / 2)
cosx -
2
- - - sinxln ( tan- x) ;
dx 2 tan (x I 2) 2
:. lim x+ l = lim(e- 2 + ce- x )
x➔ 2 ex x➔2
 220 MATHEMATICS

-dy = cotx-smxln
dx
. ( tan-x) .
2 '
(b) y'(x) = (12sin2 xcosx-4sinxcosx)

d2y
- 2 + y + cot2 x = 0 Soy'(~)
' 3
=(124x 3 x_!_-4x
2
✓23 x_!_)
2
dx

(C) y = 2 + C1 cos x + c2 sin x + cos x In tan.::_ ='!_- 2✓3 =(9 -2✓3)

2 2 2 2

(c) As, y'(x)= 4sinxcosx(3sinx -l)

= 2sin 2x(3sinx-1)

:. y(x) increase in ( 1,1)

1t

2
(d) f (4sin3 x-2sin2 x)dx
~'--.,,..-'
-it Odd even
2 2 function function
d y . 2
⇒ - 2 =-c1 cosx-c2 smx-cot x
dx 1t

-2-cosxln ( tan~) ! 2
= Q-4 sin xdx = -4(¾)=-rt

13. (a, d) The equation of normal of P(x, y) is

d2
⇒ -----f + y+cot 2 x= 0 -1
(Y- y) = - (X -x)
dx dy
12. (a,c)Given, :-3ycotx=sin2x,y(~)=2 dx
y C
[Linear differential equation]
:. I.F. = e - f3cotxdx = e- 31n(sinx) = _I_ B
sin 3 X
:. General solution is
f
y ( + ) = 2si~x.cosx dx
sm x sm3 x
f
+ C = 2 cosec x cot x dx + C

⇒ _ Y_ = -2cosec x +C +--- ---r------::-+-- - - - - --+-- ---+- X

0 (0, 0) A
sin 3 x Tangent

As y(x=~)
2
= 2 ⇒ 2=
13
-2+C ⇒ C=4 Nonna!

:. y = {4sin3 x -2 sin 2 x)
Differential Equation 221

1( x + y : ) + 2(0) 15. (1.60) Given, xdy - 2y = x 4 y2 or,

dx
Now------ =x
1+2 dy- -2y = x 3 y 2 . G'1ven equat10n
. can be
y -
dx X
written as
l dy 21
- - - - - =x3
(0, 4) y2 dx yx
. . -2
X -------+--------..x subshtutmg - = t , we get
y
(0, --4) 2 dy dt S . (') b
⇒
2y -dx = -dx . o, equation 1 ecomes

1 dt t dt 2
⇒ --+- =x3 ⇒ -+-t=2x
3
2dx X dx X
y
2
f- dx 21n In 2 2
I.F. =eX =e X=e X =X
So, general solution is given by
dy -2 x4 C
y-=2x ... (1) ⇒ -=-+-
dx y 3 x2
2
Ifx = l,y = - 6 ⇒ C = 0
⇒ Jydy = J2x dx ⇒ ~ 2
= x +C
-2 x4 -6 -6
:. - = - ⇒ y= 4 i.e. f(x)= 4
Also (0, 4) satisfy it, so C = 8 y 3 X X
:. y2 = 2x2 + 16 (equation of curve) dy _ _5 _ 24
Which represent a hyperbola N OW, dx - 24 X - X5 .

Also dy] = 2 ( 4) = _2_ Hence dy] =

24
=8
dx (4,4✓3) 4✓ 3 ✓3 dx x=311, 3
14. (0.40] Given 8
So, - = 1.60
y(d2y) = 2(dy)2 ⇒ y" = 2y' 5
dx 2 dx y' Y 16. (0.80) The equation ofnormal at (x, y) is
⇒ ln y' = 2lny+lna -dx
Y - y= - (X-x)
dy
y' f-dy = f -1
⇒-=a ⇒
y2 y2
adx ⇒ - =ax+b
y ⇒ (x -x)+(Y-y)(t) = o;
Since curve is passing through (2, 2) and ( 8, ½) x+ydy
-1 OA=x+y_dy andOB = dx
So, 2a + b = ... (i) dx dy
2 dx
. 1 1 l
8a +b = - 2 ... (ii) G1ven - +- = ·
'OA OB '
:. On solving (i) and (ii), we get a= -l , b = 0 l+dy = x+ydy
4
dx dx
So,y = f(x) = 4/x,f(IO) = 0.40
 222 MATHEMATICS
(y- I )dy + (x - I )dx = 0 y
Integrating, we get (y- 1) 2 + (x - 1)2 = C
(3, 3) lies on this curve.
:. C= 8
Hence curve is circle
(x- 1)2 + (y- 1)2= (2✓2.)2
The director circle of X
0 2
(x- 1)2 + (y-1)2
= (2✓ 2)2 is (x- 1)2 + (y-1)2 = 42 Puttingx = l ,y= 1 and y'(l)=O

:. Radius= 4
o = .!.+c ⇒ c= -1 _ (y')2 = -1__ .!.
17. (3.20)Wehave,: +(~ 1
)y=x(xex +ex -1) 2 2 ' 2 2y2 2

[Linear differential equation] (y')21 =~-1

y
⇒ (y')2 = l y2
-/
- Idx
:. I.F. =e x = e-lnx = 1
X
⇒ y'=± p ⇒ y y'=±l
Now, general solution is y ✓l-y2
Y(~) = J(ex (x+l)-l)dx+C Taking as +ve sign

I~
l-y
y'dx =I l dx

Putting x = l, y(l) = 1
As, y(x = 1) = e - I y2=2x - x2
e-1
⇒ -=e-l+C ⇒ C=0
1
y= ✓2x-x2 =f(x) {-:y~O'v'xED1 }
Taking as negative sign we will obtain the same
: . x+~ =xex
X function.

Now, 2 + y ( ) = 2e 2 ⇒ y (2) = 4e2 - 4 = 0 ⇒ x = l w h"1ch.1s point

2 f '( x ) 2-2x
1 2
2 2'\/2X-X
andy(l) = (e-1) (Given) of maxima.

Hence y(2) = 4(e + 1) (e - I) :. Maximum value off (x) = f (1) = ✓2-1 = 1

⇒ y(2) = 4y(l) [y(l) + 2]

k 2 16 19. (5) f(x)= lng(x)

:. k = 4; - = - = 3.20 g(x)
5 5
⇒ f'(x) = g'(x)-Ing(x).g'(x) ⇒ f '(x) = 0
18. (l)y3 y" = -1 ; y'y" = -{'
y {g(x)}2
Integrating both sides ⇒ g(x)= e
(y')2 =-1-+C
2 2/
⇒ ( e~
5
1
)x+l =e ⇒ x= 50 km/hr

/"(50)>0, Point of minima

Differential Equation 223

Subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get

20. (1) According to the question dy = -k.jy
dt
0 I dy -y =Asin(x+B) -Acos(x+B) ... (iii)
⇒ f d; -kfdt ==> [2✓1]0 =-kt=-_!__ dx
4 '\/ Y o 4 15 d 2 y dy .
dx 2 - dx = -A sm (x + B) -A cos (x + B);
⇒ 0 - 4 =_ _!__ ==> t = 60 min.
15 d3 d2
----f----f = -A cos (x + B) + A sin (x + B)
21. (7) f' (x) = I ⇒ log/ (x) = x + c dx dx
f(x)
Since/(1) = 2
= -(: -y) [From Eq. (iii)]

:. log 2 = 1 + c d 3y d 2 y dy
- -3 - +2- - y = O
:. logf (x) = x + log 2 - 1 dx dx dx
:. log/(3) = 3 + log 2- 1 = 2 + log 2 O=3,n =1
⇒ /(3) = e2 + log 2 = e2. e log 2 = 2e2.
o + 2n = 5 ' oD + n° = 4 ' 2° + 3D = 11 (p ' s' t)
(C) Putx = tan 0,y = tan <I>
:. [/(3)] = [14.778] = Then, (sec0 + sec <I>) = A (tan0 sec <I> + tanq>
7
2 2 sec0)

22. (A) ➔ (p, s, t); (B) ➔ (p, s, t); (C) ➔ (q, r); ⇒ ( cos 0 + cos <I>) = A ( sin 0 + sin <I>)
cos0 cos<j> cos0 cos<j>

(A) ·: y=a c-c;s2x)+b(1+c;s2x) ⇒ 2cos( 0 0

;<1>)cos( ;<1>)

+ c sin 2x + d cos 2x = A + B sin 2x + C cos 2x 0 0

= A. 2 sin ( ;<1> )cos( ;<1>)

⇒ ⇒
:. dy = 2 B cos 2x -2C sin 2x ... (i) 0
dx cot( ;<1>)=A 0 + <j> = 2coc1 A

⇒
2
d y = - 4B sin 2x - 4C cos 2x ⇒ tan- 1x + tan- 1y = 2 coc1 A
dx2
d3 ⇒ _ l _ + _ l _ dy =O
⇒ ----f
dx
= -8B cos 2x + 8C sin 2x l+x2 1+ y 2 dx
:. 0 = 1,n = l
= -4 dy [From Eq. (i)] Then, 0 = n and 2 0 + 3n = 5 (q, r)
dx
23. (A) ➔ (p, q, r); (B) ➔ (p); (C) ➔ (q);
⇒ d3y +4dy = 0 (D) ➔ (q, s)
dx 3 dx X X

0 = 3, n = 1 (A) f(x) =fe 1 sin (x- t) dt = f ex-t sin (t) dt

o + 2n = 5, oD + n° = 4, 2° + 3D 0
X
0

= 8 + 3 = 11 (p, s, t)
f(x) = ex f e- 1 sin t dt
(B) ·: Y = (c, + C2) sin (x + C3) - C4ex+c,+c6 0

or y = A sin (x + B) + Ctr

dy = A cos (x + B) + Ctr
... (i)

... (ii)
f'(x) = tr. e-x sin x + (l e- 1 sin t dt }x
dx f '(x) = sin x + f(x) ... (i)
224 MATHEMATICS
f" (x) = cos x + f'(x) = cos x + sin x + f (x) 0 -/\, -1
[Using (i)]
A-1 -1 -1 =(A-l)(A+l):;cO
f"(x) - f (x) = sin x + cos x ... (ii)
0 1 -1
g(x)=sinx+cosx ⇒ g(x)e[-✓2, ✓2]
⇒ 'A,:;c l , -1
dx 1
(B) x=tan-1 t ⇒ - = - - Hence, 'A,= R- {-1 , 1}
dt 1+t 2
24. (b) f(x) ~0 and F' (x) = f(x)
dy = dy _dt = dy (l+t 2 ) ... (i)
dx dt dx dt ⇒ f (x) ~ c F(x)
2 ⇒ F'(x)-cF(x) ~ 0
d y = !!_[dy (l + t 2 )] . dt
dx 2 dt dt dx ⇒ e- cx F'(x)-ce-cx F(x) ~ 0

= _l:'._
[ dt
d 2 (1 + t 2 )
d 2t + (1 + t2 )---1:'.
dt
2
l
... (ii) ⇒ !!_ (e-cxF(x))~O
dx
Hence the given differential equation ⇒ e -ex F (x) is an increasing function
2 ⇒ e-cx F(x) ~ e-c(O) F(0)
d d
----f-
dx
+ xy --1:'.. + sec
dx
2
x > 0 , becomes
⇒ e-cx F(x) ~ 0

(1 + t 2 ) 2t-1:'..
[ dt
d + (1 + t2)---1:'.
d 2
dt
2
l ⇒

⇒
F(x)~0
f (x) ~ 0 but given that.f{x)::; 0

+ytan-
1
{ dt (1 + t
2
) ]+ (1 + t
2
) =0
⇒
(as f(x) ~ cF(x) and c is positive)
f(x)=0
Cancelling (1 + t2) throughout we get
Also ( d ~ x)) < g(x)Vx > 0

-x d(g(x)) -x ( ) O
⇒ e dx egx <
⇒ k = -1
(C) Let a= cos 0, b = sin 0 ⇒ !!_ (e- xg(x)) < 0
:. E = ab (a 2 - b2) = cos 0 sin 0 (cos 20) dx
⇒ e- x g (x) is a decreasing function
⇒ e- x g (x) < e-<O) g (0)
=.!.sin 20 cos 20 =.!.sin 20.
2 4 ⇒ g (x) < 0 (as g (0) = 0)
Thusf(x) = g (x) has one solution x = 0
⇒ __!. ::; E::; _!.; Possible vlaue = 0
4 4 25. (c) I x 2 + x - 6 I = f(x) + g (x)
(D) Obviously D 1 = D 2 = D 3 = 0 ⇒ l x2 + x - 6 I = g(x)
1 -A -1 ⇒ no solution
D= A -1 -1 :;cO
1 1 -1
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 Matrices and
Determinant
~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct
1. A is the n x n matrix whose elements are all '1 ' and B is the n x n matrix whose diagonal elements are
all 'n' and other elements are 'n - r'. Then, A 2 is a scalar multiple of A and then
(B - rl)[B - (n2 - nr + r)J] is
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
2. Consider a set S = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}, a collection of pt 9 prime numbers. Let {Dp D 2 , D 3 ,
....... Dn} be the set of third order determinantes that can be made with all the 9 elements of set 'S'.
Then which one of the following is true about K = D 1 + D 2, ....... + Dn
(a) K is a 3 digit number
(b) K= 0
(c) K is a 4 digit number not divisible by any element of set 'S'
(d) None of these
3. IfAk = 0 ( A is nilpotent with index k),(1-A)P = I + A + A 2 + ... + Ak- I , thus pis,
(a) -1 (b) -2 (c) 1/2 (d) None of these
4. IfAP A 3 , ... , A 2n-1 are n skew-symmetric matrices of same order, then
"n 2r-l
X = L..r=l(2r-l) (A2r-1) will be
(a) symmetric (b) skew-symmetric
(c) neither symmetric nor skew symmetric (d) depends on ' n' is even or odd

cos-7t sm
. -7tl
5. Let a = ~ and A =
5 5 then find det(A + A 2 + A3 + A4)
5 [ -sm- . 7t 7t
cos-
5 5

4cos2 2:. cos2 ~

21t 21t
(a) (b) -cos - cos - (c) 16 cos2 ~cos 2 _2:_ (d) None of these
5 10 5 IO 5 10

X N(N + l)
N
6. Ifnr = y N
2
( 2 N + 3) , where N E natural numbers. And, Sn = LAr ,then
r=l
3
( 4r -2Nr) z

(a) S15 =0
 226 MATHEMATICS

2 2
5+sin x COS X 4sin2x
7. Iff(x)= sin 2x 5+cos2x 4sin2x , then
sin 2x cos2x 5+4sin2x

(a) domain of function f(x) E (---<Xl, oo) (b) range of function f(x) E [50, 250]

(c) period of function f(x) is n (d) liin f(x)-150 200

x ➔O X

8. Which one of the following is correct about the equation

a
cos n x cos ( n + 1) x cos ( n + 2) x = 0
sin nx sin ( n + 1) x sin ( n + 2) x

(a) x= kn, k EI (b) x=n/4 ifn= 3

(c) x = n ifa = -1 (d) x = n if a = 1 and n = 2
2b
9. Jfmamx [: b ~c] is onhogonal, then
-b
(a) a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 (b) a2 + b 2 + c2 = 2
1 1 1
(c) a2 - b2 -c2 = 0 (d) a =± ✓ 2;b =± ✓6;c =± ✓3 '

1
10.
If A=[~ 0 :] and I isthfrd ocdernnit matrix, then
q

r~
0 q
(a) A' =
q
q:,,1 (b) A3 = r pr. p + qr
' 1
q + r2
pr p + qr pq +r2p pr + q2 +qr2 p+2qr+r3

q
(c) A3 =pl + qA + rA 2 (d) A 3 = r pr. 0 ' 1
q+r2
pq+r2p pr+q2 +qr2 p + 2qr+r3
11. Matrix A is such that A 2 = 2A - I when I is unit matrix then
(a) A4 = 4A-3I (b) A 5 = 5A-4I (c) A 4 = 3A-4I (d) A 5 = 5A- 31
12. If P, Q and R represent the angles of an acute angled triangle, then the value of
l 1+ sinP sinP(l + sinP)
A = 1 1 + sinQ sinQ(l + sinQ)
1 is
r1 1 + sinR sinR (1 + sinR)
(a) A= 0, for equilateral triangle (b) A = 0, for isosceles triangle
(c) A = 3, for equilateral triangle ( d) A = -1 , for isosceles triangle
Matrices and Determinant 227

6i -3i 1
13. If 4 3i -1 = x + iy, then
20 3
(a) x=3,y= 1 (b) x= l ,y= 3
(c) x = 0,y = 3 (d) x = 0,y = 0

14.
Numeric Value Answer

If~ =
f(x) f(D +f(x)
•
= 0, where it is given, f(x) =a+ bxn and f(2) = 17, then f(3) is equal to:
f(~)
15. Consider a matrix, (n x n) formed by numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., n 2 such that the numbers in each row (from left
to right ) and each column (from top to bottom) are in increasing order. Let element denoted by ajk the
number in j1h row and k th column. Suppose bj is the maximum possible number of entries that can occur
as aii' 1 :Sj :Sn. lfb 1 + b 2 + b3 + .... b 0 :S kn ( n 2 - 3n + 5) then value ofk is
(Example: In the case n = 3, the only numbers which can occur as ½ 2 are 4, 5 or 6 so that b2 = 3)
16. Let A = (a;) (i, j = 1, 2, ... , n) be a square matrix whose elements are non-negative integers. Suppose
that whenever an element ai. = 0, the sum of the elements in the ith row and the j1h column is > n. If the
sum of all the elements of the matrix is > kn2 then value of k is

( I ) Integer Answer
17. The set of natural numbers N is partitioned into arrays of rows and columns in the form of matrices as

Ml = (1 ), M2 = G~) , M3 = l
( 6 7 81
9 10 11j , ......... ,
•
12 13 14

M0 = () and so on. If the sum of the elements of the diagonal in Mn is ~[2 n 3 + n+ 3] then value ofk is
k

18. If matrix A=[: ~ :] where a, b c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and AT A= I. Then the value
c a b
of a 3 + b3 + c 3 is
19. If x = ¾Y + ½Z, y = a 1z + ¾X and z = ½X + a 1y, where x, y, z are not all zero. If, 0 < ai < 1 and here k
is the minimum value of (a,½¾) it is then the value of lkl is
20. Let 15 is 5 x 5 identity matrix and the value of 1Adj(2l5)1= 2 5k then the value of 'k' is
21. IfA and B are two matrices oforder 3 x 3 where IAI = - 2, IBI = 2, then l(A- 1adj(B- 1)adj(2A- 1)I is equal to
 228 MATHEMATICS

g-.. .:
22.
Match the Following
Two n x n square matrices A and Bare said to be similar if there exists a non-singular matrix P such that
P-1 AP= B
Column I Column II
•
(A) IfA and B are similar matrices such that det (AB) = 0, then (p) det (A) = det (B) t 0

(B) IfA and B are two non-singular matrices, then (q) det(AB) = det(BA)

(C) If A and B are similar matrices such that det (A)= 1, then (r) det(A) + det (B) = 2

(D) IfA and B are two non-triangular matrices, then (s) det (A) = det (B) = 0

1 tanx]
23. If A =[ - tanx , then
1

Column I Column II
(A) adj A (p)

- 2tanx
2
[l - t,n x 2tanx
- tan 2 x+l
l
(B) A- I (q)

rl+~n 2
x
-tanx
2
l + t~ x
j
tanx
l + tan2 x l+tan2 x

(C) ATA-1 (r)

- t~x]
[ta:x

(D) A2 (s)
[ cos2x -sin2x]
sin2x cos2x
Matrices and Determinant 229

f Passage Based Questions

If (x+af
n
Passage

= I, (e~ )xkan- k. Letak = k(10eJ, bk= (10-k)(10~ )

•
k=O

24. Find the sum of digits of trace of the matrix A

(a) 5 (b) 14
(c) 8 (d) None of these
25. Which of the following is correct about 'ab'?
(a) ' ab' has 4 prime factors
(b) Largest prime factor of ' ab' is a three digit prime number
(c) ' ab' is a 5 digit number
(d) None of these

RESPONSE SHEET

1. G)(B(D@) 2. G)(B(D@) 3. G)(B(D@)

4. G)(B(D@) 5. G)(B(D@) 6. G)(B(D@)
7. G)(B(D@) 8. G)(B(D@) 9. G)(B(D@)
10. G)(B(D@) 11. G)(B(D@) 12. G)(B(D@)
13. G)(B(D@) 14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. IAI IB I lei 1°1 23. IAI IB I lei 1°1

24. G)(B(D@) 25. G)(B(D@)
 230 MATHEMATICS
\ I , \ I ,

:. \. : Hints & Solutions ..

.... I :

·------ Hence (I - A)-1= I +A+ A2 + ... + Ak- 1

-----S:11 '

1. (a) H~eA =[ 1

1
J,Md 4.
Thus p = -1
(b) Given that X = A 1 + 3

A 32 + ... ( 2n -1 ) ( A 20_ 1)2n-1

n n We know that if A is a skew-symmetric matrix

then AT = -A
2 n
A =A .A=·~· [" n

n
n

n
=nA XT = - [A1 + 3 A~ + ... ( 2n -
= - X, so skew-symmetric
1) (A 20_i)2 r-l ]

n-r
D
NowB = ...
[
n-r
n
Hln-r
. . . , and
5. (c) Let a = ~ then

7t
cos-
5

. 7tl
sm-
!
[
sin a]

•-,l
n-r n-r n A= . 51t = ~;i:: cosa
[ - sm - cos-
n-r 5 5
[ n-,
n-r n-r n-r ( cos 2a sin 2a)
B-rl = ... ... = (n-r)A AlsoA2 = ,
- sin 2a cos 2a
n-r n-r n-r
A 3 =( cos3a sin3a) and
Hence, (B - rl)[B - (n2 -nr + r)I] - sin 3a cos 3a
= (B-rl)[B - rl-n(n -r)I]
A4 = ( co.s4a sin4a)
= (n -r) A[(n -r) A- n(n -r)I] -sm4a cos4a
= (n - r)2 A2 -n(n- r)2 AI
=(n -r)2[nA -nA] =O We have cos a+ cos 2a + cos 3a + cos 4a
2. {b) Total number of third order determinants = cos a + cos 2a + cos (1t - 2a) + cos (1t - a)
that can be formed with the elements of set S [·: 5 Cl - 7t]
= cos a + cos 2a - cos 2a - cosa = 0
is 9!
and sin a + sin 2a + sin 3a + sin 4a
Since number of determinants are even and in
= sin a + sin 2a + sin (1t - 2a) + sin (1t - a)
9 = 2 [sin a + sin 2a]
which. There are ! pairs of determinants which
2
are obtained by changing two consecutive rows.
So for every determinant there is one more
= 2 { 2sin(3;) cos~} = 4sin C~) cos ~
1
determinant whose value is the negative of the
= 4 sin (~-~)cos~= 4cos~cos~ = k (say)
1st determinant. 25 10 5 10
D 1 + D2 , •••..•. + Dn = 0
3. (a)LetB=I+A+ A2 + . .. +Ak -1 Thus, B = ( _\ ~),
Now multiply both sides by (I -A ), we get
B(I-A) = (I + A + A2 + ... + Ak- 1)(1 - A)
=I - A + A-A2 +A2 -A3 +. . . IBI = k2 = 16 cos
2
~
5
- Ak-1 + Ak- 1_ Ak
= 1-Ak = I, since Ak = 0
⇒ B = (I - A)- 1
Matrices and Determinant 231

[ Applying cl- cl+ C3 - 2 cos X C2]

6. = (a2 - 2 a cos x + 1) sin x
[Expanding along Ci)
Which is independent of n.
~( 2 ) ((N+1)(2N+1)1
L..J 6r -1 =6Nl )-N
r=l 6
9. (a, c, d) Let A = a
o 2b
b -c .
cl
2
=N(2N +2N+N+l)-N =2N3 +3N2 [ a -b c
2 2
~( ) 4N (N+1) 2N.N{N+l) 0 a
L..J 4r3 -2Nr = - - - -
r=l 4 2 NowAT = 2b b
[
2 2 C -C
=N (N +1)2-N (N +1) =N3 (N + 1)

N(N+l) x N(N+l) ·: A is orthogonal. :. AAT = I

N
⇒ Lllr = 2N3 +3N 2 2
y N (2N+3) = 0
r=I N 3 (N+l) z N3 (N+1)

7. (a, b, c, d) Applying R 1 ➔ R1 - ~ and

~➔~-~-
5 -5 0
f(x)= 0 5 -5
sin2 x cos2 x 5 + 4sin2x

1 -1 0
= 25 0 1 -1
2 2
sin x cos x 5+4sin2x

⇒ f(x) = 150 + 100 sin 2x. Equating the corresponding elements, we get
From this we get, 4b 2 + c2 = l ....(i)
(a) domain (- oo, oo)
2b2 - c2 =0 ....(ii)
(b) range [50, 250]
(c) period 1t a2 +b2 +c2 =1 ....(iii)
2 2 2
(d) lim f{x)-l 50 = 200 a -b -c = 0 ..... (iv)
x ➔O X From solving (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,
8. (a, c) We have,
1 1 1
a2 a a=±✓2 ;b = ± ✓6;c± ✓3;
cosnx cos( n + l) x
sinnx
2
a -2acosx + 1
0
sin( n + 1) x
cos( n + 2 )x
sin( n + 2) x

a
cos ( n + 1) x cos ( n + 2) x
10. (a, b, c)A2 =AA=[~
p
~
q
~i
r

0 sin ( n + 1) x sin ( n + 2) x
 232 MATHEMATICS

-r; : ~ l
1 sin P sinP + sin 2 P
1 sin Q sinQ + sin 2 Q (C2 -+ C2 - C 1)
pr p+qr q + r 2 1 sin R sinR + sin 2 R

r;
Again, A = A2A =
3

pr
1 sinP
1 sinQ
sin 2 P
sin2 Q (C3 -+ C3 - C2)
1 sinR sin2 R

sinP sin 2 P
= 0 sinQ-sinP sin2 Q-sin 2 P
q
p+qr q+r2
p+2qr+r
r
3
l 0 sinR-sinP sin2 R-sin 2 P

{Rz-+Ri-RP R3-+ R3- R1)

= (sin Q- sin P) (sin R- sin P)
1 sinP sin2 P
0 1 sinQ+sinP
:]+ 0 sinR+sinP

l
qr
= (sinQ - sinP) (sinR-sinP)(sinR-sinQ)
q 6i -3i I
qr r2r 13. (d) 4 3i -1 = x+iy (given)
20 3
pr + r 3
6i 1 1
⇒ -3i 4 -1 -1 = 0
20
[ ·: C2 and C3 are identical]
0 ⇒ x + iy=0 ⇒ x=0,y=0
14. (82)A = 0
+rr; q
⇒ f(x)r(D -f(x) - f(D = 0
pr p + qr
= pl + qA +rA2 A 3 - rA2 - qA=pl
11. (a, b) Given, A = 2A - I ⇒ A2A = (2A-I)A
2 ⇒ f ( X) f ( - ) = f ( X) + f ( ~)
⇒ A3 = 2A2 - A= 2(2A - l) -A = 4A-2I-A
b b
= 3A - 2I ⇒ (a + bxn) (a + - ) = (a + bxn) +(a + - )
xn xn
Again A3A = (3A - 2I)A = 3A2 - 2A
⇒ A4 = 3(2A -I) -2A = 4A - 31 Comparing coeffs. of xn on both sides, ab = b
In general An= nA- (n - 1)1 ⇒ a= 1

1 1+ sin P sinP(l + sin P)

Equating constant terms on both sides, a2 + b2 = 2a
⇒ 1 + b2 = 2 ⇒ b2 = I ⇒ b = ± I
12. (a, b) A= 1 l +sinQ sinQ(l+sinQ) f(x) = 1 ± xn, f(2) = 17 = 1 + (2)4
1 1+ sin R sinR(l + sin R) f(x) = I + x4
. ,...,1 .... .....
Matrices and Determinant 233

15. (0.33) Consider a 33 it is the biggest number in the the elements of the first row have sum p; and
3 x 3 sub matrix formed by top left comer so by reordering columns, if necessary, we can
minimum value of ~ 3 is 9 now again consider assume that the first q elements in the first
a33 it is the smallest number in (n - 3)(n - 3) row are non-zero, while all other elements in
sub matrix formed by bottom left comer of the the first row are zero. By hypothesis, the sum
main matrix. of the elements in each of the n - q columns
Total number of elements n 2 headed by O plus the sum p of the elements in
Total number of elements in (n - 3) x (n - 3) the first row is > n. Therefore the sum of the
matrix is (n - 3)2 elements in each of these columns is > n - p.
So largest possible value of ~ 3 is n2 -(n - 3)2 + 1 Since there are n - q such columns, the sum
And smallest possible value of a33 is 9 of all the elements in them is > (n - p) (n - q).
extending the same logic The sum of all elements in the first q columns
largest possible value ?f ajj is is at least pq. Therefore the sum S of all the
n 2 - ( n - J + 1)2 + 1 elements in the matrix satisfies.
And smal~1s~fossi~;e value of ajj is j2 S > ~-~n-q)+M = ~ - ~ - ~ + ~q
Soa.iiE{j,J+l,J+2, ..... , . 1 2 1
= n + (n - 2p)(n - 2q)
n2 - ( n - J + 1)2 + 1} 2 2
The number of elements in this set is Now p < n/2 by assumption, son - 2p > 0.
n2 -(n-j + 1)2-j2 + 2. Moreover q < n/2, for if more than n/2 elements
Hence bi ::::: n 2 - ( n - j + 1)2 - j2 + 2 of the first row were positive integers, their sum
= (2n + 2)j - 2 j2 - (2n - 1) p would be > n/2. Therefore n - 2q > 0, and
And S > n 2/2 in all cases.
n n n 17. (6) Let M 0 = (aij) where, i, j = 1, 2, 3, ..... , n.
Dj :S(2n +2) I0-2) V 2 -n(2n-l) We first find out a 11 for the n th matrix; which is
j=l j=l j=l the nth term in the series; 1, 2, 6, .....
=(2 n+ 2 )( n(n+l) )- 2 (n(n+1)(2n+l)) Let S = 1 + 2 + 6 + 15 + ........ + To--1 + T 0
2 6 Again writing, S = 1 + 2 + 6 + ..... + T o--t + T n
⇒ 0 = 1 + 1 + 4 + 9 + ..... + (T0 -To--1)-T0
-n (2n-1)
⇒ T n = 1 + ( 1 + 4 + 9 + ..... upto ( n - 1) terms)
= ~ (n2 - 3n + 5) = 1 + (1 2 + 2 2 + 32 + 4 2 + .... + (n - 1)2)
3
= + n(n-1)(2n-1)
16. (0.5) Consider the row sums ~
1
6
Now, observing carefully, the consecutive
n
difference between the elements ofthe diagonal
(i = 1, 2, .... , n) and the column sums C. = Laij of the nth matrix is n + 1.
J i=l
(j =1, 2, ..., n). Therefore, first term is 1 + n ( n - l) ( 2 n - l)
Let p be the smallest of all these sums Ri and Ci 6
p = min {Ri, Ci} and common difference = n + I .
Hence, the required sum ~
i, j
n n(n -1)(2n-1)
Now consider two cases = [2 (1 + )+(n-l)(n+l)]
Case 1: Suppose p > n/2. Then the sum S of all
2 6
elements of the matrix is at least np > n(n/2), sp n 2 + 2n + 3)]
=
S > n2/2, and the assertion is true. 6 [6 + (n -1)(2n
Case 2: Suppose p > n/2. By interchanging n
rows and columns, if necessary, and then = - [(2n3 + n + 3)]
6
reorde ·n!! the rows. we can sunnose at
 234 MATHEMATICS
18. (4) Given that AT A = I so Similarly,

l: : m::J=l~ r ~l
2
(1-an(I-an= ( a 2 +a1a3 ) ... (iii)
2
(1-an(1-an = (a3 + a1ai) ... (iv)
a 2 + b 2 + c2 ab + be + ca ab + bc+ca1 From Eq. (iv),
⇒ ab + be + ca a2 + b2 + c2

[~ ;: ~1]⇒[~ ~ i]
ab + bc+ca

rab+ be+ ca ab+ be+ ca a2 +b2+ c2

Similarly from Eq. (iii),

⇒ a 2 + b 2 +c2 = 1
=l~ r ~l... (i)
1- a; > 0 ⇒ 3 -(a~ + ai + an > O

And ab + be + ca= 0 ... (ii)

We know
⇒ a1a 2 a3 > -1
a3 + b 3 + c3 =(a + b + c)
(a2 + b2 + c 2 - ab - be - ca) + 3abc So, lkl = 1
= (a+ b + c) + 3 ... (iii) 20. (4) (215) Adj(215) = 1(215)1
Now, (a + b+ c)2
Adj (215) = 2415
= a 2 + b2 + c 2 + 2(ab + be + ca)
= 1 + 2.0 = 1 So IAdj (215)1 = 24x5 = 220
⇒ a+b +c= l
(Since, a, b, c are real positive number) 21. (2) We know that 1£ I= l~I and
1

Now, From Eq. (iii), a 3 + b 3 + c3 = 4

Alternative: ladj Bl = IBln-1 here 'n ' is the order of matrix
Given than AT A = 1 ⇒ IAT Al=IJI ⇒ IAl 2 = 1 Now consider
⇒ (a3 + b3 + c 3 - 3abc)2 = 1
⇒ a3 + b 3 + c3 - 3abc = 1 1 l(A-1ad ·(B- 1 )ad·(2A- 1)1I = __!___l2 ~2
(Since, a, b, c are positive real number)
r.J r.J IAI IBl IAl
⇒ a3 + b 3 + c3 ~ 3abc (from AM ~ GM)
⇒ a3 + b3 + c 3 = 4 = 1(-2)~:)(4)1 = 1-21= 2
19. (1) Since, x. y, z are not all zero. Therefore given
system of equations has non-trivial solution. 22. (A) ➔ s; (B) ➔ p ; (C) ➔ r; (D) ➔ q
1 -a3 - a 2 Given that if A and Bare similar matrices there
exists a non-singular matrix P such that
:. a3 -1 a1 = 0
A = P- 1 BP
a2 a1 -1 Taking determinant both the side, we get
=> det (A) = det (P"- 1 BP)
⇒a 2 2 2 2
1 + a 2 + a 3 + a1a2 a3 =1
= det (P- 1) det (B) det (P)
But, 0 <a1 < 1 ⇒ 0 < 1-at < 1 ... (i) 1
= det(P)det(B)(detP)
From equation (i) 1- ai - a; = at + 2a1a2 a3
=detB
2 2 22 2 2 22
⇒ 1 - a - a + a a = a1 + a1a2 a 3 + a 2a3 Thus, det (A) = 0 <=;> det (B) = 0 and det (A) = 1
2 3 2 3
<=;> det (B) = 1
If A and B are two non-triangular matrices,
th,,. AR i<:<:i ihrtnRA
Matrices and Determinant 235

23. (A) ➔ r; (B) ➔ q; (C) ➔ s; (D) ➔ p

2
2
IAI = 1-t~x ta;xl = 1 + tan x :;c 0. So A is = [~::::: 1~ ::/x] = [c~s2x -sin2x]
2tanx l-tan 2 x sm2x cos2x
invertible.
l+tan 2 x 2
l+tan x
Let C .. be the cofactor of a in A= [a..]
Then 'Jc = (-1) 1+1 1 = 1 IJ IJ
' II •
C12 = (-1)1+2 (-tan x) = tan x A2 = [-t~x t~x ][-~nx t~x]

:. adj A = [ -t~nx t~x r

C21 = (-1)2+1 tan x = - tan x, C22 = (-1)2+2 . 1

= [ t~x -t~x]
=[l-tan x
-2tanx
2
2tanx
-tan2 x+l
l
_!_
Now, A
-I -
- IAI adJ. A 24. (a) Trace of the matrix A is a+ b
0
= L~=l(ak+bk) = 10 Lt=lcL

l
A-I = - -1- - [ 1 -tanx]
1 = 10(2 10 -2)
(l+tan2x) tanx
= 10220
Sum of digits is 5
1 2 -tanx2
= l+tan x l+tan x
tanx 1 25. (b) a= " 9 k (10c ) = "lO k (IOC )
[ "'-'k=l k "'-'k=l k

l+tan 2 x l+tan 2 x
- 10(1°c 10) = 10c29) - 10 = 10c29 - 1)
-tanx]
l
... AT A -I -- [ 1 Similarly, b = 10(29 - 1)
tanx l Thus, ab = 100(29 - 1)2
Largest prime factor is 511
1 -tanx
l + tan2 x l+ tan 2 x
tanx 1
[
l+tan2 x l+tan 2 x
 Vector and 3D

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

■
1. If 1a1 = 2 and IEI = 3 and a .b = 0 ' then ( a X(aX(a X(aXE)))) is equal to

(a) 48b (b) -48b (c) 48a (d) -48a

2. Let ii, b and c be three non-coplanar vectors and r be any arbitrary vector. Then

(a XE) X(r Xc) +(EX c) X(r xa) +(c Xa) X(r XE) is always equal to

(d) None of these

3. a and b are two vectors such that liil= 1, IEI = 4 and a· b = 2 . If c = (2a x E) - 3b, then find the
angle between b and c
(a) .1t_ (b) .1t_ (c) 31t (d) 51t
3 6 4 6
4. If i - 3} + 5k bisects the angle between a and - i + 2} + 2k , where a is a unit vectors, then
(a) t1 = - 1 ( 4li+88j-40k
' ' ') (b) a= - 1 ( 4 li' + 88 j' + 40k')
105 105

(c) t1= - 1 ( -4li+88j-40k

' ' ') (d) a= -1 ( 4li' -88j' -40k')
105 105
5. L 1 and L 2 are two lines whose vector equations are
Li : r = 11. ( ( cos e + .J3) [+ ( ✓2 sin e)} + ( cos e - .J3) k)
½_ : r =µ(at +b} +ck) , where 11. and µ are scalars and a is the acute angle between L 1 and L2• If the
angle 'a' is independent of 0, then the value of 'a' is
w 6
.1t_ ~ .1t_
4
~ 7t
3
(d) 7t
2
6. The reflection of the point a in the plane r •ii = q is

- (q-ii·ii)
(a)
a+ lnl
Vector and 3D 237

. -x+-6 y+lO z+l 4 · h h

7. The 1me = - - = - - 1s t e ypotenuse of an 1sosce
. 1es ng
. htang 1e d tnang
. 1e w h ose opposite
.
5 3 8
vertex is (7, 2, 4). Then which of the following is the side of the triangle?

x-7 = y-2 = z-4

(c) _ (d) None of these
3 5 1
8. The direction ratios of a normal to the plane through ( 1, 0,0) and (0, 1, 0), which makes an angle of ~
with the plane x + y = 3 are 4
(a) (<1, ✓2,1>) (b) (<1,1, ✓2>) (c) (<1,1,2>) (d) (<-/2,1, 1>)
9. The plane 4x + 7 y + 4z + 81 = 0 is rotated through a right angle about its line of intersection with the
plane 5x + 3y + 1Oz= 25 . The equation of the plane in its new position is
(a) x-4y+6z = 106 (b) x-8y+ 13z = 103 (c) x-4y+6z = 110 (d) x-8y+ 13z = 105

10. A,B, CandDare four points such that AB= m(2l -6] +2k),Bc = (l-2J)andCD = n(---ol +15]-3k).
If CD intersects AB at some point E, then
(a) m~l / 2 (b) n ~ l/3 (c) m = n (d) m < n
11. A parallelogram is constructed on vectors ii= 3ii- p,E =ii+ 3P if lcil= IPI = 2, and angle between ii
and p is ~ , then the length of a diagonal of parallelogram is
3
(a) 4✓5 (b) 4✓3 (c) 4✓7 (d) None of these
12. Let ii,b and c be three non-coplanar vectors and d be a non-zero vector, which is perpendicular to

(a+E+ c ). Now d =(ii xb)sinx+(E xc)cosy+2(cxii). Then

(a) (b) d-(ii+c) =-2

[aEc]

(c) Minimum value ofx2 + y2 is rc 2/4 (d) Minimum value ofx2 + y2 is 5rc2/4
13. a, Eand c are three coplanar unit vectors such that a+ b + c = 0. If three vectors p, ij and r are

parallel to ii, b and c, respectively, and have integral but different magnitudes, then among the
following options, IP + ij + rl can take a value equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) ✓3 (d) 2
14. ii -band c are unimodular and coplanar. A unit vector d is perpendicular to them. If
-) ( -) 1 , 1 , 1 , - - . - .
( ii x b x c x d = (/ - -: ;/ + -:;,k , and the angle between a and b is 30°, then c 1s

(b) (-l +2]-2k)!3 (c) (2l +2]-k)!3 (d) (-2i -2] +k)!3
 238 ------------------- MATHEMATICS

15. Unit vectors ii and b are perpendicular, and unit vector c is inclined at an angle 0 to both ii and b.
If c=aii +Pb+y(axii) , then

(a) a= fJ (b) y2 = l-2a2 (c) y2 = -cos20 (d) p2 = l+cos20

2
16. Let PM be the perpendicular from the point P( 1, 2, 3) to the x-y plane. If OP makes an angle 0 with
the positive direction of the z-axis and OM makes an angle q> with the positive direction of x-axis,
where O is the origin and 0 and q> are acute angles, then
(a) cos0cosq> = l / ✓14 (b) sin0sinq, = 2 / ✓14 (c) tanq,=2 (d) tan0= ✓5 /3
2
17. C ons1.der a set of pomts
. Rm. th e space w h.1ch.1s at a d.1stance o f 2 umts
. from t he 1·me -x = -
y-l z+-
-= -
1 -1 2
between the planes x - y + 2z + 3 = 0 and x - y + 2z - 2 = 0

(a) The volume of the bounded figure by points Rand the planes is (1on✓3)1t cube units

(b) The area of the curved surface formed by the set of points R is {2O1t / ✓6) sq. units

(c) The volume of the bounded figure by the set of points R and the planes is (2O1t / ✓6) cubic units

(d) The area of the curved surface formed by the set of points R is (10 / ✓3)1t sq. units

lfil Numeric Value Answer

18. Let P(3, 2, 6) be a point in space and Q be a point on the line r = (i' - J+ 2k) + µ{-3i' + J+ 5k). Then,

the value ofµ for which the vector PQ is parallel to the plane x - 4y + 3z = 1 is
19. In the following figure, AB, DE and GF are parallel to each other and AD, BG and EF are parallel to
each other. If CD : CE = CG : CB = 2 : 1, then the value of area ( /J,. AEG): area ( /J,. ABD) is equal to
G F

A B
20. A plane passing through (1, 1, 1) cuts positive direction of co-ordinate axes at A, Band C, then the
minimum value of the volume of tetrahedron OABC
21. Let OABCD be a pentagon in which the sides OA and CB are parallel and the sides OD and AB are
parallel. Also OA : CB = 2 : 1 and OD : AB = 1 : 3
C B

·-. A
.AV
Vector and 3D 239

22. A right hexagonal prism has height 2. The bases are regular hexagons with side length 1. Any 3 ofthe 12 vertices
determine a triangle. Find the number of these triangles that are isosceles (including equilateral triangles.)
23. A pyramid has a triangular base with side lengths 20, 20, and 24. The three edges of the pyramid from the three
comers of the base to the fourth vertex of the pyramid all have length 25. The volume of the pyramid is m✓ n,
where m and n are positive integers, and n is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m + n.

(I) Integer Answer

24.

25.
Let a three-dimensional vector
then find the value of m.
V satisfies the condition,

The number of planes that are equidistant from four non-coplanar points is
2V +V x (i +2]) = 2i +k. If •
31PI = ✓
m,

26. Let r be a position vector of a variable point in Cartesion OXY plane such that --; (10 J- 8i - r) = 40
2 2
and P1 = max{Ir + 2i. -3j·1 },P2 = min{Ir +2i. -3j·1}. A tangent line is drawn to the curve y = 8!x2
at point A with abscissa 2. The drawn line cuts the x-axis at a point B.
Then find the value of [p2] here[.] is GIF
27. Let Al' A2, A 3 , A 4 be the areas of the triangular faces of a tetrahedron, and hi' h2, h 3, h4 be the
corresponding altitude of the tetrahedron. If volume of tetrahedron is 1/6 cubic units, then find the
minimum value of (A 1 + A2 + A 3 + A 4 )(h 1 + h 2 + h 3 + h4 ) (in cubic units).

g-.. .:
28.
Match the Following

(A)
Column-I

If lal = IEI =lei, angle between each pair of vectors is ~ and (p)
Column- II

3
•
la+ b +cl= ✓6, then 2 ]a] is equal to
(B) If ii is perpendicular to b + c, b is perpendicular to c +ii,c is (q) 2
perpendicular ii+ b, ]iii = 2, IEI = 3 and ]c] = 6, then

la+ b +cl- 2 is equal to

(C) ii= 2i +3}-k,b = -i +2}-4k, c = i + }+k and (r) 4

d=3i+2}+k, then ¼(axb).(cxd) is equal to

(D) If ]a]= IEI = ]c] = 2 and ii ·b =b ·c = c ·ii= 2 then [ iibcJcos45° (s) 5

is equal to
CODES:
A B C D
(a) p q r s
(b) s r q p
(c) q s p r
rl\
 240 MATHEMATICS
29.
Column-I Column-II
(A) The coordinates of a point on the line x = 4y + 5, z = 3y- 6 (p) (-1 , -2, 0)
at a distance 3 from the point (5, 3, -6) is/are

(B) . . the rmes -

The p lane contammg x --2 =-
y+- z+ 5 and
3=~ (q) (5, 0, -6)
3 5 7
parallel to i + 4} + 7 fc has the point
(C) Aline passes through two pointsA(2, -3, -1) and B(8, -1, 2). (r) (2, 5, 7)
The coordinates of a point on this line nearer to the origin
and at a distance of 14 units from A is/are
(D) The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from the (s) (14, 1, 5)
2 3
point (3, -1 , 11) on the line ~ = y - = z - is/are
2 3 4
CODES:
A B C D
(a) s r q p
(b) r q p s
(c) q p s r
(d) p s r q

RESPONSE SHEET

1. 0@©@) 2. 0@©@) 3. 0@©@)

4. 0@©@) 5. 0@©@) 6. 0@©@)
7. 0@©@) 8. 0@©@) 9. 0@©@)
10. 0@©@) 11. 0@©@) 12. 0@©@)
13. 0@©@) 14. 0@©@) 15. 0@©@)
16. 0@©@) 17. 0@©@) 18.

19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24.

25. 26. 27.

28. IAI IB I lei 1°1 29. IAI IB I lei 1°1

Vector and 3D 241

\ I , \ I ,

:. \. :
----·. .
.... I :
,
- --- Hints & Solutions
1
1. (a) (ax(ax(a x(axE)))) ⇒ cos0= -
2
= (a x(ax((a-E)a - (a-E)E)))

=(a x(ax(- 4E)))

⇒ le+ 3h1 =12a xEl
2 2

=- 4(ax(axE))
⇒ lcl2 +91El +2c ·3b =4liil2 IEl sin 2 0
2 2

= -4(( a-E)a - (a -a)E)

=- 4(-4E) =l6b =48b ⇒ c1-12+l44+6b- ·c = 48

⇒ lcl +96+6(E •c) =O
2
2. {b)(axE)x(rxc) .... (i)
.-. c = 2a x E- 3b
= ((ax E). c) r - ((ax E). r) .c
⇒ b-c=0 - 3x l 6
=[aEc Jr - [aErJc
:.b •c = - 48
Similarly, (;; xc) x(r xa) = [Eca Jr - [Ecr Ja
Putting value of b •c in Eq. (i)
and, (c xa) x(r xE) =[caEJr -[ciir]E
1cl2 +96 - 6x48 =o
⇒ (a xE)x(rxc)+(E xc)x(rxa)
⇒ 1c1 =48 x4
2

+(cxa) x(r xE)

⇒ lcl =192
2
=3[aEcJr - ([Ecr Ja +[car]E+[aErJc)
=3[aEcJr - [aEc Jr= 2[aEc Jr
Again, putting the value of lei in Eq. (i)
192+96+61b l•lc icosa = 0
3. {d) lal=1, IEl=4,a·b =2
⇒ 6 x 4 x 8✓3cosa = - 288
c = (2ii x E) - 3b
288 3
⇒ c + 3b = 2a x b
⇒ cosa= - - - =- ~
6 x 4 x 8✓3 2✓ 3
:.a·b=2 ✓3
⇒ cosa= - -
2
⇒ lal·lblcos0 =2
51t
:. a= ~
2
⇒ cos0 = -- = ~ 6
lal·IEI 4
 242 MATHEMATICS
4. (d) We must have 6. (b)Given plane is r. fi = q .... (i)
A A A)
').. (i - 3 j + 5k = a+
2k+2}-'i . Therefore, ➔
A(a)
3
3a =31('i-3}+5k)-(2k+2}-'i)

= 'i(31+1)- }(2+91)+k(151-2) ⇒ 3lal

= ✓(31+ 1) +(2+91) +(151-2)

2 2 2

⇒ 9 = (31+1)2 +(2+91}2 +(151 -2}2 B(6)

Let the image of A(a) in the plane be s(E)
⇒ 3151 2 -181 = 0 ⇒ ').. = o,2
35 Equation of AC is r =a+ ')..fi
If 1=0,a=i-2]-2k (not acceptable) (·: AC is normal to the plane) .... (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
F 2 _ 41 ~ 88 ~ 40 A

or ;.., = 35' a= 105 1 - 105 1 - 105 k (a +in).n = q

5. (a) Both the lines pass through origin. Line L 1
is parallel to the vector Vi_

Vi= (cos0+ Ji)'i + ( ✓2sin0 )} + ( cose-Ji)k 7. (a, b) Given one vertex A(7, 2, 4) and line

and L2 is parallel to the vector v2 x+6 y+lO

-- = - - = ~-
z+l4
5 3 8
V2 = ai + b} + ck General point on above line
. _ Vi_.V2 B = (5A.-6, 31-10, 81-14)
.. COS<l - lfi IIP2I Direction ratios of line AB are
< 5A.-13, 31-12, 81-18 >
= a(cos0+ ✓3)+( b✓2)sin0+c( cos0- ✓3)
Direction ratios of line BC are < 5, 3, 8 >
-Ja 2 +b2 +c2 x Since angle between AB and BC is 1t/4
✓( cos0+✓3)2 +2sin2 0+(cose-Ji)2 cos~ = (5A -3)5 + 3(31-12) + 8(81-18)
4 ,J52 +32 + 82.
_ (a+c)cos0+b✓2 sin0+(a - c) ✓3
- -Ja2 +b2 +c2 ✓2+6 ✓(51-13)2 +(31 -12)2 +(81-18)2
For cos u to be independent of 0, we get Squaring and solving, we have 11.=3, 2
a + c = 0 and b = 0 Hence equation of lines are

2a✓3 ✓3 x-7 = y -2 = z -4 and

:. COS<l = a✓2 2✓2 = 2 2 -3 6
x -7 y -2 z-4
1t
- - = --= - -
⇒ a=­
3 6 2
r..
Vector and 3D 243

8. (b)Any plane through (1, 0, 0) is Then 0 < p and q :S 1

a(x - 1) + by+ cz = 0 ... (i) Since EB+ BC+ CE = 0
It passes through (0, 1, 0)
pm(2i-6}+2k)+({-2})+
:. a(0-l) + b(l) + c(0)=0 ⇒ -a + b=0 ... (ii)
qn(-61 + 1s}-3f) = o
(i) makes an angle of ~ with x + y = 3, therefore
4 ⇒ (2pm+ 1-6qn )i' +(-6pm-2+ 15qn}} +
1t a(l}+b(l}+c(0)
cos- = ---============~,_~..:::-.::::::::: ( 2pm - 6qn} k =0
4 ,,Ja 2 + b 2 + c 2 ✓1 + 1 + 0
⇒ 2pm-6qn+1 = 0, -6pm-2+15qn = 0,
1 a+b
⇒ - = -----,====
2pm-6qn = 0
✓2 ✓2✓a2 +b2 +c2
⇒ a+b = ✓a2 +b2 +c 2
Solving these, we get
p = l/(2m) and q = 1 1 (3n)
Squaring, we get
:. 0 < 1 / (2m) :S 1 and 0 < 1 / (3n) :S 1
a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ⇒ m ~ 1 / 2 and n ~ I I 3

⇒ 2ab = c 2 ⇒ 2a2 = c 2 :. 0 < 1 / (2m) :S 1 and 0 < 1 / (3n) :S 1

⇒ m ~ 1 / 2 and n ~ 1 / 3
⇒ c =✓la (using (ii))
11. {b, c) AC= a + jj
Hence, a :b:c = a :a : ✓la
=1:1: ✓2

9. (a) The equation of the plane through the line of

intersection of the plane 4x + 7y + 4z + 81 = 0
and 5x + 3y + lOz = 25 is
(4x + 7y + 4z + 81) + A(5x + 3y + l0z-25) = 0
⇒ (4+5A)x+(7 + 3A)y + (4 + 10A) A ➔
a
z + 81-25A = 0 ....(i)
:. IAc l2 = 1a 12 +IEl2 +2a-E
Which is perpendicular to 4x + 7y + 4z + 81 = 0
⇒ 4(4 + 5A) + 7(7 + 3A) + 4(4 + 10A) = 0 2 2
= 13a -~l +la.+3~1 +2(3a -~)-(a+3~)
⇒ 8 U + 81 = 0

2
= 161a1 + 41~1 + 16a · ~
⇒ A, = -1 2
Hence the place is x - 4y + 6z = 106
10. (a, b) = 80 + 16(2)(2)(1/2) = 112

Let EB= p,AB and CE= qCD .-. 1ACl =4✓7

D B
IBDl = la - EI

IBnl2 = ]a ]2 + IEl2 - 2i'i. E

 244 MATHEMATICS

2 2
= 13u-Pl +la+3Pl -2(3a-p) -(a+3P)

2 2
=4 lul +41Pl = I6a-p

= 80 - 16(2)(2)(1/2) = 48

:.IBDl=4✓3
⇒ l.v + q + rl can take a value equal to ✓3 and 2
12. (b, d) d ·a= [abc ]cosy =-d ·(E +c)
14. (a,b)Given, ¼t--}J+-}k=(axb)x(cxd)
J-(E +c)
⇒ cosy=
[a·b·c] = [ aEJ]c-[abc ]J

J-(a +E) = [ aEJ]c

Similarly, sinx = _ ] and
[ iibc [:.ii, band c are coplanar]
d·(a+c) = - 2 [aEJ]=(axE)-J
[aEc]
= la X El 1a1 cos0 (": d J_ ii, d l_ b, :. d II ii X b)
: . sin x + cosy + 2 = 0
= absin3O° · 1·(±l)c-: 0 = 0 or 1t)
⇒ sinx+cosy = -2
1 1
⇒ sinx = -1,cosy = -1 = l·l· ·r l(± l) = ±
2
Since, we want the minimum value of
- 1- -2~
--+(1~
C-- J+ -2kA)-+i-2}+2k
-
x 2 + y 2 , x = -n I 2, y = 1t 3 3 3 3

:. The minimum value ofx2 + y2 is 5n2/4 15. (a, b, c, d) Since ii, band c are unit vectors
13. (c, d) Let ii, b and c lie in the x - y plane inclined at an angle 0

lal = IEl= l and cos0 =ii·c =b·c

Now c = aii +Pb +y(axb) .... (i)

⇒ a·c = a(a ·a)+P (a ·b +y{a·(ax E)}

⇒ cos0 = ala[ 2 (·: ii.b = 0, a.( ii x E) = o)

⇒ cos0 = a

Similarly, by taking dot product on both sides

of (i) by b ' we get p = cos e
= (1c- ~ - ~}2 +i(µ - v)2 :. a = ~
2 2 4
Vector and 3D 245

(neglecting negative sign as 0 and q> are acute)

Again, C = aa +Pb +y(axb)
sin0sinq> 2 ,1..
--- = - ⇒ tan'!'= 2
⇒ lcl = laa +Pb +y(axb)l2
2
sin 0cosq> 1

Also, tan0 = ✓5/3

=a2 la l2+P2 lb l2 +r2 1axbl2 +2ap(a-b)
17. (b, c) Distance between the planes is h = 5 I ✓6
+2ay{a •(ax b)} + 2Pr(b-{a x b}) Also the figure formed is cylinder, whose radius
is r = 2 units
⇒ l=a2 +p2+y2 1axb l2 Hence, the volume of the cylinder is
2 ( )2 56 = 201t b" .
⇒ 1 = 2a2 + y 2 {1a 12 lb l
2 2 1tr h = 1t 2 . ✓ ✓ 6 cu 1c umts.
sin 1t I 2}

1 2
Also the curved surface area is
⇒ 1 =2a 2 +y2 ⇒ a 2 = ~ 5 201t
2 21trh = 21t(2). ✓6= ✓ 6
But a=P=cos0
18. (0.25)
1=2a2 +y 2 ⇒ y 2 =1 - 2cos 2 0= - cos20
Given, OQ = (1 - 3µ)[ +(µ- 1)} +(5µ+2)k
:.p2 = 1- y2 = l+cos20 OP = 3t + 2} + 6k (where O is origin)
2 2
PQ
16. {b, c, d) If P be (x, y, z), then from the figure )
~ ~ ~

x = rsin0cosq>,y = rsin0sinq> and z = rcos0 i - 4j+3k

l = rsin0cosq>,2 = rsin0sinq> and 3 = rcos0
z

P(x, y, z)
Now,
PQ = (1-3µ- 3)[ +(µ- 1- 2)} +(5µ+2 - 6)k

= (- 2 - 3µ)i +(µ - 3)} +(5µ - 4)k

·: PQ is parallel to the plane x - 4y + 3z = 1

: . - 2 - 3µ -4µ+ 12+ 15µ -12 = 0
M

⇒ 12 + 22 + 32 = r 2 ⇒ r = ±✓14 ⇒ 8µ = 2 ⇒ µ= -
1
4
:.sin0cosq> = ~, sin0sinq> = ;..-; and 19. (3.50) Let A be the origin AB = a, AD = b
v 14 v 14
- - 3 - -
3 So, AE = b+- a, AG = a+3b
cos0 = ✓14 2
 246 MATHEMATICS

-11(a+3b-) x (-
2
b+-a
3
2
)I ⇒ -A.-)-c- ( -µ-
( A.+1 µ+1
)d- + (-l-)-
µ+1
a
So the required ratio = _
1
2laxbl ⇒ (__!:____)c = (~)(-E + 2c J
A.+1 µ+1 3
7
2 1
+(--)2( jj
µ+1
-c )( using(i)and(ii))
20. (4.50) Let the equation of the plane be

⇒ _!_+_!_+_!_=1
⇒(A.~l)c=[3iµ-:l)Jjj+[3(:~1}
~+X.+~=1
a b c a b
1
c
µ!1}
⇒ Volume of tetrahedron OABC = V = -(abc}

⇒(A.~l)c =[3~µ-:l)ljj
6
+[3~::~)}
Now (abct
3
~ l ~ l ~ 3 (G.M. ~ H.M.)
-+-+-

⇒ abc ~ 27 ⇒ V
a

~-
9
b c
⇒[3~µ-:1))E+[3~::~) A.~ll

2
21. (2.40) Let the position vectors of A, B, C and D
6-µ 2µ-6 A.
and be i'i,b,c and d, respectively ⇒ ~-~ = 0 and~-~ ---
3(µ + l) 3(µ+1) A+l
Then OA : CB = 2 : 1
⇒ OA=2CB = 0 ( as b and c are non-collinear)

⇒ a = 2(E-c) .... (i) ⇒ µ=6 A.=-

2
' 5
and OD : AB = I : 3
Hence OX: XC = 2: 5
3OD = AB
22. (52) We can consider two cases: When the
⇒ 3d = ( b- a) = b- 2 ( b - c) (using ( i)) three vertices are on one base, and when the
vertices are on two bases.
⇒ 3J =-E+2c .... (ii) Case 1: Vertices are on one base. Then we can
Let OX : XC =A.: 1 and AX : XD = µ: 1 call one of the vertices A for distinction. Either
the triangle can have sides 1, 1, ✓ 3 with 6
Now, X divides OC in the ratio A.: 1. Therefore,
cases or ✓ 3, ✓3,✓ 3 with 2 cases. This can be
A.C repeated on the other base for 16 cases.
P.V.of X = - .... (iii)
A+l Case 2: The vertices span two bases. WLOG
X also divides AD in the ratio µ : l call the only vertex on one of the bases X Call
µd +i'i the closest vertex on the other base B, and label
P.V.of X =- - .... (iv) clockwise C, D, E, F, G. We will multiply the
µ+l
following scenarios by 12, because the top
From (iii) and (iv), we get vertex can have 6 positions and the top vertex
can be on the other base. We can have XCG,
A.C = µd+i'i
XDF, but we are not done! Don't forget that
A.+1 µ+1
Vector and 3D 247

diagonal in a base is 2 and the height is 2, so

.... (ii)
XBE is also correct! Those are the only three
cases, so there are 12 x 3 = 36 cases for this From Eq. (i), we have
case.
_ _ (Ai +2jA)l2 =I2i+k
2V+Vx A Al2
In total there's 052 cases.
I
23. (803) We can place a three dimensional 2
2
coordinate system on this pyramid. WLOG or 4 1v 1 + lvx(i+2J)l =5
assume the vertex across from the line that has
2 2
length 24 is at the origin, or (0, 0, 0). Then, or 4 1v 1 + 1v 1 f + 2;1 sin e = 5
the two other vertices can be (- 12, - 16, 0) and
2 2 2
(12, -1 6, 0). Let the fourth vertex have or 4 jv j +5 jv j sin 0=5
coordinates of (x, y, z). We have the following
2 2
3 equations from the distance formula. or 4 1v 1 +5 1v 1 - 1 = 5
x 2 + y2 + z2 = 625 2
or 9 jv j = 6
(x + 12)2 + (y + 16)2 + z2 = 625
(x - 12)2 + (y + 16)2 + z 2 = 625 or 3 jvj = ✓6 =✓6=✓
m
Adding the last two equations and substituting :.m=6
25
inthefirstequation, wegettbaty= - , Ifyou drew 25. (7) Let the point be A, B, C and D.
2
The number of planes which have three points
a good diagram, it should be obvious that x = 0.
on one side and the fourth point on the other
. 25✓ 3
Now, solvmg for z., we get that z = - -. So, the side is 4. The number of planes which have two
2 points on each side of the plane is 3.
height ofthe pyramid is 25 ✓3 . The base is equal to
2 ⇒ Number of planes is 7.

the area of the triangle, which is .! ·24 -16 = 192. 26. (3) Let r = xi+ y}
2
x2 +y 2 +8x- l0y +40 =0, which is a circle
. 1 25✓3 ~
The volume 1s - -192· - - = 800--.,3. Thus, centre C(-4,5), radius r = 1
3 2
the answer is 800 + 3 = 803. PJ = max{(x + 2)2 +(y - 3}2}
24. (6)2V+vx(i+2})=(2i+k) .... (i)
2
p 2 = rnin{(x+2) +(y - 3)2}
or 2v-(i+2})+0=(2i+k) -(i+2})
Let P be (- 2, 3). Then
or 2v-(i +2}) = 2
CP = ✓2, r = 1
or lv-(i + 2;)12 = 1
2
P2 = (2✓2 - 1)2
2 2
or lvl · Ii+ 2} 1 cos 0 = 1
Pi = (2✓2 +1)2
(0 is the angle between V and i + 2} )
2 2 Pi + P2 = 18
or 1v 1 5(1 - sin 0)=1
 248 MATHEMATICS

Slope = AB= ( dy) = -2 (B) a is perpendicular to E+ c

dx (2, 2) ⇒ a-E+a•c=0 .... (i)
Equation of AB, 2x + y = 6 E is perpendicular to ii+ c
OA = 2t + 2}, OB= 3t ⇒ E-c+E•c=O .... (ii)

AB =t - 2} c is perpendicular to ii+ E
⇒ c-a+a-c-E =0 .... (iii)
AB. OB= (i - 2})(3i) = 3 From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
1 3V ii-b=b·c=c·ii=0
27. (8) Volume (V) = - A1h1 ⇒ h1 = -
3 Ai
:. la +E +cl= 7
. . 3V 3V 3V
S1m1larly, hi= - ,h3 = - and h4 = -
A2 A3 /4i (C) (a-c)(E-J) - (E-c)(a-J) = 21
So, (A1 +A2 +A3 +/4i)(/ii +hi +h3 +h4)
(D) We know that [ax EE x cc x a]= [aEc] 2
=(Ai +A2 +A3 +/4i) ( -3V + -3V + -3V + -3VJ a-a a -E a -c 4 2 2
Ai A2 A3 /4i 2
and [ aEc ] = E-a E-E E-c =2 4 2 =32
c ·ii c-E c·c 2 2 4
:. [ aEc] = 4✓2
Now using A.M. - H.M. inequality in AP A2,
A 3, A 4 , we get 29. (c)
Ai + A2+ A3+ /4i > 4 A. The given line is x = 4y + 5, z = 3y - 6,
4 -( 1 1
A1+A2+A3+/4i
1 lJ or
x- 5 z+6
- 4- =y, - 3- =y

or x - 5=2:'_=z+6="A. (say)
4 1 3
Any point on the line is of the form
Hence the minimum value of (4"A. + 5, "A., 3"A. - 6)
(Ai + A2 + A3+ /4i) (hi + hi + h3 + h4) The distance between (4"A. + 5, "A., 3"A. - 6) and
= 3V(16) = 48V = 48(1/ 6) = 8 (5, 3, - 6) is 3 units (given).
Therefore (4"A. + 5-5)2 + ("A.-3)2+ (3"A. - 6 + 6)2= 9
28. (c)
⇒ 16"A.2 + "A.2 + 9 - 6"A. + 9A.2 = 9
(A) la+E +cl= ✓6
⇒ 26"A.2 - 6"A.= 0
⇒ a2+E2 +c 2 +2a -E +2E-c +2c -a= 6 ⇒ "A. = 0, 3/ 1 3

The point is (5, 0, - 6)

Vector and 3D 249

B. The equation of the plane containing the lines Therefore, the required points are (14, 1, 5) and
x-
2 = Y + 3 = z + 5 and parallelto i + 4} + 7 k (-10, -7, -7). The point nearer to the origin is
3 5 7 (14, 1, 5)
-2 y +3 z +5 . . x x -2 z -3 .
D . Anypomton 1me AB, - - - = - - =A 1s
1 4 7 =0 2 3 4
3 5 7 M(2A, 3').._ + 2, 4A + 3). Therefore the direction
ratios of PM are 2A - 3, 3').._ + 3 and 4A - 8
⇒X - 2y + Z - 3 = 0 P (3, -1 , 11)
Point (-1 , -2, 0) lies on this plane
C. The line passing through points A(2, -3, -1)
. X - 2 _ y +3 _ Z +1
and B(8 - 1 2) 1s - - - - - - -
' ' 8-2 -1 + 3 2 + 1
A - - - -.......- - - - -B
or x-2 = y+ 3 = z +l = A (say) M
6 2 3
ButPM ..l AB
Any point on this line is of the form
:. 2(2A-3) + 3(3').._ + 3) + 4(4A-8) = 0
P(6').._ + 2, n- 3, 3'}.._-1), whose distance from
4'}. _ - 6 + 9'}.._+9 + 16A-32 = 0
pointA(2, - 3, -1) is 14 units. Therefore,
29A - 29 = 0
⇒ PA = l4
'}.._ = 1
⇒ PA = (14)
2 2
Therefore, foot of the perpendicular is
M(2, 5, 7)
⇒ (6'). _2 ) + (2i )2 + (3i)2 = 196

⇒ 49'}.._2 = 196
⇒ '}.._2 = 4 ⇒ A= ±2
 Probability

~ MCQs with One or More than One Option Correct

1. Susmit met his fast friend Ricky. Susmit asked Ricky, How many children do you have? Ricky replied 2,
further Ricky added that one of his son born on Sunday then what is the probability that he has two sons?
(a) 1/2 (b) 14/27 (c) 13/28 (d) 13/27
2. In a game show "Kaun Banega Dus Crore Pati" The host Mr. Kabir Khan gave the guest Mr Rajesh
a choice of three doors: Behind one door is a new shining car; behind the others, nothing. Mr. Rajesh
pick a door, say No. 1, and the host, Mr. Kabir Khan who knows what's behind the doors, opens
another door, say No. 3, which has nothing. He then says to Mr Rajesh, "Do you want to pick door
No. 2?" What he should do now to win the car?
(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 1 (d) 0
3. In a poker game what is the probability of getting a "pair" in five cards?
[A pair consists of2 cards of the same kind (e.g., 2 Kings) and 3 cards that are different from the kind
of the pair (e.g., different from Kings) and that are all different from each other.]
(a) 0.321 (b) 0.422 (c) 0.329 (d) None of these
4. If3 identical cards are coloured both the sides such that the first card are colored red, both sides of the
second card are colored black, and one side of the third card is colored red and the other side black.
The 3 cards are mixed up, and 1 card is randomly selected and put down on the ground. If the upper
side of the chosen card is colored black, what is the probability that the other side is colored red?
(a) 1/2 (b) 2/3 (c) 1/3 (d) None of these
5. In a bulb manufacturing company probability that a bulb is defective is 0.01. The company sells the
bulbs in a package of 10. After getting complains about defective bulb company decided to offer a
money back guarantee that at most of the 10 from the package is defective. What percentage of the
packages company has to replace?
(a) 1% (b) 4% (c) 5% (d) None of these
6. Two fair dice are thrown till outcome is 12. What is the probability that one has to do 20 throws for
this?

a
( )
(35)18 (_!_)2
36 36 (b) ( 35)
36 36
19
( 1)
(c) 1)
( 36
19
(35)
36 (d) None of these

7. 10 balls are thrown into three boxes namely Box 1, Box 2, and Box 3 with respective probabilities 1/4,
1/4 and 1/2. What is the probability that out of 10 balls, 1st box will get 2, 2 nd will get 3 and 3 rd box
will get 5 balls?
10! 1
(a) ---- (b) 15 (c) (d) None of these
(2!)(3!)(5!)(215 ) 2
Probability 251

8. India and Pakistan is playing a best four of7 match series. What is the probability that the tournament
ends up in 6 matches assume that no match ends up in a draw?
(a) 5/16 (b) 5/32 (c) 5/48 (d) None of these
9. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1, 2, ... , 15 respectively. Sevens coupons are selected at random one at a
time with replacement. The probability that the largest number appearing on a selected coupon as 9, is

(a) (t r
9
(b) (i r
8
5
(c) o-r (d) None of these

10. A box contains 100 tickets numbered 1, 2, ... 100. Two tickets are chosen at random. It is given that
the maximum number on the two chosen tickets is not more than 10. The minimum number on them
is 5 with probability is
(a) 7/15 (b) 3/5 (c) 13/15 (d) None of these
11. There is 30% chance that it rains on any particular day. Then in a period of7 days

(a) The probability that there is at least one rainy day within a period of7 days is 1-C
7
J 6

7
7
(b) The probability that there is at least one rainy day within a period of 7 days is 1-( )
10
(c) Given that there is at least one rainy day, what is the probability that there are at least two rainy

1-C~) 7 -1(/0) C 7o) 7

days is - - -- - -- --

l-C7or

(d) Given that there is at least one rainy day, what is the probability that there are at least two rainy

days is
1-(~r -1(&) (~r
1
-C
1
or
12. In a certain city two newspapers A and Bare published. It is known at 25% of the city population reads
A and 20% reads B while 8% reads both A and B. It is also known that 30% of those who read A but
not B look into advertisements and 40% of those who read B but not A look advertisements while 50%
of those who read both A and B look into advertisements then
(a) Percentage of those who read A but not Bis 17%
(b) Percentage of those who read A but not B is 19%
(c) Percentage of the population who reads an advertisement is more than 13%
(d) Percentage of the population who reads an advertisement is less than 14%
13. Akshat tossed an unbiased coin is. If the result is a head, a pair of unbiased dice is rolled and the number
obtained by adding the numbers on the two faces is noted. If the result is a tail, a cards from a well
shuffled pack of eleven cards numbered 2, 3, 4, .... 12 is picked and the number on the card is noted then-
(a) Probability of getting either 7 or 8 when pair ofunbaised dice is thrown is 11/36
(b) Probability of getting either 7 or 8 when pair ofunbaised dice is thrown is 13/36
(c) Probability that he noted number is either 7 or 8 is 193/792
<I) Pmha ilitv th t e note<I m mher i<: e'ther 7 or R i<: 19~/79?.
 252 ------------------- MATHEMATICS
14. There are 5 pairs of shoes in a shoe rack. Four shoes are drawn one by one at random then-
(a) probability that at least one pair of shoes is drawn is 13/21
(b) probability that at least one pair of shoes is drawn is 11/21
(c) probability that at no pair of shoes is drawn is 10/21
(d) probability that at no pair of shoes is drawn is 8/21

!ill
15.

16.
Numeric Value Answer

1/3, then find the probability that the larger one is greater than 3/4.
Two friends Shubham and Ankur decided to discuss Probability over phone. At a random moment
•
Two numbers are selected independently at random in the interval [O, l]. If the smaller one is less than

within period of 20 minutes, 'Shubham' telephones 'Ankur', waits for 2 minutes and then puts down
the receiver. During the same 20 minutes 'Ankur' arrives home at a random moment, stays for 5
minutes and then leaves. Find the probability that the two will discuss the probability over phone.
17. A line is divided at random in three parts, what is the chance that they form the sides of a possible
triangle?
18. Two real numbers, x and y, are selected at random, given that Os x s 1, 0 sys I. Find the probability
that y2 sx.

( I ) Integer Answer
19. •
Each of the 'n' urns contains 4 white and 6 black balls. The (n + 1)th um contains 5 white and 5 black
balls. One of the (n + 1) urns is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it without replacement.
Both the balls turn out to be black. If the probability that the (n + 1)th urn was chosen to draw the balls

is _!_ , then the value of f7._ is equal to

16 2
20. There are two boxes B I and B2 . B I contains 3 white and 7 black balls and B 2 contains 2 white and 8
black balls. One box is selected at random and a ball is drawn and its colour noted and replaced back to
the box. Again a ball is drawn from the same box its colour noted and replaced. This process is repeated
3 times. Ifwe get 2 balls of white colour and 1 ball of black colour and the probability that box I was
. k h k.
se1ected 1s - t en - 1s .

•
95 7

g-...: Match the Following

21.
Column I Column II
(A) A bag contains 4 red, & 6 white two balls are drawn at random. What is the (p) 31/32
probability that one of them is red and other is white
(B) A bag contains 6 apples, 4 bananas and 8 mangoes. If three fruits are drawn at (q) 8/15
random, then what is the probability that all the three are apples
(C) Fivecoins are tossed together.Whatistheprobabilitythatat leastonetail willappear? (r) 75/ 198
(D) Team of 5 is to be constituted out of 6 girls and 6 boys then what is probability (s) 5/204
that team has 3 girls 2 boys
Probability 253

22.
Column I Column II
(A) Aman and Binay are playing dart game and it is known that Aman can hit the (p) 5/11
target 4 out of 5 shots while Binay can hit the target 3 out of 4 shots, what is the
probability that target will be hit if both of them try
(B) Kushal and Karina are playing with a dice wherein they throw a dice alternately. (q) 1/4
Kushal wins if he throws a prime number and Karina wins if she throws a
composite number. Kushal starts the game and game continues till one of them
win. What is the probability that Kushal will win the game
(C) In the above question (B) what is the probability that Karina wins the game (r) 19/20
(D) Raj and Sanchita are playing game in which they throw a die alternately till (s) 3/4
one of them gets a six. Which one of the following could be the probability that
Sanchita win the game

f Passage Based Questions

Passage •
In a round robin chess tournament sixteen players Sl' S2' ... S16 play in a tournament. In the first round they
are divided into eight pairs at random. From each pair a winner is decided on the basis of a game played
between the two players of the pair. Assume that all the players are of equal strength.
23. Find the probability that the player S 1 is among the eight winners
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/8 (c) 1/16 (d) None of these
24. Find the probability that exactly one of the two players S 1 and S2 is among the eight winners
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/8 (c) 1/16 (d) None of these

RESPONSE SHEET

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4. G)(00@) 5. G)(00@) 6. G)(00@)
7. G)(00@) 8. G)(00@) 9. G)(00@)
10. G)(00@) 11. G)(00@) 12. G)(00@)
13. G)(00@) 14. G)(00@) 15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20.

21. IAI IBI lei 1° 1 22. IAI IBI lei 1° 1

23. G)(00@) 24. G)(00@)
 254 MATHEMATICS
\ I ,

:. \. :
·----- Hints & Solutions ____ __..,.'
\ I ,

..
.... I :

1
1. (d) Here we need to find sample space P and pt Children (boy) 2nd Children Total 7
then we have to calculate the favourable cases: (Girl) cases
Case (i) : 1st children is boy and born on Sun- Born on Sunday Born on
day then sample space is Born on Monday Sunday
1'1 Children 2nd Children (Boy) Total 7 Born on Tuesday
(boy) cases
Born on Wednesday
Born on Born on Sunday
Born on Thursday
Sunday Born on Monday Born on Friday
Born on Tuesday Born on Saturday
Born on Wednesday Now what is total sample space is it
Born on Thursday 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 = 28 NO ITS NOT.
Born on Friday Be careful and see the repetition if both the
Born on Saturday children are boy and born on Sunday (As shown
by dark cells in the above table) we have counted
Total 7 cases 2nd Children (Girl) Total 7 cases the same thing in 1st as well as 4th table.
Born on Born on Sunday So sample space is 28 - 1 = 27
Sunday And favourable cases is 14- 1 = 13
Born on Monday
So required probability is 13/27.
Born on Tuesday 2. (a) This is a famous Monty Hall Problem
Born on Wednesday (Named after the host of a game show).
Born on Thursday The correct answer is yes he should switch to
Born on Friday door no 2.
To understand the situation let us list down all
Born on Saturday
the possibilities:
Case (ii) : 2nd children is boy and born on
Door Door Door Result
Sunday then sample space is
No.1 No.2 No.3
1st Children (boy) 2nd Children Total 7 Case (i) CAR Empty Empty Switch and
(Boy) cases
loose
Born on Sunday Born on Case (ii) Empty CAR Empty Switch and
Sunday win
Born on Monday
Case (iii) Empty Empty CAR Switch and
Born on Tuesday
win
Born on Wednesday Case (iv) CAR Empty Empty Stay and win
Born on Thursday Case (v) Empty CAR Empty Stay and
loose
Born on Friday
Case (vi) Empty Empty CAR Stay and
Born on Saturday loose
So probability of winning if Mr Rajesh switch
is 2/3 and if not then 1/3.
Probability 255

3. (b)Total number of ways of selecting 2 cards 6. (b) In a throw of two dice probability that one
(6 x 13) and that for 3rd , 4 th and 5th card is 48, will get 12 is 1/36 and will not get 12 is 35/36.
44 and 40 ways, so total number of favourable As per the given condition in 1st 19 throw out-

c
cases is (78 x 48 x 44 x 40). come is not 12 and 20th throw outcome is 12 so
Sample space is 52C 5 = 2,598,560
Required Probability
required probability is G!) 19
1
6)

7. (a) As per the given condition 1st box will get

= 78 x 48 x 44 x 40 0.4ZZ(A rox.) 2, 2nd will get 3 and 3rd box will get 5 balls.
2598560 pp
Probability for box 1 is (1/4)2
4. (c) Let the three cards represent as (RR), (BB),
(BR) Probability for box 2 is (1/4)3
In this case we have to find the conditional Probability for box 3 is (1/2)5
probability
And these can be arranged in (10!)/(2!)(3 !)(5!)
P(BRIB)
ways.
{P(BIBR)P(BR)}
So required probability is
- {P(BIBB)P(BB) +P(BIBR)P(BR)}
+P(BIRR)P(RR)

10!

8. (a) Let India won the tournament, means India

Alternately: Let the three cards represent as won total 4 matches out of 6 and Pakistan won
(RR), (BB), (BR) only 2 matches, with the condition that India
won the last match.
If one face is red then we have following cases-
So if we look at the result of 1st 5 matches then
Front side Back Side India won 3 and Pakistan won 2 matches and
Black Black then 6th match is won by India.
Black Black
So required probability in this case is
Black Red

Out of three possible cases only one case is (5C )(2C )

3 2
(_!_)
26 = 5/32
favorable so required probability is 1/3.
A similar value we will get if Pakistan won the
5. (b) Probability that none of them are defective tournament-
is (0.1 ) 0(0.99) 10 and probability that one of So required probability is
them are defective is (1°C 1) (0.1)0(0.99) 10
5/32 + 5/32 = 5/16
Required proportion is
9. (d)Here sample space is 157
1- (0.1)0(0.99) 10 - (1°c, (0.1)0 (0.99) 10
Favorable cases are (97 - 87)
= 0.04 (approx) . . . . 97 - 87
So requrred probab1hty 1s - --
7
1"
 256 MATHEMATICS
10. (c) Let assume that E be the event that has
maximum number on the two chosen tickets
is not more than 10, that is the no. on them :<;IO
and D the event that the minimum no. on them
is 5 that the minimum no. on them is 5 that is
the no. on them is ~ 5. We have to find P (EID).
Now P(E/D) = P(E n D) / P(E) 12. (a, c, d) Let P(A) and P(B) denote the percentage
of city population who read newspapers A and B .
= n(E n D) / n(E) Then from given data, we have P(A) = 25%
Now the number of ways of getting a number 1 1
' a' on the two tickets is coefficient of xa in the = , P(B) = 20% =
expansion of (x 1 + x 2 + ... + x 100)2
4 5
2
= x2 (1 + ... + x99)2 = x2 [(1 - xl00)/(1 - x)]2 P(A n B) = 8% = - .
25
= x2 (1 - 2x100 + x200) (l - xt2 :. Percentage of those who read A but not
Now, x2(1 - 2x100 + x200)(1 + 2x +3x2 + 4x3 + . .. ) B = P(A n B) = P(A) - P(A n B)
Thus, co eff. ofx2 = 1, ofx3 = 2, ofx4 = 3 of
xlO = 9 = _l_ _ 2 = _!2_ = 17%
4 25 100
Hence, Similarly P( An B ) = P(B) - P(A n B)
n(E n D) = 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 39
= _1_ _ 2=2- = 12%
N(E) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 9 = 45 5 25 25
Therefore, required probability If P( C) denote the percentage of those who
look into advertisement, then from the given
= P(D/E) = 39/45 = 13/ 15 data we obtain
3 - 7
11. (b,d)p(r) = so p(r) = . P(C) = 30% of P(A n B) + 40% of P(A n B)
10 10 + 50% of P(A n B)
The probability of at least one rainy day in 7
3 17 2 3 1 2
= - x- +- x- +- x-
days P(A) = 1- c : r 1O 100 5 25 2 25
= 51+48 +40 = 139 = 13.9%
Now the probability that at least two rainy days 1000 1000
in 7 days.
Thus the percentage of population who read an
advertisement is 13.9%.
P(B) = 1- ( 170) 7 - 7 Ci ( 1~) ( 1: ) 6
13. (a, d) LetE1 be the event of getting head, E 2 be
P(B r. A) the event of getting tail and let E be the event
Hence P(BIA) = P (A) that noted number is 7 or 8 then

1 1
P(E1) = 2; P(E2) = 2
1- ( ~ r - 7c1(~)(~r P(EIE 1) = P

l - c ~r (getting either 7 or 8 when pair of unbiased

dice is thrown)
Probability 257

y. y=
,,, ,,, ,,, , y 3 /4
,,, ,,,
,,, ,,, ,,,
(getting either 7 or 8 when a card is picked
,,, ,,, ,,,
from the pack of 11 cards) ,,, ,,, .
,,,
2 ,,, ,,, y 1/3
, X
11 0 x= l
·: E 1 and £ 2 are mutually exclusive and '
y= 1/3 y= 3/4
exhaustive events

P(E) = P(E1) P(EIE 1) + P(E 2) P(EIE 2) Now we need to find

1 11 1 2 p = {M ~ 3/4 Im::,; 1/3} = P {M ~ 3/4, m::,; 1/3}/

= - ·- + - ·- P{m ::,; 1/3}
2 36 2 11
11 1 193 Now, P{m ::,; 1/3} = Shaded Area L
= - +- =~
72 11 792
1 1 1 5
14. (a, d) The probability that at least one pair is andM = - + - - - = -
drawn = 1 - (None of them is a pair) 3 3 9 9
P {M ~ 3/4, m ::,; 1/3} = Shaded Area A and
= 1-10 -~-~.i= 1-_!_ = .!.l, B = 2 x - •- = -
1 1 1
10 9 8 7 2 1 21 3 4 6
15. (0.3) Here S = {(x, y): 0 ~ x, y ::,;; I ; so that p = (1/6)/(5/9) = 3/10
geometric configuration is a unit square.
16. (0.3 1) Let Shubham gives a ring at xth minute
Or sample space is an area of 1 square unit. Ankur arrives at yth minute.

Let M = max (x, y) and m = min(x, y) They will talk to each other only when above
y two time will coincide.

•
x- 5 X
2mts
•
(Reaching time ofAnkur)

y can reach anytime

where O~ x ::,;; 20 & 0 ::,; y ::,;; 20.

Hence, y ::,;; x + 2 & y ~x - 5

1/3 or y - x ::,;; 2 & x - y ~ 5

 258 MATHEMATICS
y The conditions (1 ), i.e favorable case, are
only satisfied by points in the triangle LMN,
while the conditions (2), i.e sample space are

l18
v x- y= 5
satisfied by all points within the triangle OXY,
the required probability = (Area of triangle

lco,2 1 LMN)/(Area of triangle OXY) = 1/4 = 0.25.

/
(0, 5) 20
rX
18. (0.67) Assume that a point with coordinates (x,
y) corresponds to the pair of numbers x and y.

Now the sample space is a square whose sides

n(S) ~ 20 14 15- - + are unit segments of the coordinate axes.

n(S) = 20 x 20 = 400 And the favorable cases is a figure whose set of

points corresponds to area bounded by the y2 ~ x.
n(A) = 40o-[324 + 225] = 400 _ 549 = 251
This area can be calculated by the formula
2 2 2
251 1 251 I 2 2
:. p = 2 400 = 800 = 0 ·31 S= fJ~ = 3x 3/ 2 = 3
0
17. (0.25) Let AB be the straight line divided at P
and Q, and suppose AB = a. Since the area of a unit square is unity, is
follows that P(A) = 2/3 = 0.67.
AP = x andBQ = y
y 19. (5)
X

A p Q B Let E I denotes the event that one of the first

n urns is chosen and £ 2 denote the event that
Now from properties of triangle we must have (n + l)th um is selected.
x < a/2, y < a/2, PQ < a/2, or (a - x + y) < a/2 A denotes the event that two balls drawn are
or x + y > a/2 ... (1) n 1
black. Then p(E1) = - , P(E2) = -
n+l n +l
And for the possible cases, we must have
x > 0 and < a, y > 0 and < a, x + y < a. . .. (2)
1
6
P(NE1) = ~ = - and
c
C2 3
Again we take a pair of rectangular axes OX, 5
OY, let each be equal to a. X, Y and bisect XY, 2
P(NE2) = ~ =-
c
OX, OY in M, N , L respectively. Then LN C2 9
is the line x + y = a/2, MN, LM are the lines Using Baye's Theorem, required probability
x = a/2, y = a/2 respectively.
~
P(E2 }P(A I E2)

⇒n= 10
Probability 259

20. (9) (D) Out of 12 students 5 can be selected in 12C 5

The probabiliy of getting two balls of white
= (12 x 11 x 10 x 9 x 8)/120 = 792 ways and
the number of ways of selecting 3 girls and 2
colour and 1ball of black colour is
boys is 6C 3 x 6C 2 = 20 x 15 = 300.
p =_!_[3 x 3 x7x l} + 2x2x8 xl}l So required probability is 300/792 = 75/198
2 [J(l 0)3 [J(l 0)3 (D) ➔ r

The required probability 22. (A) ➔ r; (B) ➔ s; (C) ➔ q; (D) ➔ p

(A) Probability that Aman will hit the target is
! ( 9 x 21 )
2 100 63 P(A) = 4/5 and probability that Aman will not
hit the target is P(A') = 1 - 4/5 = 1/5.
- ! ( 9 x 21 + 4 x 24) 95
2 100 100 Probability that Binay will hit the target is P(A)
= 3/4 and probability that Binay will not hit the
21. (A) ➔ q; (B) ➔ s; (C) ➔ p; (D) ➔ r target is P(A') = 1 - 3/4 = 1/4
(A) Here sample space is selecting 2 out of 10 Probability that none of them will hit the target
i.e 10C 2 and 2 balls can be selected in 4C 1 x 6C 1 is P(A' n B ') = 1/5 x ¼ = 1/20
ways such that one of them is red and the other
is white hence required probability is So probability that at least one of them will hit
the target is 1 - 1/20 = 19/20
4x6x2 8
= A➔r
10 X 9 15
(A) ➔ q (B) Let P(A) probability of getting a prime
number = 3/6 = 1/2 then P(A') = 1/2
(B) Total number of fruits is 6 + 4 + 8 = 18, so
three fruits can be selected in 18 C 3 ways and And P(B) = probability of getting a composite
that represents the sample space. number 2/6 = 1/3 then P(B') = 2/3

3 apples can be selected out of 6 in 6C 3 ways so Now consider Kushal wins the game it is
6C3 possible in following cases-
required probability is
18C3 Case (1) in one throw- if kushal gets a prime
=P(A) = 1/2
6x 5 x 4 5
18x 17 x l 6 204 Case (2) in three throws- Ifkushal fails to get a
Alternately: Probability that 1st one is apple is prime in 1st throw, Karina fails to get composite
in 2 nd throw and Kushal gets a prime in 3rd
6/ 18, 2 nd one apple is 5/17 and 3 rd one apple is
throw, in this case probability is P(A') x P (B')
4/16 so required probability is
x P(A) = 1/2 x 2/3 x 1/2 = 1/6

6x5 x4 5 Case (3) in 5 throw then similar to above case

18 X 17 X 16 204 probability is
(B) ➔ s (1/2) X (2/3) X (1/2) X (2/3) X (1 /2) = 1/18
(C) Probability that none of them will appear And this process will continue and the required
tail is ( 1/2) 5 = 1/3 2 probability is (1/2) + (1/6) + (1/18) + ..... oo
So required probability that at least one tail will 1
appear is 1 - 1/32 = 31/32
(C) ➔ p
Or required probability -2y = ¾
1--'.l
 260 MATHEMATICS

B ➔ s So the player S I will be among 8 winners as

there are 8 pairs.
(C) Probability that Karina will win the game is
1 - 3/4 = 1/4 Hence the required probability

C➔ q l 1 1
P(Si)= 8· 2= 16.
(D) Probability of getting a six is 1/6
Alternately
If Sanchita starts the game then the probability
that she wins is All of them have equal probability so for a
1 particular player required probability is 1/16.
6 6
(¼)+ ( ¾) (¾) (¼)+ ..... oo = 1- 25 = 11 24. (d) Here the required probability

56 = P(S1)-P(S2) + P(S2)-P( )
And if Raj starts the game then probability that 1 7 8
Sanchita wins the game is 1 - 6/11 = 5/11 P(S2) = 15+ 15 = 15
D➔p

23. (c) Here the probability of winning is 1/2 for

each player in a pair as all players are of equal
strength.
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