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Diversity - Priyanka - Part 2

The document discusses four types of space diversity techniques: 1) Selection diversity which selects the branch with the highest SNR, 2) Feedback diversity which scans antennas until a signal above a threshold is found, 3) Maximal ratio combining which weights signals according to SNR for optimal combining, and 4) Equal gain diversity which combines signals with a gain of 1 after phasing.

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14 views13 pages

Diversity - Priyanka - Part 2

The document discusses four types of space diversity techniques: 1) Selection diversity which selects the branch with the highest SNR, 2) Feedback diversity which scans antennas until a signal above a threshold is found, 3) Maximal ratio combining which weights signals according to SNR for optimal combining, and 4) Equal gain diversity which combines signals with a gain of 1 after phasing.

Uploaded by

agh22623
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SPACE DIVERSITY

1) Selection diversity
2) Feedback diversity
3) Maximal ratio combining
4) Equal gain diversity
1) Selection Diversity → simple & cheap
 Rx selects branch with highest instantaneous SNR
new selection made at a time that is the reciprocal
of the fading rate
 this will cause the system to stay with the current
signal until it is likely the signal has faded

 SNR improvement :

 is new avg. SNR


Γ : avg. SNR in each branch
DERIVATION OF SELECTION DIVERSITY
IMPROVEMENT
 M independent branches
 Variable gain & phase at each branch → G∠ θ
 Each branch has same average SNR:

Eb
SNR =  =
N0
 Instantaneous SNR =  i , the pdf of  i

  − i −
1
Pr  i    =  p( i )d  i =  e 
d i = 1 − e 

0 0
 3
 The probability that all M independent diversity
branches Rx signal which are simultaneously less than
some specific SNR threshold γ
Pr  1 ,... M    = (1 − e− /  ) M = PM ( )
Pr  i    = 1 − PM ( ) = 1 − (1 − e− /  ) M

 The pdf of  pM ( ) =
d M
PM ( ) = (1 − e − )
 M −1
e − 

d 
 Average SNR improvement offered by selection diversity
 
 =   pM ( )d  =   Mx (1 − e )
− x M −1
e − x dx, x =  
0 0

 1 M
=
 k =1 k 4
5
6
2) Scanning Diversity
 scan each antenna until a signal is found that is above
predetermined threshold
 if signal drops below threshold → rescan
 only one Rx is required (since only receiving one signal at a
time), so less costly → still need multiple antennas
3) Maximal Ratio Diversity
 signal amplitudes are weighted according to each SNR
 summed in-phase
 most complex of all types
 a complicated mechanism, but modern DSP makes this
more practical → especially in the base station Rx
where battery power to perform computations is not an
issue
 gives optimal SNR improvement :
 Γ i:
avg. SNR of each individual branch
 Γi = Γ if the avg. SNR is the same for each branch

M M
 M =   i = i =M 
i =1 i =1
MAXIMAL RATIO COMBINER
DERIVATION OF MAXIMAL RATIO COMBINING
10

IMPROVEMENT
 The voltage signals ri, from each of the M
diversity branches are co-phased to provide
coherent voltage addition
 Individually weighted to provide optimal SNR

 Resulting envelope applied to the detector

 Total noise power applied to detector


11

 SNR applied to the detector

 Using Chebychev’s inequality, M is


maximised when Gi=ri/N

 SNR out of the diversity combiner is the


sum of SNRs in each branch.
12

 Resulting pdf

 The probability that M is less than SNR


threshold 
4) Equal Gain Diversity

 combine multiple signals into one


 G = 1, but the phase is adjusted for each
received signal so that
The signal from each branch are co-
phased
vectors add in-phase

 better performance than selection diversity

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