Chapter 11: File System Implementation

Operating System Concepts with Java 8th Edition

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2009

Chapter 11: File System Implementation

File-System Structure File-System Implementation Directory Implementation Allocation Methods Free-Space Management Efficiency and Performance

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Objectives

To describe the details of implementing local file systems and directory structures To describe the implementation of remote file systems To discuss block allocation and free-block algorithms and trade-offs

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File-System Structure

File structure Logical storage unit Collection of related information File system resides on secondary storage (disks) File system organized into layers File control block storage structure consisting of information about a file File disk block mapping Device Drivers control physical device

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Layered File System

makes file system call manages meta data + directory structure + open file data structures maps logical to physical blocks get/put data block from/to disk given its number device driver physical data storage (disk)
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A Typical File Control Block (FCB)

An FCB is allocated from the FCB area on disk when a new file is created

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In-Memory File System Structures

The following figure illustrates the necessary file system structures provided by the operating systems. Figure 12-3(a) refers to opening a file. Unix: fd=open(<path>,<oflags>); Example:fd=open(/usr/test,O_RDONLY);

Figure 12-3(b) refers to reading a file. Unix: rc=read(fd,buf,count);

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In-Memory File System Structures

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Virtual File Systems

Need: A modern opsys must support multiple types of file systems at the same time. Virtual File Systems (VFS) provide an objectoriented way of implementing file systems. VFS allows the same system call interface (the API) to be used for different types of file systems. The API is to the VFS interface, rather than any specific type of file system.

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Schematic View of Virtual File System

Defines generic operations operation implementation

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Directory Implementation

Directory entry contains file name and identifier Linear list of directory entries simple to program time-consuming to execute Hash Table linear list with hash data structure. decreases directory search time collisions situations where two file names hash to the same location fixed size

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Allocation Methods

An allocation method refers to how disk blocks are allocated for files:

Contiguous allocation Linked allocation Indexed allocation

Implementation: In the file organization module

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Contiguous Allocation (1)

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Contiguous Allocation (2)

Each file occupies a set of contiguous blocks on the disk Simple only starting location (block #) and length (number of blocks) are required Fast, low disk head movement Random access Wasteful of space (dynamic storage-allocation problem) Files cannot grow Need to move the file Fast, low disk head movement for sequential access

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Contiguous Allocation (3)

Mapping from logical to physical

q LA = logical address (position) q Q: block to be accessed q R: Displacement into that block q Block size is 512 bytes

Q = LA div 512 R = LA mod 512

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Linked Allocation (1)

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Linked Allocation (2)

Each file is a linked list of disk blocks: blocks may be scattered anywhere on the disk.
block = pointer

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Linked Allocation (3)

Simple need only starting address Free-space management system no waste of space No random access Mapping Q = LA div 511 R = LA mod 511

Block to be accessed is the Qth block in the linked chain of blocks representing the file. Displacement into block = R + 1 File-allocation table (FAT) disk-space allocation used by MS-DOS and OS/2.

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File-Allocation Table

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Indexed Allocation (1)

Brings all pointers together into the index block.

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Indexed Allocation (2)

Need index table Random access Dynamic access without external fragmentation, but have overhead of index block. Mapping from logical to physical in a file of maximum size of 256K words and block size of 512 words. We need only 1 block for index table.

Q = LA div 512 R = LA mod 512

Q = displacement into index table R = displacement into block

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Indexed Allocation (3)

Mapping from logical to physical in a file of unbounded length (block size of 512 words). Linked scheme Link blocks of index table (no limit on size).
Q1 = LA div (512 x 511) R1= LA mod (512 x 511)

Q1 = block of index table (follow Q1 links) R1 is used as follows:

Q2 = R1 div 512 R2 = R1 mod 512

Q2 = displacement into block of index table R2 displacement into block of file

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Indexed Allocation (4)

Two-level index (maximum file size is 5123)

Q1 = LA div (512 x 512) R1= LA mod (512 x 512)

Q1 = displacement into outer-index R1 is used as follows:

Q2 = R1 div 512 R2 = R1 mod 512

Q2 = displacement into block of index table R2 displacement into block of file:

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Indexed Allocation (5)

outer-index

index table

file

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Combined Scheme: UNIX (4K bytes per block)

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Free-Space Management (1)

Bit vector (n blocks)

0 1 2 n-1

bit[i] = 1 block[i] free 0 block[i] occupied (allocated)

Block number calculation to find the first free block (number of bits per word) * (number of 0-value words) + offset of first 1 bit

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Free-Space Management (2)

Bit map requires extra space Example: block size = 212 bytes disk size = 230 bytes (1 gigabyte) n = 230 /212 = 218 bits (or 32K bytes) Easy to get contiguous files Linked list (free list) Cannot get contiguous space easily No waste of space Grouping (modified free-list approach)

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Free-Space Management (3)

Need to protect: Pointer to free list Bit map Must be kept on disk Copy in memory and disk may differ Cannot allow for block[i] to have a situation where bit[i] = 1 in memory and bit[i] = 0 on disk Solution: Set bit[i] = 1 in disk Allocate block[i] Set bit[i] = 1 in memory

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Linked Free Space List on Disk

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Efficiency and Performance

Efficiency dependent on: disk allocation and directory algorithms types of data kept in files directory entry Performance disk cache separate section of main memory for frequently used blocks free-behind and read-ahead techniques to optimize sequential access improve PC performance by dedicating section of memory as virtual disk, or RAM disk

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Page Cache

A page cache caches pages rather than disk blocks using virtual memory techniques Memory-mapped I/O uses a page cache Routine I/O through the file system uses the buffer (disk) cache This leads to the following figure

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I/O Without a Unified Buffer Cache

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Unified Buffer Cache

A unified buffer cache uses the same page cache to cache both memory-mapped pages and ordinary file system I/O

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I/O Using a Unified Buffer Cache

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Recovery

Consistency checking compares data in directory structure with data blocks on disk, and tries to fix inconsistencies Use system programs to back up data from disk to another storage device (floppy disk, magnetic tape, other magnetic disk, optical) Recover lost file or disk by restoring data from backup

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End of Chapter 11

Operating System Concepts with Java 8th Edition

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2009