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Concept Map

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Important Terms
1. Magnetic field: The space surrounding a magnet in which its influence in the form of magnetic force can be detected,
is called magnetic field.
2. When an electric current is passed through a conductor, then a magnetic field is produced around the conductor, i.e.,
the conductor behaves like a magnet, as long as the current flows through it.
3. Ampere’s swimming rule: Imagine a swimmer, swimming in the direction of flow of current and always looking
towards the needle, such that current enters from his feet and leaves from his head. The direction in which the left hand
of the swimmer points, gives the direction of motion of the north pole of the magnetic needle.
4. SNOW Rule: The direction of motion of the north pole of the magnetic needle can be found out by the remembering
the word SNOW, where S stands for south, N for north, O for over and W for west.
5. Right hand thumb rule: Imagine you are holding the conductor with the palm of your right hand, such that fingers
encircle the conductor and the thumb points in the direction of the current. Then the direction of the fingers encircling
the conductor, gives the direction of the magnetic lines of force around it.
6. Solenoid: An insulated copper wire wound on some cylindrical cardboard or plastic tube, such that its length is greater
than its diameter and it behaves like a magnet when a current is made to flow through it, is called a solenoid.
7. Electromagnet: A solenoid which has an iron core within it is called electromagnet. The iron core intensifies the
magnetic field of the solenoid, as iron gets magnetised due to magnetic induction.
8.

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Fleming’s left hand rule: Stretch the thumb, the fore finger and the middle finger of your left hand mutually at right
angles to each other, such that the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger in the
direction of flow of current. Then thumb gives the direction of motion of conductor.
9.
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Electric Motor: An electric motor is a device which converts electric energy into mechanical energy.

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10. Commutator: A rotating device which changes the direction of current after every half rotation is called the commutator.

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11. Fleming’s right hand rule: Stretch the palm of your right hand in such a way that the thumb, the fore finger and the
middle finger are mutually at right angles to each other. Now point the thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor
and fore finger in the direction of the magnetic field. Then the direction of the middle finger gives the direction of the
induced current.

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12. Electromagnetic Induction: The phenomenon due to which a changing magnetic field within a conductor or closed
coil induces electric current in the conductor or a coil is called electromagnetic induction.

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13. Induced current: The alternating current produced in a conductor or a closed coil, when the magnetic lines of force
rapidly change in it, is called the induced current. Induced current is always alternating in nature.

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14. Alternating current: An electric current in which the direction of current changes after equal intervals of time is
called alternating current (AC). The electric current supplied for domestic or industrial use is alternating current.
15. Electric generator: It is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. It converts mechanical energy to
electric energy.

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Chapter - 1 - NOTES
1. A magnet is an object which attracts pieces of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt. In 1820, H.C. Oersted experimentally
demonstrated that an electric current carrying wire behaves like a magnet.
2. Bar Magnet
a) A bar magnet is a long, rectangular bar of a uniform cross-section which exhibits magnetic property and attracts
pieces of iron, steel, etc.
b) A bar magnet is characterised by the following properties:
1. A bar magnet, when freely suspended from a rigid support, comes to rest in equilibrium position in approximately
nort-south direction. The end of a magnet pointing towards north is called north seeking or north pole (N) of the
magnet. The other end of the magnet that points towards south is called south seeking or south pole (S) of the
magnet.
2. It is observed that like magnetic poles (N and N or S and S) repel each other whereas unlike magnetic poles (N
and S) attract each other.
3. Magnetic Compass
a) A magnetic compass consists of a small aluminium box and a small magnetic needle which is pivoted at the centre
of the box. The needle is free to rotate in a horizontal plane on pivot.
b) The top of the box consists of a glass cover so that the direction of magnetic compass needle may be easily
observed .

4. Magnetic Field

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c) A compass needle gets deflected when brought near a bar magnet on account of the force experienced by it due
to magetic the field of the given bar magnet.

magnet can be detected, is said to have a magnetic field.

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a) A magnet exerts its influence in the region surrounding it. The region surrounding a magnet, in which the force of

b) The existence of a magnetic field around a magnet can be easily demonstrated by the following activity.
Activity

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To demonstrate the existence of magnetic field around a magnet
Take a drawing board and fix a sheet of white paper on it using some adhesive gum (or brass drawing pins). Place

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a bar magnet NS symmetrically in the centre of the paper. Gently, sprinkle some iron filling uniformly around the bar

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magnet using a salt sprinkler. Now gently, tap the drawing boardand obsreve the iron filing. The iron filing are found

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to arrange themselves in a pattern as shown in the adjoining figure.

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This clearly demonstrates that the iron filings experience a force due to the magnetic field of the given bar magnet .
The force exerted makes iron filings to arrange in a pattern. It shows beyond any doubt that a magnetic field exists
around a magnet.

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c) Magnetic field of a magnet is commonly detected by using a small-sized compass needle. If a compass needle is

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brought within the magnetic field of a maget, the compass needle gets deflected and gets aligned along the
direction of magnetic field.
d) Magnetic field (generally expressed by the symbol B) at a point is a vector having both magnitude and a direction
of its own. The direction of the magnetic field is taken to be the direction in which the north pole of a compass
needle moves inside it.
e) Moreover, the strength of magnetic field (i.e, the force experienced by compass needle as measured by deflection
in the compass needle) decreases as one goes away from the poles of the given magnet.
f) The SI unit of magnetic field is called tesla (1 T) in the honour of the scientist Nikola Tesla (1856-1943).
5. Magnetic Field Lines
a) Magnetic field lines indicate the direction of magnetic field.
b) The lines along which the iron filings align themselves around a magnet represent magnetic field lines. We can
precisely define a magnetic field line as follows:
Definition
A magnetic field line is a smooth curve around a magnet (or in a magnetic field) such that the tangent at any point of
it gives the direction of magnetic field at that point. Alternately, a magnetic field line is the path along which a
hypothetical free north pole would tend to move.
6. Plotting of Magnetic Field Lines
To draw the field lines of a bar magnet, we perform a simple activity as given below:
Activity
To plot magnetic field lines around a bar magnet
Take a bar magnet and a small compass needle. Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board using some adhesive
gum. Place the given bar magnet in the centre of paper and mark its boundary too. Place the magnetic compass near

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the north pole of the magnet. Obviously, the south pole of the compass needle points towards the north pole of the
magnet and the north pole of the compass needle is directed away from the north pole of the magnet. Mark the
position of the two ends of the compass needle. Now move the compass to a new position such that its south pole
exactly occupies the position previously occupied by its north pole. In this way proceed step-by-step till you rech the
south pole of the magnet as shown in the adjoining figure. Join the points marked on the paper by a smooth curve.
This curve represents a magnetic field line. Mark arrow marks along the line tto represent the direction of magnetic
field. Repeat the procedure given above and draw as many field lines around the magnet as you can. Now, you have
drawn the magnetic field lines around the given magnet.
7. Properties of Magnetic Field Lines
a) In space outside a magnet, the magnetic field lines emerge from north pole N and merge at the south pole S.
However, inside the magnet, the direction of magnetic field lines is form its south pole to its north pole . Thus, the
magnetic field lines are closed curves.
b) The tangent drawn on a magnetic field line at any point gives the direction of magnetic fieldd at that point.
c) No two magnetic field lines can ever intersect each other at any point.
d) The degree of closeness of magnetic field lines gives the relative strength of the magnetic field.
8. A Uniform Magnetic Field
Magnetic field is said to be uniform if strength as well as direction of the magnetic-field is exactly same at all points.
A uniform magnetic field is represented by parallel, equidistant straight lines.
9. Field Lines Due to the Pair of Bar Magnets

lines emerge from north pole of one magnet and end at south pole of another magnet.
10. Magnetic Effect of Current- Oersted’s Experiment

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If two bars magnets are placed close to each other with their opposite poles facing each others, then magnetic field

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In 1820, a Danish sscientist Hans Christian Oersted experimentally demonstrated that a compass needle gets de-
flected when an electric current is passed through a metallic wire placed nearby. It means that an electric current-
carrying wire behaves like a magnet.

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Activity
To show magnetic effects of a current -carrying wire

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Let us take a straight thick copper wire to length about 20cm-30cm and join it between the points X and Y in an

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electric circuit consisting of a battery of 3-4 cells, a key K and resistor R are joined in series as shown in the adjoining

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figure. The wire is kept perpendicular to the plane of paper, that is, in the vertical direction.

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Place a small-sized magnetic compass near to this copper wire on the paper (table). When electric circuit is open, the

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compass needlelies along north-south direction. Note the position of a compass needle.
Now, close the electric circuit by plugging the key so that a current I starts flowing through the circuit. We observe

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that the compass needle is immedialty deflected from its equilibrium position. The deflection of compass needle

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means that the electric current through the copper wire has produced a magnetic field around it.

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11. Direction of Magnetic Field Due to a Current-carrying Conductor
The direction of magnetic field depends on the direction of current flow and gets reversed on reversing the direction
of current flow in the wire.
Activity
To show the direction of magnetic field developed due to flow of current through a conductor (wire)
Make a series circuit of a long straight copper wire, a battery of three cells and a plug key as shown in the figure
given along side. Set the straight copper wire parallel to and over a magnetic compass needle. Plug the key so that a
current start flowing through the circuit.
Carefully observe the direction of deflection of the compass needle. It is found that if current flows to copper wire
from north to south. The wire is over the compass needle, then the north pole to the compass needle deflects (moves)
towards the east.
Now, reverse the connectons of a battery of 3 cells in the circuit so that the direction of current flow is reversed in
the circuit. Such that in copper wire, current flows from south to north. Plug the key and again observe the direction
of deflection of the needle. It is found that now the north pole of campass needle moves towards the west. It means
that on reversing the direction of current flow in the wire the direction of magnetic field(and hence, the direction of
deflection of magnetic needle) also gets reversed.
12. Magnetic Field Due to a Current Through a Straight Conductor
The pattern of magnetic field around a current-carring conductor depends on the shape of the conductor.
Activity
Take a rectangular cardboard sheet. Insert a long straight thick copper wire XY through the centre and normal to the
plane of cardboard. Fix the cardboard using some clamp arrangement so that it does not slide up or down.
Take a 12 V battery, a variable resistance (or a rheostat)Rh, an ammeter A of range 5 A and a plug key K. Connect

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the copper wire between the point X and Y in series with a battery, a key, an ammeter and a rheostat as shown in the
figure given alongside
Sprinkle some iron filling uniformly on the cardboard. Ensure that the cardboard remains horizontal and wire XY
perfectly vertical. Close the key so that a curernt starts flowing in the circuit. Set the variable of the rheostat at a
suitable fixed position so that a constant current I flows. Note the current I through the ammeter.
Gently, tap the cardboard a few times and keenly observe the pattern of the iron filings It is observed that the iron
filings align themselves forming a pattern of concentric circles around the current-carrying copper wire XY.
13. Exact Direction of Magnetic Field at a Point
a) To know the exact direction of magnetic field at a point, we place a small- sized magnetic compass needle there
and observe the direction of the needle.
b)The direction of the north pole of the compass needle tells us the direction of the field lines produced by the electric
current through the straight wire at the given point.
c) If current I is flowing through the vertical copper wire in vertically upward direction (i.e., from Y to X in the
figure), the magnetic field lines are concentric circles around the wire and the directionof magnetic field (or field
lines) is in an anticlockwise direction on cardboardsheet.
14. Exact Direction of Magnetic Field at a Point
a) To known the exact direction of magnetic field at a point, we place a small-sized magnetic compass needle there
and observe the direction of the needle.
b) The direction of the north pole of the compass needle tell us the direction of the field lines produced by the electric

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current through the straight wire at the given point.
c) The direction of magnetic field around a straight current-carring wire.

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d) If current I is flowing through the vertical copper wire in vertically upward direction ( i.e., from Y to X in the
figure), the magnetic field lines are concentric circles around the wire and the direction of magnetic field (or field
lines) is in an anticlockwise direction on cardboard sheet.
15. Effect of reversing the Direction of Current Flow

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a) Let the battery connections be reversed. So that current in copper wire XY starts flowing in vertically downward
direction .

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b) Again, note the direction of magnetic field at a point on cardboard sheet using a compass needle. It is observed
that even now the magnetic field lines form concentric circles but direction of field lines is clockwise now.

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c) Thus, we conclude that direction of magnetic field produced by a straight current-carrying conductor gets re-
versed on reversing the direction of current flow in the wire.
Factors Affecting Strength of Magnetic Field Developed at a Point Due to Current Flow in a Straight
Conductor.

two fctors.

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The strength of magnetic field developed at a point due to Current flow in a straight conductor depends on following

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1. The amount of current ‘/’ flowing through the conductor
a) If amount of current / flowing in a straight conductor. Increased by adjusting the rheostat,the deflection of the
magnetic needle placed at a point on the cardboard sheet increases.
b) However, if current flowing through the conductor is reduced, then the deflection of the magnetic needle is also
found to decrease.
c) From this, we conclude that the strength of magnetic field B generated at a given point is directly proportional to
the amount of current / flowing through the straight conductor.
Thus, mathematically, magnetic field (B)  amount of current (I)
2. The normal distance (r) from the conductor
a) If the compass needle is placed on the cardboard sheet at a point near the current -carrying straight conductor
then the deflection of the needle is more.
b) However, if for the same current flow through the wire the compass needle is placed at a point farther from the
conductor, then the needle shows less deflection .
c) From this we conclude that the strength of magnetic field B at a point due to a current-carrying straight conductor
decreases as the normal distance r of the point from the conductor is increased.
d) Detailed mathematical analysis shows that the strength of magnetic field at a point near the current-carrying
straight conductor is inversely proportional to the normal distance r of the point from the conductor.
1
Thus, we have B
r
17. Right-Hand Thumb Rule for Direction of Magnetic Field Generated Due to a Current- Carrying Conduc-
tor
a) Imagine holding a current-carrying straight conductor in your right hand such that the thumb of right hand points
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along the direction of current

b) Then,the fingers of the hand will wrap around the conductor in the direction of the field lines of the magnetic field.
c) As per application of right-hand thumb rule, we find that for a current flowing vertically upward direction, the
magnetic field lines are concentric circles in a horizontal plane in an anticlockwise direction.
d) However, if current is flowing in vertically downward direction, the field lines form concentric circles in a horizon-
tal plane in a clockwise direction.
Example
A constant current I flows to a straight conducting wire AB set in the plane of paper. Find the direction of magnetic
field B at points (a) M, and (b) N.
Solution
On applying right-hand thumb rule, we find that
a) The magnetic field B at point M is in a direction perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed into it. Such a
magnetic field is symbolically represented as  B
 .
b) The magnetic field B at point N is in a direction perpendicular to the plane of paper and emerging out from the
paper. Such a magnetic field is symbolically represented as  B
 .
18. Magnetic field due to a current through a circular loop
a) If the current carrying straight wire be bent in the form of a circular loop, then the magnetic field lines around.
b) The strength of magnetic field produced by a current- carrying straight wire varies inversely on the distance from

it, i.e., B 
1
r
.

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c) Accordingly, at every point of a current-carrying circular loop the concentric circles representing the magnetic
field lines around it would become large and still more large as we move away from the wire.

lines.

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d) As a result, by the time, we reach at the centre of the circular loop, the arcs of these big circles appear as straight

e) Every point on the circular wire carrying current gives rise to it own magnetic field.

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f) On applying right-hand thumb rule to find the direction of magnetic field, we find that every section of the circular
wire contributes to the magnetic field lines in the same direction within the circular current loop.

Activity

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g) To investigate the magnetic field due to a circular current loop, let us perform the following activity;

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To investigate magnetic field due to a current- carrying circular loop.
Take a rectangular cardboard sheet and drill two fine holes in it separated by a finite distance from each other. Insert

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a circular loop of copper wire through these holes, normal to the plane of the cardboard. Connect the ends X and Y
of the wire loop with a 12 V battery, a key K, a variable resistance (Rheostat) Rh and an ammeter of 5 A range in
series as shown in the adjoining figure.

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Sprinkle iron filling uniformly on the cardboard sheet.
Plug the key to close the electrical circuit so that a current I begins to flow through the circular loop.
Gently, tap the cardboard a few times. The iron filling arrange them in a definite pattern on the cardboard. This
pattern gives the magnetic field lines pattern. The direction of field at any point can be easily determined by noting the
direction of deflection of the needle of a small-sized compass at that point. The magnetic field pattern with direction
is shown in the adjoining figure.
19. Factors on which the Strength of magnetic Field at the Centre of a Circular Current-carrying Coil De-
pends
a) The strength of magnetic field B is directly proportional to the amount of current I flowing through the loop.Higher
the amount of current flowing in the loop, greater is the strength of magnetic field.
Mathematically, BI
b) The strength of magnetic field is inversely proportional to the radius r of the current loop (or circular coil).Smaller
the radius of current loop, larger is the strength of magnetic field generated at its centre.
1
Thus, B
r
c) If instead of a single loop of wire, we have a circular coil having large number (say N) of turns,the fueld produced
at the centre due to each circular turn is in same direction Consequntly, magnetic field due to all ‘N’ turns is added
up. As a result , the net magnetic field produced by the net magnetic field produced by the circular coil of N turns
is N times as large as that produced by a single turn.
Mathematically, BN

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20. Magnetic field due to a current in a solenoid

a) A solenoid is a coil of large number of turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder.
b) Alternately, a solenoid consists of an insulated copper wire wound closely in the form of a helix having a large
number of turns.
c) Generally , the length of a solenoid is much greater as compared to its diameter and turns of copper wire are
wound on a hollow cardboard tube AB.
d) When the two ends of a solenoid coil are connected to a battery of about 12V, a key K, rheostat Rh and ammeter
A is series and key is plugged, a magnetic field is generated inside the solenoid as well as around it.
e) The pattern of the magnetic field lines around a current-carrying solenoid.As the electric current in each circular
loop of a solenoid coil flows in the same directions.
f) The magnetic fields of all the loops are added up and as a result, the magnetic field inside the solenoid coil
becomes a strong field.
g) The field pattern of a solenoid is similar to the field pattern of a solenoid is similar to the field pattern around a bar
magnet.
h) Depending upon the direction of current flow through a solenoid coil, one end of solenoid behaves as the north
pole N of a magnet and the other end as the south pole S.
i) The end of solenoid coil, where current is seen to be flowing in a clockwise direction, acts as the south pole S of
a magnet. On the other hand,the end of solenoid coil, where current is seen to be flowing in an anticlockwise
direction, acts as the north pole N of a magnet.

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g) The magnetic field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines. This signifies that the strength
of magnetic field is same at all points inside the solenoid. In other words, the magnetic field inside a current-
carrying solenoid is a uniform magnetic field.

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21. Strength of Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid

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The strength of magnetic field generated inside solenoid, when a current is flown through the solenoid coil, depends
on the following factors:

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C A
1. The magnetic field B is directly proprotional to the amount of current I flowing through the solenoid coil.If the
current flowing through solenoid coil is doubled, then strength of magnetic field inside the solenoid is also doubled
and so on.
Mathematically, we have

J I A B I
2. The magnetic field B is directly propotional to the number of turns per unit length ‘n’ of the solenoid coil. There-
fore, if turns in solenoid coil are wrapped more closely, the number of turns per unit length will be more and

Thus,

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consequently, a stronger magnetic field is produced.
B  n (the number of turns per unit length of solenoid)

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3. If a rod of soft iron or steel is introduced as the core material inside the solenoid coil, then magnetic field generated
inside the solenoid increases by a large factor (field may increase to even more than a thousand times of its

Goriginal value without iron core).

4. The magnetic field of a solenoid does not depend on the dimensions of solenoid.
22. Use of a Solenoid
When a piece of magnetic material, like soft iron, is placed inside a solenoid coil, it is magnetised due to strong
magnetic field produced inside the solenoid on passing a curent. The magnetisation of the material lasts so long as
current is flowing through the solenoid coil. Such a magnet is called an electromagnet. Thus, the solenoid coil can be
used to produce electromagnets of appropriate power.
23. Electromagnet
a) An electromagnet is that which is easily magnetised on passing a current through a solenoid and easily demagnetised
on switching off the current.
b) When a current is passed through the solenoid coil, the iron bar is magnetised under the influence of a strong
magnetic field produce inside the solenoid. The magnetisation of soft iron bar lasts so long as current is flowing
through the solenoid coil. If current flowing in solenoid coil is switched off, the iron bar immediately loses its magne-
tism.
24. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
When a current-carring conductor is placed (or freely suspended) in a magnetic field, the conductor
experiences a force due to the magnetic field.
We have learnt in the chapter that an electric current flowing through a conductor produces a magnetic field. This
magnetic field exerts a force on a magnet placed near the conductor. French scientist Ampere suggested that the
magnet must also exert an equal and opposite force on the current-carrying conductor.
To demonstrate force acting on a current-carrying conductor due to a magnetic field, let us perform the following

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activity.
Activity
To show that a current-carrying conductor placed perpendicular to a magnetic field experiences a force
Take a small, thin aluminium rod AB of length about 0.2 cm. Suspend the rod horizontally from a rigid stand using two
connecting (insulated copper) wires. Connect the aluminium rod in series with a 6 V battery, key K, a rheostat Rh
and an ammeter A shown in the adjoining figure. Take a strong horseshoe magnet and place it in such a way that its
magnetic field lies in vertically upward direction and the rod AB lies between the two poles of a magnet. To have a
magnetic field directed vertically upwards, N pole of the magnet should lie vertically below and S pole vertically
above the rod AB as shown in the adjoining figure. Plug the key and set the rheostat in a particular position so that a
current I starts flowing through aluminium rod. Let current flow through the rod from end A to end B. Carefully,
observe the rod AB. We observe that the rod gets displaced towards the left. The displacement of the rod AB clearly
show that the current-carrying aluminium rod experiences a force when it is placed in a magnetic field.
Results
The above acitivity clearly demonstrates that a current-carrying conductor (or a conducting rod) experiences a force
when placed in a magnetic field. In this context, we must understand following important points :
a) If the direction of a current flowing through the conductor is reserved, the direction of force experienced by the
conductor is also reserved.
b) If the direction of magnetic field is reserved, then also the direction of force acting on the current-carrying
conductor gets reserved.

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c) Experimentally, it is observed that the force acting on the conductor is maximum when the direction of current in
the conductor is at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field.

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d) The force acting on the current-carrying conductor is zero (or no force acts on the current-carrying conductor)
when the direction of current in the conductor is either same or opposite to the direction of magnetic field.
The direction of force F, when current I and magnetic field B are in mutually perpendicular directions, is perpendicu-

25. Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

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lar to both I as well as B and is given by a simple rule, which is called Fleming’s left-hand rule.

According to Fleming’s left-hand rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger and the central finger of your left-hand so that

 B C
they are mutually perpendicular to one another. Now, if the forefinger points in the direction of a magnetic field

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 and the central finger points in the direction of current ‘I’ through the conductor, then the thumb will point in
the direction of force  F

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 (or direction of motion of conductor) acting on the conductor..

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26. Force Experienced by a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field

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A beam of moving charged particles is equivalent to a current. Hence, a moving charged particle beam produces a

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magnetic field around it. Similarly, a beam of moving charged particle experiences a force when motion of charged
particle is in a magnetic field. The force is maximum when a charged particle moves at right angles to the direction
of magnetic field. The direction of magnetic field generated by a moving charge can be determined by applying right-

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hand thumb rule. The direction of force experienced by a charged particle moving at right angle to the direction of
magnetic field is given by Fleming’s Left-hand rule. While applying these laws, the direction of current may be taken
as the direction of motion of positively charged particles (e.g., protons and  - particles) but opposite to the direction
of motion of negatively charged particles (e.g.,electrons)
Example : A fast moving beam of positively charged  -particles enters a magnetic field   at right
B
angles to it as shown in figure. What is the direction of force acting on an  - particle?
Here, direction of magnetic field  B
 and direction of motion of positively charged  -particle (i.e., the equivalent
current I) are in mutually perpendicular directions. Hence, the direction of force F
 acting on an  -particle, as
given by Fleming’s left-hand rule, is perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed into it.
27. Electric Motor
An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
28. Principle
A current-carrying conductor experiences a force when placed perpendicular to the direction of a magnetic field.
The direction of force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.
29. Construction
An electric motor consists of a rectangular coil ABCD of insulated copper wire. The coil is placed between the pole
pieces N and S of a horseshoe magnet such that the arms AB and CD are prependicular to the direction of a
magnetic field. The ends of the coil are connected to the two halves P and Q of a split ring commutator. The inner
sides of these halves are insulated and attached to an axle but the external conducting edges of the halves touch two
stationary metal brushes X and Y as shown in firure.

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X-Science(Physics) GA- 9

30. Working
Let current in the coil ABCD enter from the source battery through the brush X and flow back through the brush Y.
Let the current in arm AB of the coil flows from A and B and, in turn, in arm CD, the current flows from C to D.
Then, accordance with Fleming’s left-hand rule, the force acting on arm AB pushes it downwards and force acting
on arm CD pushes it upwards. Thus, the coil and the axle rotate in an anticlockwise direction.
Just after half rotation of the coil, the half Q of the ring comes in contact with brush X and the half P with brush Y.
As a result, the direction of electric current flowing in the coil gets reserved and starts flowing along the path DCBA.
Such a device that reserves the direction of current flow through the coil of an electric motor after every half rotation
is called a commutator. Obviously the split ring is acting as the commutator in an electric motor.
The reversal in the direction of flow of current through arms AB and CD also reserves the direction of force acting
on these arms. According, now arm AB is pushed up and arm CD is pushed down . Thus, the coil and axle complete
another half turn in an anticlockwise direction itself. The reserving of the current in the coil ABCD is repeated after
each half rotation and as a result, coil and axle continue to rotate in the same direction throughout.
31. Modification in a Commercial Motor
In commercial motor, following modifications are suggested :
a) An electromagnet is used in place of permanent magnet, whose strength is large.
b) Instead of a coil ABCD of a single loop, we take an armature coil consisting of large number of turns of insulated
copper wire.
c) The armature coil is wound on a soft iron core.

Y
Due to these alterations, the electric power of the motor is enhanced many fold.
32. Applications

E M
The electric motor is used as an important component in electric fans, desert coolers, air-conditioners, refrigerators,
mixer and grinders, washing machines, computers, MP3 players, etc. Almost every machine used in a factory
employs an electric motor to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy.
33. Electromagnetic Induction
Defination

A D
Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of the production of an induced current in a coil placed in a region
where the magnetic field changes with time.

A
34. Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction
C
I
An English physicist Michael Faraday thought that what would happen if a conductor is moved inside a magnetic

J
field or a magnetic field is continuously changed around a fixed conductor. Faraday was having an opinion that in

U
such cases, a potential difference should be set up between the ends of the conductor and consequently, a current
should be established. With this aim, Faraday performed a series of experiments and finally discovered the phenom-

U R
enon of electromagnetic induction. We are discussing two simple experiments to observe the phenomenon of electro-
magnetic induction.
35. Faraday’s Experiment 1 : Generation of Electric Current Due to a Moving Magnet

G
Take a coil AB of insulated copper wire having a large numbers of turns. Connect the ends of coil AB to a galvanom-
eter G as shown in figure (a). A galvanometer is an instrument which can detect the presence of a current in a circuit.
a) Take a strong bar magnet NS and quickly move its north pole N towards the end A of the coil as shown in figure.
We observe that galvanometer pointer shows a momentary deflection in one direction (say to the right). The
momentary deflection shows that a current has been induced in the coil. The deflection becomes zero as soon as the
motion of the magnet stops.
b) Now, move the magnet NS away from the coil AB with its N pole still facing the end A of the coil as shown in
figure (b). We observe the galvanometer showing a momentary deflection again, but in the direction opposite to the
first (i.e., deflection is towards left of zero mark). It means that now induced current is setup in a direction opposite
to the first.
c) We obtain similar result (i.e., deflection towards right in galvanometer) as in (a) if we keep magnet NS to be fixed
and move the end A of the coil AB towards the north pole N of the magnet. Again, galvanometer pointer shows
momentary deflection towards left if the coil AB is moved away from north pole N of magnet NS.
d) When both magnet and the coil are kept stationary with respect to each other, the deflection of the galvanometer
is zero. It shows that no induced current is set up in a coil when there is no relative motion between the coil and the
magnet.
e) If steps (a) and (b) are repeated with south pole S of the magnet NS facing the end A of the coil, we obtain
deflection in galvanometer pointer. However, the direction of deflection of galvanometer would just be opposite to
that with north pole N facing the end A of coil AB.
Explanation of Result of Experiment 1
a) Motion of a magnet with respect to a coil produces an induced potential difference across its ends as a result, an

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X-Science(Physics) GA- 10

induced current is set up in the circuit.

b) When the magnet is brought nearer to the coil, a greater number of magnetic field lines pass through the coil. So,
the magnetic field around the coil increases. This increase in magnetic field induces a potential difference across the
ends of a coil and an induced current begins to flow in the circuit. When the magnet is moved away from the coil, the
magnetic field around the coil decreases in magnetic field induces a potential difference across the ends of a coil and
consequently, an induced current is set up in the circuit. When the magnet is stationary relative to the coil, the
magnetic field around the coil is constant. As there is no change in magnetic field around the coil, no potential
difference is set up across the coil and hence no induced current flows through the circuit.
The magnitude of induced current depends on the following three factors :
a) The Strength of the Magnet : If the magnet, being moved towards or away from a closed coil, is stronger one, the
induced current produced in the coil is more.
b) The Number of Turns in the Coil : If number of turns in the coil is increased, the magnitude of induced current also
increases.
c) The Speed of Movement of Magnet : If the magnet is moved towards or away from a closed coil very quickly, the
magnitude of induced current is large. For slow movement of the magnet, the current induced in the closed coil is
much less.
36. Faraday’s Experiment 2 : Generation of Electric Current in a Coil Due to Change in Current in a
Neighbouring Coil
Connect the coil 1 in series with a battery and a plug key. This coil is termed as the primary coil P. Connect the coil

Y
2 with a galvanometer. This coil is termed as secondary coil S. Now proceed as follows :
a) Plug in the key K so that a current is established in coil 1. Carefully, observe the galvanometer. We observe that

E
returns to zero mark. It indicates the setting up of a momentary current in coil 2.
M
the pointer of galvanometer G instantly goes to one side of central zero mark (say to the right side) and just as quickly

b) Open the plug key K so that the current flows in coil 1 is stopped. We, again, observe that the galvanometer

current in the opposite direction in coil 2.

A D
pointer moves momentarily but in the opposite side (say to the left side), it suggests the setting up of a momentary

c) There is no deflection in galvanometer G when the electric current in coil 1 either attains a steady value or
becomes zero.

A
Explanation of Result of Experiment 2
C
I
a) Whenever the current in the primary coil P changes (either increases or decreases), the magnetic field developed

J
with it also changes proportionately. As a result, the magnetic field lines around the secondary coil S also change.

U
Due to change in magnetic field lines associated with the secondary coil, a potential difference is set up across its
ends and consequently, an induced current is set up in the secondary coil.

U R
b) When a steady current flows in the primary coil, the magnetic field in primary coil and consequently, the number
of magnetic field lines around the secondary coil remains constant. As there is no change in the magnetic field lines
associated with the secondary coil, hence no induced current is set up in the coil.

37.
G
c) If number of turns in primary as well as secondary coils is large and the two coils are set close to each other, a
stronger current is induced in the secondary coil.
Methods to Produce an Induced Current Due to Electromagnetic Induction Phenomenon
There are following three methods for changing the magnetic field with time. These are as shown below :
a) The magnetic field may change due to relative motion between the coil and a magnet placed near the coil. We
have already discussed this method in Faraday’s experiment 1.
b) If the given coil is placed near another current-carrying coil or a conductor, then the magnetic field may change
due to a change in current in that coil or through that conductor.
c) If the given coil is placed near to a current-carrying conductor, then the magnetic field may also change due to
relative motion between the coil and the conductor.
38. Direction of Induced Current : Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule
As per Fleming’s Right-hand Rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger and central finger of your right hand so that they are
mutually perpendicular to each other as shown in figure. Now, if the forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic
field and the thumb points the direction of motion of a conductor, then the central finger will show the direction of
induced current in the conductor.
39. Direct Current And Alternating Current
Depending on the magnitude and direction, electric current is classfied into following two categories :
a) Direct current (DC)
An electric current which always flows in one particular direction and whose direction does not change its direction
with time, is called direct current or DC. Current provided by a dry cell, a battery, a solar cell or a DC generator is
direct current. Direct current is of further two types, which are as follows :

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a) Steady Direct Current : It is the current whose magnitude as well as direction remain unchanged with time.
Current shown in figure is steady current, in which current-time curve is a straight line parallel to the time axis.
b) Variable Direct Current : It is the current whose magnitude changes with time but the direction does not change
with time. Currents (i), (ii), and (iii) shown in figure (b) represent variable direct currents.
b) Altering Current (AC)
a) An electric current, whose magnitude changes continuously with time and whose direction changes periodically
after equal intervals of time, is called an altering current or AC.
b) Current shown in figure represents an AC which changes periodically and whose time period is T. Thus, for first
T T
time, the current flows in one direction and in the next time, the current flows in the reserve direction. Current
2 2
produced by AC generator is an alternating current. Most power stations constructed these days produce AC. In
India, the frequency of AC is given as :
1 1
or in other words, the periodic time of an AC is given as : T   s
v 50
1
Thus, AC changes its direction after every second.
100
40. Differences Between AC and DC
Alternating Current (AC)

Y
a) The magnitude of current changes continuously with time and direction of current changes periodically.
b) For an AC, the current-time graph is a sine curve as shown below :

M
D E
c) In India, frequency of AC is 50 Hz and current changes its direction after every
1
100
s.

Direct Current (DC)

C A
a) The direction of current throughout remains unchanges or same, though the magnitude of current may change
with time.

41. A
b) For a DC, the current-time graph is shown below :

I
c) Frequency of DC is zero and current does not change its direction.
Advantages of AC over DC
J
42. U
a) Electric power can be transmitted in the form of AC over long distances without much loss of energy.

R
b) AC can be generated at a lower cost because AC generators are easier to operate and maintain and are sturdy.
Electric Generator

43.
G
Principle U
An electric generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The electric generator is
the most commonly used machine to produce large currents for use in our homes and in industry.

An electric generator is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. In the electric generator, mechani-
cal energy is used to rotate a coil in a magnetic field to produce electricity. Direction of induced current is given by
Fleming’s right-hand rule.
44. Construction
An electric generator consists of a rotating rectangular coil ABCD placed between the poles N and S of a powerful
permanent magnet as shown in figure. The two ends of the coil are connected to two slip rings R1 and R2 . The inner
side of the ring is made insulated and is internally attached to an axle (not shown in fig.). The two conducting brushes
B1 and B2 are kept pressed on the rings R1 and R2 respectively. The other ends of brushes are connected to a
galvanometer to show the glow of current in the given external circuit. The axle is mechanically rotated from outside
so as to rotate the coil inside the magnetic field.
45. Working
a) Let the axle attached to the slip rings be rotated so that the arm AB of the coil moves up and the arm CD moves
down (i.e., the coil rotates clockwise in the arrangement of figure) in the magnetic field of the permanent magnet. In
accordance with Fleming’s right-hand rule, induced current in these arms flows along the directions AB and CD, i.e.,
in the direction ABCD. It means that the current in the external circuit flows from B2 to B1 . If instaed of a single
loop ABCD we take a coil having large number of turns of insulated copper wire, the current generated in each turn
adds up to give a large current in the coil.
b) After one-half rotation of the coil ABCD, the arm AB starts moving down and the arm CD moving up. As a result,

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X-Science(Physics) GA- 12

the induced current produced in the coil, in accordance with Fleming’s right-hand rule, flows in the direction DCBA.
Accordingly, in the external circuit, current flows from B1 to B2 . It means that after every half rotation, the direction
of current in the external circuit changes, i.e., the current produced is an alternating current (AC). Therefore, such
a generator is called an AC generator.
46. Modification in the Generator so as to Produce a Direct Current
To obtain unidirectional direct current (DC) from a generator, we use a split ring commutator instead of slip rings
R1 and R2 . A split ring commutator in a DC generator works in exactly same way as in a DC motor. With this
arrangement, one brush is at all times in contact with the arm of the coil moving up in the magnetic field and the other
is in contact with arm moving down. As a result, current flowing in the external circuit is unidirectional one. Such a
generator is called a DC generator.
47. Domestic Electric Circuits
In our house, we receive power in the form of an AC supply at 220 V with a frequency of 50 Hz. The supply of
electric power in a house is through a main supply if Electricity Board, which is generally called mains. The main
supply is either supported through overhead electric poles or through underground wires.
48. Three Wires in Electric Supply
The electric power is supplied in our houses through three wires, which are :
a) Live or phase wire (or positive)
b) neutral wire (or negative)
c) the earth wire

Y
Generally, live wire is having a red (or brown) colour insulation cover and the neutral wire has a black (or light-blue)

M
colour insulation cover. In India, the potential difference between the live wire and neutral wirw is maintained at 220

D E
V. The earth wire has insulation of green (yellow) colour. The live wire and the neutral wire are the main wires
through which an electric current in domestic circuit passes. The earth wire is being used as a safety measure and it
is usually connected to a wide metal plate placed deep in the earth near the house.
49. Two separate Circuits in a House

C A
Generally, two separate circuits are used in a house for the electric supply. One circuit is of 5 A current rating for
electric bulbs, tubes, CFLs, fans, etc. The other circuit of 15 A current rating is used for appliances with higher power

50. A
ratings such as geysers, air coolers, refrgerators, electric heaters, etc. the wiring used for 15 A current rating circuit

I
must be thicker one and should have a thicker insulation covering.
Use of the Earth Wire
J
R U
In domestic electric circuits, the earth wire is used as a safety measure. It is specially for those appliances which
have metallic body. Electric iron, toaster, table fan, air-cooler, refrigerator, etc., are some examples of appliances
having mettalic bodies. Ordinarily, if there is some leakage of current to the metallic body of an appliance, the person

51.
G U
using that appliance will get a severe shock on touching the appliance. To avoid this possibility, the earth wire is
connected to the metallic body of the appliance. The earth wire provides a low resistance conducting path for the
current. As a result, in spite of any leakage of current to the metallic body of the appliance, the potential of metallic
body remains same as that of the earth and the user does not get a svere shock.
A Schematic Diagram of Domestic Electric Circuit
a) A schematic diagram of a domestic electric supply circuit has been shown in figure. As shown in the figure, the
line wires, from the supply line, pass into an elctricity meter through a main fuse provided by Electricity Board
(shown as Electricity Board’s fuse in the figure). Through the main switch, they are connected to a distribution box,
where separate circuits are provided for different parts of our house/building. The line wires coming out of one
circuit of distribution box are shown in the figure and the circuit contains three appliances, a bulb, a ceiling fan and a
socket for connecting an appliance with metallic body.
b) All the appliances are joined in parallel and separate ON/OFF switches are provided with each appliance. It is to
be noted that switch is invariably provided with the live wire. The parallel arrangement of different appliances
ensures that each appliance has equal potential difference of 220 V and can be operated as per our requirement.
52. Overloading and Short-circuiting of a Circuit
Overloading
a) Overloading of an electric circuit means flow of large amount of current in a circuit beyond its permissible current
rating. Overloading is generally caused by connecting a number of electrical appliances of high power ratings in a
single socket or in a single circuit. Sometimes, overloading may also occur due to an accidental hike in supply voltage.
b) Due to overloading, current in a circuit increases even beyond the current rating of the circuit. As a result, heat
produced due to Joule’s effect is exceedingly high and the circuit and the appliances may be damaged or may even
burn out.

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Short-circuiting
Short-circuiting of a circuit is said to take place if the live wire and the neutral wire somehow come into direct
contact. This occurs when either the insulation of the wires is damaged or there is the fault in the electrical appliance.
As a result of short-circuiting of a circuit, the current in the circuit abruptly increases and the circuit may be dam-
aged.
53. Saving a Circuit from Damage Due to Overloading and Short-circuiting
Electric fuse is the most commonly used safety device in electric circuits. A fuse in a circuit prevents possible
damage to the appliances and the electric circuit due to overloading and short-circuiting. As soon as the current
flowing in a circuit exceeds the rated value, the fuse wire melts on account of Joule’s heating and the electric circuit
is broken. In other words, the use of an electric fuse prevents the electric appliances and the circuit from a possible
damage by stopping the flow of unduly high electric current beyond the rated capacity of the circuit.
54. Hazards of Electricity
a) Direct contact of a person with a live wire leads to a severe electric shock to the concerned person. A powerful
shock may even prove fatal for the person.
b) The defects in the domestic electric circuit like loose joints, improper insulation of live wires and defective switchs/
sockets/plugs may cause sparking and may lead to fires.
c) Overloading and short-circuiting of an electric circuit may cause electric fire in a house.
55. Safety Precautions While Using Electricity
a) If a person accidentally touches a live electric wire, then you must immediately switch off the main switch to cut

Y
off the electrical supply.
b) If a person accidentally touches a live electric wire, then never try to pull away the person, otherwisewill also get

person.

E M
an electric shock. In such cases, try to provide an insulated support of wood, rubber, or plastic to the concerened

c) The switches must be put only in the live wire of the electric circuit. As a result, on turning the switch off, the

appliance.

A D
electrical appliance does not receive the current supply and hence there is no risk in touching or repairing that

d) All electrical appliances with metallic body must be provided with the earth wire connection.

A
appliances are connected in the circuit.
C
e) The electrical fuse used in an electrical circuit should be connected in the live wire and before the electrical

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X-Science(Physics) GA- 14

NCERT Question Answers

1. Why does a compass needle gets deflected when brought near a bar magnet?
A compass needle is, in fact, a small bar magnet. If this is brought near another bar magnet, the like poles repel and
the needle gets deflected.
2. Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet?

3. List the properties of magnetic lines of force.

a) Magnetic lines are directed from the north pole towards the south pole.
b) They do not cross each other.
c) They are more crowded near the poles than at any other region in the field.

Y
d) They are closed curves.
e) In the uniform magnetic field, the lines of force are parallel to one another.
4. Why don’t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other?

E M
No two field-lines are found to cross each other. If they did, it would mean that at the point of intersection, the
compass needle would point towards two directions, which is not possible.
5.

A D
Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current pass through the loop
clockwise. Apply the right-hand rule to find out the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.
At every point of a current –carrying loop, the concentric circles representing the magnetic field around it would

A
the arc of these big circles would appear as straight lines.
C
become larger and larger as we move away from the wire. By the time we reach at the center of the circular loop,

6.

I
The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.

U J
U R
7.
G
The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-carrying current
a) is zero b) decreases as we move towards its end c) increases as we move towards its end
d) is the same at all points
8. Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field?
a) Mass b) Speed c) Velocity d) Momentum
9. a) Current in rod AB is increased? b) A stronger horseshoe magnet is used?
c) Length of the rod AB is increased?
a) If the current in rod AB is increased, the displacement of rod AB will not be affected.
b) If a stronger horseshoe magnet is used, force is exerted and hence the displacement increases.
c) If the length of the rod AB is increased there is no change in the displacement of the rod AB.
10. A positively-charged particle projected towards west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The
direction of the magnetic field is
a) Towards south b) Towards east c) Downward d) Upward
11. State Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Fleming’s left-hand rule states that, stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of the left hand such that they are
mutually perpendicular. If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic field and the second finger in the direction
of current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.
12. What is the principle of an electric motor?
Principle of an electric motor: The working of the electric motor is based on the mechanical effect of an electric

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current. A conductor carrying a current placed in a magnetic field experiences a mechanical force. In the motor,
when a current is passed through a rectangular coil of wire placed in a magnetic field, the coil rotates continuously.
13. What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor?
In electric motor, the split ring acts as a commutator. A device that reverses the direction of flow of current through
a circuit is called a commutator. The reversal of current also reverses the direction of force acting on the two arms
AB and CD.
14. Explain different ways to induce current in a coil.
Current can be induced in a coil either by moving it in a magnetic field or by changing the magnetic field around it.
The induced current is found to be the highest when the direction of motion of the coil is at right angles to the
magnetic field. The process, by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conduc-
tor, is called electromagnetic induction.
15. State the principle of an electric generator.
A generator is also known as a dynamo. It is a device used to convert mechanical energy in to electrical energy. The
mechanical energy is used to rotate a conductor in a magnetic field to produce electricity. It is an application of
electromagnetic induction.
An A.C generator generates an alternating current. A D.C generator is used to deliver a current, which flows in the
same direction.
16. Name some source of direct current.
The source of direct current is a split-ring type commutator, one brush is at all times in contact with the arm moving

17. Which sources produce alternating current?

M Y
up in the field, while the other is in contact with the arm moving down. Thus a unidirectional current is produced.

The sources which produce alternating current is a permanent magnet called the field magnet, armature, slip ring and

18.
D E
carbon brushes. After every half rotation the polarity of the current in the respective arms changes. Such a current,
Which changes direction after equal intervals of time, is called an alternating current.
A rectangular coil of copper wires is rotated in a magnetic field. The direction of the induced current

19.
changes once in each:
a) Two revolutions b) One revolution

C A
c) Half revolutions
Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.
d) One-fourth revolutions.

20. A
The use of an electric fuse prevents the electric circuits and appliance from a possible damage by passing the flow

I
of unduly high electric current. The Joule heating that takes place in the fuse melts it to break the electric circuit.

J
An electric oven of 2 KW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current

V = 220 V,
P = 220 × 5
R U
rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain.
I = 5 A,
P = 1100 W
Power, P = VI
Therefore, power P = 1100 W = 1.1 KW

21.
G U
Therefore, an electric oven of 2 KW power rating cannot be operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has
a current rating of 5 A because electric oven has higher power than the power of the electric circuit.
What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits?
a) Fuse is the most important safety device, to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits.
b) Too many appliances should not be connected to a single socket.
22. Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight wire?
a) The field consists of straight lines perpendicular to the wire.
b) The field consists of straight lines parallel to the wire.
c) The field consists of radial lines originating from the wire.
d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire.
23. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is
a) the process of charging a body.
b) the process of generating magnetic field due to a current passing through a coil.
c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil.
d) the process of rotating a coil of an electric motor.
24. The device used for producing electric current is called a
a) generator. b) galvanometer. c) ammeter. d) motor.
25. The essential difference between an AC generator and a DC generator is that:
a) AC generator has an electromagnet while a DC generator has permanent magnet.
b) DC generator will generate a higher voltage.
c) AC generator will generate a higher voltage.
d) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator
26. At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit
a) reduces substantially. b) does not change. c) increases heavily. d) vary continuously.
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26. State whether the following statements are true or false.

a) An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy – false
b) An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction – true
c) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines – true
d) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply – true
28. List three sources of magnetic fields.
a) Magnetic field due to a current through a straight conductor.
b) Magnetic field due to a current in a solenoid.
c) Magnetic field due to a current through a circular loop.
29. How does a solenoid behave like a magnet? Can you determine the north and the south poles of a
current-carrying solenoid with the help of a bar magnet? Explain.

M Y
A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of the cylinder is called a
solenoid. The pattern of the magnetic field lines around a current- carrying solenoid is shown in this figure. In fact,

E
one end of the solenoid behaves as a magnetic north pole, while the other behaves as the south pole. The field lines
inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines. This indicates that the magnetic field is the same at all
points inside the solenoid. That is, the field is uniform inside the solenoid.

A D
A strong magnetic field produced inside a solenoid can be used to magnetise a piece of magnetic material, like soft
iron, when placed inside the coil. The magnet so formed is called an electromagnet.

A C
30. When is the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field the largest?
The force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is largest provided when the

I
direction of current is at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field.

J
31. Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron beam, moving horizon-

U
tally from back wall towards the front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right side. What
is the direction of magnetic field?

U R
The direction of magnetic field is towards west.
32. Draw a labelled diagram of an electric motor. Explain its principle and working.What is the function of a
split ring in an electric motor?

G
A motor is a device that converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Principle
An electric motor is based on the fact that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field the
conductor experiences a force which is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule. For example, when a rectangular coil is
placed in the magnetic field and current is passed through it, a torque acts on the coil, which rotates it continuously.
When the coil rotates, the shaft attached to it also rotates and therefore the electrical energy supplied to the motor is
converted into the mechanical energy of rotation.
An electrical motor consists of a rectangular coil ABCD of insulated copper wire, wound on a soft iron core called
armature. The coil is mounted between the poles of a magnet in such a way that it can rotate between the poles N
and S. The two ends of the coil are soldered to the ends of a commutator whose main function is to reverse the
direction of the current flowing through the coil every time the coil just passes the vertical position during its revolu-
tion.
Working
Suppose the coil ABCD is initially at a horizontal position. When the switch is in ON position the current enters the
coil through the carbon brushes and the half ring ‘A’ of the commutator.
The current flows in the direction DCBA and leaves via the half ring ‘B’. In the side PQ of the coil, the direction is
from Q to P towards the south and the direction of the magnetic field is from the N to S pole towards the east. So, by
applying Fleming’s left hand rule, we find that it will experience a force in upward direction. Similarly, the side SR of
the coil will experience a downward force. Thus we have two parallel wires experiencing forces in opposite direc-
tions. They form a couple tending to rotate the coil in the anticlockwise direction.
When the coil goes beyond the vertical position, the two commutator half rings automatically changes contact from
one brush to the other. This reverses the direction of current through the coil which, in turn, reverses the direction of
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X-Science(Physics) GA- 17

forces acting on the two sides of the coil. The sides of the coil are interchanged, but rotate in the same anticlockwise
direction. This process is repeated again and again and the coil continues to rotate as long as the current is passing.
33. Name some devices in which electric motors are used.
Electric fans, refrigerators, mixers, washing machines, computers, MP3 players etc are some devices in which
electric motors are used.
34. A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What will happen if a bar magnet is a)
pushed into the coil, b) withdrawn from inside the coil, c) held stationary inside the coil?
a) A deflection is observed in the galvanometer due to the induced current because of the changing magnetic flux
(increasing) through the turns of the coil connected to the galvanometer.
b) A deflection is again observed in the galvanometer, as when it is pulled out, the flux linked with the coil due to the
bar magnet decreases. Hence a current flows in the coil to reduce the change in flux. The deflection can be
observed in the opposite direction as compared with the previous case.
c) No deflection is observed in the galvanometer. The flux linked with the coil due to the magnetic field is at a
constant. Hence no current is induced due to the bar magnet.
35. Two circular coils A and B are placed closed to each other. If the current in the coil A is changed, will
some current be induced in the coil B? Give reason.
Yes, if the current in the coil A is changed, then some current will be induced in the coil B because due to the change
in the magnetic field effect around the coils.
36. State the rule to determine the direction of a
a) magnetic field produced around a straight conductor-carrying current,

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b) force experienced by a current-carrying straight conductor placed in a magnetic field which is perpen-
dicular to it,

M
c) current induced in a coil due to its rotation in a magnetic field.

E
a) Right-hand thumb rule: Imagine that we are holding a current carrying straight conductor in the right hand such

D
that the thumb points towards the direction of current. Then our fingers will wrap around the conductor in the

C A
direction of the field lines of the magnetic field. This is known as Right-hand thumb rule.
b) Fleming’s left-hand rule: Fleming’s left-hand rule states that, stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of
the left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic field

acting on the conductor.

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and the second finger in the direction of current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force

I
c) Fleming’s right-hand rule: If the thumb and the first two fingers of right hand are held at right angles to each

37. U
other, with the Forefinger held in the direction of the field, and the thumb in the direction of motion, the induced

R
current I flows in the direction of the middle finger.
Explain the underlying principle and working of an electric generator by drawing a labelled diagram.

U
What is the function of brushes?

G
A C. generator
“A C. generator” means “Alternating Current generator”. That is, an A. C. generator produces alternating current,
which alternates (changes) in polarity continuously. We will now describe the construction an working of the A. C.
generator or A. C. dynamo.
Construction of an A. C. generator
A simple A. C. generator consists of a rectangular coil ABCD that can be rotated rapidly between the poles N and
S of a strong horseshoe type magnet M. The coil is made of a large number of turns of insulated copper wire. The
ends A and D of the rectangular coil are connected to two circular pieces of copper metal called slip rings R1 and R2.
As the slip rings R1 and R2 rotate with the coil, the two pieces of carbon called brushes, B1 and B2, keep contact
with them. So, the current produced in the rotating coil can be tapped out through slip rings into the carbon brushes.
From the carbon brushes B1 and B2 we take the current into various electrical appliances like radio, T. V., electric
iron, bulbs, etc. But in this figure, we have shown only a galvanometer G connected the two carbon brushes.
Working of an A. C. generator
Suppose that the generator coil ABCD is initially in the horizontal position. Again suppose that he coil ABCD is being
rotated in the anticlockwise direction between the poles N and S of a horseshoe type magnet.
a) As the coil rotates in the anticlockwise direction, the side AB of the coil moves down cutting the magnetic lines of
force near the N-pole of the magnet, and side CD moves up, cutting the lines of force near the S-pole of the
magnet. Due to this, induced current is produced in the sides AB and DC of the coil. On applying Fleming’s right
hand rule to the side AB and DC of the coil, we find that the currents are in the direction B to A and D to C
respectively. Thus, the induced currents in the two sides of the coil are in the same direction, and we get an
effective induced current in the direction BADC.
b) After half revolution, the sides AB and DC of the coil will interchange their positions. The side AB will come on
the right hand side and DC will come on the left side. So, after half a revolution, side AB starts moving up and side
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DC starts coming down. As a result of this, the direction of induced current in each side of the coil is reversed
after half a revolution. Since the direction of induced current in the coil is reversed after half revolution so the
polarity (positive and negative) of the two ends of the coil also changes after half revolution. The end of coil which
was positive in the first half of rotation becomes negative in the second in the second half. And the end which was
negative in the first half revolution becomes positive in the second half of revolution. Thus, in 1 revolution of the
coil, the current changes its direction 2 times.
c) The alternating current (AC) produced in India has a frequency of 50 Hz. That is, the coil is rotated at the rate of
50 revolutions per second. Since in 1 revolution of coil, the current changes its direction 2 times, so in 50 revolu-
tions of coil, the current changes its direction 2 × 50 = 100 times. Thus, the A. C. supply in India changes its
direction 100 times in 1 second. Another way of saying this is that the alternating current produced in India
changes its direction every 1/100 second. That is, each terminal of the coil is positive (+) for 1/100 of a second and
negative (-) for the next 1/100 of a second. This process is repeated again and again with the result that there is
actually no positive and negative in an A. C. generator. We will now describe why the direction of induced current
in the coil of an A. C. generator changes after every half revolution of the coil.
d) After every half revolution, each side of the generator coil starts moving in the opposite direction in the magnetic
field. The side of the coil which was initially moving downwards in a magnetic field, after half revolution, it starts
moving in opposite direction – upwards. Similarly the side of coil which was initially moving upwards, after half
revolution, it starts moving downwards. Due to the change in the direction of motion of the two sides of the coil in
the magnetic field after every half revolution, the direction of current produced in them also changes after every
half revolution.
D. C. generator

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“D. C. generator” means “Direct Current generator”. That is, a D. C. generator produces direct current and not

Construction of a D. C. generator

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alternating current. We will now describe the construction and working of D. C. generator or D. C. Dynamo.

a) A simple D. C. generator consists of a rectangular coil ABCD which cab be rotated rapidly between the poles N

C A
and S of a strong horse-shoe type magnet M. The generator coil is made of a large number of turns of insulated
copper wire. The two ends of the coil are connected to the two copper half rings (or split rings) R1 and R2 of a
commutator. There are two carbon brushes B1 and B2 which press lightly against the two half rings. When the

A
coil is rotated, the two half rings R1 and R2 touch the two carbon brushes B1 and B2 one by one. So the current

I
produced in the rotating coil can be tapped out through the commutator half rings into the carbon brushes. From

J
the carbon brushes B1 and B2, we can take the current into the various electrical appliances like radio, T. V.,

R U
electric iron, bulbs, etc. But in this figure, we have shown only a galvanometer G connected between the two
carbon brushes. The galvanometer is a current detecting and current measuring instrument.
Working of a D. C. generator

U
Suppose that the generator coil ABCD is initially in the horizontal position. Again suppose that he coil ABCD is being

G
rotated in the anticlockwise direction between the poles N and S of a horseshoe type magnet.
(iii) As the coil rotates in the anticlockwise direction, the side AB of the coil moves down cutting the magnetic lines of
force near the N-pole of the magnet, and side DC moves up, cutting the lines of force near the S-pole of the magnet.
Due to this, induced current is produced in the sides AB and DC of the coil. On applying Fleming’s right hand rule to
the side AB and DC of the coil we find that the currents in them are in the direction B to A and D to C respectively.
Thus, the induced currents in the two sides of the coil are in the same direction, and we get an effective induced
current in the direction BADC. Due to this the brush B1 becomes a positive (+) pole and brush B2 becomes negative
(-) pole of the generator.
(iv) After half revolution, the sides AB and DC of the coil will interchange their positions. The side AB will come on the
right hand side and start moving up whereas side DC will come on then the two commutator half rings R1 and R2
automatically change their contacts from one carbon brush to the other. Due to this change, the current keeps
flowing in the same direction in the other circuits. The brush B1 always remaining positive terminal and brush B2
always remaining negative terminal of the generator. Thus, a D. C. generator supplies a current in one direction by
the use of a commutator consisting of two, half-rings of copper. In the above discussion we have used the word D.
C. generator everywhere. Please note that we can also write D. C. dynamo in place of D. C. generator.
38. When does an electric short circuit occur?
Short circuiting: If the plastic insulation of the live wire and neutral wire gets torn, then the two wires touch each
other. This touching of the live wire and neutral wire directly is known as short-circuiting. The current passing
through the circuit formed by these wires is very large and consequently a high heating effect is created which may
lead to fire.
39. What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic appliances?
To avoid electric shocks, the metal body of an electrical device is ‘earthed’. A wire called ‘earth wire’ is used to
connect the metal body of the electrical device to the earth, which is at zero potential. In household circuits, we have
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X-Science(Physics) GA- 19

three wires, the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire. One end of the earth wire is connected to the device
and the other end of the wire is connected to the earth. We now say that the device is “earthed” or “grounded”.
Usually the three wires are connected to a three-pin plug. The neutral wire or the earth connection carries the high
current to the earth from the device and prevents an electric shock.

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