KEY WORDS

A technique in which you repeatedly ask the question “Why?” to help

5 whys peel away the layers of symptoms that can lead to the root cause of
a problem
Decisions that determine if the products or services produced as part
acceptance decisions
of the project will be accepted or rejected
An element of work normally found on the WBS that has an
activity expected duration, cost, and resource requirements; also called a
task
Information about each activity, such as predecessors, successors,
activity attributes logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements,
constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions related to the activity
activity list A tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule
A network diagramming technique in which activities are
activity-on-arrow represented by arrows and connected at points called nodes to
(AOA) illustrate the sequence of activities; also called arrow diagramming
method (ADM)
The total of direct and indirect costs incurred in accomplishing work
actual cost (AC)
on an activity during a given period
adaptive software A software development approach used when requirements cannot
development (ASD) be clearly expressed early in the life cycle
Quick and coordinated in movement; a method based on iterative
agile and incremental development, in which requirements and solutions
evolve through collaboration
An approach to managing projects that includes an iterative
agile methods
workflow and incremental delivery of software in short iterations
A method for software development that uses new approaches,
agile software
focusing on close collaboration between programming teams and
development
business experts
A cost-estimating technique that uses the actual cost of a previous,
analogous estimates similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current
project; also called top-down estimates
analogy approach Creating a WBS by using a similar project’s WBS as a starting point
The cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a
appraisal cost
project is error-free or within an acceptable error range
A network diagramming technique in which activities are
arrow diagramming represented by arrows and connected at points called nodes to
method (ADM) illustrate the sequence of activities; also called activity-on-arrow
(AOA)
artifact A useful object created by people
A project network diagramming technique that determines the late
backward pass
start and late finish dates for each activity
 A methodology that converts an organization’s value drivers to a
balanced scorecard
series of defined metrics
baseline The approved project management plan plus approved changes
baseline The original project plan plus approved changes
baseline dates The planned schedule dates for activities in a Tracking Gantt chart
Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product
benchmarking characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or
outside the performing organization
A technique used to generate ideas for quality improvements by
comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to
benchmarking
those of other projects or products within or outside the performing
organization
An optimal way recognized by industry to achieve a stated goal or
best practice
objective
Creating a WBS by having team members identify as many specific
bottom-up approach tasks related to the project as possible and then grouping them into
higher-level categories
A cost-estimating technique based on estimating individual work
bottom-up estimates
items and summing them to get a project total
budget at completion
The original total budget for a project
(BAC)
A cost estimate used to allocate money into an organization’s
budgetary estimate
budget
Additional time to complete a task; a buffer is added to an estimate
buffer
to account for various factors
A chart that shows the cumulative work remaining in a sprint on a
burndown chart
day-by-day basis
A single node followed by two or more activities on a network
burst
diagram
business service Tools that help track the execution of business process flows and
management (BSM) expose how the state of supporting IT systems and resources affects
tools end-to-end business process performance in real time
Capability Maturity
A process improvement approach that provides organizations with
Model Integration
the essential elements of effective processes
(CMMI)
The rate used in discounting future cash flow; also called the
capitalization rate
discount rate or opportunity cost of capital
cash flow Benefits minus costs or income minus expenses
A method for determining the estimated annual costs and benefits
cash flow analysis
for a project
A diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the
cause-and-effect
responsible production operations to help find the root cause; also
diagram
known as a fishbone diagram or Ishikawa diagram
 Formalizing acceptance of the project or project phase and ending it
closing processes
efficiently
configuration A process that ensures that the descriptions of a project’s products
management are correct and complete
conformance Delivering products that meet requirements and fitness for use
conformance to
Project processes and products that meet written specifications
requirements
Dollar amounts included in a cost estimate to allow for future
contingency reserves situations that may be partially planned for (sometimes called known
unknowns) and that are included in the project cost baseline
A graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over
control chart
time
A time-phased budget that project managers use to measure and
cost baseline
monitor cost performance
cost of capital The return available by investing capital elsewhere
cost of
Taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations
nonconformance
cost of quality The cost of conformance plus the cost of nonconformance
cost performance The ratio of earned value to actual cost; can be used to estimate the
index (CPI) projected cost to complete the project
cost variance (CV) The earned value minus the actual cost
A technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the
crashing greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental
cost
A method of scheduling that takes limited resources into account
critical chain
when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the
scheduling
project completion date
The series of activities in a network diagram that determines the
critical path earliest completion of the project; it is the longest path through the
network diagram and has the least amount of slack or float
The longest path through a network diagram that determines the
critical path
earliest completion of a project
critical path method
A project network diagramming technique used to predict total
(CPM) or critical path
project duration
analysis
champion A senior manager who acts as a key proponent for a project
change control board A formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting
(CCB) changes on a project
A formal, documented process that describes when and how official
change control system
project documents may be changed
A technique used to collect and analyze data; sometimes called a
checksheet
tally sheet or checklist
daily Scrum A short meeting in which the team shares progress and challenges
decomposition Subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces
 Any instance in which the product or service fails to meet customer
defect
requirements
definitive estimate A cost estimate that provides an accurate estimate of project costs
A product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a
deliverable piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or
provided as part of a project
A product, such as a report or segment of software code, produced
deliverable
as part of a project
The sequencing of project activities or tasks; also called a
dependency
relationship
A quality technique that helps identify which variables have the most
design of experiments
influence on the overall outcome of a process
Costs that can be directly related to creating the products and
direct costs
services of the project
New requirements imposed by management, government, or some
directives
external influence
discount factor A multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year
The rate used in discounting future cash flow; also called the
discount rate
capitalization rate or opportunity cost of capital
The sequencing of project activities or tasks defined by the project
discretionary
team and used with care because they may limit later scheduling
dependencies
options
DMAIC (Define,
A systematic, closed-loop process for continued improvement that is
Measure, Analyze,
scientific and fact based
Improve, Control)
Activities with no duration and no resources used to show a logical
dummy activities relationship between two activities in the arrow diagramming
method of project network diagrams
duration The actual amount of time worked on an activity plus elapsed time
The earliest possible time an activity can finish based on the project
early finish date
network logic
The earliest possible time an activity can start based on the project
early start date
network logic
earned value (EV) An estimate of the value of the physical work actually completed
earned value A project performance measurement technique that integrates
management (EVM) scope, time, and cost data
effort The number of workdays or work hours required to complete a task
Software that integrates information from multiple projects to show
enterprise project
the status of active, approved, and future projects across an entire
management software
organization; also called portfolio project management software
estimate at completion An estimate of what it will cost to complete the project based on
(EAC) performance to date
A set of principles that guides decision making based on personal
ethics
values of what is considered right and wrong
 Coordinating people and other resources to carry out the project
executing processes plans and create the products, services, or results of the project or
project phase
executive steering A group of senior executives from various parts of the organization
committee who regularly review important corporate projects and issues
The sequencing of project activities or tasks that involve
external dependencies
relationships between project and non-project activities
A cost related to all errors that are not detected and corrected
external failure cost
before delivery to the customer
A schedule compression technique in which you do activities in
fast tracking
parallel that you would normally do in sequence
features The special characteristics that appeal to users
Time added before tasks on the critical chain if they are preceded by
feeding buffers
other tasks that are not on the critical path
finish-to-finish A relationship on a project network diagram in which the “from”
dependency activity must be finished before the “to” activity can be finished
finish-to-start A relationship on a project network diagram in which the “from”
dependency activity must be finished before the “to” activity can be started
A diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the
fishbone diagram responsible production operations to help find the root cause; also
known as a cause-and-effect diagram or Ishikawa diagram
fitness for use A product that can be used as it was intended
The amount of time a project activity may be delayed without
float delaying a succeeding activity or the project finish date; also called
slack
A graphic display of the logic and flow of processes that helps you
flowchart
analyze how problems occur and how processes can be improved
A network diagramming technique that determines the early start
forward pass
and early finish dates for each activity
The amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the
free slack (free float)
early start of any immediately following activities
functional
An organizational structure that groups people by functional areas
organizational
such as IT, manufacturing, engineering, and human resources
structure
functionality The degree to which a system performs its intended function
A standard format for displaying project schedule information by
Gantt chart listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates
in a calendar format; sometimes referred to as bar charts
A standard format for displaying project schedule information by
Gantt chart listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates
in calendar form
histogram A bar graph of a distribution of variables
human resources (HR) A frame that focuses on producing harmony between the needs of
frame the organization and the needs of people
 Costs that are not directly related to the products or services of the
indirect costs
project, but are indirectly related to performing the project
initiating processes Defining and authorizing a project or project phase
intangible costs or
Costs or benefits that are difficult to measure in monetary terms
benefits
integrated change Identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the
control project life cycle
Testing that occurs between unit and system testing to test
integration testing functionally grouped components and ensure that a subset or
subsets of the entire system work together
Identifying and managing the points of interaction between various
interface management
elements of a project
A cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer
internal failure cost
receives the product
internal rate of return
The discount rate that results in an NPV of zero for a project
(IRR)
A diagram that traces complaints about quality problems back to the
Ishikawa diagram responsible production operations to help find the root cause; also
known as a cause-and-effect diagram or fishbone diagram
A quality system standard developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) that includes a three-part,
ISO 9000
continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality
in an organization
The authority and control for key IT activities in organizations,
IT governance
including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management
Using highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together
Joint Application project stakeholders—the sponsor, users, business analysts,
Design (JAD) programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information
systems
The Japanese word for improvement or change for the better; an
kaizen
approach used for continuously improving quality in organizations
A meeting held at the beginning of a project so that stakeholders
kick-off meeting can meet each other, review the goals of the project, and discuss
future plans
A management review that should occur after each project phase to
kill point determine if projects should be continued, redirected, or terminated;
also called a phase exit
Dollar amounts included in a cost estimate to allow for future
situations that may be partially planned for (sometimes called
known unknowns
contingency reserves) and that are included in the project cost
baseline
The latest possible time an activity can be completed without
late finish date
delaying the project finish date
The latest possible time an activity may begin without delaying the
late start date
project finish date
 A person who focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives
leader
while inspiring people to reach those goals
An approach for improving quality that involves evaluating processes
lean
to maximize customer value while minimizing waste
A theory that when many items are produced repetitively, the unit
learning curve theory cost of those items normally decreases in a regular pattern as more
units are produced
The total cost of ownership, or development plus support costs, for a
life cycle costing
project
maintainability The ease of performing maintenance on a product
Malcolm Baldrige An award started in 1987 to recognize companies that have achieved
National Quality Award a level of world-class competition through quality management
Dollar amounts included in a cost estimate to allow for future
management reserves situations that are unpredictable (sometimes called unknown
unknowns)
A person who deals with the day-to-day details of meeting specific
manager
goals
mandatory The sequencing of project activities or tasks that are inherent in the
dependencies nature of the work being done on the project
A framework for helping organizations improve their processes and
maturity model
systems
matrix organizational An organizational structure in which employees are assigned both to
structure functional and project managers
mean The average value of a population
measurement and test The capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and
equipment costs appraisal activities
Two or more nodes that precede a single node on a network
merge
diagram
methodology A description of how things should be done
metric A standard of measurement
A significant event that normally has no duration on a project; serves
milestone as a marker to help in identifying necessary activities, setting
schedule goals, and monitoring progress
A technique that uses branches radiating from a core idea to
mind mapping
structure thoughts and ideas
monitoring and Regularly measuring and monitoring progress to ensure that the
controlling processes project team meets the project objectives
multitasking Working on more than one task at a time
Murphy’s Law The principle that if something can go wrong, it will
A method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from
net present value
a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and
(NPV) analysis
outflows to the present point in time
A schematic display of the logical relationships or sequencing of
network diagram
project activities
 The starting and ending point of an activity on an activity-on-arrow
node
diagram
A bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical about the mean of the
normal distribution
population
offshoring Outsourcing from another country
opportunities Chances to improve an organization
opportunity cost of The rate used in discounting future cash flow; also called the
capital capitalization rate or discount rate
A set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize
organizational culture
the functioning of an organization
Formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines,
organizational process information systems, financial systems, management systems,
assets lessons learned, and historical information that can influence a
project’s success
An organization’s acquisition of goods and services from an outside
outsourcing
source
The additional percentage or dollar amount by which actual costs
overrun
exceed estimates
A cost-estimating technique that uses project characteristics
parametric estimating
(parameters) in a mathematical model to estimate project costs
Identifying the vital few contributors that account for most quality
Pareto analysis
problems in a system
Pareto chart A histogram that helps identify and prioritize problem areas
Parkinson’s Law The principle that work expands to fill the time allowed
The amount of time needed to recoup the total dollars invested in a
payback period
project, in terms of net cash inflows
performance How well a product or service performs the customer's intended use
PERT weighted
(Optimistic time + 4 * most likely time + pessimistic time)/6
average
The portion of the approved total cost estimate planned to be spent
planned value (PV)
on an activity during a given period
Devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the
planning processes
project addresses the organization's needs
political frame A frame that addresses organizational and personal politics
politics Competition between groups or individuals for power and leadership
Software that integrates information from multiple projects to show
portfolio project
the status of active, approved, and future projects across an entire
management software
organization; also called enterprise project management software
precedence
A network diagramming technique in which boxes represent
diagramming method
activities
(PDM)
A software development approach used when the scope of the
predictive life cycle project can be articulated clearly and the schedule and cost can be
predicted accurately
 The cost of planning and executing a project so that it is error-free or
prevention cost
within an acceptable error range
Duration estimates based on using optimistic, most likely, and
probabilistic time
pessimistic estimates of activity durations instead of using one
estimates
specific or discrete estimate
Undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving
problems
its goals
process A series of actions directed toward a particular result
Adjustments made to correct or prevent further quality problems
process adjustments
based on quality control measurements
product backlog A single list of features prioritized by business value
The person responsible for the business value of the project and for
product owner deciding what work to do and in what order when using a Scrum
method
profit margin The ratio between revenues and profits
profits Revenues minus expenses
A group of projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain
program benefits and control that are not available from managing projects
individually
Program Evaluation A project network analysis technique used to estimate project
and Review Technique duration when there is a high degree of uncertainty about the
(PERT) individual activity duration estimates
A person who provides leadership and direction for the project
program manager
managers heading the projects within a program
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product,
project
service, or result
The last two phases in a project (implementation and close-out) that
project acquisition
focus on delivering the actual work
project buffer Time added before the project’s due date
project cost The processes required to ensure that the project is completed
management within the approved budget
A document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and
project charter
provides direction on the project’s objectives and management
The first two phases in a project (concept and development) that
project feasibility
focus on planning
Processes that coordinate all project management knowledge areas
throughout a project’s life, including developing the project charter,
project integration developing the preliminary project scope statement, developing the
management project management plan, directing and managing the project,
monitoring and controlling the project, providing integrated change
control, and closing the project
A collection of project phases, such as concept, development,
project life cycle
implementation, and close-out
 The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project
project management
activities to meet project requirements
Project Management
An international professional society for project managers
Institute (PMI)
Project integration management, scope, time, cost, quality, human
project management
resource, communications, risk, procurement, and stakeholder
knowledge areas
management
Project Management An organizational group responsible for coordinating the project
Office (PMO) management functions throughout an organization
project management A document used to coordinate all project planning documents and
plan guide project execution and control
project management The progression of project activities from initiation to planning,
process groups executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing
Certification provided by PMI that requires documenting project
Project Management
experience and education, agreeing to follow the PMI code of ethics,
Professional (PMP)
and passing a comprehensive exam
Methods available to assist project managers and their teams; some
project management
popular time-management tools include Gantt charts, network
tools and techniques
diagrams, and critical path analysis
The person responsible for working with the project sponsor, the
project manager
project team, and other people involved to meet project goals
project organizational
An organizational structure that groups people by major projects
structure
project portfolio
When organizations group and manage projects as a portfolio of
management or
investments that contribute to the entire enterprise’s success
portfolio management
project quality Ensuring that a project will satisfy the needs for which it was
management undertaken
project scope The processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is
management not included in a project
A document that includes at least a description of the project,
project scope including its overall objectives and justification, detailed descriptions
statement of all project deliverables, and the characteristics and requirements
of products and services produced as part of the project
project sponsor The person who provides the direction and funding for a project
project time
The processes required to ensure timely completion of a project
management
PRojects IN Controlled A project management methodology developed in the United
Environments Kingdom that defines 45 separate subprocesses and organizes these
(PRINCE2) into eight process groups
Developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of it to
prototyping
help define user requirements
A management review that should occur after each project phase to
phase exit determine if projects should be continued, redirected, or terminated;
also called a kill point
 The totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to
quality satisfy stated or implied needs or the degree to which a set of
inherent characteristics fulfill requirements
Periodic evaluation of overall project performance to ensure that the
quality assurance
project will satisfy the relevant quality standards
A structured review of specific quality management activities that
quality audit helps identify lessons learned and that can improve performance on
current or future projects
Groups of nonsupervisors and work leaders in a single company
quality circles department who volunteer to conduct group studies on how to
improve the effectiveness of work in their department
Monitoring specific project results to ensure they comply with
quality control relevant quality standards and identifying ways to improve overall
quality
The ratio of actual work completed to the percentage of work
rate of performance
planned to have been completed at any given time during the life of
(RP)
the project or activity
Rational Unified An iterative software development process that focuses on team
Process (RUP) productivity and delivers software best practices to all team
framework members
The sequencing of project activities or tasks; also called a
relationship
dependency
The ability of a product or service to perform as expected under
reliability
normal conditions
required rate of return The minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment
A condition or capability that must be met by the project or that
requirement must be present in the product, service, or result to satisfy an
agreement or other formally imposed specification
requirements A plan that describes how project requirements will be analyzed,
management plan documented, and managed
requirements
A table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status
traceability matrix
of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed
(RTM)
Dollar amounts included in a cost estimate to mitigate cost risk by
reserves
allowing for future situations that are difficult to predict
resource breakdown A hierarchical structure that identifies the project’s resources by
structure category and type
resources People, equipment, and materials
A method for determining the financial value of a project; the ROI is
return on investment
the result of subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then
(ROI)
dividing by the costs
Action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product
rework
requirements, specifications, or other stakeholder expectations
Robust Design Methods that focus on eliminating defects by substituting scientific
methods inquiry for trial-and-error methods
rough order of
A cost estimate prepared very early in the life of a project to provide
magnitude (ROM)
a rough idea of what a project will cost
estimate
A chart that displays the history and pattern of variation of a process
run chart
over time
A diagram that helps to show if there is a relationship between two
scatter diagram
variables; sometimes called XY charts
All the work involved in creating the products of the project and the
scope
processes used to create them
The approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and
scope baseline
WBS dictionary
scope creep The tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger
scope validation Formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables
The leading agile development methodology for completing projects
Scrum
with a complex, innovative scope of work
A cross-functional team of five to nine people who organize
Scrum team or
themselves and the work to produce the desired results for each
development team
sprint
A person who ensures that the team is productive, facilitates the
ScrumMaster daily Scrum, enables close cooperation across all roles and functions,
and removes barriers that prevent the team from being effective
schedule baseline The approved planned schedule for the project
schedule performance The ratio of earned value to planned value; can be used to estimate
index (SPI) the projected time to complete a project
schedule variance (SV) The earned value minus the planned value
If seven data points in a row on a quality control chart are all below
seven run rule the mean, above the mean, or are all increasing or decreasing, then
the process needs to be examined for nonrandom problems
A measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million
six 9s of quality
opportunities
A comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and
maximizing business success that is uniquely driven by close
Six Sigma understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and
statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving,
and reinventing business processes
DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control) is used to
Six Sigma improve an existing business process, and DMADV (Define, Measure,
methodologies Analyze, Design, and Verify) is used to create new product or process
designs
The amount of time a project activity may be delayed without
slack delaying a succeeding activity or the project finish date; also called
float
slipped milestone A milestone activity that is completed later than planned
 Guidelines to help define milestones that are specific, measurable,
SMART criteria
assignable, realistic, and time-framed
software defect Anything that must be changed before delivery of the program
Software Quality
A maturity model that focuses on defining user requirements and
Function Deployment
planning software projects
(SQFD) model
A set period of time, normally two to four weeks, during which
sprint specific work must be completed and made ready for review when
using Scrum methods
The highest-priority items from the product backlog to be
sprint backlog
completed in a sprint
A document that includes details related to the identified project
stakeholder register
stakeholders
stakeholders People involved in or affected by project activities
standard Best practices for what should be done
standard deviation A measure of how much variation exists in a distribution of data
start-to-finish A relationship on a project network diagram in which the “from”
dependency activity cannot start before the “to” activity is finished
start-to-start A relationship on a project network diagram in which the “from”
dependency activity cannot start until the “to” activity starts
statistical sampling Choosing part of a population of interest for inspection
Determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and
weaknesses of an organization, studying opportunities and threats in
strategic planning
the business environment, predicting future trends, and projecting
the need for new products and services
A frame that deals with how the organization is structured (usually
depicted in an organizational chart) and focuses on different groups’
structural frame
roles and responsibilities to meet the goals and policies set by top
management
sunk cost Money that has been spent in the past
Analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats; used
SWOT analysis
to aid in strategic planning
A frame that focuses on the symbols, meanings, and culture of an
symbolic frame
organization
system outputs The screens and reports the system generates
Testing the entire system as one entity to ensure that it is working
system testing
properly
Sets of interacting components working within an environment to
systems
fulfill some purpose
A problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the
system to be studied, and then dividing it into component parts for
systems analysis
identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints,
and needs
 A holistic and analytical approach to solving complex problems that
systems approach includes using a systems philosophy, systems analysis, and systems
management
systems development A framework for describing the phases involved in developing and
life cycle (SDLC) maintaining information systems
Addressing the business, technological, and organizational issues
systems management
associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system
systems philosophy An overall model for thinking about things as systems
A holistic view of an organization to effectively handle complex
systems thinking
situations
tangible costs or
Costs or benefits that can be easily measured in dollars
benefits
An element of work normally found on the WBS that has an
task expected duration, cost, and resource requirements; also called an
activity
Creating a WBS by starting with the largest items of the project and
top-down approach
breaking them into subordinate items
A cost-estimating technique that uses the actual cost of a previous,
top-down estimates similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current
project; also called analogous estimates
The amount of time an activity may be delayed from its early start
total slack (total float)
without delaying the planned project finish date
A management philosophy that any complex system at any point in
Theory of Constraints
time often has only one aspect or constraint that limits the ability to
(TOC)
achieve more of the system’s goal
An estimate that includes an optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic
three-point estimate
estimate
A Gantt chart that compares planned and actual project schedule
Tracking Gantt chart
information
triple constraint Balancing scope, time, and cost goals
A test of each individual component (often a program) to ensure that
unit test
it is as defect-free as possible
Dollar amounts included in a cost estimate to allow for future
unknown unknowns situations that are unpredictable (sometimes called management
reserves)
A process for identifying and modeling business events, who
use case modeling
initiated them, and how the system should respond to them
user acceptance An independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the
testing delivered system
Short descriptions written by customers of what they need a system
user stories
to do for them
variance The difference between planned and actual performance
A group of people who work together despite time and space
virtual team
boundaries using communication technologies
WBS dictionary A document that includes detailed information about each WBS item
weighted scoring A technique that provides a systematic process for selecting projects
model based on numerous criteria
work breakdown A deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project
structure (WBS) that defines its total scope
work package A task at the lowest level of the WBS
The number of units handled correctly through the development
yield
process