MY PORTFOLIO IN MY TECHNICAL WRITING SUBJECT

_________________________

Submitted to the Faculty

of the Teacher Education Department
Mountain Province State Polytechnic College, Tadian Campus

_______________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Course, Technical Writing
(3:00-4:00 MWF)

_______________________

Submitted by:
Jenneth C. Dalisan

May 29, 2023

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………..… 1

Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………….. 2

Research Proposal……………………………………………………………………. 3

Repertory Grid ………………………………………………………………………… 15

Letter ……………………………………………………………………………………. 16

Notice, Minutes of Meetings, & Attendance…………………………………….. 17

Powerpoint Presentation ………………………….…….…………………………. 23

Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………………………. 24

i
EFFECTS OF SHREDDED PLASTIC AND BOTTLE AS ALTERNATIVE TO
CONVENTIONAL AGGREGATE IN MAKING CONCRETE BLOCKS

__________________________________________

A Research Proposal Presented

To Dr. Sandra B. Aguirre
Mountain Province State Polytechnic College, Tadian, Campus
__________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for our subject, Technical Writing

__________________________________________

Submitted by:
Debbie S. Wacangan
Edmar T. Quizzagan
Harlee A. Banwa
Jenneth C. Dalisan
Jorross K. Gadgadan
Marrero A. Guimpatan
Mitch B. Ngaya-an
Monroe B. Cabay
Rogelio Jr. E. Pascual
Shea Haic Anne B. Balbalin

April 4, 2023

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………..… i

Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………….. ii

List of Figure………………………………………………………………………….… iii

CHAPTER I: Introduction
Background of the Study ………………………………………………………… 1

Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………………. 7

Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………………. 9

CHAPTER II: Methodology

Research Design ………………………………………………………………….. 10

Locale and Population of the Study ………………………….…….…………. 10

Data Gathering Tools ……………………………………………………………. 10

Data Gathering Procedure ……………………………………………………… 11

Treatment of Data…………………………………………………………………. 11

REFERENCES ………………………………………………..………………………. 12

APPENDICES

Interview Guide Questions……………………………………………………… 14

Informed Consent…………………………………………………………………. 15

ii
 LIST OF FIGURE

Paradigm of the Study ……………………………………………………………………..8

iii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

One of the three basic needs of man is shelter along with food and
clothing. Prehistoric man lived in caves and later began to build walls out of
mud. Many techniques were developed over time, with rising demand, cheaper
and faster techniques and materials are essential (Patel, 2020).

Concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials in the

modern world. This is due to its behavior, strength, affordability, durability,
flexibility, as well as the wide range of applications it offers. Construction
workers trust concrete as a safe, strong, and simple material. It is used in all
types of structures (from single – family homes to multi – story buildings, and
infrastructures). Concrete is used to build foundations, columns, beams, slabs,
and other load - bearing structures (Chowdhury, 2013).

Hollow blocks are a popular building material used in construction, and

alignment plays a crucial role in the overall stability and strength of the
building. Hollow blocks are preferred over building materials due to their
thermal insulation properties, which helps keep buildings cool in hot weather
and warm in cold weather. They are also fire-resistant, making them ideal for
construction (Sun, 2019).

Solid waste (like plastics and bottles) are major concerns throughout the
world. Due to the rising demands in construction industry led to global
warming and the destruction of the environment. Plastic is also utilized as a
coarse or fine aggregate in many cases, which is very advantageous from an
environmental perspective. According to Pacheco-Torgal (2019), the effect of
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from plastic bottles as a partial substitute for
sand up to (50%) in concrete, recycled PET can be utilized in eco-friendly
concrete production at replacement rates. This approach diminishes the self –
weight of concrete structures and be used for non – structural elements that do
not require high compressive strength due to the properties of such plastic,

1
which are primarily different from other aggregates. Hence, the sustainability in
the concrete industry may be enhanced by using such plastic waste along
concrete to meet the requirements of sustainable building and improving
thermal properties reducing the use of natural resources, ingestion of waste,
avoiding pollution, and saving energy (Ferriz – Papi & Thomas, 2017). At
present, many are researching methods on how to incorporate solid wastes in
construction as to lessen the negative effect of the construction industry to the
environment. Many of these studies focus on replacing partial and fine
aggregates in foundations, hollow blocks, and concrete. The construction
industry is one of the most resources – intensive and polluting industries on the
planet. As a result, it bears great deal of responsibility for promoting
sustainability. But what is sustainable construction? Sustainable construction
entails using renewable and recyclable resources and materials. During
construction projects, care must be taken to reduce waste and energy
consumption while also protecting the natural environment around the site.

Concrete hollow blocks are the most prevalent materials frequently

utilized as building envelope components, particularly in developing countries.
It is the preferable choice from an economic and environmental perspective for
constructing concrete walls in a predominantly hot and arid climate because of
its low thermal conductivity. Developing techniques to partially replace some of
its components, like cement and aggregates, with alternative materials such as
plastic, glass, or any kind of solid waste is becoming more and more popular.
As such, various types of research have been conducted on developing
ecologically friendly hollow concrete blocks with sustainable compressive
strength while including recycled waste materials in its constituents to lower
the production cost and reduce environmental pollution (Al-Tarbi et al., 2022).

Andreas Froese coined the idea of using plastic bottles in concrete

building construction in Eco-Tec in 2001 where PET bottles are installed within
the walls along with mortars to shape a structure (Froese, 2014). The Engineers
without Borders at Kansas State University have worked on a method to use
plastic bottles in wall construction of concrete walls. These plastic bottles are
installed horizontally with concrete as mortar between them and also on the

2
sides. Further tests were conducted to examine the compressive strength of
concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores. Results of the test according to
ASTMC140 (Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete
Masonry Units and Related Units) showed that compressive strength is
reasonable however further studies suggested to confirm the validity incase
used in developing countries (Wonderlich et al., 2014).

Many countries in the world promote the use of solid waste in

construction to lessen the negative effects of the construction industry on the
environment mainly pollution. As such, many have researched materials to be
used effectively as replacements for aggregates. Given that waste management
is currently the top priority of many countries, researchers focus mostly on
solid waste as substitute for aggregates. Italy encourages the use of recycled
materials in the production of concrete through the Legislative Decree of 11
October 2017 which mandates the use of at least 5% of recycled material in
concrete structures for public procurement. Furthermore, the Italian structural
code allows the use of recycled aggregate as a total or partial substitute for
natural aggregates, which limits the percentage of natural aggregates
replacement, depending on the concrete grade and its possible structural
applications. Similarly, many European countries have encouraged the
development of recovery processes to transform construction and demolition
wastes (CDW) into secondary raw materials that can be reused in construction.
This is promoted by Directive 2008/98/EC which requires Member States of
Europe to reach a minimum percentage of recovery of CDW of 70% by 2020
(Piccinali et al., 2022).

Similarly, here in the Philippines, the main problem today is the disposal
of plastic and bottle waste. The use of plastic in various places as packing
materials and the products such as bottles, polyethylene sheets, containers,
packing strips, etc. are increasing day by day. Disposal of used plastics by land
filling may be a temporary solution and also affects ground water recharging
and soil microbe activities. The incineration of plastic material will cause
pollution, global warming, and monsoon failure. Investigations done so far have
shown that waste plastics can be utilized for making polymer aggregate blocks

3
with ceramics and granite, which can be used in laying footpaths. They can also
be used in the lining of canals. A bitumen blend can be used as a coat over
reinforced cardboard for roofing. Besides enhancing the strength and life of the
roofing, used by the poor, the blend will provide better moisture resistance. A
blend of waste plastics with mastic components and flooring materials provides
floors with more strength, especially in industrial units. Waste polymers also
infuse greater strength when mixed with cement as reinforced concrete.
(Tablang, 2014).

The Philippines is one of the so-called “sachet economies” where

products are packed and repacked and then sold in-plastic packets. It was also
revealed that the Southeast Asian archipelago uses 60 billion plastic sachets
every year from a study of the Global Alliance Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA).
This reality has motivated a group of engineers and entrepreneurs to take up an
initiative that repurposes sachets, from being polluters to an effective solution
to the waste problem of the country. An eco–brick is composed of 100 plastic
laminates, shredded then mixed with wet cement. This mixture is poured into a
brick pressing machine that the group also invented. The finished product can
be used to build various infrastructures, from houses to schools, and buildings.
Eco-bricks look different from ordinary building blocks and resemble Lego
blocks. The plastic laminates also act as an insulator that locks out heat
passing through normal hollow blocks, making eco-bricks cooler and more
durable. A community in Plaridel, Bulacan built a daycare center collecting and
donating their one-off plastics to Green Antz. With discounted eco-bricks, the
local government was not able only to save money, but provide sustainable
learning facilities for kids. A recycling company in Davao City is addressing the
shortage of school chairs by converting plastic waste into useful furniture.
Thirty kilos of plastic make up one school chair, which is seen as a significant
contribution to the city that handles 500-600 tons of trash every day, most of
which end up in waterways (Xinhua, 2019).

Similarly, the Cebu City Environment and Natural Resources Office

(CCENRO) started to recycle waste glass as an aggregate for concrete bricks in
May 2018 as the disposal of waste glass in landfills has become an important

4
environmental challenge for CCENRO prompting CCENRO chief Ma. Nida
Cabrera to find ways of recycling them into construction materials. Cabrera
launched the glass recycling program at a city-owned property in the North
Reclamation Area (NRA), about 12 kilometers from the cities landfill located in
Barangay Inayawan wherein the glass is milled or finely ground to replace part
of the sand needed to produce concrete blocks. Under the recycling program,
discarded glasses collected from the city’s garbage are brought to the NRA in
Barangay Mabolo where the plant is located. Accordingly, the plant run by
CCENRO employees produces an average of 100 concrete blocks per day
(Erram, 2018).

Furthermore, in the study of Leron Jr. et al. (2021), the results have
shown that crushed glass can be a full replacement for fine aggregates as it
enhances the strength of concrete and is concluded to be a factor of waste
reduction as well. The performance of concrete mixed with crushed glass was
proven satisfactory because test results were comparable to conventional mix;
most glascrete (glass and concrete) samples even surpass the specific strength
of the conventional. So, this experiment inferred that it is ideal to use glass
concrete in terms of having a goal reinforcing the construction as well as
managing the continuous increase of waste; this is considered a promising
approach since it is sustainable and low cost. The glascrete appear to have a
lighter weight than the traditional mix which can be concluded that the specific
strength or the strength-to-weight ratio of crushed glass concrete is stronger for
both beams and cylinders. Determining the material’s specific strength is an
important index for comprehending its ability to sustain heavy loads in lighter
weights. With this concept, it was concluded this should be a factor when it
comes to advancing technologies and building high-rise infrastructures because
when heavy materials were all mixed in a building, it is more prone to failure
especially as years pass. Infrastructures can experience force majeure any time
of the year and their quality must be sacrificed so having a component with
higher specific strength but lighter weight is very important.

According to the staff of the Provincial Government of Mountain Province,

two of the province’s municipalities, Bontoc and Bauko, have already started

5
operating glass shredders to recycle waste glass to be used as partial aggregate
in concrete since 2017. As observed concrete with crushed glass adds to the
aesthetic view of the structure. Also concrete with crushed glass helps the
ability of concrete not to absorb water.

Plastic is one of the leading garbage in the world from Global to Local,
and this pose as a major problem in every country. The ways to reduce this is
by incineration, by gathering all waste into one place known as land fill by
recycling. In our locality the use of shredded plastic as partial aggregate in
concrete are not being practiced due to the fact that shredding plastics take
time and money and also the lack of being practical. As we have observed,
using crushed glass to be used in concrete makes it more compact, avoiding
spaces inside the concrete when it dries, it was because it has been observed
during mixing that smashed glass has no difference between pebbles and sand,
besides it is much more compact and durable which is good for beams,
columns, and foundations of infrastructures.

This is study is to be conducted here in Tadian Mountain Province as

much research has been conducted and has proven that crushed glass and
shredded plastics are durable as partial aggregates and the researchers want to
have a game – changer in the locality as they have observed that there are no
garbage collectors, Material Recovery Facilities, and sanitary landfills found
here in the community and they want to help the construction industry and
reduce the practice of incineration of plastic garbage and making trash into
something useful instead.

6
 Conceptual Framework

This study will be guided by the following concepts. After the

theories are presented, the paradigm of the study is also hereby presented.

Waste materials are threats to the environment and are a major

environmental problem. The reuse of waste material as raw materials is
currently being promoted by several countries as a means of solving the
problem on waste disposal and pollution. In the construction industry, waste
materials are reused and recycled by processing waste into raw materials used
in the production of building materials (Dachowski, 2016). An important way to
use the wastes is to introduce them as a powder or filler in the composition of
construction materials (cement, asphalt, concrete, etc.) or to use as aggregates
since concrete can incorporate many types of waste such as silica fume, fly ash,
cinder, husks, tires, glass, polymers, plastic, etc. ( Barbuta et al., 2015).

Green engineering is the development, commercialization, and

application of processes and products that reduce pollution, promote
sustainability, and protect human health while maintaining economic viability
and efficiency. The use of different waste in concrete mix or obtaining new types
of concretes had as result the development of a new type of construction
materials: green materials (Barbuta et al., 2015). These green materials are
utilized in the construction of green buildings and are one of practices that
define green engineering.

RA (Republic Act) 9003, also known as the ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000, establishes the policy framework, institutional
mechanisms, and mandate for local government units (LGU’s) to achieve 25%
waste reduction goal by establishing integrated solid waste management plans,
based on the 3R’s (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle).

The paradigm of the study will follow the IPO model (input, process,
output model). The interview questions regarding benefits and drawbacks of
using shredded plastic and bottle in concrete hollow blocks and the response of
the interviewees regarding the questions will serve as the input which will be
processed through transcription, coding, categorization and thematization and
7
will also be analyzed. The output of the study will be the identified and
described benefits and drawbacks of using shredded plastic and powdered or
pulverized glass in concrete hollow blocks to the structure it is used on and on
its immediate environment.

interview questions regarding the benefits and drawbacks

of using shredded plastic bottles and powderized or
pulverized glass in concrete hollow blocks
response of respondents to the interview questions
INPUT localizing the using of green hollow block

transcription, coding, categorization and thematization of

data
analysis of the data
PROCE survey reseach design
SS

identified and described benefits and drawbacks of using

shredded plastic and powderized or pulverized glass in
concrete hollow blocks on the structure and its immediate
environment
OUTPU recommendation of the hollow block with a shredded glass
T or plastic as a partial aggregate.

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

8
 This research seeks to determine the benefits and drawbacks of using
shredded plastic and powderized or pulverized glass in concrete blocks on the
structure it is used on and its immediate environment.

Specifically, the study will be conducted to answer the following

questions.

1. What are the benefits of using shredded plastic and powderized or

pulverized glass in concrete blocks on the structure?

2. What are the drawbacks of using shredded plastic and powderized or

pulverized glass in concrete blocks on the structure?

3. How does using shredded plastic and powderized or pulverized glass in

concrete blocks affect the strength of concrete?

CHAPTER II

9
 METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study will use a qualitative approach. Qualitative approach includes

observation and participant observation (fieldwork), interviews and
questionnaires, documents and texts, and the researcher's impressions and
reactions (Myers, 2020). To be able to answer the research questions of the
study, it will utilize survey method where questionnaires will be distributed with
open -ended questions.

Locale and Population of the Study

This study will be conducted in the municipality of Poblacion Tadian,

Mountain Province. The respondents of the study will be civil engineers and
hollow block workers of Tadian, Mountain Province. Considering the
geographical proximity, availability at a given time, or willingness to participate
in the research, the researchers will use convenience sampling from the
residents of the municipality to determine the respondents. The researchers will
target civil engineers and hollow block workers because the researchers
consider that civil engineers and hollow block makers of Tadian are observing
the results of adding plastic/crushed glass as an additive to their hollow block
products.

Data Gathering Tools

This study will make use of open-ended questions as a survey tool in gathering
data in order to garner in-depth and more detailed responses from the
researchers target respondent. Since there is no validated survey tool that
aligns to the research questions. The questionnaire will be specifically designed
to gather the necessary data in answering the problem of the study. The
researchers will create a survey questionnaire that will be validated by a
qualified individual to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the survey
questionnaires in gathering data from the target respondent. Validation of
survey instrument is an important activity in the research process (Elangovan
and Sundaravel, 2021). The evidence of validity and reliability are prerequisites
to assure the integrity and quality of a measurement instrument [Kimberlin &
Winterstein, 2008].

10
Data Gathering Procedure

Prior to the conduct of the study, the questionnaire will be presented to

the adviser and panels for validation and will undergo piloting and reliability
test. After securing the participating demographic, the respondents will receive
a brief orientation in regards to what the purpose of the survey and will be
promised the anonymity of the participants after giving their response. The
researchers will not have any influence to the participants on manipulation of
data.

Treatment of Data

All gathered data from the survey shall be coded, categorized, and
thematized.

REFERENCES

11
(2019, October 11). Filipino Engineers Build Eco-Bricks with Plastic Waste.
XinhuaNet. Retrieved April 1, 2023, from
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/11/c_138463183.htm

Al-Tarbi, M., Omar, S., Al-amoudi, Al-osta, A., & Al-awsh, A. (2022, May 29).
Development of Eco-friendly Hollow Concrete Blocks in the Field Using
Wasted High-density Polyethylene,Low-density Polyethylene, and Crumb
Tire Rubber. Journal of materias research and technology. Retrieved
March 27, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.027

Barbuta, Bucur, D., Cimpeanu, M., Paraschiv, & Bucur. (2015). Wastes in
Building Materials Industry. INTECH. Retrieved April 1, 2023, from
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/59933

Chowdhury, R. (2013). Home – Civil Engineering. Home – Civil Engineering.

Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://civiltoday.com

Dachowski, & Kostrzewa. (2016, August 4). The Use of Waste Materials in the
Construction Industry. World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-
Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium 2016, WMCAUS2016.
Retrieved April 1, 2023, from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.764

Elangovan, & Sundaravel. (2021, October 26). Method of Preparing a Document

for Survey Instrument Validation by Experts. MethodsX. Retrieved April
2, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101326
Ferriz-Papi, J., & Thomas, S. (2020). Recycled Aggregates from Construction to
Demolition Waste in the Production of Concrete Blocks. Journal of
Construction Materials. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from
http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/59101/

Kimberlin, Carole & Winterstein, Almut. (2009). Validity and reliability of

measurement instruments used in research. American journal of health-
system pharmacy: AJHP: official journal of the American Society of
Health-System Pharmacists. 65. 2276-84. 10.2146/ajhp070364
Leron, E., Guevarra, B., Roluna, G., Tan, R., & Zalun, G. (2021, February 3).
Innovative Construction Reinforcement Medium Using Crushed Glass:
An Experimental Risk-Waste Reduction Research. Research and Reviews:
Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Retrieved April 1, 2023,
from https://www.rroij.com/open-access/innovative-construction-
reinforcement-medium-using-crushedglass-an-experimental-riskwaste-
reduction-research.pdf

12
Myers, D. (2020, March 2). Qualitative Research in Information Systems.
Association for Information Systems. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from
https://www.qual.auckland.ac.nz/
Patel, H. (2020, February 13). Hollow Concrete Blocks:All You Need to Know!
Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://Gharpedia
https://gharpedia.com › blog › holl. . . Hollow Concrete Blocks: All You
Need to Know!

Piccinali, Diotti, Plizzari, & Sorlini. (2022, January 31). Impact of Recycled
Aggregate on the Mechanical and Environmental Properties of Concrete:a
Review. Materials 2022,15,1818. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1501818

Safinia, & Alkalbani. (2016, June 28). Use of Recycled Plastic Water Bottles in
Concrete Blocks. Creative Construction Conference 2016, CCC 2016, 25-
28 Jun 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://ScienceDirect
https://www.sciencedirect.com › pdf Use of Recycled Plastic Water
Bottles in Concrete Blocks

Sun. (2019, July 30). Advantages of Using Concrete Blocks. LinkedIn. Retrieved
March 23, 2023, from https://LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com ›
pulse Advantages of Using Concrete Blocks

Tablang, B. (2014). EVALUATION OF PLASTIC AGGREGATES USED AS

HOLLOW BLOCKS. CENGR 522(SPECIAL PROBLEM) College of
Engineering. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from
https://www.academia.edu/8738681/Plastic_Sand_Hollow_Blocks

Wonderlich, S. (2014). STRENGHT OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS WITH

PLASTIC BOTTLE CORES. Department of Architectural Engineering and
Construction Science College of Engineering. Retrieved March 20, 2023,
fromhttps://krex.k-
state.edu/bitstream/handle/2097/17389/SeanWonderlich2014.pdf;seq
uence=1

13
 APPENDIX A

Questionnaire

1. Compared with the ordinary concrete blocks what are the advantages and
dis-advantages of the concrete blocks with shredded plastics in terms of the
material to be used and the ratios of the components to be mixed?

2. What is the capacity or how would we rely on the concrete blocks with
shredded plastics in case that a rolling tree or a rock hits the house?

3. What would be the advantages or be the dis-advantages if we use it in a big

infrastructure like buildings or for those have a large distance between the
columns and the beams.

4. What are the advantages and dis-advantages of the concrete blocks with
shredded plastics in an event such as earthquakes, typhoons, heavy rains and
floods?

5. What do concrete blocks with shredded plastics and bottles can do when it
comes in supporting the columns and the beams of the house?

14
 APPENDIX B

Informed Consent

Dear respondents,

We, the Student Researchers in MPSPC-Tadian Campus, are conducting a

research study titled, “EFFECTS OF SHREDDED PLASTIC AND BOTTLE AS
ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL AGGREGATE IN MAKING CONCRETE
BLOCKS”. For us to gather the data for our study, may we invite you to
participate in a survey that will not take more than an hour. We shall handle
whatever expense entailed for your participation. Your personal identity and
information shall be treated with utmost confidentiality. Your participation to
the survey will give us the valid and reliable data in, which could be the basis in
determining the effects of shredded plastic and bottle as alternative to
conventional aggregate in making concrete blocks.
Your participation to the survey is very much appreciated but in case
you choose not to participate or wish to withdraw, this shall not be taken
against you and rest assured that no harm shall be inflicted upon you.

In case you need to get in touch, you may contact the cellphone number,
09630474444.

The Researchers,

Debbie S. Wacangan
Edmar T. Quizzagan
Harlee A. Banwa
Jenneth C. Dalisan
Jorross K. Gadgadan
Marrero A. Guimpatan
Mitch B. Ngaya-an
Monroe B. Cabay
Rogelio Jr. E. Pascual
Shea Haic Anne B. Balbalin

Conforme: _________________

Name and Signature

15
 MATERIAL INNOVATIONS
Reference TITLE FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS

Beudon, C.; Life Cycle The study results This study can be
Oudjene, M.; Assessment of an reveal that the completed and improved,
Djedid, A.; Innovative Hybrid aluminum – to – particularly in terms of
Annan, C. - D.; Highway Bridge timber bridge is data that have high
Fafard, M. Made of an economically and uncertainty and contribute
(2022). Aluminum Deck environmentally significantly to the final
and Glulam more advantageous results. The sensitive
Timber Beams than the aluminum parameters identified
– to – steel bridge. during the study are: •
It also shows that The origin of the
the ease of aluminum; • Construction
prefabrication and scenarios; • Maintenance
the relatively few scenarios; • The mass of
interventions over the aluminum decking; •
its lifetime results in The daily flow of vehicles;
a decrease in total • The length of traffic
cost of 86% and a diversions; • The discount
decrease in rates. By performing more
environmental complete sensitivity and
impacts of 88% uncertainty analyses on
when this all these parameters, it
alternative would be possible to
aluminum/wood increase the robustness of
solution is the results.
compared to the
traditional concrete Additionally, it might be
slab – on – steel interesting to develop a
girder bridge database on the present
design. study that compares the
possible solutions. The
user would only need to
know the key parameters
in the context such as the
span of the bridge, the
daily flow of vehicles, the
length of the traffic
diversions, etc., and the

16
 database would directly
give the economic and
environmental results of
the different existing
bridge models. This
database would be
regularly updated with
new technical advances. It
would allow for rapid
decision making and long-
term overviews of
possible solutions. Finally,
more in-depth studies on
flanges for connecting
wood and aluminum
materials can be carried
out in order to widely
democratize the use of
hybrid bridges made of
these two promising
materials.

Kulinski, K. On Innovative One of the primary It is worth noting that

(2019). Concrete-Rubber goals of the study is promising results of
Composite to quantify the mechanical wave
Blocks Reducing damping factor reduction in composites
Effects of against Mechanical with kept nearly the same
Dynamic wave propagation compressive and bending
Mechanical in blocks. Heat strength as solid concrete
Impact: The transmission of blocks should be validated
Review of suggested blocks, with experimental tests
Structural on the other hand which will be held in the
Solutions near future.
Is also highly
essential from an
economic one.
Despite the fact that
just one precast
was examined
Concrete-rubber
hollow blocks,
17
assessments of
their use in three-
layered structures
walls have also
been built. The
ADINA code, which
is entirely based on
finite elements, was
employed. The
element method.
C16/20 and C20/25
concrete are
concrete materials
that describe hollow
blocks. Strength
courses, which are
the most popular in
Poland, have been
implemented.
Rubber possesses

Mooney-Rivlin
and/or Zahorski
material models
have been used.
must be used. A
specific adaptation
of the ADINA
material library has
been offered as a
model. The analysis
revealed that the
form of rubber
injects has a
substantial impact
on mechanical
wave refraction and
dissipation. Also,
the drop in block
compressive
strength would be
18
 negligible due to
the very tiny volume
of rubber injects in
contrast to the
entire concrete
block. Because of
the seldom seen
combination of
concrete and
rubber, as well as
the relatively simple
and inexpensive
application in the
manufacturing
process, the
prototype solutions
presented in this
study may be
considered novel

Borowski, P., Innovative Bamboo has Because of its properties,

Patuk, I., and Industrial Use of excellent properties bamboo is suggested as a
Bandala, E. Bamboo as Key that make it an material for use in many
(2022). “Green” Material interesting material economic sectors.
with applications in Thoroughly examining
several economic bamboo’s possibilities as
branches as a an additive to bio
green material composites and checking
positively the properties of the
influencing the biomass used as material
environment. in power plants is an
Utilitarian use of interesting pending task.
bamboo in At this point, attention
industries where should be paid to bamboo
production is based ash, including its melting
on bamboo or Temperature and physico-
bamboo-related chemical composition, as
materials and wide key parameters in the
possibilities for combustion process. Dry
using bamboo in bamboo ash can be used
innovative and as an additive substation
19
 creative ways. for cement production to
improve the properties of
concrete. In addition,
bamboo can be used in
the food industry and in
medicine. It is therefore
worthwhile for further
research to analyse
bamboo’s additional
possibilities.

Tian Li, Chaoji Developing Cellulose is the However, further efforts

Chen, fibrillated most prevalent are required to increase
Alexandra H. cellulose as a biopolymer on the the material durability and
Brozena, J. Y. sustainable planet, found in reduce the cost,
Zhu, Lixian, Xu, technological trees, agricultural particularly for products
Carlos material crop waste, and based on nanoscale
Dreamier, Jiaqi, another biomass. fibrillated cellulose.
Dai, Orlando J. The cellulose fibers
Rojas, Akira, may be broken However, we note that
Isogai, Lars down into building true sustainability, from
Wågberg, & pieces of various, raw materials to
Liangbing Hu. controlled size, and manufacturing and final
(2020). known as fibrillated products, remains a
cellulose. challenge that requires
Dimensions that further study from the
extend to the Nano academic community and
scale. Since industry in order to reduce
fibrillated cellulose energy and water
is derived from consumption and to
renewable balance sustainability and
resources, its performance better (for
sustainability example, the competition
potential, when between biodegradability
paired with its other and material stability).
functional qualities
(mechanical,
optical, thermal,
and fluidic, for
20
 example), lends this
nanomaterial a
distinct technical
appeal. We look at
how fibrillated
cellulose may be
used to make
everything from
composites and
macrofibres to thin
films, porous
membranes, and
gels. We explore
future research
prospects for the
practical use of
these structures, as
well as the
remaining hurdles
that must be solved
before fibrillated
cellulose materials
may attain their full
potential.

Katrin, D., Innovations to Materials science has However, the

Basuhi, R., decarbonize played an important economic success
Gregory, J., materials role in reducing CO2 of the
Maya, B., industries emissions from the petrochemical
Somjit, V., & power industry by industry is not
Olivetti, A, E. developing solutions easy to surpass,
(2022). for renewable energy and innovative
generation and high - catalytic pathways
performance energy that use
storage. Outside of lignocellulosic
the energy sector, wastes to make
however, there are platform
still significant chemicals with
greenhouse gas high yields and
21
 emissions associated reduced costs will
with material be needed to
production, notably sustainably
owing to expansion in divorce non-
built-environment renewable
infrastructure, resources.
transportation, and
chemical Activating a
manufacturing. The relatively
task of decreasing unreactive
the emissions impact molecule such as
of materials CO2 is impossible
manufacturing is the without modern
topic of this Review. catalytic prowess;
We analyse the the design of
potential for efficient and
decarbonization in economical
the cement, metals catalysts with
(including steel and stable catalytic
aluminum), and activity and
chemicals minimized coke
manufacturing deposition
industries, including remains a
the ability to minimize challenge.
emissions from inputs However, despite
to production and thermodynamic
transformation feasibility at
processes, as well as ambient
the design of desired conditions, kinetic
outputs. limitations and
stability
considerations
point to a need for
improved
understanding and
design of
electrocatalytic
systems.

Esteban, D., & The Impact of This study analyzed Investigate the

22
Jaaniso, I. Sustainable the drivers and influence of the
(2016). Materials on barriers for mentioned
Construction implementing stakeholders on
Innovation the sustainable materials construction
Case of Timber into construction innovation.
in Gothenburg projects in
Gothenburg, More in-depth
Sweden. studies on the
basis of a certain
Due to associated organization,
sustainability benefits region or a
there is a political sustainability
pressure in dimension.
implementing timber
constructions but is Researching other
hindered by national contexts
stakeholders. may enlarge the
understanding of
Needed resource construction
bases are provided innovation due to
by the networks of the advent of
organizations sustainable
resulting to materials.
successful innovation
projects.

Benefits are gained

through
standardization and
prefabrication of the
processes of timber.

Zhang, W., Liu, Impact of Rice The purpose of this More exploration
H., & Liu, C. Husk Ash on the study is to look into and
(2022). Mechanical the effect of replacing experimentation in
Characteristics ordinary Portland other durability
and Freeze– cement (OPC) with aspects are
Thaw Resistance RHA by equal mass needed to expand
of Recycled on the mechanical the application of
Aggregate properties and RHA recycled
23
Concrete freeze-thaw aggregate
resistance of recycled concrete.
concrete. The
workability,
compressive
strength, mass loss,
and dynamic elastic
modulus of recycled
concrete were tested,
and scanning
electron microscope
(SEM) tests were
used to examine the
hydration products
and microstructure.
The mechanism of
RHA recycled
aggregate concrete
freeze-thaw damage
deterioration was
revealed. The results
show that
incorporating RHA
has a negative
impact on the
workability of fresh
concrete. Its high
specific surface area
will provide a large
number of nucleation
sites for the hydration
reaction, refining the
paste’s pore structure
and improving weak
bonding of the
interfacial transition
zone (ITZ) by
increasing the
matrix’s pozzolanic
reaction effect and

24
 filling effect, thereby
improving concrete’s
compressive
strength. In addition,
the porous structure
of, During the freeze-
thaw cycles, the
recycled aggregate
attached mortar and
mesoporous RHA will
absorb a lot of water.
As the RHA
replacement ratios
increase, the interior
pores and cracks will
gradually expand and
extend, causing more
severe damage to the
concrete.

Madurwar, M. Application of From various An international

V., Ralegaontar, agro - waste for literatures it is found bench marking to
R. V., & sustainable that construction further be done
Mandavgane, S. construction product/composites better application
A. (2013). materials: A produced from of innovative
review various agro – waste construction
materials are materials.
comparatively
cheaper, have lower Design and
thermal conductivity develop
and are durable, demonstrative
lightweight, and made houses over
environmental the specific study
friendly than are to evaluate the
conventional one. environmental
performance.

Reza Maskur, New Job Mix The planned target The slump test
M., Bima Formula To value can be results are

25
Mahardana, Z., Increase The achieved as shown in planned for the
Dewandono, I., Compression the research results concrete test
Ridlo Abdulloh, Strength of on concrete by using object to decrease
A., Akbar, A., Concrete with recycled coarse at a distance of 8
Okhynawa, M., Recycled Coarse aggregate as the
& Lindimena, R. Aggregate base material. The Cm to 12 cm. The
(2022). average compressive slump test results
strength of RCA showed that the
concrete, which can normal concrete
exceed the target specimens
value of FC 21.7 decreased by
MPa, demonstrates 7 cm, and the
this. The greatest concrete
value of the specimens with
compressive strength RCA material only
of RCA concrete is decreased by 4.4
FC 23.79 MPa. With cm from the tip of
the same feasibility of
using the material, it The Abrams cone.
only reaches FC Thus, it is
18.53 MPa for suggested that
ordinary concrete practitioners and
objects. academics apply
further research

Better to consider
the job mix
formula in
manufacturing
concrete

Yidushuini, S., Green Buildings The Singapore case However, it is

Thomas, H., & in Singapore; was examined using important to note
Mansi, S. Analyzing a the theoretical that more studies
(2017). frontrunner’s framework of should be
Sectoral Innovation Systems conducted in
Innovation (SIS). SIS four The Singapore to gain
Systems technological further insights into
26
regime, market the impact and
demand, actor effectiveness of
interactions, and policies that have
networks were been
evaluated and the implemented, the
institutional setting. outcomes of
projects, and to
The advantages of map the changing
Singapore’s system dynamics of the
for sectoral building sector in
innovation were Singapore and its
noted in the influence on Green
analysis primarily Buildings niche
focuses on market formation.
elements from each
of the four SIS It is also
components. encouraged that
similar research
Specific success concerning the
elements at play the (sectoral)
introduction of a innovation
comprehensive plan systems of Green
to foster Buildings in other
breakthroughs in cities and
green construction countries is
(such as the Green conducted. This
Mark would allow for
Implementing systematic
support policies, comparative
creating test beds, research, and
and applying the might help to
policy framework. discern conditions
that support
innovation-
diffusion.

27
 STEEL PROPERTIES
REFERENCE TITLE FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS
Jingyu Yu, BIM-based The preliminary Further study on the time
Jingfeng time-cost findings confirm and cost plans for projects
Wang, optimization of the validity of involving steel structures in
Zhengmao a large-span the suggested airport terminal buildings.
Hua, Xingxing spatial steel BIM-based
Wang. (2022). structure in an time-cost
airport terminal optimization
building approach. The
construction
planning for
experts will be
aided by the
BIM-based
time-cost
optimization
model, and
pertinent
research on the
application of
BIM in large-
span spatial
steel structure
projects will be
enhanced.

Fábio, P., Analysis of the Designing to Other ultimate limit states

Barros, R., C. stability and the ultimate would need to be taken into
(2013.) design of limit state consideration for the
28
cantilevered (STR) follows a structure's overall design.
sign support in general The fatigue limit condition
highways process that is and serviceability
described. At a requirements receive
material and specific attention. The
geometrical connections and member
level, the designs are typically
definition of the constrained by those limit
activities on the states by requiring rigorous
structure and limitations to be verified.
the underlying Cantilever structural
presumptions supports that are prone to
are revealed. fatigue and are susceptible
According to to damaging vibrations
the Eurocode should be fitted with the
3, simplified proper dampening or
procedures for energy-absorbing devices.
determining the
cross-section
and ensuring All components,
the members' mechanical fasteners, and
buckling weld details should only be
resistance are subjected to the stresses
also suitably necessary to meet the
characterized. requirements of their
Certain wind- respective detail categories
dynamic issues while staying within the
with this kind of constant-amplitude fatigue
structure are limits. These stresses are
highlighted caused by fatigue actions
(fatigue (equivalent static wind
effects). load). Galloping and truck
It was gust-induced vibration
determined deflections of cantilevered
through the single-arm sign supports
buckling study shouldn't be excessive in
that the order to prevent
cantilever serviceability issues.
support shows Additionally, permanent
no vulnerability camber is typically provided
29
 to second order in addition to dead load
effects. A camber for overhead sign
flexural structures.
instability mode
won't be
amplified by the
column's low
installed axial
load. Moreover,
the excessive
torsion in the
column
significantly
lowers the
cross-section’s
ability to
withstand
shear.

Gunther, M., Effects of inter The most well- Additionally, problems

Altenburg, J, layer time and known additive about the
S., & build height on manufacturing representativeness of
Hiltenburg, K. resulting (AM) method specimens for real-world
(2020). properties of for metal part component attributes
316L stainless manufacture is emerge, as they may have
steel processed laser powder radically different
by laser powder bed fusion (L- temperature histories. This
bed fusion PBF). Among is true even when they are
the several produced using the same
parameters set of settings and in the
impacting same build procedure. Part
component density is altered as well as
quality and microstructural
mechanical characteristics, which may
qualities, the be homogenized by proper
interlayer time post-process
(ILT) between heat treatment. This
repetitive emphasizes the issue's
melting of significance even more.
30
volume This issue can be improved
elements in by identifying a minimal ILT
succeeding that maintains comparability
layers is almost at the price of productivity.
entirely ignored Customized parameter
in the relevant combinations would be the
L-PBF most intelligent solution to
literature. Using the problem. They may also
the example of assist with the transfer.
316L stainless
steel, this study Critical thermal histories
evaluates the from the fabrication of real-
influence of ILT world parts are used to the
with regard to fabrication of specimen
construction geometries. The calibration
height and at of the IR camera setup will
different levels aid in obtaining reliable
of volumetric temperature data and also
energy density facilitate discussion of the
(VED). In situ findings.
thermography
is utilized to
collect data on
cooling
conditions
during the
process, which
is then followed
by a thorough
metallographic
examination.
The impacts of
ILT and build
height on heat
build-up, sub-
grain sizes,
melt pool
geometries,
and hardness
are discussed

31
 in detail.
Additionally,
the increase in
defect density
can be
attributable to a
reciprocal
interaction
between
construction
height and ILT.
As a result, ILT
has been
recognized as
a critical
element in L-
PBF of real part
components,
particularly
those with tiny
cross sections.

Afkhami, S., Fatigue Additive Hence, future studies

Mohammad, Characteristics manufacturing considering a wider variety
D., Habib of Steels is gaining of building orientations can
Alavi, S., manufactured traction in a be of use to predict the
Timo, B., & by selective variety of fatigue life of industrial
Antti, S. laser melting modern products more precisely.
(2018). industries,
including Hence, further study is
automotive, necessary to distinguish the
aerospace, effects of surface
aviation, and roughness and
marine. This is compressive residual stress
especially true and consider them
for selective simultaneously to have a
laser melting, better understanding of the
which can fatigue crack initiation and
produce dense propagation in SLM steels.
pieces from
metal and alloy
32
powders. As a
result, the
performance of
materials
produced by
selective laser
melting has
lately become
the subject of
several
investigations.
However, their
fatigue
tolerance has
yet to be fully
understood,
and few
researches
have been
conducted on
this issue thus
far. The lack of
understanding
is sometimes
linked to the
large number of
production
factors, which
also makes
using selective
laser melting
for normal
industrial
applications
difficult. Steel is
one of the most
appealing
materials to
manufacturers
among the

33
 many materials
produced by
selective laser
melting due to
its wide range
of applications.
The purpose of
this work is to
discuss the
fatigue
characteristics
of several types
of steel made
by selective
laser melting. It
also examines
the
characteristics
known to be
effective on the
fatigue
behavior of
various steels.
These factors
include building
orientation,
heat treatment,
surface quality,
energy density,
and end
product service
condition.

Fatima, S., Investigation of The results The proposed

Karim, E., & mechanical indicated that relationships for the
Bakhti, S. characteristics and adding steel fibres size effect remain
(2019). specimen size of fresh concrete valid only for the
effect of steel fibres reduces its obtained results.
reinforced concrete They must be tested
34
 workability. for other results to
make some
Adding SF’s corrections.
increases flexural
strength because
the fibres help on
the strength of the
concrete
compared to
ordinary concrete.

Wang, Y., Liu, Static Analysis of According to the To clear up the best
H., Xi, C., Dou, properties of a research, the volume fraction of
G., & Qian, L. Composite slab ultimate load of steel fibres in
(2019) made from Steel slabs depends on reinforced concrete,
Fibres and the volume of further studies are
reinforced Foam rebar needed.
Concrete reinforcement in
their tension side
at a given volume
content. Steel
fibres also
prevented the
normal and
oblique parts of
reinforced
concrete beams
from breaking.

The cracking load

of reinforced could
not be improved
by a larger load of
reinforced
concrete by a
larger steel – fibre
volume ratio
without rebars and
the failure was
brittle.

Skoglund, D. Innovative The goal of this However, further

35
(2019). structural details licentiate thesis is analyses are
using high strength to improve the required in order to
steel for steel fatigue resistance make these structural
bridges of fatigue-prone details viable for
structural details construction.
and connections
by implementing However, further
new and research is required
innovative to establish a detail
structural category for the
solutions to pre- proposed structural
existing details solutions
specified in design Finding additional
standards. The innovative structural
vertical stiffener at details could be done
an intermediate through topology
cross-beam, optimization, by
which will be minimizing the stress
highlighted, is a concentrations of the
typical fatigue- structure.
prone detail. By
improving fatigue
resistance, less
steel material will
be required for the
construction of
new steel bridges
and steel-concrete
composite
bridges.

Saif, A., & High-strength steel Because HSS Lastly, future

Sharia Alam, reinforcement lacks a clearly research
M., (2020). (ASTM defined yield point recommendations
A1035/A1035M and yield plateau, are proposed to
Grade 690): state- it exhibits a revise and increase
of-the-art review different stress- the specified yield
strain response strength of HSS in
than ordinary certain applications
36
 Grade 420 steel. to enable designers
to take full advantage
of the potential
benefits of HSS
reinforcements.

Boglarka, B., Influence of steel The purpose of Future studies needs

Mate, T., & fiber content on the this study was to to be performed with
Akanshu, S. load bearing look into the particular interest on
(2017). capacity of concrete cone the application of
Anchorages in capacity of different anchor
Concrete individual anchors types in Steel Fiber
and anchor Reinforced Concrete
groups installed in with diverse fiber
steel fiber types.
reinforced
concrete. Several
pull-out tests on
single anchors
and anchor
groups in normal
concrete and steel
fiber reinforced
concrete were
performed, with a
focus on the effect
of steel fiber
content on
concrete cone
capacity. When it
comes to group
tests.

Additionally, the
effects of load
eccentricity and
base plate
thickness on load
redistribution were
investigated. A
qualitative
37
 evaluation of the
concrete fracture
surface was also
performed to gain
a better
understanding of
the potential
scatter of test
results caused by
unfavorable fiber
orientation and
distribution in the
cement matrix.

Xiaoyi, L., & Recent The first findings More research is

Tak-Ming, C. research suggest that the type highly desirable for
(2018). advances of of static loading, comprehensive
high strength failure mode, steel assessment of
steel welded yield stress, current design
hollow section geometrical factors, provisions and
joints chord preload ratio, proposing
and welding all affect appropriate design
how well the present rules for the HSS
design guidelines welded joints
work for HSS welded
joints. As compared
to analogues made
of normal strength
steel, the high-cycle
fatigue performance
of the HSS welded
joints is on par with
or even better.

Moynihan, C, Utilization of Buildings are Further research

38
M., & Allwood, structural steel analyzed to look for would be required to
M, J. (2014). In buildings trends, and each obtain a more
beam’s consumption precise estimate of
is discovered. The steel saving,
outcomes for over accounting for the
10,000 beams reveal nonlinear
that the average relationship
usage is less than between U/R and
50%. Their ability material provision—
The main cause of for instance, a
this low value is
“rationalization,” or Deeper section may
the provision of extra have twice the
material to lower moment capacity
labor expenses. without having twice
Steel use in as much mass; this
buildings might be phenomenon is
considerably amplified for
decreased by composite
planning for construction.
minimum material Research is also
rather than lowest required to
cost, which would understand the
result in a reduction economics of
in “embodied” rationalization, as
carbon emissions on current levels of
par with that excess steel are
reduction. double what was
estimated as the
upper threshold for
net saving.
Specifically, it is not
known how much
more design time is
required to achieve
a percentage
increase in average
U/R, nor what the
extra cost of
fabricating and
constructing this
39
 design would be,
nor how these extra
costs compare with
the saving in
material cost and
with the overall
project cost. Studies
of utilization could
be undertaken for

Different buildings
types (e.g. portal
frames, which
account for one-
third of construction
steel use or different
structural materials
(e.g. reinforced
concrete or timber)
to assess further
opportunities to use
less material in
construction.

40