Information Technology

NPC 111
Lecture #01

Dr. Mohamed Issa

Assistant professor at CSIT programs

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition

 Instructor

• Dr. Mohamed Issa

Assistant Professor at CSIT programs , E-JUST

Email : [email protected]

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition

 Notes

• Commitment to attend lectures, laboratories and

theoretical exercises.

• The condition for entering the exam is to achieve an

attendance rate of 75%.

• Commitment to arriving at the exact time (except for

appointments at 9.00 A.M, they are allowed to be late
until 9.10 A.M)

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition

 Notes

• Commitment to submit tasks on time (late submission is

considered void).

• Cheating is not permitted in performing tasks and will

have a negative impact on the evaluation.

• For any inquiries, you are allowed to discuss with the

lecturer or assistants during the office hours announced
through the classroom.

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition

 Evaluation

Three Parts :
1) Class Work (30% of the course degree)
Assignment, Project, Quiz, Lab work Evaluation

2) Mid-Term Exam (30% of the course degree)

It will be held in the seventh or eighth week

3) Final Exam (40% of the course degree)

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition

 Classroom

Please join the classroom designated for the course via the
following code and link :

Code : duz3rfp

Link:
https://classroom.google.com/c/NjI5NzkwOTQ2ODk3?cjc=
duz3rfp

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition

 Reference

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition

Chapter 1:
Introduction to the World
of Computers
 Overview

• This chapter covers:

– What computers are, how they work, and how they
are used
– Computer terminology
– An overview of the history of computers
– The basic types of computers in use today
– An overview of networks and the Internet
– Societal impacts of computers

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 Computers in Your Life

• Why learn about computers?

– Pervasive computing
• Also known as ubiquitous computing
• Computers have become an integral part of our
lives
– Basic computer literacy
• Knowing about and understanding computers
and their uses is an essential skill today for
everyone

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 Computers in Your Life

• Before 1980
– Computers were large, expensive
– Very few people had access to them
– Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing
tasks
• Microcomputers in the early 80s
– Inexpensive personal computers
– Computer use increased dramatically
• Today
– More than 80% of US households include a computer, and
most use computers at work
– Electronic devices are converging into single units with
multiple capabilities
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 Computers in the Home

• Computers used for a variety of tasks:

– Looking up information and news
– Exchanging e-mail
– Shopping and paying bills
– Watching TV and videos
– Downloading music and movies
– Organizing digital photographs
– Playing games
– Telecommuting

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 Computers in the Home

• Convergence
– The computer has become the central part of
home entertainment
– Dual-mode mobile phones
• Wireless networking
– Computers can be used in nearly any location
• Smart appliances
– Traditional appliances with built-in computer or
communication technology
• Smart homes
– Household tasks are monitored and controlled by
a main computer in the house
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 Computers in Education

• Many students today have access to computers

either in a classroom or a computer lab
• Colleges and universities are even more integrated
– Wireless hotspots allow usage of personal laptops
to connect to the college network
– Some colleges require a computer for enrollment
• Distance learning
– Students participate from locations other than the
traditional classroom setting using computers and
Internet access

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 Computers on the Job

• Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool

for decision-making, productivity, and communication
– Used by all types of employees
– Used for access control and other security
measures
– Use by service professionals is growing
– Used extensively by the military
– Employees in all lines of work need to continually
refresh their computer skills

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 What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?

• Computer: A programmable, electronic device that

accepts data, performs operations on that data, and
stores the data or results as needed
– Computers follow instructions, called programs, which
determine the tasks the computer will perform
• Basic operations
– Input: Entering data into the computer
– Processing: Performing operations on the data
– Output: Presenting the results
– Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future
use
– Communications: Sending or receiving data

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 What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?

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 Computers Then and Now

• The computer as we know it is a fairly recent invention

• The history of computers is often referred to in terms of

generations

• Each new generation is characterized by a major

technological development

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 Computers Then and Now

• First-generation computers (1946-1957)

– Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes
– Used a great deal of electricity, and generated a
lot of heat
• Second-generation computers (1958-1963)
– Used transistors
– Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper,
more energy-efficient, and more reliable

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 Computers Then and Now

• Third-generation computers (1964-1970)

– Used integrated circuits (ICs)
– Keyboards and monitors introduced
• Fourth-generation computers (1971-present)
– Use microprocessors
– Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers
– Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical
disks for storage
– Computer networks, wireless technologies,
Internet introduced

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 Computers Then and Now

• Fifth-generation (now and the future)

– No precise classification
– May be based on artificial intelligence (AI)
– Likely use voice and touch input
– May be based on optical computers

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 Computers Then and Now

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 Hardware

• Hardware: The physical parts of a computer

– Internal hardware
• Located inside the main box (system unit) of
the computer
– External hardware
• Located outside the system unit
• Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless
connection
– There is hardware associated with all five
computer operations

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 Hardware

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 Hardware

• Input devices
– Used to input data into the computer
– Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras,
microphones, joysticks, touch pads, touch
screens, fingerprint readers, etc.
• Processing devices
– Perform calculations and control computer’s
operation
– Central processing unit (CPU) and memory
• Output devices
– Present results to the user
– Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc.
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 Hardware

• Storage devices
– Used to store data on or access data from storage
media
– Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash
drives, etc.
• Communications devices
– Allow users to communicate with others and to
electronically access remote information
– Modems, network adapters, etc.

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 Hardware

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 Software

• Software: The programs or instructions used to tell

the computer hardware what to do
– System software: Operating system starts up the
computer and controls its operation
• Without OS computer cannot function
• Boots the computer and launches programs at
the user’s direction
• Most use a GUI to interact with the user via
windows, icons, menus, buttons, etc.
• Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc.

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 Software

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 Application Software

– Application software: Performs specific tasks or

applications
• Creating letters, budgets, etc.
• Managing inventory and customer databases
• Editing photographs
• Scheduling appointments
• Viewing Web pages
• Sending and receiving e-mail
• Recording / playing CDs/DVDs
• Designing homes
• Playing games
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 Software

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 Computers to Fit Every Need

• Six basic categories of computers:

– Embedded computers
– Mobile devices
– Personal computers
– Midrange servers
– Mainframe computers
– Supercomputers

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 Embedded Computers

• Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and

designed to perform specific tasks or functions for
that product
• Cannot be used as general-purpose
computers
• Often embedded into:
– Household appliances
– Thermostats
– Sewing machines
– A/V equipment
– Cars

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 Mobile Devices

• Mobile device: A very small device with

some type of built-in computing or
Internet capability
• Typically based on mobile phones
• Typically have small screens and
keyboards
• Examples:
– Smartphones
– Handheld gaming devices
– Portable digital media players

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 Personal Computers (PCs)

• Personal computer: A small computer designed to be

used by one person at a time
– Also called a microcomputer
– Range in size from desktop computers to UMPC’s
• Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk
– Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one
– Can be PC-
compatible or
Macintosh
– Not designed to be
portable

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 Portable Computers

• Notebook (laptop) computers: Typically use clamshell

design
• Tablet computers: Can
be slate tablets or
convertible tablets
• Netbooks: Small
notebooks; rapidly
growing type of PC
• Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs):
Handheld computers

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 Midrange Servers

• Midrange server: A medium-sized computer used

to host programs and data for a small network
– Users connect via a network with a
computer, thin client, or dumb terminal

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 Mainframe Computers

• Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by

several large organizations to manage large amounts
of centralized data
– Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals,
universities, large businesses, banks, government
offices
– Located in climate-controlled data centers and
connected to the rest of the company computers
via a network
– Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than
midrange servers
– Usually operate 24 hours a day
– Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class
servers
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 Mainframe Computers

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 Supercomputers

• Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most

powerful type of computer
– Generally run one program at a time, as fast as
possible
– Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller
computers, supercomputing cluster
– Used for space exploration, missile guidance,
satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration,
scientific research, complex Web sites, decision
support systems, 3D applications, etc.

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 Supercomputers

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 Thank You

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition