Module 3 (Part 3)

Subject CHM012 Chemistry for Engineers

Chapter/Unit 3
Lesson Title Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Timeframe Week 3
Lesson Objectives 1. Compare the Bohr model, Rutherford model and the Quantum mechanical
model of the atom
2. Explain the four quantum numbers
3. Elucidate the quantum mechanical model of the atom
4. Give the electronic configuration of an element
5. Compare similarities and contrast differences of element within a
group/period in the periodic table
Overview/Introduction In this chapter we explore how some of the important properties of elements
change as we move across a row or down a column of the periodic table. In
many cases the trends in a row or column allow us to predict the physical and
chemical properties of the elements.
Activity Exercises/Assignment
Assessment Problem Set
References Brown, T.L., LeMay Jr., H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., Woodward, P.M.,
“Chemistry – The Central Science”, (14th edition), Prentice-Hall International,
Inc. (Chapter 1)

Development of the Periodic Table

Periodic Table
 the most significant tool that chemists use for organizing and remembering chemical facts.
Discovery of elements:
The periodic table arises from the periodic patterns in the electronic configurations of the elements. Elements
in the same column contain the same number of valence electrons. The trends within a row or column form
patterns that help us make predictions about chemical properties and reactivity.

In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight.

Periodic Law: “When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses, certain sets of
properties recur periodically.”

 Scientists at that time had no knowledge of atomic numbers. Atomic weights, however, generally
increase with increasing atomic number, so both Mendeleev and Meyer fortuitously arranged the
elements in proper sequence. Certain elements were missing from this scheme.

In 1913, Henry Mooseley developed the concept of atomic numbers.

“The properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.”

 He identified the atomic number with the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom and the number
of electrons in the atom.

THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

 an arrangement of the atoms in increasing order of their atomic numbers that collects atoms with similar
properties in vertical columns.

FAMILY OR GROUP – elements in a column

PERIOD or SERIES – elements in a row.
Periodic Classification of Elements

A. Based on Properties

1. Metals
 have lustrous, silvery, appearance
 good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable and ductile
 high melting point, lose electrons
 elements in the left side and in the center of the periodic table.

2. Nonmetals
 nonconductors, nonmalleable, nonductile and have no metallic luster
 elements on the right side of the periodic table.

3. Metalloid/Semimetals
 an element that has properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals.

Reactivity

1. Metals – from basic oxides

metal oxides + water  metal hydroxide
Na2O + H2O  2 NaOH CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
metal oxide + acid  salt + water
MgO + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2O NiO + H2SO4  NiSO4 + H2O
2. Nonmetals – form acidic oxides
nonmetal oxide + water  acid
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 P4O10 + 6H2O  4 H3PO4
nonmetal oxide + base  salt + water
CO2 + 2NaOH  Na2CO3 + H2O SO3 + 2KOH  K2SO4 + H2O
nonmetal + metal  salt
2Al + 3Br2  2AlBr3
B. Based on their Electronic Configuration

1. Representative/Main Group Elements

 elements in which the last electron added enters an s or p orbital in the outermost shell but in which this
shell in incomplete.
 found in Groups 1A-7A

2. Transition Elements
 elements that have filled or partially-filled inner d subshell
 found in Groups 1B – 8B

3. Inner Transition Elements

 elements that have filled or partially-filled inner f subshell; lanthanoids and actinoids

4. Noble/Inert Gases
 have filled valence subshell; elements in Group 8A; very stable since closed shell (ns 2np6)

Properties of Some Groups of Elements

1. Group 1A, Alkali Metals

 with typical valence of 1 corresponding to their s1 electronic structure.
 light metals, soft and lustrous but so reactive that they have to be kept from air or moisture (most
reactive metals)
 their hydroxides have an intensive basic or alkaline action, hence members of this family are referred to
as alkali metals.

2. Group 2A, Alkaline Earth Metals

 also active metals but generally less than the alkali metals
 has 2 valence electrons
 all form chlorides that are water-soluble and carbonates that are water-insoluble

3. Hydrogen
 a colorless, diatomic gas and the first element in the periodic table
 does not belong to any family
 has a 1s1 electronic configuration

4. Group 6A, Chalcogens

 the increase in metallic character down the group is clearly evident.

5. Group 7A, Halogens

 listed in the order of increasing atomic weight, melting and boiling points
 fluorine and chlorine are gases (pale yellow and greenish yellow respectively); bromine is a volatile
liquid (reddish brown); iodine is a volatile solid (deep violet)
 order of increasing activity: Iodine<bromine<chlorine<fluorine
 their H compounds are all acids
PERIODIC VARIATION OF PROPERTIES

Periodicity
 the trends in the behavior of the elements.
 arises from the periodic patterns in the electron configuration of the element.

Periodic Properties/Trends

1. Effective Nuclear Charge

 is the net positive charge experienced by an electron on a many-electron atom. It is not the same as the
charge on the nucleus because of the effect of the inner electrons
 The electron is attracted to the nucleus, but repelled by the inner-shell electrons that shield or screen it
from the full nuclear charge; this shielding is called the screening effect. .
  average number of screening electrons (S),  effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
  distance from the nucleus,  S and  Zeff
 The effective nuclear charge increases from left to right across any period of the periodic table. Going
down a column, the effective nuclear charge experienced by valence electrons changes far less than it
does across a period.
2. Atomic Size/ Atomic Radius - derived from the distance between atoms when bonded together.

TRENDS:
 within each group (column) – atomic radius increases from top to bottom (increasing n or number of
shells)
 within each period (row) – atomic radius decrease from left to right (increasing atomic number and
number of electrons, thus increasing effective nuclear charge, Zeff)

3. Ionic Size
 Cations are generally smaller than the metals from which they were formed.
 Anions are generally larger than the nonmetal from which they were formed.
4. Ionization Energy
 minimum energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of the isolated gaseous atom.
 FIRST IONIZATION ENERGY (I1) - energy needed to remove the first (outermost) electron
 The second ionization energy (I2), is the energy needed to remove the second electron); I1 < I2 < I3
o Example: I1 and I1 of sodium

 Small atoms are expected to have high IE because their valence electrons are nearer and more strongly
attracted to the nucleus.

TRENDS (for first ionization energies of elements):

 within each group, IE  with increasing atomic number due to the  in size (n)
 within each period, IE  with increasing atomic number due to increase in Zeff
5. Electron Affinity
 energy change associated to the addition of an e- to a gaseous atom/ion (an exothermic process)
o Example:

 Large atoms are expected to have low EA because their valence electrons are farther from the nucleus.
 Small atoms have high EA because added electron will be closest to the nucleus.

TRENDS:
 more negative (higher affinity) going across a period (left to right)

6. Metallicity
 In general, the metallic character decreases across a period and increases down a group.
7. Electronegativity
 the ability of a bonded atom to attract electrons to itself
 In general, EN increases across a period and decreases down a group

SUMMARY:

Exercise 1 (Assignment)

1. Referring to a periodic table, arrange (as much as possible) the atoms 15P, 16S, 33As, and 34Se in
order of increasing size.
2. Arrange 11Na, 4Be, and 12Mg in order of increasing atomic radius.
3. Arrange Mg2+, Ca2+, and Ca in order of decreasing radius.
4. Which of the following atoms and ions is largest: S2-, S, O2-?
5. In the isoelectronic series Rb+, Sr2+, Y3+, which ion is largest?
6. Which has the greater third ionization energy, Ca or S?
7. Arrange the atoms Ne, Na, P, Ar, K in order of increasing first ionization energy.
8. Which has the lowest first ionization energy, B, Al, C, or Si? Which has the highest?