Lesson SA

Add Text Ouestions

An add text question (referred to as an insert text question in ETS preparation
materiais) asks you to determine where a given sentence will best fit in a passage.
Vou will have a choice of four places to insert the sentence in the passage. The
spots in the passage where you can insert the sentence will be marked with
black squares [•]. Expect to see no more than one add text question per reading
passage.

Add text questions may be worded as follows:

» Look at the four squares f•J in paragraph 1 that indicate where the following
sentence could be added to lhe passage.
As a result, scientists disagree about the origins of X.
VVhere would the sentence best flt?

QUICK GUIDE: Add Text Ouestions

Definition An add text question presents you wtth a sentence. You must determine
where in lhe passage the sentence best frts. Toe possible places where the
sentence can be inserted will be marked wtth a black square [•J. To place
the sentence, click on the appropriate black square in the passage and
the sentence will appear in place of the black square. Toe black squares
will typically appear in the sarne paragraph. However, they will not always
appear in consecutive sentences.

Targeted Skills ln order to correctly answer an add lext question, you must be able to:
• understand the content and meaning of lhe given senlence.
• identify lhe main idea of the paragraph(s) where lhe inserted sentence will
appear.
• recognize conlext clues, like grammatical agreement, lhat will help you
decide where the sentence ftts best.
• identify transttion words and know what they mean in lhe context of the
passage.

The Correct Toe correct answer for an add text question will make sense in the context
Answer of the paragraph. Toe ideas will flow logically between the sentences that
precede and follow the given sentence.

Wrong Answer Watch out for answer options thal:

Options • don't agree wtth the grammatical forms in the sentences that come
before and alter lhe given sentence.
• don't follow the logical progression of ideas in the paragraph.

65
SKIU.S FOR THE TOEfl. lBT TEST READING ANO WRITING

WALK THROUGH: Add Text Questions

A Quickly read the sample add text question below. Under1ine the key words that help you
understand the given sentence.

TOEFl Rl',Hllfi<I 1 I 1
• "; ' O ' O O ' O'
,,.,, 1•"r : '
U1, ,' 'I 1 c,f l l

1. Look at the four squares l•J in paragraph 2 that indicate where the
following sentence couldbe added to the passage.
As a result, the agricultural productivity in these areas has
declined by 20 percent.
Where would the sentencebest fit?
ºª
Ob
Oc
Od

B Now read the short passage about environmental science. While you read, note the
four places where the sentence from Part A can go. When you are done reading, mar1<
the correct answer for the question above. Note: the lowercase letters next to the black
squares do not appear on the actual test.

Environmental Impacts of lrrigation Systems

' Over the last 35 years, agricultural production has increased significantly around the world
lt's estimated that half of that increase can be attributed to the advancement and spread of
irrigation technology. However, recent research shows that the environmental consequences
of this technique may be more serious than previously thought.
2
Waterlogging, a state in which the ground becomes oversaturated with water, is a
particularly hannful effect of irrigation. When waterlogging occurs, the soil, heavy under
the weight of the water, begins to become tightly packed. [a] • Thus, it is difficult for oxygen
to enter the soil, and without it, plant roots essentially suffocate. [b] • According to experts,
approximately 10 percent of the world's arable land is waterlogged [e] • Additionally, it's
difficult to prevent waterlogging from occurring because tests that determine whether a field
has a high possibility of becoming waterlogged are very expensive. [d] •
3
Another consequence of irrigation is salinization, or the accumulation of salt crystals

. . .
Glossary: on the surface of a field Excessive irrigation causes water to collect on the surface of a field.
. . : : Eventually, this water begins to evaporate, drawing salt and minerais from underground
arable: land that is used rocks to the surface in thc process. Once it reaches the surface of the soil, the salt forms
for growing crops, such as into crystals, which reduce plants' ability to absorb water from the soil. Thus, even if there
wheat and barley is plenty of water, salinization makes it difficult for plants to absorb the water they need
wither: to diy up and die
to survive. When salinization occurs, plants begin to wither and agricultural productivity
suffers.

66
 QUESTION TYPE: ADO TEXT

Tips and Tasks for Answering Correctly

» TIP 1: Revlew the glven sentance and the paragraph(s) ln whlch lhe black squares appear. When
you read the sentence that you are supposed to insert into the passage, make sure you understand
it completely. Also, whlle you read the paragraph in question, pay attentlon to the main idea in that
paragraph and how the author builds the argument. Also, be sure to think about how the given
sentence may fit into the paragraph.
TASK 1: Draw a box around the given sentence in the question on page 66. Then, draw a box around
the main idea of paragraph 2 in the passage on page 66.
» TIP 2: Pay attentlon to any transltlon wonls anel know what they mean. Transition words are
expressions that writers use to make their writing clear and easy to understand. By leaming and
recognizing transition words, you will be able to determine the logic of the paragraph, making it easier
for you to identify areas where there is a shift in flow or a lack of logical progression. See the table
below for examples of transition language.

Function Tnmition Langaage Examples

first since Fint, the volcano erupts,
second then emptying the chamber beneath
Indicating Sequence
third until it. Eventually, the land around
eventually prior to the empty charnber collapses.
again and Fleas have cxtremely long legs
Continuing in the Same additionally equally relative to their body size.
Line ofThinldng furthermore likewise Li.kewise, grasshoppers also
have very long legs.
although instead Toe Atacama Desert is one
despite even so of the driest places on Earth.
Shift in Focus
regardless however Even so, it is home to severa!
communities.
Came Effect Due to the speed of the water,
when for this reason the rock becomes eroded
Indicating Cause as long as as a result quickly. Consequently, the
andEffect in order to thus channel becomes deep over a
because of accordingly short amount of time.
due to consequently

TASK 2: Under1ine three transition words in paragraph 2 of the passage on page 66.
» TIP 3: Try lnserting the sentence ln all of the avallable spots. Remember, you are allowed to
change the answer as many times as you want, so feel free to try all of the spots. When you do this,
read the paragraph and pay attention to how the information flows depending on where you place the
sentence. Does it fit with the sentences that come before and after? The correct answer will have the
most logical flow.
TASK 3: Try inserting the sentence in each place and reread it for sense. Then, circle the one answer
option on page 66 that is the best option when the sentence is set at that place in the passage.

67
Lesson 58

Table Completion Ouestions

A table completion question (referred to as a fill-in-a-table question in ETS preparation
materiais) presents you with a list of statements that are related to a passage. Vou must
correctly categorize th� statements in the table according to the directions. The table will
categorize inforrnation presented in the passage. There is typically no more than one table
completion question per reading passage. Please see the Wa/k Through on page 69 for an
example of how table completion questions are presented.

QUICK GUIDE: Table Completion Ouestions

Definition Table completion questions provide you with a table that refleets two or
three categories or criteria from the passage. You are also presented with
seven or nine statements related to the passage, and you need to seleet
which categories lhe statements belong in, if any. Here is a summary oi lhe
table types that may appear on lhe test:
C2!1.1m!llilB2wli Smttmimtli C2rn!1.t AnliWl!li f.2.imli
2 columns 7 statements 5 carreei answers 3 points
3 columns 7 statements 5 correet answers 3 points
2 columns 9 statements 7 carreei answers 4 points
3 columns 9 statements 7 carreei answers 4 points
ln arder to answer lhe question, you must click on lhe statements and drag
them to lhe carreei categories in the table.

Targeted Skills ln arder to correetly answer a table completion question, you must:
• be able to reeognize lhe main ideas oi the passage.
• know lhe organizational styfes that are commonly associated with lhe
question type.
• be able to identify the points that the author uses to support lhe main
topic.

The Correct The carreei answers for table completion questions will fit the categories
Answer in which they are classified. The correet statements will usually contain
reworded information Iram lhe passage. Also, the correet statements are
usually major ideas Iram the passage. For this question type, it is possible
to earn partia! credit depending on how many oi lhe statements you
correelly categorize.

Wrong Answer Out oi lhe seven or nine answer options, there are usually two that do not fit
Options into the table. Watch out for answer options that:
• do not lit into lhe general categories described in the chart.
• include information that is not mentioned in lhe passage.
• contradict lhe facts Iram the passage.
• are minar details that are mentioned only briefly in the passage.

68
 QUESTION 1YPE: TABlf COMPI.ETlON

WALK THROUGH: Table Completion Ouestions

A Quickly read the sample table completion question below. Underline key words in the
statements that will help you classify them.

TOEFL Read,nq
• ':':."
•\ Ó •.'
0
.' ó' . ' cf '
Ouestion 1 of 12 � ' e.

1. Complete the table below to summarize information about the two types ofbird navigation
techniques discussed in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the navigation techniques
with which they are associated. This question is worth 3 points.

Navigatioa Technique Statemeats

Celestial Sdect2
)> 2 and 7

Magnetism Sdect3
l> 1, 3, 4 and 6

l>

)>

Statements
1. Proven by discovery ofmagnetic substances in some birds' beaks
2. Similar to navigation method employed by humans that makes use oflandmarks, like rivers,
mountains, and oceans
3. Earth's magnetic pull indicates the direction of travei
4. Studies in which magnets are applied to birds demonstrate its validity.
5. Employed only by birds that migrate annually
6. Allows birds to use the position ofthe sun or stars to navigate
7. Supported by observations that birds that don't have a clear view ofthe sky can't navigate effectively

8 Now read the sample passage on the next page. While you read, underline infonnation
that you think will help you categorize the statements in Part A. When you are done
reading, write the number of the statements in the correct boxes in the table. Note that
you will use only five of the seven statements.

69
 Sl<ll.S FOA THE TOER. IBT TEST READING ANO WRITING

Bird Navigation Techniques

1
Many species ofbirds migrate, flying up to 20,000 miles to temporary habitats in response
to seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation. ln many cases, migratory birds retum
to the sarne lake or particular piece ofcoastline year after year, which demonstrates their
ability to find their way with surprising accuracy. Research suggests that birds have at least
two prirnary methods ofnavigation.
2
Some biologists bave shown tbat birds probably use the location of celestial bodies,
such as the sun and the stars, to orient themselves. Humans often use landmarks like rivers,
mountains, and oceans, to determine their dircction. ln contrast, birds seem to ignore
geographical features and depend on a kind ofinternai clock tbat tells them their location
based on the time ofday and the position ofthe sun or, ifthey are flying at night, the stars.
For instance, scientists bave observed that when the stars are obscured by clouds, birds cannot
navigate as accurately as when the stars are dearly visible.
-�--- 3
ln addition to the sun and stars, birds may also use Earth itself as a kind of compass.

1
li seasonal: a particular
Some scientists argue tbat birds navigate using Earth's magnetic field. Certain metais cause
Earth's poles to have a magnetic pull, and birds rnay use this pull to determine wbat direction
they're traveling in. To test this, one scientist glued magnets to migratory birds. Toe magnets
time of year interfered with the birds' navigation, which suggests that magnetic pull is important for
determining direction. Recently, researchers also discovered iron oxide, a magnetic material,
celestial: relating to the
sky or heaven in the beaks ofhoming pigeons. This is further evidence that birds may be sensitive to Earth's
magnetic field and use tbat sense to navigate.

: For tlble completion

: � lt'a posaible
: to 11111 partiel cncil
: See lhe llffillllY below
: for poaille-.

FlvtAntwn
IComct Poi1b
Awarded
5 3
4 2
3 1
0-2 o

SMl,Anlwn
7 4
6 3
5 2
4 1
0-3 o
70
 Tips and Tasks for Answering Correctly
» TIP 1: Leam the o,ganlzatlonal stytes that are aaoclatld wl1h table completlon questiona.
Table completion questions often appear wl1h passages that present lnformatlon that can be
categortzed. Learning which types of passages often have table completion questlons will help you
pay dose attention to the categories as they are presented in the reading and make it easler for you to
quickly find the information you need ln order to answer the questlon. The table below describes the
organizational sty1es of passages that are often followed by table completion questlons.

Pros and Cons Prestnts the advantages and disadvantages of a topic

Compare and Contrast Discusses the similarities and differences between two subjects
Cause and Effed Describes the causes and effects of something
Theory-Support Presents multiple theories about a subject and support for each
theory
Classification Discusses different types of something

Regardless of the organizational sty1e, you should read the topic sentences for the paragraphs in order
to get a sense of the focus of each one. Then, you can plnpoint the information you need in order to
categorize the statements correctly.
TASK 1: Under1ine two sentences ln the passage on page 70 that summarize the categorias mentioned
in the table on the sarne page.
» TIP 2: Watch out for answer optlons that contaln the axact wonllng from the readlng. Typically,
the correct statements for table completion Questions will contain paraphrased information from the
reading. lf you see a statement that has the sarne wording from the passage, be sure to read lt caretully
before choosing it.

TASK 2: Draw a line through one incorrect answer optlon on page 69 that contains the sarne wording
from the reading.

» TIP 3: Ellmlnate answer optlons that represent mlnor polnts or contradlct lnformatlon from the
paaaga. A statement that mentions only a minor point or that is not factual according to the passage
will not fit into the categorias in the table.

TASK 3: Draw a llne through one lncorrect answer option on page 69 that contains lnformation that Is
not true according to the passage.

71
SW.S FOI! THE TOER IBT TEST READING ANO WRITING

PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: Get Ready

A Scan the short passage about biology. Under1ine the main idea of each paragraph.

Control of Malaria
I
Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite in the blood. It has existed since at Jeast 2700 BC,
when its symptoms, including headache, fever, and nausea, were described in Chinese
medical writings. However, unlike many other ancient diseases, malaria persists today, with
approximately 225 million cases reported in 2009. Advances in medical sciences have made it
possible to control the disease, but malaria is difficult to eradicate entirely for severa! reasons.
2
Though early doctors developed some treatrnents for malaria using plants and herbs, it
was not until the true nature of the disease was discovered that it was possible to formulate
a more effective treatrnent. [aJ • ln 1880, a French surgeon discovered that malaria was
not caused by a virus, but by a parasite living in the blood of infected people. [b) • Toe
discovery that malaria was not a virai infection led to developments in medicine that focused
on destroying the parasite. [c]• ln 1897, a British doctor stationed in lndia discovered that
malaria parasites were passed from person to person by mosquitoes. [d)•
1
Today, medical researchers have made several developments in controlling the spread of
malaria. For one, doctors now have access to a wide array of effective medicines for treating
malaria, and many of these can be taken to prevent the disease or even build up a partia!
immunity to it. Furthermore, scientists have developed pesticides to kill mosquitoes and thus
prevent the spread of malaria. Additionally, in some places, controlling malaria is achieved
through non-medicinal methods, such as the use of mosquito nets that are constructed
from fine mesh cloth. Toe nets are typically placed over beds in order to protect people from
mosquito bites while they sleep.
• Despite these advancements in treating and preventing malaria, the disease is still a
nausea: the condition of worldwide problem. Because mosquitoes and the malaria parasite are living beings, they
feeling sick and that you can develop resistance to the medicines and pesticides used to kill them. [a]• Medical
are going to vomit scientists must create new medicines and pesticides to fight these resistant parasites and
mosquitoes. [b J • Automobiles, airplanes, and other kinds of transportation make it easy for
eradicate: to get rid of
something completely infected people to carry malaria to new locations. [c] • Despite these obstacles, malaria cases
continue to decline worldwide. [d]•

B Read the questions carefully. What types of questions are they? Under1ine any key
words in the questions and answer options that you will look for while you review the
passage. Then, answer the questions. Note the correct answers and read why the
answer options are correct or incorrect.
1. Look at the four squares l•J in paragraph 2 that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
Thls lnfonnation led to malaria prevention efforts that involved destroying or avoiding the
mosquitoes that carried il
Where would lhe sentence best fit?
ºª
Ob
Oc
Od

72
 PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: ADO TEXT ANO TABLE COMPLETION QUESTIONS

ANSWER ANALYSIS ....

Question Type: Add Text
X a: The sentence before lhis marker is about how discovering the true nature oi the disease led to more effective
treatments. Thus. lhe next sentence alter the marker should include information about lhe discovery that the disease is
caused by a parasite.
X b: The sentence cannot � here because the au1hor has not mentioned the discowry that mosquitoes transmlt 1he disease.
X e: Grammatically, lhe sentence doeS not flow here, as lhere is no logical referent for the demonstrative proooun "this.•
./ d: Thls is the most loglcal place for the given sentence. The sentence mentions mosquitoes, anel the paragraph
brings up mosquitoes only in the sentence that precedes this marker. ln addition, lhe ideas flow most loglcaUy
when the glven sentence is placed in thls spot

2. Look at the four squares [•l in paragraph 4 that indicate where the foliowing sentence could be added to the
passage.
Another chall enge in eradicating malaria is the increased mobility of human beings.

ºª
Where would the sentence best fit?

Ob
Oc
Od

ANSWER ANALYSIS ....

Question fype: Add Text
X a: The given sentence does not make sense ln lhis position because lhe sentence alter lhe marker continues discussing
ideas about using medicines and pesticides to kili lhe parasite and mosquítoes.
./ b: Thls Is the most loglcal place for lhe sentence. The gtven sentence mentlons that increased moblllty poses a
problem for efforts to eradicate malarta, anel the sentence aflllr thls mar1<er supports this idea by describing the
types of transportatlon that contrlbute to increased moblllty.
X e: The given sentence introduces a second challenge in eradicating malaria. Placing lhe sentence in this position disrupts
the ftow of ideas ln lhe paragraph.
X d: The author has already discussed the role of mobility ln the spread of malaria. lt does not make sense to add lhe given
sentence alter a statement lhat describes the decline of malaria.

3. Complete the table below to summarize the information about malaria discussed ln the passage. Match the
appropriate statements to the facts with which they are associated. This question is worth 4 points.
Facts About Mataria Statements
Causes of Malaria Select 2
),>
),>

Methods for Select 3

Controlling Spread of ),>
Malaria ),>
),>

Obstacles in Select 2
Controlling Malaria ),>
),>

73
SKJlLS FOR TltE TOEfl. lBT TEST READING AHD WRITING

Statements
1. Use of mosquito nets 6. Antiparasitic medications
2. Ease of travei in the modem wor1d 7. Discovered by a French physician
3. Plants and herbs 8. Medications that treat the symptoms
4. Parasites spread through mosquito of the disease
bites 9. Based on a discovery by a British
5. lmmunity to medicines and pesticides doctor

ANSWER ANALYSIS ....

Questlo,i 1»Je: Table Completlon

Facts About Malaria Statements
Causes of Malaria Select 2
� 4. Parasites spread through mosquito bites
� 7. Discovered by a French physician
Methods for Controlling Select 3
Spread of Malaria � 1. Use of mosquito nets
� 6. Antiparasitic medications
� 9. Based on a discovery by a British doctor
Obstades in Controlling Select2
Malaria � 2. Ease of travei in the modem world
� 5. lmmunity to medícines and pesticides
/ 1: ln paragnph 3, lhe aulhor slat8s that moaquitD nets control lhe spread of malarla by pnM1ntl11g moscpto bila
I 2: ln paragrapll 4, lhe aulhor uys that lhe lncrelNd moblllty of tunn contrlllllls lo "'*11.
, 3: ln paragraph 2, lhe authc1 says that plants and hert>s were used to treat malarla. This does not fall lllder any of lhe
categories in lhe table.
I 4: ln paragraph 1, lhe aulhor uys that malarla Is caused by a parasill. ln paragrapll 2, lhe aulhor IMl1llons that
mosqiilDes spr9ld lhe .......
I 5: ln paragraph 4, lhe aulhor uys that, a llvlng orga11ilm1, lhe parasill that causes malarla and lhe fflOlqlitDes
that trnmlt lt acquie lmnu1lly to pestlcldes and medicines.
I 6: ln paragrapll 3, lhe aulhor uys that doctln hM dMloped mecbllo111 for trllllng malarla. lleCIUII malarla
Is CIUlld by • parasite, thele medicines .. antiparllltlc.
I 1: ln paragrapll 2, lhe aulhor uys that a French ugeon dlsconred that ma1ar1a Is CIUlld by a pnllll.
, 8: ln paragraph 2, lhe author mentlons that medicatlons were formulated to treat lhe cause of lhe diseaseo.e., lhe
parasite), not lhe symptoms. This cannot be classifled in lhe provided categories.
I 9: ln paragrapll 2, lhe aulhor uys that a Bl1lllh doclllr dllcovered that lhe malarla parasltl Is lnnnltlld lllrough
......,111111.

74
 PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: ADO TEXT ANO TABLE COMPlETION QUESTIONS

PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: Get Set

A Scan the short passage about geology. Write the main idea of each paragraph.
1. ____________________________
2.�---------------------------�
3. ___________________________
4. _______________________________

History of the Mediterranean Sea

I
lhe Mediterranean Sea spans 2.5 million square kilometers and is almost entirely
surrounded by Europe, Africa, and northwestern Asia. Despite its size, a number of
geological discoveries suggest that lhe Mediterranean may have entirely dried up about tive
million to 12 million years ago. For one, during lhe l 970s, geologists discovered reflective
materiais at lhe bottom of lhe sea by using a specially designed ship and drilling system to
take core samples of the Mediterranean's seabed that were about 30 feet long. [a J • lhese
samples revealed lhat lhe reflective layer was composed of minerais left behind by evaporated
seawater. [bJ • Geologists also found other materiais lhat were unlikely to exist at the
bottom of a sea. [eJ • For example, lhey found a layer of anhydrite, a mineral that undergoes
a chernical transformation when it comes into contact wilh water. [d]•
2
Based on the deplh of lhe Iayers of non-oceanic materiais at lhe bottom of lhe sea, many
scientists argue lhat evaporation was caused by the Mediterranean becorning separated from
lhe Atlantic Ocean. Currently, lhe Mediterranean is connected to lhe Atlantic at a narrow
point, about 8.9 miles wide, called the Strait of Gibraltar. lhe connection between lhe two
bodies of water is important because the Mediterranean Sea has a negative moisture balance.
[a J • Because of its negative moisture balance, it's likely that lhe Mediterranean Sea would
dry up in about 1,500 years wilhout extra water from the Atlantic Ocean pouring in through
lhe strait [b J • Researcbers speculate that several million years ago, a geological event
caused the Strait of Gibraltar to dose, cutting off the Mediterranean from its water source.
[c]• Completely separated from the Atlantic, geologists claim that lhe Mediterranean dried
up in as little as 1,000 years. [d)•
3 lhe evaporation of the Mediterranean had signiticant etfects locally and globally.
Emptied of water, the region became a vast desert. Jt's believed that when the Mediterranean
Sea dried up, the water levei of the oceans around the world increased by up to 32 feet.
Furthermore, a large part of the salt from lhe world's oceans was stored in lhe dry seabed
lhis led not only to decreased salinity in the world's oceans, but also to a hyp ersaline, or
extremely salty, environment in the Mediterranean desert. Because many animais cannot

. :.. . .
evaporate: to change
. survive in hypersaline conditions, it's likely that many of lhe species that once lived in the
area probably died, resulting in a severe decline in the biodiversity of the area.
4 However, this desert eventually became a sea again. About tive million years ago,
from a liquid state to a gas geologists lheorize that a major geological event opened the dam between the Atlantic and
the Mediterranean, causing an enormous waterfall to flood the Mediterranean basin, refilling
salinlty: the amount of
salt in something it in only l 00 years. Such a sudden influx of water would wash away any life growing in the
Mediterranean desert and atfect the climate of the surrounding regions.

75
SKl1S FOR THE TOEA. IBTTEST READING ANO WRITING
B Read the questions carefully and note whether they are add text or table completion questions. Then,
answer the questions. Wrtte the letter of each answer option next to the reason in the Answer Analysis box
explaining why it is correct or incorrect.
1. Look at the four squares l•J in paragraph 1 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The presence of anhydrlte, then, suggests that at some polnt ln the past, there was an absence of water ln the
region that is now the Medlterranean Sea.
Where would the sentence best fit?
O a[A]
o b[BJ
O c[C]
o d[D]
ANSWER ANALYSIS �

Questlon lff>e; Add Text

__ , lhe sentence afler this mar1<er introduces the !opie of other materiais that are unlikely to be found on a seabed, like
anhydrite. fllajng the glven sentence here woukl dlsrupt the flow oi ldeas in the paragraph.
__ 1 lhe sentence afler this mar1<er continues the discusslon oi the reflective ma1erlals at the sea bottom, so thls is not a
loglcal place to insert the given sentence.
__ , lhe -111nce 11e1ore 11111 uw N111Dn1 anllydrlll 1arlhe t1nt 11me. 1hls IIlhe most 1og1ca1 1oc111on 1arlhe

thatlhe Mecllllli,...,
glwn IIIIIIIICe beclllll lt glwN mon dllllll lboullhe dlscMry oi lllhydrilll llld how that IIIIIPO'b lhe lheory
once drled up.
__ , lhe sentence afler this mar1<er descr1bes anhydrlte for the flrst time, so lt's unHkely that the glven sentence goes here.

2. Look at the four squares l•J in paragraph 2 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Thls means that every year, more water evaporates from the sea than Is added to lt by rtvers and rainfall.
Where would the sentence best frt?
O a[A]
o b[B]
O e [C]
o d [D]
ANSWER ANALYSIS �

QuNfbl � Add Text

__ , lhe sentence bafore lhls marker desCltles how 1ong sclentlsts bellM it tod< the sea to dry up afler belng cut off from
the Allantlc. Thls Is not a good place to add the dellnltlon oi negative molstln balance.
- ' lhe glwn llldlncl prvwldll I dlllnlllan far ...... molslln blllllCI. 11111, lt IIIOlt lluly belonp lfllrlhe
....... ln wlllcli nepllw lllOlân lllllla .. flnt .............
__ 1 lhe sentence before thls mllker dlscusses the event that probably caused '1e Medltemlnean to become closed off from
the Allantlc Ocean. Placing the glven sentence here would � the flow oi the pngraph.
__ , lhe sentence before thls marker mentlons the eff8ct that negative moistll8 balance coukl have on the Medlterranean. lt's
111likely that a definltlon woold be introduced at thls polnt

76
 PROGRESSM PRACTICE: ADO TEXT ANO TABlE COMPLETION OUESTIONS

3. Complete the table below to summarize information about the causes and effects of the evaporation of the
Mediterran ean Sea. Match the appropriate statements to the methods with which they are associated. This
questlon is worth 3 points.

Causes and Effects Statements

Factors Leading to the Evaporation of Sdect 2
the Mediterranean Sea l>
l>
Consequences of the Evaporation of Select 3
the Mediterranean Sea l>
l>
l>

Statements
1. The wortd's oceans became less salty. [A]
2. The Mediterranean Sea became a large desert. [B]
3. The main water source for the Mediterranean was closed off. [C)
4. Many of the animais that once lived around the Mediterranean died off. [D]
5. Hypersaline conditions led to the temporary closing of the Strait of Gibraltar. [E)
6. The sea levei of the Atlantic Ocean decreased due to a geological event. [F]
7. The Mediterranean Sea received too little moisture to replenish the water that evaporated from
it every year. [G]

ANSWER ANALYSIS �
Question 7ype: Table Completion

__ .t ln paragraph 3, lhe author says lhe region tumed into a vast desert.
__ 1 lhe author does not mention a connection between hypersalinity and lhe closing of lhe Strait of Gibraltar. This choice
cannot be ciassified under either category.
__.t ln paragraph 2, lhe author says that lhe Allantlc supplles lhe Medltemlnean wlth watar. latllr, lhe author says
that a geological event caused lhe Strait of Gibraltar to close.
__ 1 ln paragraph 2, lhe author says that a geological event caused the closing of lhe Strait of Gibraltar, not a iowering of the
Auantic's sea levei.
__ .t ln paragraph 2, lhe author dlscusses negative molsture balance and its role ln lhe drylng of lhe Meclllmn•L
__ .t ln paragraph 3, lhe author says that lhe drylng of lhe Medlten"anean led to decreased sallnlty ln lhe wortd'I
oceans.
__ .t ln paragraph 3, lhe author says that blodlvenlty, or lhe IU1lber of dlstlnct specles of aninall, ln lhe ..
decllned because of lhe hypersallne condltlol._

77
SKlllS FOR THE TOER. IBT TEST READING ANO WRITING

PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: Go for the TOEFL Test

Read the passage about a topic in astronomy.

TOEFL Re,,d,nq 1
• ','," " ' O '' O ' O ' 0'
üucst,un 1 uf 1.! �LW . : ' ,

Detection of Extrasolar Planets

1 An extrasolar planei is a planei that is located outside of Earth's solar system. [ a J • Like the
planets in our solar system, which orbit around the sun, extrasolar planeis follow the path around
stars in the galaxy. [b J • ln addition, these planeis may be able to provide information about astro-
nomical processes like star formation, which could help scientists understand the beginnings of our
own solar system. [ e J • However, beca use they are located outside of the solar system, extrasolar
planeis are very difficult to detect. Toe task of discovering extrasolar planeis is further complicated
by the fact that, as mature planets, they do not have their own light source, and the intense light from
the stars that they orbit usually obscures them. [d]• Despite these difficulties, scientists have
devised severa! methods for detecting extrasolar planeis.
2 Toe primary methods for locating extrasolar planets are indirect, meaning that they involve
taking measurements from objects other than extrasolar planets themselves. For exarnple, the radial
velocity method involves calculating changes in a star's movement in response to the extrasolar
planets orbiting around it. When an extrasolar planei orbits a star, it changes the star's velocity, or the
speed at which the star traveis. lnstruments on Earth that measure the movement of starlight through
space can detect changes in a star's velocity from billions oflight-years away. [a] • By calculating
these changes for faraway stars, scientists can determine if there are any extrasolar planets orbiting
around them. [b]
• Furthermore, this method provides researchers with information about the mass ofthe extrasolar
planeis that are causing the velocity changes. [e]• Typically, extrasolar planets that are discovered using
this method are very large. [d]• However, researchers are in the process ofrefining this method in
order to be able to detect smaller planets as well.
l Toe radial velocity method provides information about the mass ofan extrasolar planet, but by

using another indirect detection technique called the transit method, scientists can gather other kinds
ofinformation about an extrasolar planet's siz.e. [a]• Most importantly, the transit method helps
observers to determine an extrasolar planet's radius, which is the distance from the center ofa planet to
its surface. [bl • When a planei comes between a star and the instruments used to observe it, the star's
light is momentarily dimmed. [e]• Thus, by measuring the star's light output, scientists can determine
ifan extrasolar planet has traveled between that star and their telescopes. [d]• Scientists using this
method pay attention not only to the intensity ofthe star's light output, but to the frequency ofany
changes in output as welL By using this information, along with the size ofthe shadow that an extrasolar
planet casts as it passes in front ofa star, scientists are able to figure out a planet's size. Planets with a
larger radius cause the light ofa star to dim more significantly than it would with smaller planets.
• ln addition to these indirect methods, researchers are developing new technology intended to make
it easier to obtain images ofextrasolar planets directly. They are making advancements toward creating
instruments that are capable offiltering out the glare ofa star's light and producing extremely clear
images that allow scientists to distinguish extrasolar planeis from the stars they orbit. Some scientists
(! POWERED 81' COSUILD
are researching the possibility ofadapting the coronagraph, which is a telescope originally used to block
light·year: the distance out our sun's light in order to study the fainter light surrounding it. [a]• With some modifications,
that light traveis in a year
the coronagraph's ability to block out large amounts oflight may make it useful for detecting extrasolar
ot1>1t to move around planets. [b]• Unlike ordinary telescopes, an interferometer uses a system of severa! mirrors and
a sun or moon in a gathers irnages from many clilferent angles. [e]• By combining the muJtiple images, the relatively dim
continuous curving path
light of extrasolar planeis is intensified and is therefore more apparent to scientists. [d]•

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 PROGRESSM PRACTICE: ADO TEXT ANO TABLE COMPI.EllON QUESTIONS

Now answer the questions.

1. Look at the four squares [•l in paragraph 1 that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
Research on extrasolar planeta Is drlven prlmarlly by the posslblltty that other solar
systems may contaln planeta similar to Earth ln that they are capable of supporting llfe.
Where would the sentence best fit?
ºª
Ob
Oc
Od
2. Look at the four squares [•l in paragraph 2 that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
Thls Is because planets with a largar mass cause more notlceable changes ln the speed
of a star's movement
Where would the sentence best fit?
ºª
Ob
oc
Od
3. Look at the four squares l•J ln paragraph 3 that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
Resean:hers measure the size of extrasolar planeta by observlng lhe light a star
produces.
Where would the sentence best fit?
ºª
Ob
oc
Od
4. Look at the four squares [•l in paragraph 4 that indicate where the following sentence could be
added to the passage.
Other resean:hers are concentratlng on lnterferometry technology.
Where would the sentence best fit?
ºª
Ob
Oc
Od

79
SKU.S FOR THE rom IBT TEST READtNG ANO WRlllNG
5. Complete the table below to summarize information about the methods for detecting extrasolar planets
discussed in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the methods with which they are
associated. This questlon Is worth 4 polnts.

Methods for Detecting

Extrasolar Planets Statements
lndirect Methods Select4
I>
I>
I>
I>
Direct Methods Select 3
I>
I>
I>
Statements
1. Allows researchers to determine the distance between an extrasolar planet and
the star it orbits
2. lnvolves measuring how fast a star moves as a result of the planets orbiting
around it
3. Uses technology that makes light from extrasolar planets appear brighter to
observers on Earth
4. Uses a star's light output to indicate the size of an extrasolar planet
5. lnvolves using the light emitted from surrounding planets to detect extrasolar
planets
6. Employs technology that allows scientists to create clear images of extrasolar
planets
7. Providas researchers with information about the mass of extrasolar planets
8. lnvolves blocking light from stars that may be located near the extrasolar
planet
9. Currently, one of these methods is not effective for locating small extrasolar
planets.

80