CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

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Components of Chapter Two
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition of Key Concepts
2.3 Theoretical Literature Review
2.4 Empirical Literature Review
2.5 Knowledge Gap/Research Gap
2.6 Conceptual Framework
2.7 Conclusion
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IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Helps to avoid unnecessary repetition of
works.
2. Helps to determine recommendations for
further researches.
3. Helps to refine or improve research objectives.
4. Helps the researcher to study theories related
to the topic.

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IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW Cont..
5. Helps to identify the strengths & weaknesses
of the previous related researches.
6. Helps to expose researcher to various
research methodologies that are appropriate
to his or her or their research.
7. Helps to avoid plagiarism
8. Helps to select adequate samples

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GUIDELINES ON MAKING LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Start with recent documents.
2. Start with general but relevant documents then
narrow down to Research Questions.
3. Intensive reading.
4. Read the literatures relate to study.
5. Compare and contrast previous related researches
6. Provide the findings and conclusions of the
previous researches.
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GUIDELINES ON MAKING LITERATURE REVIEW
7. Avoid to reproduce the same material. Describe,
summarize, paraphrase, evaluate, criticize.
8. Use italics and quotation marks when referring
exact words of author.
9. Acknowledge the author.

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Sources of information:
Books E-sources
Theses Articles
Dissertations Dictionaries, etc.
Journals
Newspapers,
Internet

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2.1 Introduction
The introduction is an overview of not more
than one hundred (100) words.

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2.2 Definitions of Key Concepts
These are technical terms from the heart of the
study. They help readers to understand the
appropriate meaning, scope, and boundary as
used in the research study.
Provide at least 2 to 5 different definitions from
the objectives which you think normal people
would not understand them literally.

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2.3 Theoretical Literature Review
Theory/Theories or the Model: Guided the
Study: X....Causing…Y
Land use change theory:
Conservation biology theory:
• State the statement of the theory/model or the
overview;
• State the author(s) of the theory and year of
establishment;
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• State the variables of the theory and link to the
study;
• State the development of the theory;
• What criticisms/weaknesses do we have, how
can the weaknesses of theory be
complemented?
• Why is it relevant to your study despite of
criticisms;

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Example of theories/models:
• Systems theory
• Theory of auctions and competitive bidding
• Principal-agent theory
• Contract theory
• Transaction cost economic theory
• Institutional theory
• Organization Behaviour theory
• Supply chain management theory
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2.4 Empirical Literature Review
Should be sectioned as per the specific
objectives. The suggested variables should be
sub-headings of the review to form a framework
that would help analysis.

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Two main approaches of writing empirical
literature review (Creswell, 2012):
1. Chronological/Study-by-study Literature
Review
In this approach each paragraph contains
information from a single source in order
of their appearance.

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A chronological literature review entails
organizing and discussing the existing research
literature on a topic, starting from the earliest
published works and progressing to the most
recent ones. This approach allows researchers to
trace the development of knowledge on a specific
subject, highlighting key milestones, major
theories, and shifts in perspectives. By presenting
an overview of the sequence of studies, a
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chronological literature Nkongo facilitates the
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The paragraph should be in the following flow:
Who did the study?
When did the study done?
What did he/she/they do research related to?
Where did the research conducted?
What was a research design used?
What methods of collecting data used?
What are findings obtained?
What are the conclusion of the study?
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Note: The literatures should be arranged in
ascending order according to the year of
publications.

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2. Thematic Literature Review
Group and discuss your sources in terms of
the themes or topics they cover;

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Chapter Two- Literature Review Cont.…
2.5 Research Gap
Outline the gaps in knowledge as per the above
literature review.
• Show how studies relate or contradict amongst
them and provide reasons for.
• Show the gap from articles you have reviewed
(acknowledge & criticize);

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Chapter Two- Literature Review Cont.…
The gap may be due to
the
• Limited scope • Study area
• Objectives • Sample size
• Theoretical grounded • Sampling Technique
• Research approach • Analysis techniques
• Research design
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2.6 Conceptual Framework
The researcher has to conceptualize, identify
and select a broad discipline before short
listing the final aspects to be studied. Then it
is to find out which of these aspects generate
the maximum interest and lead one to work
with enthusiasm and perseverance.

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Conceptual frameworks are presented
graphically/diagrammatically. It shows the
interaction between independent and
dependent variables.

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Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Food Taste

Speed of Service Customer Satisfaction

Staff Performance

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Chapter Two- Literature Review Cont.…
2.7 Conclusion
In section a researcher makes a conclusion
about chapter two.

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