BE3272 – BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND

INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY

II – SEMESTER
B.E. CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - SRIRANGAM
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 012
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - SRIRANGAM
(Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 012

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Name : __________________________________________________________

Year : _______ Semester : ________ Branch : _____________________

University Register No:

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by the above student in the
CIVIL ENGINEERING branch during the academic year 20 –20 in the BE3272 –
BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Signature of Staff in-Charge Signature of Head of the Department

Submitted for the University Practical Examination held on ……….…………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR EEE LABORATORY

SAFETY:
1. You are doing experiments with the help of electrical power. You have to be
very careful. You must clearly know the supply system to your worktable in
particular and the entire laboratory in general.
2. In case of any wrong observation, you have to IMMEDIATELY SWITCH OFF
supply to the worktable.
3. You have to tuck in your shirts and you have to wear an overcoat.
4. Wearing loose garments inside the lab is strictly prohibited.
5. You have to wear shoes compulsorily.

ATTENDANCE:
1. Every time you come to the laboratory class, you have to come with your record
note book, observation notebook, calculators etc.
2. You have to attend the lab. at the stroke of the bell in the laboratory.
3. You have to give your attendance. You have to submit your records. You have to
show the day's experiment's circuit diagram and get it signed. You have to occupy
the respective worktable of the machine. Collect required meters etc as per indent
slip.

MAKING CONNECTIONS:
1. Start giving connections as per the circuit diagram from one side of the circuit.
2. Series circuits are to be only given first, with the help of power wires.
3. Make parallel connections, namely voltmeters last using silk wires.
4. Terminals of the meters should not be used as junction points. There should not
be any loose connection. Thoroughly check the connections and keep re rheostat
positions suitable for starting. Also keep all meters in such a way to read the
readings conveniently. Call staff to check the connections.

DOING EXPERIMENTS:
1. Start the experiment as per the procedure. First check for the direction of rotation
in case of machines and deflection of meters.
2. If any of the things are wrong, then SWITCH OFF and modify the connections.
Inform to the staff and then START.

OBSERVATION:
1. Enter all readings in the tabulation. Note down the multiplication factor of any
meter immediately.
2. During load test on motors, the needle of the spring balances may be vibrating.
3. Arrest gently the vibration and take the reading.
4. At the time of over loading, the readings are to be taken quickly.
5. Pour water in the brake drum at the time of loading.
CALCULATION:
1. Calculate all required quantities and enter in the tabulation. Units are VERY,
VERY IMPORTANT. Draw the necessary graphs. Write the result. Show it to the
staff for getting signature.

RECORD:
1. As the name Implies, it is a record: PERMANENT RECORD for reference. Write
neatly; Draw circuit diagrams neatly and label correctly.
2. Enter readings in the tabulation.
3. UNITS are to be written for various quantities.
4. Draw Graph. Complete the record before you come for next lab class.
5. Bring the record for submission during next lab class.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Avoid wearing any loose metallic rings, straps or bangles, as they are likely to
prove dangerous at times.
2. Before entering into the laboratory class, you must be well prepared for the
experiment that you are going to do on that day.
3. You must bring the related textbook, which may deal with the relevant
experiment.
4. Get the circuit diagram approved with correct meter & fuse ratings
5. Get the reading verified. Then inform the technician so that supply to the
worktable can be switched off.
6. You must get the observation note corrected within two days from the date of
completion of experiment. Write the answer for all the discussion questions in the
observation note. If not, marks for concerned observation will be proportionately
reduced.
7. If you miss any practical class due to unavoidable reasons, intimate the staff in
charge and do the missed experiment in the repetition class.
8. Such of those students who fail to put in a minimum of 75% attendance in the
laboratory class will run the risk of not being allowed for the University Practical
Examination. They will have to repeat the lab course in subsequent semester after
paying prescribed fee.
9. Avoid wearing any loose metallic rings, straps or bangles, as they are likely to
prove dangerous at times.
10. Girls should put their plait inside their overcoat
11. Acquire a good knowledge of the surrounding of your worktable. Know where the
various live points are situated in your table.
12. In case of any unwanted things happening, immediately switch off the mains in
the worktable. The same must be done when there is a power break during the
experiment being carried out.
13. Avoid carrying too many instruments at the same time.
14. Avoid using water hydrant for electrical fires.
HOW TO FIX RATING?

1. GENERAL

1. We have to fix meters and provide fuse for the experiment. Identify the correct
machine/transformer on which experiment is to be conducted. Notedown the
complete NAMEPLATE DETAILS including Name of the company, Serial No,
etc of the machine / transformer in your observation notebook.
2. MOVING COIL METERS are to be used for measuring dc quantities.
3. MOVING IRON METERS are to be used for measuring ac quantities.

2. LOAD EXPERIMENTS:

1. In this case, we have to load upto 125% of rated capacity. By seeing the
Nameplate details, ammeters, voltmeters can be selected. It may be MC or MI
meters. Normally rated voltages are to be measured (0-300V) MC for dc and (0-
300V) MI for single phase ac and (0-600V) MI voltmeters for 3 phase ac may be
used.
2. Power measurement using wattmeters must be carefully done. Under load
conditions, powerfactor will be high; henceUPF wattmeters may be used, with
suitable voltage and current level.
3. Under no-load conditions, Power factor will be poor; hence LPF wattmeters with
correct voltage and current levels may be selected.
4. In the case of transformers, kVA rating will be known from the Name plate
details. For eg: 1 KVA; 200/100V 1 phase ac transformer has the rated current in
the primary ,Ip = 200 =5A;and In the Secondary, Is = 100 =10A;
• Hence ammeters for Primary and Secondary in this case may be (0- 5A)
MI and (0-10A) MI respectively are used when load experiments are
conducted.

3. NO LOAD EXPERIMENTS:

1. Voltmeters may be selected suitably. Since there is no load, the ammeter may be
of lower range. Normally, no-load current will be around 10% and 15% of rated
current in the case of machines and transformers respectively. According to the
no-load current value arrived, appropriate ammeter may be used.

4. LOAD:

1. There is no difficulty in the case of motors, because mechanical (brake down)

loads may be employed. But in the case of generators and transformers, power
rating and voltage level of the loads are to be specified. Normally water loads,
resistive loads and lamp loads are available. By seeing the nameplate of the
machine, the voltage and power of the load is to be specified.
5. FUSE:

1. Fuse is an important element in an electric circuit. It is a protective element. Fuse

is to be provided in order to protect machines and meters. Fuse rating in any case
should not exceed rated current of the machines in the case of load experiments
and not exceed the ammeter range in the case of no-load experiments.
Fuse current rating calculation
For load test – 125 % of full load current
For no load test – 10 % of full load current

Basic duties to be completed to get the permission to do the experiment

1. All the members in the groups have to go through the experiment and Complete
the given circuit diagram(s) with fuse rating, instrument ratings, apparatus
required tables and all other required things.
2. Each student has to answer the following questions compulsorily.
i) What is the aim of the exercise?
ii) What is the procedure to do the exercise?
iii) What are the precautions?
iv) Related questions for an experiment.

Those who are unable to meet out the above requirement need not be allowed to do
the exercise.

EVALUATION:

 All students should go through the Lab manual for the experiment to be carried out for
that day and come fully prepared to complete the experiment within the prescribed period. 

Note 1

 The students are expected to redo the incomplete experiment before coming to the next lab.
Otherwise, the marks for incomplete experiment will be reduced. 

Note 2
 Absenteeism due to genuine reasons only will be considered for doing the missed experiments. 

 In case of power failure and any unforeseen circumstances extra classes will be arranged for
doing those experiments only. 

Note 3

 The Practical Internal Assessment Marks will be based on the average of all the experiments
and Model Test. 
 SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS

A - Ampere
Ω - Ohms
V - Volts
MI - Moving Iron Type
MC - Moving Coil Type
RPS - Regulated Power Supply
UPF - Unity Power Factor
ZPF - Zero Power Factor
LPF - Low Power Factor
RPM - Revolutions Per Minute
Nm - Newton meter
η - Efficiency
Hz - Hertz
W - Watts
Kg - Kilogram
1ф - Single Phase
3ф - Three phase
SPSTS - Single Pole Single Throw Switch
DPSTS - Double Pole Single Throw Switch
TPSTS - Triple Pole Single Throw Switch
TPDTS - Triple Pole Double Throw Switch
 GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - SRIRANGAM

DEPARTMENT OF EEE

BE3272 – BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND

INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Ex. No. Date Name of the Experiment Page No. Marks Sign
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No V I1 I2 I3 I 1 = I 2 + I3

(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)

Ex.No:
Verification of ohms and Kirchhoff’s Laws

AIM:

To verify (i) Kirchhoff’s current law (ii) Kirchhoff’s voltage law

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS

2 Resistor

3 Ammeter

4 Voltmeter

5 Bread board

6 Connecting wires

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:

THEORY:
The law states, “The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to sum of the currents leaving
the same node”. Alternatively, the algebraic sum of currents at a node is equal to zero.

The term node means a common point where the different elements are connected.
Assume negative sign for leaving current and positive sign for entering current.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
4. Measure the corresponding values of branch currents I1, I2 and I3.
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values

FORMULA:
∑Currents entering a node = ∑ Currents leaving the node I1 = I2 + I3
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

S.No V I1 I2 I3 I 1 = I 2 + I3

(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
THEORY:
The law states, “The algebraic sum of the voltages in a closed circuit/mesh is zero”.
The voltage rise is taken as positive and the voltage drop is taken as negative.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
4. Measure the corresponding values of voltages (V1, V2 and V3) across resistors R1, R2
and R3 respectively.
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.

FORMULA:

∑Voltages in a closed loop = 0

V-V1-V2-V3 = 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. V V1 V2 V3 V =V1+ V2

Volts Volts Volts Volts +V3

Volts
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
THEORY:
The law states, “The algebraic sum of the voltages in a closed circuit/mesh is zero”.
The voltage rise is taken as positive and the voltage drop is taken as negative.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
4. Measure the corresponding values of voltages (V1, V2 and V3) across resistors R1, R2
and R3 respectively.
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.

FORMULA:

∑Voltages in a closed loop = 0

V-V1-V2-V3 = 0
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. V V1 V2 V2 V =V1+ V2 + V3

Volts Volts Volts Volts Volts

THEORETICAL CALCULATION
OHM’S LAW:
THEORY:
When there is a potential difference V between two points in a circuit, a current flows.
Experimentally it is found that for many materials if the temperature remains constant, the voltage V
is proportional to the current I, as shown in equation

The proportionality constant R is the resistance between the two points considered

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
4. Measure the corresponding values of current (I) through the resistor.
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR OHM’S LAW:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. V I R=V/I

Volts (A)

MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:

Thus the Kirchhoff’s Voltage law, Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Ohm’s Law for the given
circuit is practically done and verified also the results are compared to the theoretical values.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Ex.No:
Three Phase Power Measurement

AIM:
To conduct the load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor in order to measure the
three phase power of the corresponding machine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3. Wattmeter 600V/10A UPF 2
4. Tachometer - Digital 1
5. Connecting wires - - As required

FORMULA USED:
1. Input Power (W) = W1 + W2 (watts)
2. 3V L I L cos   W
W
cos  
3V L I L

Where,
VL - voltmeter reading in volts.
IL – ammeter reading in Ampere (A).
Cos φ - power factor.

√ ( )
3.

Power factor =
TABLE: THREE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT

S. No Line Load Input

Voltage Current Power
(Watts)
VL IL
W1 W2 (W1+W2)
(Volts) (A)

MODEL CALCULATION:
 PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current.
2. Ac electrical quantities should be measured by moving iron instruments.
3. There should be no load while starting the machine.
4. Water should be poured to the brake drum when load is applied to reduce the heat.
5. The starter should be in OFF position while making connection.

PROCEDURE

1. Circuit connection is made as per the circuit diagram

2. Three phase AC supply is given by closing the TPST switch
3. Motor is started using “star- delta” starter.
4. At no load, voltage across the line, current flowing through the motor, input power and speed are
noted.
5. Now some load is applied and the changes in the line voltage, load current, Input power readings are
noted.
6. This procedure is repeated for different values of load up to the rated current.

RESULT:
Thus the three phase power measurement using three phase squirrel cage induction motor is
done successfully and the results are verified.
Ex. No:
LOAD TEST ON SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM:

To conduct a load test on self-excited DC shunt generator and assessment its

performance characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1

2 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1

3 Rheostats 175Ω/0.8 A Wire Wound Each 1

350Ω/1.5 A
4 Tachometer Digital 1

5 Connecting Wires Copper As required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The field rheostat of motor should be kept in minimum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the machine.
2. The field rheostat of generator should be kept in maximum resistance position at the
time of starting and stopping the machine.
3. SPST switch is kept open during starting and stopping.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum position
of DC shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is
gradually removed.
TABULAR COLUMN:

Field Load Terminal

Ia = IL + If
S.No. Current Current Voltage
Eg =V + Ia Ra
(Amps)
If (Amps) IL (Amps) (V) Volts (Volts)

FORMULAE:
Eg = V + Ia Ra (Volts)
Ia = IL + If (Amps)
Eg : Generated emf in Volts
V : Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia : Armature Current in Amps
IL : Line Current in Amps
If : Field Current in Amps
Ra : Armature Resistance in Ohms
MODEL GRAPH:
VL, E (Volts)

E Vs IL

(Int
V Vs IL
Char)
(Ext Char)

If, IL (Amps)
 3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the
voltage to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of generator.
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
5. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought
to maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position,
DPST switch is opened.

RESULT:

Thus the load test on self-excited DC shunt generator is and its characteristics are
obtained.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

NAME PLATE DETAILS

RATING 2 HP
RPM 1440
VOLTS 190/240
AMPS 10.5
Ex. No:
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Date:

AIM:

To conduct load test on single phase induction motor and also to draw the
electrical and mechanical characteristics.

OBJECTIVE:
The student can understand the performance of the Single phase induction
motor in such a way that how the speed falls, the power factor improves and current
increases in output.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Ammeter (0-20A) MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300V) MI 1
3 Wattmeter (300V, 20A) UPF 1
4 Wires - - As requireed

THEORY:

The single phase induction motors are small motors. These motors have power
rating in fractional horse power range. These motors are used in homes, offices, shops
and factories. They provide motive power for fans, washing machines, hand tools like
drillers, record player, refrigerators, juice makers, etc. The single phase motors are
simple in construction. The main disadvantages of these motors are lack of starting
torque, reduced power factor and low efficiency.

FORMULA :

1. Torque (T) = .(S1~S2) x 9.81 x R in Nm.

Where,
S1, S2 are spring balance readings in kg.
R is the radius of the brake drum in m.

2  NT
2. Power output = in watts
60
Where,
N is the speed of the motor in rpm.
T is the torque in Nm.

3. Power input (Pi) = Wattmeter reading in Watts.

Output Power
4. Percentage efficiency = X 100
Input Power
N  N 120 f
5. % slip  , where Ns = Synchronous speed = =1500 rpm
s
* 100
N s
p
TABULAR COLUMN : LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE C APACITOR START INDUCTION MOTOR

Multiplying factor = Radius of brake drum = m

Input
Spring Balance
Line Power Efficiency
Load Readings In Kg Torque Speed Output
Voltage (W) In Power Slip (η)
S. No Current (T) In (N) In Power
(Vl) In Watts Factor (%) (%)
(Il) In A Nm Rpm (Watts)
Volts
S1 S2 (S1~S2)
 Pi
6. Power factor = = W / VLIL
VLI L

Where,
VL is line voltage in volts.
IL is load current in amps.
Pi is input power in watts.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The rating of the fuse should not be more than 120% of rated current
2. Ac electrical quantities should be measured by moving iron instruments.
3. There should be no load while starting the machine.
4. Water should be poured to the break drum when load is applied to reduce the
heat.

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. The motor is started by using 1Φ auto transformer by setting rated voltage and
the no load reading of ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, spring balance and
speed are noted in the tabular column 1.
3. The motor is loaded till the rated current and the corresponding readings are
noted in tabular column 1.
4. The load is reduced to its initial position and the auto transformer is also bring
to its minimum position.
5. Switch off the 1Φ AC supply.
6. The performance and mechanical characteristics are drawn by using tabulated
readings and calculated values.
MODEL CHARACTERISTICS

Po Vs ή
Po Vs p.f
Po Vs S
Po Vs N
Po Vs T Torque –Slip Characteristics
Po Vs IL
Power Factor (p.f)

Torque (T) Nm

Line Current (IL)

Speed (N) rpm
Efficiency (ή)

% Slip (S)

Torque (T) Nm
Output Power (Po) watts % Slip (S)

Figure 2 Electrical Characteristics Figure 3 Mechanical Characteristics

RESULT:

Thus the load test on single phase induction motor is conducted successfully and its
characteristics are obtained.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH
Ex.No:
Characteristics of PN and Zener Diodes

AIM:

1. To observe and draw the Forward and Reverse bias V-I Characteristics of a P-N Junction
diode.
2. To calculate static and dynamic resistance in both forward and Reverse Bias Condition

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS (0-30 V) 1

2 Resistor 1 kΩ 1

3 Ammeter (0-20 mA) 1

4 Ammeter (0-200 µA) 1

5 Voltmeter (0-20 V) 2
Bread board 1
6
7 PN Diode IN 4007 1
8 Zener Diode 1
9 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
A P-N junction diode conducts only in one direction. The V-I characteristics of the
diode are curve between voltage across the diode and current flowing through the diode. When
external voltage is zero, circuit is open and the potential barrier does not allow the current to
flow. Therefore, the circuit current is zero. When P-type (Anode) is connected to +ve terminal
and n- type (cathode) is connected to –ve terminal of the supply voltage is known as forward
bias. The potential barrier is reduced when diode is in the forward biased condition. At some
forward voltage, the potential barrier altogether eliminated and current starts flowing through
the diode and also in the circuit. Then diode is said to be in ON state. The current increases
with increasing forward voltage. Assume negative sign for leaving current and positive sign for
entering current.
When N-type (cathode) is connected to +ve terminal and P-type (Anode) is
connected –ve terminal of the supply voltage is known as reverse bias and the potential barrier
across the junction increases. Therefore, the junction resistance becomes very high and a very
small current (reverse saturation current) flows in the circuit. Then diode is said to be in OFF
state. The reverse bias current is due to minority charge carriers.
TABULAR COLUMN:
A) FORWARD BIAS

S.NO Applied Voltage (V) Forward Voltage ( ) Forward Current ( )

B) REVERSE BIAS:

S.NO Applied Voltage (V) Reverse Voltage ( ) Reverse Current ( )

Calculations:
Calculation of Static and Dynamic Resistance for a given diode.
In forward bias condition:
Static Resistance ⁄
Dynamic Resistance, ⁄

In Reverse bias condition:

Static Resistance ⁄
Dynamic Resistance ⁄
PROCEDURE:
A) FORWARD BIAS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. for forward bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the anode of the diode and RPS –ve is
connected to the cathode of the diode
3. Switch on the power supply and increases the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps of 0.1V
4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode and voltage across the diode
for each and every step of the input voltage.
5. The reading of voltage and current are tabulated.
6. Graph is plotted between voltage (Vf) on X-axis and current (If) on Y-axis
B) REVERSE BIAS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. For reverse bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the cathode of the diode and RPS –ve is
connected to the anode of the diode.
3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps of 1V.
4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode voltage across the diode for
each and every step of the input voltage.
5. The readings of voltage and current are tabulated
6. Graph is plotted between voltage (VR) on X-axis and current (IR) on Y-axis.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the connections should be correct.

2. Parallax error should be avoided while taking the readings from the Analog meters.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A) STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

B) REVERSE BIAS CHARCTERISTICS

MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE FOR ZENER DIODE:
A) Static characteristics:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The Regulated power supply voltage is increased in steps.
3. The Forward current (If), and the forward voltage (Vf) are observed and then noted in the
tabular form.
4. A graph is plotted between Forward current (If) on X-axis and the forward voltage (Vf) on Y-
axis.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The terminals of the zener diode should be properly identified
2. While determined the load regulation, load should not be immediately shorted.
3. Should be ensured that the applied voltages & currents do not exceed the ratings of the diode
TABULAR COLUMN:

A) FORWARD BIAS Characteristics:

S.NO Applied Voltage (V) Forward Voltage ( Forward Current ( (mA))

B) REVERSE BIAS Characteristics

S.NO Applied Voltage (V) Reverse Voltage ( Reverse Current ( (mA))

RESULT:

Thus the characteristics of PN junction diode and zener diode are obtained.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SCR CHARACTERISTICS

OBSERVATION TABLE
IG=….(mA) IG =….(mA)
S.No.
VAK (V) IA(mA) VAK (V) IA(mA)
Ex.No:
Characteristics of SCR

AIM:

To determine the VI characteristics of SCR using PEC16M1A

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. SCR Module kit PEC16M1A 220 V / 5 A - 1
2. Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
3. Ammeter (0-200)mA MC 1
4. Ammeter (0-100)μA MC 2
5. Patch Chords 10

THEORY:
An SCR is a three terminal, four layer latching device. The three terminals are anode, cathode
and gate. When the anode is more positive w.r.t the cathode, junctions j1, j3 are forward biased and
the junction j2 is reverse biased. Only a small leakage current flows through the device. The device
is said to be in the forward blocking state or OFF state. When the anode to cathode voltage is
increased to break-over value, the junction j2 breaks down and device starts conducting. The anode
current must be more than a values known as latching current in order to maintain the device in the
ON state. Once SCR starts conducting, it behaves like a conducting diode and gate has no control
over the device.

The device can be turned OFF only by bringing the device current below a value known as
holding current. The forward voltage drop across the device in the ON state is around one volt.
When the cathode voltage is made positive w.r.t the anode voltage the junction j2 is forward biased
and the junction’s j1 and j3 are reverse biased. The device will be in the reverse blocking state and
small reverse leakage current flows through the device. The device can be turned ON at forward
voltages less than break over voltage by applying suitable gate current.

.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the 230V AC supply through two pin power chord.
3. Now vary the pot3 and set the gate current (IG) in the range of 4mA to 5mA.
4. Now slowly increase the anode-cathode voltage (VAK) by varying the pot 4 till the thyristor
get turned on, note down the ammeter (IA), Voltmeter (VAK) readings.
5. Now find out Break overvoltage(VBR) and latching current (IL).
MODEL GRAPH:
 6. Further increase the anode- cathode voltage (VAK) and note the anode current (IA).
7. Now reduces the anode-cathode voltage (VAK) till the thyristor turn off and measure the holding
current(IH).
8. For various gate current take the reading and tabulate in table .
9. Plot the graph VAK Vs IA in a graph sheet

RESULT:

Thus the VI characteristics of SCR were studied and the graph was plotted.

1. Latching current (IL) = --------------

2. Holding current (IH) = --------------

3. Gate current (IG) = --------------

4. Break over voltage (VAK) = --------------

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MOSFET CHARACTERISTICS

OBSERVATION TABLE
VGS =….(V) VGS =….(V)
S.No
VDS (mV) ID(mA) VDS (mV) ID(mA)
Ex.No:
Characteristics of MOSFET

AIM:

To determine the output characteristics of MOSFET using PEC16M1A.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 PEC16M1A- MOSFET Module kit - 1

2 Ammeter (0-200mA) MC 2
3 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 2
4 Patch Chords 10

.
 TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:

V DS =….(V)
S.No
VGS (mV) ID(mA)

MODEL GRAPH:

DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

PROCEDURE FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET:

RESULT:

Thus the output characteristics of MOSFET were studied and the graph was plotted.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR BJT CHARACTERISTICS

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Ex.No:
Characteristics of BJT

AIM:

To plot the Input and Output characteristics of a transistor connected in Common Emitter
Configuration.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Dual Regulated D.C Power supply (0–30) Volts 1

2 Transistor BC107 1

3 Resistors 120K 1
Ammeters (0-500)A, (0- MC
4 Each 1
200)mA
5 Voltmeters (0-2)V, (0-20)V MC Each 1

6 Bread Board and connecting wires As required

THEORY:
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a 3 terminal (emitter, base, collector) semiconductor device.
There are two types of transistors namely NPN and PNP. It consists of two P-N junctions namely emitter
junction and collector junction.
In Common Emitter configuration the input is applied between base and emitter and the output is
taken from collector and emitter. Here emitter is common to both input and output and hence the name common
emitter configuration.
Input characteristics are obtained between the input current and input voltage taking output voltage
as parameter. It is plotted between VBE and IB at constant VCE in CE configuration.
Output characteristics are obtained between the output voltage and output current taking input
current as parameter. It is plotted between VCE and IC at constant IB in CE configuration.

PROCEDURE:
TO FIND THE INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep VBB and VCC in zero volts before giving the supply
3. Set VCE = 1 volt by varying VCC and vary the VBB smoothly with fine control such that base
current IB varies in steps of 5μA from zero up to 200μA, and note down the corresponding voltage
VBE for each step in the tabular form.
4. Repeat the experiment for VCE =2 volts and 3 volts.
5. Draw a graph between VBE Vs IB against VCE = Constant.
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

MODEL GRAPH:
TO FIND THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Start VEE and VCC from zero Volts.

2. Set the IB = 20μA by using VBB such that, VCE changes in steps of 0.2 volts from zero upto 10 volts, note
down the corresponding collector current IC for each step in the tabular form.

3. Repeat the experiment for IE = 40μA and IE = 60μA, tabulate the readings.

4. Draw a graph between VCE Vs IC against IB = Constant.

RESULT:

Thus the input and output characteristics of BJT were studied and the graph was plotted.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WITHOUT FILTER

WITH FILTER
Ex.No:
Design and analysis of
Half wave and Full Wave Rectifiers
AIM:

To examine the input and output waveforms of half wave Rectifier and full wave rectifier also
calculate its ripple factor.
1. With Filter 2. Without Filter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Transformer (6-0-6 V) 1

2 Resistor 1 kΩ 1
3 Voltmeter (0-20 V) MC 2
Bread board 1
4
5 PN Diode IN 4007 2
6 DSO 1
7 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
During positive half-cycle of the input voltage, the diode D1 is in forward bias and
conducts through the load resistor R1. Hence the current produces an output voltage across the
load resistor R1, which has the same shape as the +ve half cycle of the input voltage.
During the negative half-cycle of the input voltage the diode is reverse biased and
there is no current through the circuit. i.e, the voltage across R1 is zero. The net result is that
only the +ve half cycle of the input voltage appears across the load. The average value of the
half wave rectified output voltage is the value measured on dc voltmeter.
For practical circuits, transformer coupling is usually provided for two reasons.
1. The voltage can be stepped up or stepped down, as needed.
2. The ac source is electrically isolated from the rectifier. Thus preventing
shock hazards in the secondary circuit.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The primary and secondary sides of the transformer should be carefully identified.
2. The polarities of the diode should be carefully identified.
3. While determining the % regulation, first full load should be applied and then it should be
decremented in steps.
TABULAR COLUMN:
WITHOUT FILTER

S.NO (V) (V) r= ⁄

WITH FILTER

S.NO (V) (V) r= ⁄

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the secondary side to the rectifier
input.
3. By the Voltmeter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and, ac and dc voltage at the
output of the rectifier.
4. Find the theoretical value of dc voltage by using the formula

Where, ( = output ac voltage)

5. The ripple factor is calculated by using the formula
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER THEORY:
The circuit of a center-tapped full wave rectifier uses two diodes D1&D2. During positive
half cycle of secondary voltage (input voltage), the diode D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse
biased. So the diode D1 conducts and current flows through load resistor RL.
During negative half cycle, diode D2 becomes forward biased and D1 reverse biased. Now,
D2 conducts and current flows through the load resistor RL in the same direction. There is a
continuous current flow through the load resistor RL, during both the half cycles and will get
unidirectional current as show in the model graph. The difference between full wave and half wave
rectification is that a full wave rectifier allows unidirectional (one way) current to the load during the
entire 360 degrees of the input signal and half-wave rectifier allows this only during one half cycle
(180 degree).

PROCEDURE FOR ZENER DIODE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the ac mains to the primary side of the transformer and the secondary side to the
rectifier.
3. Measure the ac voltage at the input side of the rectifier.
4. Measure both ac and dc voltages at the output side the rectifier.
5. Find the theoretical value of the dc voltage by using the formula Vdc = 2Vm/П
6. Connect the filter capacitor across the load resistor and measure the values of Vac and Vdc at the
output.
7. The theoretical values of Ripple factors with and without capacitor are calculated.
8. From the values of Vac and Vdc practical values of Ripple factors are calculated. The practical
values are compared with theoretical values.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The primary and secondary side of the transformer should be carefully identified.
2. The polarities of all the diodes should be carefully identified.
TABULAR COLUMN:

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

S.NO (V) (V) r= ⁄

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

S.NO (V) (V) r= ⁄

RESULT:

Thus the input and output waveforms of half wave Rectifier and full wave rectifier is
verified and also its ripple factor are calculated.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SCR CHARACTERISTICS

OBSERVATION TABLE
Micrometer displacement (mm) Core displacement (mm) Secondary Output Voltage (mV)
Ex.No:
Measurement of displacement of LVDT

AIM:

To study the characteristics of an LVDT position sensor with respect to the secondary output
voltage. And measure the voltage due to the residual magnetism

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Module kit ITB-12-CE - 1
2. LVDT setup 1
3. Multimeter (CRO) 1
4. Patch Chords 10

THEORY:
LVDT is constructed by connecting an iron core with a non-magnetic rod move freely inside
the windings. The iron core is only responsible for flux linkages and the non-magnetic rod does’ not
interface in its action.

The two identical secondary coils have included in them. A sinusoidal voltage of the same
frequency as the excitation; however, the amplitude varies with the position of the iron core. When
they connect the secondaries in series opposition, a null position at which the net output e0 is
essentially zero. Motion of the core from null then causes a larger mutual inductance (coupling) for
one coil and a smaller mutual inductance for the other. The amplitude of e0 becomes a nearly linear
function of core position for a considerable range on either side of null position.

The voltage e0 undergoes a 180° phase shift in going through null. The output e0 is generally
out of the phase with the excitation eex. however, this varies with the frequency of eex, and for each
differential transformer there exists a particular frequency at which this phase shift is zero. If the
differential transformer is used with some readout system that requires a small phase shift between
e0 and eex, excitation at the correct frequency can solve this problem. If the output voltage is applied
directly to an Ac metre or an oscilloscope, this phase shift is not a problem.

While the output voltage at the null position is ideally zero, harmonics in the excitation voltage
and stray capacitance coupling between the primary and secondary result in a small but non-zero
null voltage. Under usual conditions this is less than 1 percent of the full-scale output voltage and
may be quite acceptable.

The output of a differential transformer is a sine wave whose amplitude is proportional to the
core motion. If the output is applied to an Ac voltmeter, the voltmeter reading can be directly
calibrated in motion units. This arrangement is perfectly satisfactory for measurement of static or
very slowly varying displacements, except that the voltmeter will give the same reading for
displacements of an equal amount on either side of the null since the voltmeter is not sensitive to the
MODEL GRAPH:
180° phase changes at null. An oscilloscope must be used as a readout device. These instruments
record the actual waveform of the output as an amplitude-modulated sine wave, to achieve the
desired results, demodulation and filtering must be performed; if it is necessary to detect the
motions on both sides of null, the demodulation must be phase-sensitive.

The dynamic response of LVDT is limited by the excitation frequency, since it must be much
higher than the core-motion frequencies to be able to distinguish between them in the amplitude
modulated output signal. For adequate demodulation and filtering, a frequency ratio should be much
less than 10:1.

.
PROCEDURE:
1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D connector with ITB-12-CE. * Switch ON
the unit.
2. Connect the multimeter or CRO ( in AC - mV mode)across the T4 and T7 for the secondary output
voltage measurement.
3. Adjust the micrometer to 10 mm displacement and tune the zero adjustment POT to zero mm
displacement on display.
4. Adjust the micrometer to 20 mm displacement and tune the gain adjustment POT to 10 mm on the
display. * Repeat the zero and span calibration until the core displacement is 0.00mm for 10 mm
displacement in micrometer and 10.00mm for 20 mm displacement in micrometer.
5. After completion of the calibration, give the displacement from the micrometer to the core of the
LVDT sensor.
6. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10 mm to 20 mm and note down the forward
core displacement from zero mm to 10 mm on the display and secondary output voltage (mV) across
T4 and T7.
7. Similarly, decrease the Micrometer displacement from 10 mm to zero mm and note down the reverse
core displacement of zero to -10 mm on the display and secondary output voltage (mV) across T4
and T7.
8. Tabulate the readings of the core displacement, Micrometer displacement and secondary output
voltage (mV).
9. Plot the graph between core displacement (mm) along x axis and secondary output voltage (mV)
across y axis.

RESULT:

Thus, the characteristics of an LVDT position sensor with respect to the secondary output
voltage was studied