low ph isoelectric point high pH

0 = C -

OH
↑
Is Ps
R
Ht
R R further

*
Br I
-
-

OH- ox
C mild ox theat
2 (H -
I

d No ,
HzNt C COOHHzNt-
- -

100 = HN C COO
H20 ) +
0 -
2
+
28 ]
agent

I
*
-
- -

+ e
2 .
g Fehling's/Tollen's
.

H
it it
+
+ OH-
it
-

t -
reagent
~ protonation + HBr ① charged ion zwitterion O charged ion agent
strong
ox
dilute acid I heat
g
(e
g HCL) + HUR Phy NO2 R R X Further, ox
KMnOy/Of

-
Ri
o
.

1
.

acd
O H
2(0)
.

+
H
O C C 20 +
2H , 0

" Ni
O I I &
c Okt
-

c-
&
acd Ke Cre Of
-

& Y ,
c
OH
c C
.

N N - -
- -

C
↑
-

T
HG
H OH H
Is

"Sandy&o ·
t

Nos +c ↑

-
as 2HBr i R

↑2
+
t H O 2 O
not alkaline H
~
I
-

n C -
c
M KMnU4 C
-

↓ H 8 n
y
+ - -

S
3
H OH OH
Br S
H Add-Eli:
if methy Ibenzene CH3 S j

-
CH
&
&
CH3
-

is Ox

Hy
2 Re Im =
alkyl groups o
↑ hyd compo
hyd compo
HC)
not sn and
R > R C
①nucleophilic attack
+ H 0 H 0 C
+ a
68
- - - -

H20
-

, , + H 0
-
:
ConCHC) >

bt
~.. C
-
~ ↑↑amide

-peptide
-
270c ~
HUR bond
-
H
EXESA
R R

E RI,
-N -
+ O O H
TNHz H I
H I
HG0p
" -NH "
I
I

To get and ty
↑ C
&
·
N - -

C -
C -
~
#
H OH

-Miyofcons. Ho
O
+
2H 0
> ② elimination : R R c + HCL

C
C

Watson est
>
dipeptide
-
-

Tripeptide
-

↳
bt OH

-
g
cat
Il
near depro &&
C
CHz CH3
/Nitra
-

↑ xet NaOH (aq) amino acids P((5-1S) H H

Es

&
: +
2Hz0
>
genet HC
+
+ HC) + POCIs

CHyCHy-
Els//FCA) +
acylchloride + anh ACCI cat
>
+ heat
~

*
g CHz (Hy(0()
NHz
(e
sub
CHzCHz-Ch
.
. ~
P(1s(1) heat +

&
↑ +
HzPOz

-
-
ES : OH

↑
e .

g. Els//Haloge of arenes
SOClz(II

Dgenerating
gt j
: Br-Br +
A -
+
S02 + HC) Add-Eli
AlBVz >
-

Bot +
(AlBry]
**
"

Brominatin
g
all
/H
diazotimarise
zation
dilute Add Eli Hyd H20 room temp
CHyCHz C
+ + +
② electrophilic attack : wid 0
CH2CH3
-
- -
-

+
·
X
&

2
-CHzCSH
!
et
18 res + HC) +
H()

By aghtroom i
Gre -
4He 160 con) < h
or

Y from
-

= NC X

HNO2
Mr
↑
e-D
& restoring aromacity : in benzenediazonium

room
mo

I
Chloride 2H28
>
-

by heterolytic cleavage CABrs + Ht

lunstable
me o
My
(Hy(H)
-
> + H
q
-

of the C-Hbond , so e
- -

passony
oupling"By - Br
go intoa bonding system
theat
s
Hyd+Ho SHBr

NaminesHe ch
Ne My
I OH
OH
·
Not
I
↑
Ch Br
NA
dilute ↑
E He HNO 199) is

·
M
+ +
room
time
L
to H

Noz Els// Nitra g lamine

NH CHzCHy-
⑳
&
N L ~
N
-
Y= CHzCHy
+ HC
CHz
+ +x
temp
H -
-
-

room
OH temp. : amide
02N NOz Con)Hoylag1+ room +
HC it 30amide ammonium

Falkon
+
S

m
Brylagl neut H

=
. V

+
34)O
+

Y dit O

Promination
intree CHz (Hy C
azodye NH CHz
+
HC
-

I
- -

No All 1
2
+
HC
· g
A
20amide excess

H 2 Ht

↳
I

CHzCHz-P-NH
G

HsN CH3 Ht
R- E
-
G +

C , , + R
OH
quat
~ W agreous
↳ c -

O yellow azo dye

-
OH
Re LiA)Hy in dry ether H
acid
I lamine
Br
Br CHzCHz-CEN OR Hz (g) + Ni cat
> O

CHzCHz-P-NH-H
/
1
Hyd + HUR
amide R
&
ethanolic solution -

C
+
3HBr red = name and mechanism of of excess
NHz + HUP NHR' carboxy late
reaction +
NHyC ion
pink = reagents aqueous
Br blue = condition and catalyst
CHzCHzCHz 2 amine alkali O
>
/H
· Il
OH
R'
+
green = by-products
ethandicsolution+upineStain
NS & R -

C + -

purple = if use methylbenzene -

H
instead of benzene -
 incomplete combustion : complete combustion :
Free-radical substitution
70
~
CHyCHz(Hz + -320 +
4H28 + C
CHzCHzCHz + 50 >
3(0 +
4H20
-

, ,
amine
M

D initiation CE ③ termination of &

alkanenitrile , 24 Hy
+ =( >
C1CH2
+

CHzCHy CHzNHz
·
+ HBr
>
limited 110 amine
Oy 191
excesso
,
19)
1
CHzCHzCHeCN + kBr
N
② propagation CHz-CHz
⑧

·() CH CHyCHz
CHz HC) CHyCHz
heat
·

CHzCHz CHz- CHyCHzCHzCHy

+ + + >
(HzC CH2)
· o
>
>
CHyCHz
- -

+ 3 =
>
NS
T

ethane ethene ethanolic solution ~&

stea of excess
NHS test ·

CHy + x + + (
-
·
+
of

A cat
combustion +
HUR

rang ear piesbation Hz)

-

CHz-C
G

O -

CHz
↓
Electrophilic addition #
H-( H
H

Alkane
free-rad sub +
Brz/( +
UV light + HBr
~
Haloalkane ester <
! -
-

H & H -

C -

c
-

C -

H
ithr it
#
&

H-
CHzCHzCHeBr
Hzc CH

CHzCHzCHz
Est // Con oNat
-
-
-

Hyd
=
20 major

↑
+
HO-CH3

Hiy
+ alcohol product
7
+
Hz8

M
19 9
. .

CHyOH)
M
1 + dilute acid/dilule alkali
+
HUR ↓
CHzCH BrCHz +Conc
H2SO4
+heat follow by
H
ABr
-

OR +
CHyOH acidification
M St

-
CONC HyPO4
-

pr
Lacid-base
red = name and mechanism of cat I H
reaction +
H20 H -
C ( H -

c -

C -

C -

Br
pink = reagents Salt

·
+
He 0 CO2
+
blue = condition and catalyst
it it h
=
3

acdueente
green = by-products

-
↳ minor

· Nucleophilic substitution
product

· CHyCHBrCHzBr
↑ Carboxylic acid S
so CH3 CHy
I 12
- I fast I

·
-

sub T 1)
Syl-3 halvalkane HsC
t

CHzCHeCOOH
Bri

:
Bra
Her , Hy- + Br- S
Hs C C OH +
- -

redox

·
or . 19
its
salt

is
,
g I reactive metal
e - 1) HX//kBr + E H
Hz (g)
.

H ConCHzP04 1/H2S04 E
+
H20 E
nu ~
-
forms

(
21

E
PCly +heat
z +
HyPO4 · Litt CHyCHa CHy(OOH)
HH
It

fGeri
I
I ot
SN2-Phaloalkane
↑

chal 2) H -c H
c > H
> H
-

c C
-

S &
-
- - - -

3)
P(lz I carbon add from
+ H() +
POCIs E cyanide of it
s 4) So( +

4 metait
, -
= Hyd/NHy(l
+
dilute acid/dilute
· OH- intermediate

agent ·

in alon
S04

Nucleophilic addition
2

w V
NHy
A
e
g. NaOH

i~
.

Alkene L H CN

Alcohol
-

Ot OH
-

j
Ela//Hydration hot steam (H20(g1) HzPOp cat -to
I
+ conc heat HyS
+

Hy)-I
.
+

<

CHzCH CH2
O >
Hsl-C-EN > =N
- -
-

CHzCHzCHiOH
=
ot↑ Hvocr
⑧
&
Eli//Dehydration (alcohol vapours + hot cat of Also Powder
it H

tion Hydroxynitriles
+
, ① nucleophilic attack ② protonation

·
+
H20 concacide g

Nail
or
HsPO4 ~

&
Haloalkane
.
.

theat

S
PHH 10 20 alcohol
,

Creo- orange
ox :
2, 4 -

DNPH
AgNOs (aq) test + followed by NHs

BrackersS
I : ->
green
* carbonyl present test

Hs)-P-C-E
Cr2072 Cr3t
-

⑤
>
deep-orange
"Sold
=

↳ · di ⑳
Mno : purple
MnO -Mn2t
-> colorless
or
Pani
,
Ppt formed
.

Eld
AgNOz(99) X(aq) > AgX(s)
Agt(aq) + X (aq) AgX(S)
+

-
-

-
+ No ; 199)

X
-

⑳ and 7 Tppt - =
halide
aldehyde and Ketone
.

o
L 1 present

jHOnC eventio
USe
m complete combustion : OH
, alcohol
I &
30 dilute conc
(02
HzC-C-CH
+
0 > + H> 8
NHz NHz
-

Testing
OX NA &
-

C ~
OH
I
OH H
I · acd KMn84
or
distillation
Aldehyde HCN +
KCN
saldehyde
whiteppt = CJ 199) dis dis

as
I
acd KiCryOf ~ theat
creamppt =
Bo 199) inso dis

CHzCHzCOH
.

H C C C H

Ketones
-

↓
- - -

50(9) it i it L HUR + H , O
~
+ + H 0 pale yellowppt = I lag ) inso inso
carboxylic
Ketone Methyl Ketone co alcohol
.

+
,
containCr2+
+
Fehling solution
...

-
acid +...
2-did
1
iodoform//tri-iodomethane /CHIs
aldehyde * Carboxylic
,
~ acid Tollen's reagent contain -

Ag
+
L Hy) CHs neat with
- -

= NaOH (ag)
-
> theat
NaOH(ag) Fehling solution aldehyde carboxylic acid
neat with
*
akoxide Hz (9) W
+
RCOCHz ROCIs
brea-
RCOGNa
-
>
+
CHIs [u =

aldehydea
Tollen's
reagent silver mirror
while crystalline
solid carboxylic acid haloge clear
ppt. Agtr --
aldehyde
Naz coz effervescence (CO) yellow ppt formed methyl ketone present present
effervescence . =

carboxy) present
=
+ 20 alcohol