Research English 10 s.y.

2023-2024
Research policies, initiatives, or
interventions.
• Research is defined as a systematic and
scientific process to answer a question 3. Diagnostic Research
about facts and the relationship between o Improving methods for
facts. It can also be defined as an activity identifying diseases,
involved in seeking an answer to disorders, and conditions.
unanswered questions. It seeks to generate
an answer to the problems as well as suggest 4. Policy Research
additional questions in need of further inquiry. o Effectiveness of policies.

5. Predictive Research
Problem Planning o A scientific inquiry aimed at
forecasting future
outcomes and events.

• Quantitative Research — involves the

collection and analysis of numerical data. It
Conclusion Action
follows a structured approach and relies on
statistical methods to generalize and draw
conclusions from the data. Surveys,
experiments, and statistical analyses are
Analysis common techniques used in quantitative
research.

Types of research • Qualitative Research — aims to

understand the underlying reasons,
• Basic Research — Also known as pure or motivations, and meanings behind human
fundamental research, it aims to expand behavior. It involves collecting non-
knowledge and understanding of a numerical data such as interviews,
particular field without any immediate observations, and textual analysis.
practical application. Basic research is often Qualitative research provides in-depth
conducted in academic and scientific insights and is often used to explore complex
settings to explore theoretical concepts and social and behavioral phenomena.
phenomena.
• Experimental Research — involves the
• Applied Research — focuses on solving manipulation and control of variables to
practical problems or addressing specific establish cause-and-effect relationships.
issues. It aims to provide practical solutions, Researchers randomly assign participants to
improve processes, or develop new different groups, apply interventions or
technologies that can be implemented in real- treatments, and measure the outcomes. This
world contexts. Applied research often type of research is common in scientific and
builds upon the findings of basic research. medical studies.

Types of Applied Research: Manipulation of Variables:

1. Action Research o Independent variable — the

o Identifying a problem is variable you can change.
then followed by the
development and testing of o Dependent variable — the variable
potential solutions. you can measure.

2. Evaluation Research o Control variable — constant

o Assesses the variable.
effectiveness, relevance,
Example of Experimental Research title:
and impact of programs,

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Does drinking coffee improve the reaction • Methodology — The methodology describes
time of drivers? the research design, procedures, and
methods employed to address the research
• Observational Research — involves questions or objectives. It includes details on
observing and documenting phenomena the research approach (quantitative,
without intervening or manipulating qualitative, mixed methods), data collection
variables. Researchers carefully observe methods, sampling strategy, instrumentation,
subjects in their natural environments or and data analysis techniques.
controlled settings and record data. This type
of research is often used in social sciences, • Results — The results section presents the
anthropology, and psychology. findings derived from the analysis of the
collected data. It typically includes statistical
• Cross-sectional Research — collects data summaries, qualitative observations, graphs,
at a specific point in time to gain a snapshot tables, or other means of presenting the
of a population or phenomenon. It does not results. The results should be clear, objective,
involve following subjects over an and directly linked to the research questions
extended period. Cross-sectional studies or hypotheses.
are useful for examining relationships,
prevalence, and characteristics of a particular • Discussion — The discussion section
group. interprets and analyzes the results in light of
the research objectives and relevant
• Longitudinal Research — involves literature. It provides an explanation of the
studying subjects or phenomena over an findings, compares them with previous
extended period. Researchers collect data research, identifies patterns or trends, and
at multiple points in time to observe changes, discusses their implications. The discussion
development, or trends over the course of the section may also address limitations, suggest
study. Longitudinal research allows for the areas for future research, and offer
analysis of patterns and causal relationships. concluding remarks.

Parts of a research paper • Conclusion — The conclusion summarizes

the key findings of the study and restates
• Title — The title succinctly summarizes the
their significance in relation to the research
main focus of the research study and
questions or objectives. It may also provide
provides a glimpse into the topic under
recommendations based on the results and
investigation.
offer a broader perspective on the
implications of the research.
• Abstract — The abstract is a concise
summary of the research project. It
• References — The references section lists
highlights the purpose, methods, findings,
all the sources cited in the research study,
and conclusions of the study, allowing readers
following a specific citation style (such as
to quickly grasp the essence of the research.
APA, MLA, or Chicago style). It ensures
proper acknowledgment of the work of others
• Introduction — The introduction sets the and allows readers to access the cited
stage for the research by providing
sources for further reading.
background information, context, and
rationale for the study. It outlines the research Technical terms
problem, research questions or objectives,
and the significance of the research topic. • Hypothesis — A testable statement or
prediction about the relationship between
• Literature Review — The literature review variables in a study. It serves as a tentative
provides a comprehensive overview and explanation or proposition that guides
critical analysis of existing research, theories, research.
and scholarly works related to the research
topic. It identifies gaps, conflicts, or areas • Variable — Any measurable or observable
where further investigation is needed and characteristic or factor that can vary or
establishes the theoretical framework for the change in a study. Variables can be
study. independent (manipulated or controlled by the

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researcher) or dependent (measured or • Ethical Considerations — Research ethics

observed as outcomes). involves ensuring the rights, safety, and well-
being of participants. Ethical considerations
• Control Group — In experimental research, encompass obtaining informed consent,
a control group is a group of participants who protecting confidentiality, minimizing harm,
do not receive the experimental treatment or and disclosing any conflicts of interest.
intervention. It serves as a baseline for
comparison to assess the impact of the • Peer Review — The evaluation of research
treatment. manuscripts by experts in the same field to
assess the quality, validity, and contribution of
• Randomization — The process of assigning the study. Peer review is a crucial step in
participants or subjects to different groups or ensuring the integrity and credibility of
conditions randomly. Randomization helps research.
minimize bias and ensure that each
participant has an equal chance of being
assigned to any group.

• Sample — A subset of the population being

studied. Researchers often select a sample to
gather data and make inferences about the
larger population. The sample should be
representative and reflect the characteristics
of the population.

• Population — The entire group of individuals,

objects, or events that the researcher wishes
to study and generalize findings to. The
population should be clearly defined to make
accurate inferences.

• Validity — Refers to the extent to which a

study measures what it intends to measure or
the accuracy of the results. Validity can be
assessed in different ways, such as content
validity, construct validity, and external
validity.

• Reliability — The consistency or stability of

measurement or findings. A reliable study
produces consistent results when the same
measurement is repeated under similar
conditions.

• Data Collection — The process of gathering

information or data for research purposes.
Data can be collected through various
methods, including surveys, interviews,
observations, experiments, and document
analysis.

• Data Analysis — The process of organizing,

inspecting, interpreting, and drawing
conclusions from collected data. Statistical
analysis, qualitative analysis, or a
combination of both may be used depending
on the nature of the data.

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Research report English 10 s.y. 2023-2024
DEFINITION Writing the Body
• A piece of academic writing that asks students ➢ Each paragraph should focus on a single
to locate information about a topic, take a main point or argument related to the thesis
stand on that topic, and provide support for statement.
that stand.
➢ Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence
Choosing and limiting a topic that introduces the main idea.

➢ List five topics (social issues) that you would ➢ Support each point with evidence from
consider for a term paper. scholarly sources, such as research studies,
academic articles, or books.
➢ Where would you find information about each
topic? Writing the Conclusion
➢ Which one would be the easiest for you to ➢ Summarizes the main points discussed in the
write about? paper.

➢ Could you find enough information about it for ➢ Restates the thesis statement and its
a four-page report? implications.

• Research — Do some preliminary research ➢ May suggest areas for further research or
on the topic. implications of the findings.

• Choose a specific focus — List all potential

subtopics or aspects.

• Craft a title — Your title should reflect the

specific aspect of the social issue you have
chosen to explore.

Examples of Research titles:

1. The impacts of Income on

Educational Attainment

2. Exploring Gender Discrimination in

the Workplace

3. Examining the Burden of Pollution

on Minority Communities

4. Exploring Root Causes of

Homelessness

5. Examining Systemic Bias and

Inequality in Law Enforcement

Writing the Introduction

➢ Provides background information on the topic.

➢ States the purpose of the paper and its

significance.

➢ Presents the thesis statement or the main

argument of the paper.

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