CCE202 Electric Circuits 1
Lecture 1: Methods of Analysis
Dr. Said Emam
[email protected] Outline
➢Node – Voltage Method (NVM)
➢Mesh – Current Method (MCM)
➢Source Transformation (ST)
➢Thevenin and Norton Equivalents
➢Maximum Power Transfer
➢Superposion
Source transformation
• A source transformation allows a voltage source in series with a
resistor to be replaced by a current source in parallel with the same
resistor or vice versa.
𝑖𝐿 𝑅𝐿 𝑖𝐿 𝑅𝐿
≡
• For equivalence 𝑣𝑠
𝑖𝑠 = 𝑣𝑠 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑅
𝑅
• If the polarity of 𝑣𝑠 is reversed, the orientation of 𝑖𝑠 must be reversed to
maintain equivalence, and vice versa.
Example 4.8
a) For the circuit shown in Fig., find the power associated with the 6 V source.
b) State whether the 6 V source is absorbing or delivering the power calculated in (a).
Solution:
We must reduce the circuit in a way that preserves the identity of the branch containing the 6 V source.
we can transform the 40 V source in series with the 5 Ω resistor into an 8 A current source in parallel with a 5 Ω resistor
40
𝑖𝑠 = = 8A
(a) 5 𝑅 = 20||5 = 4Ω 𝑣𝑠 = 8 × 4 = 32V
𝑅 = 20||30 = 12Ω 19.2 − 6
𝑅 = 20Ω 𝑖𝑠 = 32ൗ20 = 1.6A 𝑖1 = = 0.825A
𝑣𝑠 = 1.6 × 12 = 19.2V 16
𝑃6𝑉 = 𝑣𝑖1 = 6 × 0.825
= 4.95 W
𝑖1
b) The 6 V source is
absorbing the power
calculated in (a).
4.10 Thevenin and Norton Equivalents
• Thevenin and Norton equivalents are circuit simplification techniques that
focus on terminal behavior.
Thevenin equivalent circuit
Open Circuit Condition:
𝑉𝑇ℎ = 𝑣𝑎𝑏 𝑂. 𝐶. = 𝑣𝑜𝑐
≡
Short Circuit Condition:
𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝑅𝑇ℎ =
𝑖𝑠𝑐
Example Finding a Thevenin Equivalent
Open Circuit Condition:
𝒊=𝟎
Short Circuit Condition:
𝑉𝑇ℎ 32
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = =8Ω
𝑖𝑠𝑐 4
The Norton Equivalent
• A Norton equivalent circuit consists of an independent current source in
parallel with the Norton equivalent resistance,
• The Norton current equals the short-circuit current at the terminals of
interest, and the Norton resistance is identical to the Thevenin resistance.
Using Source Transformations
Example 4.10 Find the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit containing
dependent sources shown in Fig.
𝑖𝑥 = 0
Open Circuit Condition:
Short Circuit Condition:
With the short circuit shunting the 25 Ω resistor, all the current from the dependent
current source appears in the short, so
and the controlling voltage 𝑣 = 0 V, so the dependent voltage source is also 0V
• The current controlling the dependent current source is
• Hence :
• The Thevenin equivalent
Note that the reference polarity marks on the
Thevenin voltage source in the equivalent circuit
agree with the preceding equation for VTh.
A simplifying technique To calculate RTh for circuits containing only
independent sources
• we first deactivate all independent sources and then calculate the resistance seen
looking into the network at the designated terminal pair.
• An independent voltage source is deactivated by replacing it with a short circuit.
• An independent current source is deactivated by replacing it with an open circuit.
The resistance seen looking into the
terminals a,b is:
4.15
a) Use a series of source transformations to find the voltage v in the
circuit shown.
b) How much power does the 120 V source deliver to the circuit?
Answer: (a) 48 V; (b) 374.4 W.
4.16 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit with
respect to the terminals a,b for the circuit shown.
4.17 Find the Norton equivalent circuit with
respect to the terminals a,b for the circuit shown.
4.18 A voltmeter with an internal resistance of
100 kΩ is used to measure the voltage vAB in the
circuit shown. What is the voltmeter reading?
