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Meyphalla Oudom 1
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23-Nov-20
A clause is a word group that contains a verb and its subject
and that is used as a sentence or as a part of a sentence.
 Note:
Every clause has a subject and verb, but not every clause
expresses a complete thought.
Do not confuse with phrase. A phrase does not contain both a
verb and a subject.

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There are two types of clauses:
1. Independent Clause or Main Clause
2. Dependent Clause or Subordinate Clause
Example
 I graduated last year. (One clause sentences)
 When I came here, I saw him. (Two clause sentences)
 When I came here, I saw him, and he greeted me. (Three clause
sentences)

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An independent clause functions on its own to make a meaningful sentence
and looks much like a regular sentence.
In a sentence two independent clauses can be connected by the
coordinators: and, but, so, or, nor, for*, yet*.
Example:
 He is a wise man.
 I like him.
 Can you do it?
 Do it please. (Subject you is hidden)
 I read the whole story.

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A dependent clause cannot function on its own because it leaves an idea or
thought unfinished. It is also called subordinate clause.
Dependent clauses help the independent clauses complete the sentence. A
dependent clause alone cannot form a complete sentence.
The subordinators do the work of connecting the dependent clause to
another clause to complete the sentence.
In each of the dependent clause, the first word is a subordinator.
Subordinators include relative pronouns, subordinating conjunctions,
and noun clause markers.
Form:
 Dependent clauses (Subordinate Clause) = Subordinator + S + V +…

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 When I was dating Daina, I had an accident.
 I know the man who stole the watch.
 He bought a car which was too expensive.
 I know that he cannot do it.
 He does not know where he was born.
 If you don’t eat, I won’t go.
 He is a very talented player though he is out of form.

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There are three types of Dependent or Subordinate clauses
such as
1. Noun Clause.
Ex: Whoever turned the ovens off is keeping quiet.
2. Adjective Clause
Ex: The car that your wife sold me last week has broken down.
3. Adverb Clause
Ex: The women took notes while being taught to cook.

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 A noun clause is a subordinate clause that does the work of a
noun (It is used in the same way as a single noun).
For examples,
 I want to know his address.
[ “his address” is a noun phrase functioning as object of the verb
“know”.]
 I want to know where Veasna live.
 [ Instead of using “address”, we use the noun clause “where
Veasna live” which also function as object of the verb “know”.]

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1. Subject
2. Direct object
3. Indirect Object
4. Object of Preposition
5. Subject-complement (Predicate nominative/ Predicate noun)
6. Objective complement
7. Appositive

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 What he is doing is not the right things.
 Which business they want to focus is still unknown.
 Whoever wants to get successful in life must create a real goal
and try to approach it.
 That they wanted to build a big house for you sounds
incredible.
 How he told you to do this morning makes me wonder a lot.
 What he has told me is our secret.

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 He doesn’t know whether/if she is married (or not).
 I don’t know what they are planning.
 We've discovered what pleases the customers.
 She is listing what she needs to buy.
 I do not know what he does, but he always has the best time.
 You don't want to know what Karen has planned to trick the
boys.

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 My teacher will give whoever sings a song some extra marks.
 He will give whoever has worked harder for the company
higher salary.
 Give whoever calls first the prize.
 I will give what you said some thought.
 My parents gave that my brother wants his own car much
thought.

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 The internet has revolutionized the ways of how people
communicate.
 He thought of what he has to do for next month.
 It offers a lot of advantage to whoever uses it.
 Some people believe in whatever organized religion tells them.
 We have been waiting for whoever will pick us up from the party.
 My husband did not think about that I wanted some nice jewelry
for my birthday.

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 That is what I want to tell you.
 The truth is that I really want to marry her.
 The difficulty was how we were going to resolve.
 That was why I decided to study here.
 His joke was what made us feel uncomfortable.
 He has become what he wished for.
 She still remains who he is.

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 Her parents let her what she wishes.
 You can call him what you want.
 Her grandfather consider his biggest mistake that he did not
finish college.
 The committee has announced the winner whoever wrote the
essay on noun clauses.
 I have often declared the problem that most students do not
understand grammar.

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 The plan that we go to Kep is now delayed.
 We that are older understand life better than children.
 The strategy how it would be possible to please both factions
required hard thinking.
 The planning committee needed more suggestions whatever
ideas people thought would be workable.
 That man whoever is he (whomever he is), tried to steal some
library books.
 The problem, that the storm knocked put power, is affecting
the entire town.
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Noun clauses are derived from statement, yes/no question, or wh-questions.
There are three groups of noun clause markers such as
1. That-clause
Ex: That he is genius is obvious.
We believe that no one is perfect.
2. Wh-words clause
 Ex: However we did was not helpful.
I don’t know where he lives
3. Yes/No question clause (If/Whether clause)
Ex: I don’t know if / whether you like music.


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 An adjective clause (also called relative clause) is a dependent
clause which modifies a noun or pronoun. It answers the
questions like "which?" or "what kind of?”
Example:
 He is an outstanding student. [“outstanding” is adjective modifying
noun “student”.]
 He was a student who is outstanding. [“who is outstanding” is
an adjective clause modifying the noun “student”.]

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1. Relative Pronouns → “who, whom, that, which”
2. Relative Possessive Adjective → “whose + noun”
3. Relative Adverbs. → “where, when, why”
Note:

Refer to Subject Object Possessive

For persons who, that Who, whom, that, which, that whose

For things which, that which, that whose

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 There are two kinds of Adjective Clause such as:
1. Restrictive or Defining
Ex: I like the person who was nice to me.
I hate the dog that bit me.
The paint which Mary bought at the hardware store was bright red.
2. Non-restrictive or Non-defining
Ex: The paint, which Mary bought at the hardware store, was bright red.
I have found the article, which I have been looking for.

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 A restrictive clause is one that limits or restricts the noun or pronoun it
modifies. It makes the noun or pronoun more specific.
 Restrictive clauses have information that is essential to the meaning of the
sentence.
Example:
 This is the factory where Sam work.
 It reminded him of the house that he used to live in.
 She held out the hand which / that was hurt.
 You’re the only person who has ever listened to me.
 It’s a film which should be seen by everyone.
 The man who had cheated me was arrested by the police.
 The book which you see on the table is my favorite.
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 A non-restrictive clause does not limit the noun or pronoun it modifies;
instead, it gives a bit of additional information.
 Non-restrictive clauses are not essential to a sentence’s meaning, but add a
bit of extra detail.
Example:
 My friend, who has been learning to drive, has now passed his driving test.
 My brother, who is a doctor, lives abroad.
 Ann, who works with my brother, is a post graduate in psychology.
 Ann, who was my senior at university, is a postgraduate in psychology.
 Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
 The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a
fire in the classroom.
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An adverb clause is a subordinate clause which functions as
adverb. It means that it modifies a verb or an adjective.
Adverb clause answers to the questions such as “when?”,
“where?”, “why?”, “with what goal/result?”, and “under what
conditions?”
Adverb clause usually begins with subordinating conjunctions
such as: after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so
that, in order that, if, unless, whether, though, although,
even though, where…

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 Adverb Clauses of Time
 Adverbial Clauses of Place
 Adverbial Clauses of Condition
 Adverbial Clauses of Manner
 Adverbial Clauses of Cause/Reason
 Adverbial Clauses of Effect
 Adverbial Clauses of Comparison
 Adverbial Clauses of Concession/Contrast
 Adverbial Clauses of Purpose

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Adverb clauses of time tell us about when something happens.
We can use conjunctions like ‘when’, ‘whenever’, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘as’, ‘while’
‘until’, ‘as soon as’, and ‘since’:
Example:
• I stopped running when I saw my friend.
• Annie gets excited whenever she sees a dog.
• I’ll do my homework before I go back to school.
• Harry went home after the movie ended.
• I watched my mother as she prepared dinner.
• He washed the dishes while his girlfriend vacuumed the floor.
• I will come over as soon as I finish eating.
• Gemma hasn’t stopped working since she arrived. 23-Nov-20 30
Adverb clauses of place tell us about where something happens.
We can use the conjunctions ‘where’, ‘wherever’, and ‘everywhere’:
Example:
• Wherever I go, I always see a McDonald’s restaurant.
• I’m not sure where she lives.
• We met kind people everywhere we went.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• He followed her wherever she went.
• That’s the town where I was born.

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Adverbial clauses of condition tell us about the circumstances under which
something happens. These clauses often begin with ‘if’, ‘unless’, or ‘provided
that’:
Example:
• I only watch TV if my favorite show is on.
• He won’t go to university unless he studies very hard.
• You can play the game provided that you follow the rules.

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Adverbial clauses of manner show us how something happens. They usually
begin with the conjunctions ‘like’, ‘as though’ or ‘as if’:
Example:
• She looked as though she was in pain.
• Ryan walked past as if he hadn’t seen us.
• He talked to me like I was a child.
• You walk as if you haven’t eaten anything for a full time.
• Everything worked out as he expected.

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Clauses of cause are used to show why something happens. These clauses begin
with the conjunctions ‘because’, ‘since’, and ‘as’:
Example:
 I listen to classical music because it sounds beautiful.
 Since you’re so kind to me, I will help you.
 As it was so sunny, he walked to the park.
 I sing because I like singing.
 Since he has apologized, we will take no further action against.
 I am glad that you have come.
 Note: ‘because’ is more common in informal conversations than ‘since’ or ‘as.’

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Clauses of effect tell us about consequences. They often begin
with ‘so…that’, and ‘such…that’.
 We usually put an adjective between ‘so’ and ‘that.’:
Example:
 I was so tired that I couldn’t stay awake.
 The meal was so delicious that we made it again the next day.
Example:
We can put an adjective and a noun (or just a noun) between ‘such’ and ‘that’:
 She is such a good runner that nobody can catch her.
 It was such a warm day that we could not believe it was February.

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Clauses of comparison are used to compare things or ideas. They often begin
with the conjunctions ‘than’ or ‘as…as’:
Example:
• My brother is older than he looks.
• She is as beautiful as she is smart.
• You are stronger than you think.
• That restaurant is not as good as it used to be.
 Sreynuth speaks English as well as Nita (does).
 Your book isn't as thick as mine (is).
 Do you need George any more than (you do) me?
 Do you need George any more than I (do)?
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Adverbial clause of concession describes contrasting statements or
circumstances despite which something happens.
 They usually begin with ‘although’, ‘though’, ‘even if’, ‘even though’, ‘while’
or ‘whereas’:
Example:
• Although it rained, they enjoyed their walk.
• I enjoyed the meal, though it was expensive.
• Even though I was full, I couldn’t stop eating.
• Harry, while he was almost crying from the pain, decided to finish the race.
• Joseph was very popular whereas his brother had more enemies than
friends.

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Adverbial clauses of purpose show why something is happening (the
intended result).
 We can use ‘so that’, ‘lest’ and ‘in order that’:
Example:
• He took off his shoes so that he would not ruin the carpet.
• Walk carefully lest you should fall.
• The doctors did extensive research in order that they can find the cure for
that disease.

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 What the girl did was not very helpful.
 He finally finished his novel, after months of research.
 The trophy goes to whoever wins the race.
 While I was asleep, the cat knocked over the plant.
 A helium nucleus has two protons, whereas hydrogen has only one.
 Where is the ice cream that was in the freezer?
 After Mike sneezed all over the hamburger patties, no one wanted to eat.
 The town where I was born is on the east coast.
 I can't figure out why she said that.
 We will do whatever is necessary.
 The author, whom I met at the book signing, was very cordial.
 Nero fiddled while Rome burned.
 You may play outside until the street lights come on.
 That cat that you found belongs to the Smiths.
 Whenever I go to Greece, I will visit Santorini
 Since no one else volunteered, the job is yours.
 If you can give me two reasons, I will allow it.
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