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What is the Fluid ???
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Chapter One
1 FLUID PROPERTIES BY AHMED YASHAR
fluid is a substance that continually deforms ( (flows) y ) under an applied shear stress, no matter how small.
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Why are we studying fluid mechanics
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Fluid mechanics is involved in nearly all areas of Engineering either directly or indirectly. Sea and river (flood); Water distribution / sewerage (sanitation) networks; Gas Pipeline; Dams; Irrigation; i i Pumps and Turbines;
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Physical Properties of Fluid.
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Units of Dimension
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1. 2. 3 3. 4. 5 5. 6. 7 7.
Mass Density y Weight Density Relative Density y Specific Volume Viscosity y Surface Tension (Capillary Rise or Depression) Compressibility and elasticity p y y
SI Mass Length Time Force Temperature T t Kg m Sec N C
British Slug ft Sec lb F
Dim. (M) (L) (T) (F)
Gravity = 32.2 ft/s2 = 9.81 m/s2
Mass Density
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Example (1) & (2)
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is defined as substance mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is (the Greek letter rho).
is the density (kg/m) or (slug/ft3 ) m is the mass i th (k ) (kg ( slug ) l V is the volume (m) ( ft3 )
An unknown liquid substance has a mass of 18.5 g and occupies a volume of 23.4 ml. (milliliter).
The density can be calculated as
The densit of s bstance is 4507 kg/m3. Calc late the mass density substance Calculate of 0.17 m3 !
m = (0.17 m3) (45 7 kg/m3) ( 7 (4507 g/ = 766.2 kg
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Weight Density
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Relative Density
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Weight Density : defined as weight per unit volume.( ) g y g p (
is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a y( ) substance to the density of a given reference material (water).
Note :Specific Weight = Weight Density
Note:Note: 1. Specific Gravity ( SG ) = Relative Density (rd) 2. At 4C or 39.4F water = 9810 N/m3 = 62.4 lb/ft3 water = 1000 kg/m3 = 1.94 slug/ft3
Example ( 3 )
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Specific Volume
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A container filled with oil that weights 2kN and the volume of the container i ( i is (400 li ) lit). calculate the weight and mass density and relative density ?
Solution : :-
the specific volume of a substance is the ratio of the p substance's volume to its mass. It is the reciprocal of density:
Or
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Example ( 4 )
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Viscosity y
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Compute the density and specific weight of mercury in BG units, p y p g y , if the specific gravity of the mercury is ( 13.56 ) .
Solution :-
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by shear stress .
molasses ( )and tar ( )are example for viscous q liquid. Water and air have very small resistance. The viscosity of gas increase with temp temp. The viscosity of liquid decrease with temp.
The substance above has lower viscosity than the substance below
Newton low of viscosity
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Viscosity
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Experimentally shown that p y
Stress at the upper point units Pas, Poise, P Stress at the any point
F
1 P = 0.1 Pas
dy y u du
Kinematic viscosity is the viscosity divided by the density (typical
units cm2/s, Stokes, St).
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Capillary Rise or Depression
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Surface Tension (Capillary Rise or Depression)
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adhesiveness - the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition. cohesiveness - The force of attraction that holds molecules of a given substance together. It is strongest in solids, less strong in liquids, and least strong in gases.
The weight of liquid = The surface tension force
r
Where h = Weight Density h= Height of the liquid r r= radius of tube = surface tension coefficient =angle of contact
Capillary Rise or Depression
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Example ( 5 )
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A (2 mm ) diameter clean glass tube is immersed in water 15C . Determine the h i h of the water climb up the tube. Th water makes a D i h height f h li b h b The k contact angle of zero with clean glass. Solution :-
Note : when the glass clean, = zero with water ero ith ater = 130 with Hg
h= 0.0151 m 5
From table we find and
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Compressibility and elasticity
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Compressibility and elasticity
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Reduction in volume due to increasing in pressure applied on this volume.
Each pressure
Strain
F1 , V1
F2, V2
F3 , V3
Compressibility and elasticity
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Example ( 6 )
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Bulk modulus of elasticity ( or E)
A fluid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000 cm3 at 1 MPa and a volume of 995 cm3 at 2 MPa. Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity ?
Solution : :-
Units = ??
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Example ( 7 )
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Example ( 8 )
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The volume of tank is (190 lit) the weight of this tank is (200 N) when its empty and (2 kN) when its filled by oil, calculate the weight density (), mass density (), relative density (r.d or S ), specific volume of oil.
Solution :-
The specific g p gravity of ethyl alcohol is 0.79. y y 79 Calculate 1. specific weight ? p g 2. Mass density ?
specific volume = ?
Do not forget 1. Specific 1 S ifi Weight = Weight Density ( ) i i i 2. Specific Gravity ( SG ) = Relative Density (rd)
Example ( 9 )
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Example ( 10 )
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Liquid with 0.006 kg/m.sec viscosity and 850 kg/m3 q g/ y 5 g/ density. Determine its kinematic viscosity ?
Solution :-
L F1=500 N F V1=1 m/Sec When F2 =1500 N find V2 = ?? F1 V1 D A= D L t
Solution :-
V2=3 m/Sec
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Example ( 11 )
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Example ( 12 )
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20 20
Solution :-
t=0.1 t=0 1 mm A=25x25 cm = 0.38 N.s / m2 V= ??
W=400N
Oil with mass density ( 850 kg/m3) is following in a pipe (200 mm), the shear stress at the pipe wall ( 0.07 N/m2) and the velocity di ib i h h i ll / d h l i distribution is(v=1-100r2). Find kinematic viscosity ? Solution :R y r
V=
400 sin 20
20
W=400N
400 cos 20
H.W 1
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H.W 2
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mid-plate dimension is 1 x 1 m
V=0.5 m/s
4 cm 2 cm Determine ??
t=2 mm A=60x60 cm = ??
3 3 4 4
F =41 N
Solution :-
Solution :-
1 2
W=100N W N
V=0.5 m/s F =41 N
W=100N
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H.W3
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Water Properties in SI Units
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Bulk modulus d l
vapor head
= 0 05 N S/m2 0.05 N.S/m A=30X60 cm F=??
0.5 cm 1 cm
V=0.5 m/s F= ??
Vapor pressure
Surface Tension
Kinematic Viscosity Vi it
Viscosity
mass density
Weight g density
Temp.
Water Properties in British Units
Bulk modulus
vapor head
Vapor pressur e
Surface Tension
Kinematic Viscosity
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Viscosity
mass density
Weight density
36 Temp.
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Example (13)
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Drive an expression for capillary rise or depression p p y p between two vertical parallel plates separated by distance (s).
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