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Internship Project on Solar Energy final Copy

Renewable Energy (Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology)

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Internship Project on Solar Energy

Name – ANKIT GANDHI

Roll no – 10099921007
Registration No - 211000499910007
Department of Renewable Energy Engineering
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
West Bengal

Under the Guidance of

Vice President – Dr. D C Ray
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Khushi Electrical (WAAREE GROUP)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is hereby certified that ANKIT GANDHI ,

Roll No - 10099921007 , Registration No – 211000499910007, of

MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY , 2nd Year , 3rd Semester , Masters of Technology
Engineering department of RENEWABLE ENERGY has successfully
completed the Project Report on “Solar Energy” topic on the subject of
“Internship / Industrial Project” MRE381.

Dr. D C Ray
Vice President (B.D & Sales)
Khushi Electrical

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WAAREE GROUP

ACKNOWLEDGEMT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Dr. D C Ray

(Vice President (B.D & Sales)) who gave me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project on the topic Internship on Solar Energy,
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly I
would also like to thank my group members who helped me a lot in
finishing this project within the limited time. I am making this project
not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge.

Signature of the student

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CONTENTS
ARTICLES PAGE NO

➢ Abstract 6
➢ Introduction 7-8
➢ History of Solar Energy 9
➢ Major events in the history of solar energy 10 - 11
➢ Depression of natural resources vs utilization
of solar power as alternative 12 - 13
➢ Why to go for Solar Power? 14 - 16
➢ Statistics of Solar Power across the globe 17 - 18
➢ Statistics of Solar Power in India 19 - 20
➢ Government initiative to solar power installation 21 - 22
➢ Equipments and Components required for Solar
Power System 23 - 24
➢ Challenges of going for solar Energy 25 - 26
➢ Benefits of Solar Energy Installation 27 - 28
➢ Survey report on approach for going for solar 29 - 52
➢ How to developed awareness on Solar Power in
Society
53

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CONTENTS

ARTICLES PAGE NO

➢ Essence of Solar Power for industries,Commercial

houses, Institutions, Dependent houses 54 - 55
➢ Observation on interest of General People of
Solar Power Installation 56 - 57
➢ Suggestion for making interest to go for solar
Power 58 - 60
➢ Conclusion 61
➢ Bibliography 62
➢ Reference 63

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Abstract
Energy comes in different forms. Light is a form of energy. So is heat. So is
electricity. Often, one form of energy can be turned into another. This fact is very
important because it explains how we get electricity, which we use in so many
ways. Electricity is used to light streets and buildings, to run computers and TVs,
and to run many other machines and appliances at home, at school, and at work.
One way to get electricity is toThis method for making electricity is popular. But it
has some problems. Our planet has only a limited supply of oil and coal.In this
method details about Endless Energy, Solar Cells Galore, Energy from Sunshine ,
Understanding Electricity.

The Solar Energy is produced by the Sunlight is a non-vanishing renewable source

of energy which is free from eco friendly. Every hour enough sunlight energy
reaches the earth to meet the world’s energy demand for a whole year. In today’s
generation we needed Electricity every hour. This Solar Energy is generated by as
per applications like industrial, commercial, and residential. It cans easily energy
drawn from direct sunlight. So it is very efficiency & free environment
pollution for surrounding. In this article, we have reviewed about the Solar Energy
from Sunlight and discussed about their future trends and aspects. The article also
tries to discussed working, solar panel types; emphasize the various
applications and methods to promote the benefits of solar energy.

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Introduction
The heat then makes water boil and turn into steam. The steam runs a machine
called a turbine that produces electricity. Often, this electricity then goes into a
public power system that sends it out, through wires, to homes , schools, and
businesses over a wide area. This method for making electricity is popular . But it
has some problems. Our planet has only a limited supply of oil and coal.. Also,
they give off gases when they are burned. These gases may make the air dirty , or
polluted, and some of them may change Earth’s climate.

Another way to make electricity uses sunlight. Sunshine is free and never gets used
up. Also, there is a lot of it . The sunlight that hits the Earth in an hour has more
energy than the people of the world use in a year. A little device called a solar cell
can make electricity right from sunlight (“solar” means having to do with the Sun).
A solar cell doesn’t give off any gases. It doesn’t even make any noise. A solar
panel is a group of solar cells that work together.

The heat then makes water boil and turn into steam. The steam runs a machine
called a turbine that produces electricity . Often, this electricity then goes into a
public power system that sends it out, through wires, to homes, schools, and
businesses over a wide area. This method for making electricity is popular. Also,
there is a lot of it. The sunlight that hits the Earth in an hour has more energy than
the people of the world use in a year. A little device called a solar cell can make
electricity right from sunlight (“solar” means having to do with the Sun).

Nowadays, due to the decreasing amount of renewable energy resources, the last
ten years become more important for per watt cost of solar energy device. It is
definitely set to become economical in the coming years and growing as better

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technology in terms of both cost and applications. Everyday earth receives sunlight
above (1366W approx.) This is an unlimited source of energy which is available at
no cost. The major benefit of solar energy over other conventional power
generators is that the sunlight can be directly converted into solar energy with the
use of smallest photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. There have been a large amount of
research activities to combine the Sun’s energy process by developing solar
cells/panels/module with high converting form. the most advantages of solar
energy is that it is free reachable to common people and available in large
quantities of supply compared to that of the price of various fossil fuels and oils in
the past ten years. Moreover, solar energy requires considerably lower manpower
expenses over conventional energy production technology.

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History of solar Energy

Solar energy was used by humans as early as 7th century B.C. when history tells us
that humans used sunlight to light fires with magnifying glass materials. Later, in
3rd century B.C., the Greeks and Romans were known to harness solar power with
mirrors to light torches for religious ceremonies. These mirrors became a
normalized tool referred to as “burning mirrors.” Chinese civilization documented
the use of mirrors for the same purpose later in 20 A.D.

Another early use for solar energy that is still popular today was the concept of
“sunrooms” in buildings. These sunrooms used massive windows to direct sunlight
into one concentrated area. Some of the iconic Roman bathhouses, typically those
situated on the south-facing side of buildings, were sunrooms. Later in the 1200s
A.D., ancestors to the Pueblo Native Americans known as the Anasazi situated
themselves in south-facing abodes on cliffs to capture the sun’s warmth during cold
winter months.

In the late 1700s and 1800s, researchers and scientists had success using sunlight
to power ovens for long voyages. They also harnessed the power of the sun to
produce solar-powered steamboats. Ultimately, it’s clear that even thousands of
years before the era of solar panels, the concept of manipulating the power of the
sun was a common practice.

In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered that selenium had photoconductive

potential, leading to William Grylls Adams’ and Richard Evans Day’s 1876
discovery that selenium creates electricity when exposed to sunlight. A few years
later in 1883, Charles Fritts actually produced the first solar cells made from
selenium wafers – the reason some historians credit Fritts with the actual invention
of solar cells.
However, solar cells as we know them today are made with silicon, not selenium.
Therefore, some consider the true invention of solar panels to be tied to Daryl
Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson’s creation of the silicon photovoltaic
(PV) cell at Bell Labs in 1954. Many argue that this event marks the true invention
of PV technology because it was the first instance of a solar technology that could
actually power an electric device for several hours of a day. The first ever silicon
solar cell could convert sunlight at four percent efficiency, less than a quarter of
what modern cells are capable of.

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Major events in the history of solar

energy
Solar panels in outer space :-
Some of the earliest uses of solar technology were actually in outer space where
solar was used to power satellites. In 1958, the Vanguard I satellite used a tiny one-
watt panel to power its radios. Later that year the Vanguard II, Explorer III and
Sputnik-3 were all launched with PV technology on board. In 1964, NASA was
responsible for launching the first Nimbus spacecraft, a satellite able to run entirely
on a 470 watt solar array. In 1966, NASA launched the world’s first Orbiting
Astronomical Observatory, powered by a one-kilowatt array.

First solar residence :-

In 1973, the University of Delaware was responsible for constructing the first solar
building, named “Solar One.” The system ran on a hybrid supply of solar thermal
and solar PV power. It was also the first instance of building integrated
photovoltaics (BIPV) – the array didn’t use solar panels but instead had solar
integrated into the rooftop, similar to the design for Tesla’s new roof product.

Achievements in solar conversion efficiency :-

Between 1957 and 1960, Hoffman Electronics made a number of breakthroughs
with photovoltaic efficiency, improving the efficiency record from 8% to 14%. The
next major achievement was in 1985 when the University of South Wales achieved
20% efficiency for silicon cells. In 1999, the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory collaborated with SpectroLab Inc. to create a solar cell with 33.3%
efficiency. The University of South Wales broke that record again in 2016 when
researchers reached 34.5% efficiency.

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Solar-powered airplanes :-
In 1981, Paul MacCready built Solar Challenger, the first aircraft to run on solar
power, and flew it across the English Channel from France to the U.K. In 1998, the
remote-controlled solar airplane “Pathfinder” set an altitude record after reaching
80,000 feet. NASA broke that record in 2001 when they reached 96,000 feet with
their non-rocket aircraft. In 2016, Bertrand Piccard completed the first zero-
emissions flight around the world with Solar Impulse 2, the world’s largest and
most powerful solar-powered airplane today.

Solar-powered presidencies :-
In 1979, President Jimmy Carter had solar panels installed on the White House
during his term as president. However, in 1981, President Ronald Reagan ordered
the White House solar panels to be removed. In 2010, President Barack Obama
requested that solar panels and a solar water heater be installed on the White
House. Both were installed during Obama’s first term.

Cost of solar over time :-

Prices for solar panels have dropped substantially over the past few decades,
leading to a surge in consumer demand that has produced more than one million
U.S. installations as of early 2016. In 1956, solar panels cost roughly $300 per
watt. By 1975, that figure had dropped to just over $100 a watt. Today, a solar
panel can cost as little as $0.50 a watt. Consider this: since the year 1980, solar
panel prices have dropped by at least 10 percent every single year. The
plummeting cost of solar is largely responsible for the growing popularity of solar
and the legitimacy of PV as a reliable energy source in today’s world.

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Deprecion of natural resources vs

utilization of solar power as alternative
The depletion of natural resources occurs when resources are consumed at a faster
rate than that of replacement. Natural resources are those resources that are in
existence without human actions and they can either be renewable or non-
renewable. And when it gets down to the discussion of natural resource depletion,
it a terminology used in reference to water usage, farming, fossil fuel consumption,
fishing, and mining. And above all, natural resource depletion is defined on the
premise that the value of a resource is measured in terms of its availability in
nature.

A resource that is rare on earth due to depletion has a higher value than a natural
resource which is in abundance. Due to the increasing global population, the levels
of natural resource degradation is also increasing. Consequently, the world’s eco-
footprint is estimated to be one and a half times the ability of the earth to
sustainably provide each individual with enough resources that meet their
consumption levels. Herein is a detailed explanation of the causes, effects, and
solutions of natural resource depletion.

The total global population is more than seven billion people. Still, there is a
consistent increase in the overall earth populace and this has been a critical factor
in accelerating the depletion of natural resources. An increase in the populace
expands the need for resources and conditions necessary to sustain it.

In addition, it contributes to increased ecological contamination. Research further

indicates that developing countries are using more and more resources to
industrialize and support their ever-increasing population. Hence, the depletion of
natural resources will continue as long as the world population increases.

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Solar Power as an alternative :-

With the growing threat of climate change due to the excessive release of carbon
emissions, many nations are looking to clean energy alternatives to
replace traditional fossil fuels.

Of all the clean energy alternatives, solar has arguably been the most expensive
though prices have been declining. However, after considering the pros and cons
along with the expectation that prices will continue to decline, the future of solar
energy is looking rather bright.

The pros of solar energy include that it is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels
and has a low impact on the environment and the potential for any country to
produce it. The cons are that it only produces energy when the sun is shining,
needs a significant amount of land, and that certain solar technologies require rare
materials.

KEY TAKEAWAYS :-

• Solar energy is becoming an increasingly cost-competitive alternative to

fossil fuels.
• Solar energy is a sustainable energy source, has a low environmental
impact, and promotes energy independence.
• On the other hand, it is limited by how long the sun is out, may cause a
scarcity of materials, and contains hazardous materials similar to
electronics.
• Pricey disadvantages of solar energy may be rendered negligible by
technological advances that increase efficiency and storage capacity.
• Increasing the incentives for the development of solar energy may be
worthwhile.

Why to go for Solar Power ?

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Solar power has evidently become the trend in renewable energy. Homeowners
installed solar panels on their roof, managing accordingly to reap all the solar
energy advantages.

Apart from the obvious financial benefits, there are other pertinent reasons why
you should convert to using solar power instead of fossil fuels.

What other reasons should you consider when going solar? Here are seven
compelling reasons.

1. Solar Power Is Good for the Environment :-

The most commonly known fact about solar energy is that it represents
a clean, green source of energy. Solar power is a great way to reduce your carbon
footprint. There’s nothing about solar power that pollutes mother nature. Solar
power doesn’t release any greenhouse gasses, and except for needing a source of
clean water to function, it uses absolutely no other resources. Hence, it’s safe and
environmentally-friendly. Yet, people are still in doubt why solar energy is good.

Solar power is self-sufficient and installing solar panels on your roof is a safe and
easy path to contribute to a sustainable future. Starting on your home is a great way
to show you care about the environment.

2. Solar Electricity Makes Your Home Go Off-the-Grid :-

The decrease in the cost of solar panels serves as a great example of why there
should be an increase in the use of solar energy. Traditional electricity relies
heavily on fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. Not only are they bad for the
environment, but they are also limited resources. This translates into a volatile
market, in which energy prices alter throughout the day.

Solar electricity boosts your electricity independence! By investing in a 4kW solar

system, which is the most common domestic size, you can easily protect yourself
against unpredictable increases in utility prices, and enjoy cheap
electricity throughout the entire day - the sun will never increase its rates and it
gives you energy security.

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Once you have solar panels up on your roof, you’ve technically reached an energy-
independent status. Solar battery storage systems can also help store electricity for
nighttime and rainy days.

3. Solar Power Can Use Underutilised Land :-

You may continue to wonder why solar power. With the increasing need of solar
energy, it’s become easily accessible to most of us. Across countries, there are vast
land that are far away from big cities or capitals, and are not used for anything at
all.

With solar power, we can actually make use of the land and subsequently generate
great value; solar energy provides a source of power for everyone. In this way, we
don’t need to use high priced land that might be better suited for other applications.

You might have heard of solar farms - panels used to harvest solar energy in large
numbers. This highlights perfectly how solar power makes use of underutilised
land. For instance, a 45 acre solar farm has been recently built, and it’s able to
power 2,500 homes.

4. Solar Power Causes Less Electricity Loss :-

Electricity needs to be transported from big power plants to end-consumers via
extensive networks. Long distance transmissions equal power losses. Ever
wondered what are solar panels used for? They’re on your roof to get energy from
the sun. Rooftop solar power is helpful in increasing electricity efficiency,
considering the short distance. Your energy becomes domestic and as a
result you’re in control of your own bills and energy usage. Furthermore, solar
power systems are durable, thus chances of service interruption are reduced.

5. Solar Power Improves Grid Security :-

When there are many of us switching to solar power, we are less likely to
experience blackouts or brownouts. Every household in the UK that have solar
cells installed, functions as a small power plant. This, in turn, provides us with a
greater electricity grid security, especially in terms of natural or human-caused
disasters.

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With the help of solar panel grants, you can also be paid to export electricity back
to the grid.

6. Solar Power Creates Jobs and Economic Growth :-

Our national economy can be helped by solar power. The more people who opt for
solar, the more needs will be for companies to install solar panels. This creates
additional jobs for skilled workers, and consequently keeps the economy growing.

7. Solar Power Is A Free Source of Energy :-

The sun provides us with more energy than we could ever use, and no one can
monopolise the sunlight. Your solar power system will start saving money from the
moment it’s turned on, however, the advantages of solar power are best visible in
the long-term. The longer you have your solar power system, the more you enjoy
the benefits of solar technology and support the environment.

Aside from solar electricity, solar energy has a second application. We often
associate solar energy with electricity, which is acquired through PV panels, but
it’s also possible to use the energy generated by the sun for heating purposes. This
process is accomplished by deploying solar thermal systems that simply convert
the sunlight into heating solutions.

The acceptance of solar technology is at hand and we can start by increasing our
use of solar panels.

Statistics of Solar Power across the globe

1. Of the total U.S. electricity generation, Solar energy accounts for 2% as of
2019.

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2. The U.S. had enough solar panels installed to power 16.4 million American
homes by the end of Q3 2020.
3. Solar power in America offsets over 100 million metric tons of carbon
dioxide yearly — nearly equal to 131 million acres of forest.
4. At least92.7 billion solar panels are in use throughout the world today.
5. 5KW, or around 20 panels, is the average U.S. residential solar installation.
6. The average cost for a solar energy system is between $10,000 and $30,000.
7. America’s largest solar farm, Solar Star, is 4 times the size of Central Park
and produces about 579MW.
8. Since 2013, Solar has ranked in the top two in capacity added to the electric
total in the U.S.
9. Right now, there are about 2,500 MW of utility-scale solar being built right
now.
10. In just 2018, 10.6 GW of solar was installed by the US.
11. As of the end of 2018, the U.S. had 64.2 GW of installed solar–enough to
power 12.3 million American homes.
12. Solar energy accounts for 1.6% of total U.S. electricity generation.
13. The US. installed 10.6 GW of solar in 2018 alone.
14. Big oil giants are going solar–they made 109 deals with solar firms between
2002 and 2017, according to Money Morning (using data from Bloomberg New
Energy Finance).
15. “Solar photovoltaic installer” is the fastest-growing job in America.
16. America has over 242,000 solar workers – more than the coal, oil, and
natural gas industries combined!
17. The fastest-growing solar job market in 2018? Kansas–at 66% growth over
2017!
18. Puerto Rico beats all 50 U.S. states in the percentage of solar jobs held by
women at 45.1%.
19. The State of California alone accounts for 38.9% of U.S. solar capacity and
31.7% of solar jobs.
20. The price of solar has fallen over 70% since 2010.
21. Solar panel efficiency has increased from 6% in 1954 to over 40% on high-
efficiency panels today.
22. Building new solar power plants can be up to $10 per MWh cheaper in some
cases than continuing to run existing coal plants.
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23. Most solar panels have 20-year warranties, but many of the earliest-installed
panels are still working 40 years later at 80% efficiency or more.
24. 90-97% of a decommissioned solar panel’s materials can be recycled or sold.
25. Enough of the sun’s energy reaches Earth every hour to power society for a
year.
26. According to NREL, solar on rooftops would be enough to supply about
40% of total U.S. electricity.
27. 21,250 square miles of solar panels could meet the country’s electric needs.
That’s about half of the land leased by oil and gas and about 0.5% of American
land.
28. Every second, the sun produces enough energy to provide the earth with
power for 500,000 years.

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Statistics of Solar Power in India

Solar power in India is a fast developing industry as part of the renewable energy
in India. The country's solar installed capacity was 56.951 GW as of 1 June 2022.
The Indian Government had an initial target of 20 GW capacity for 2022, which
was achieved four years ahead of schedule. In 2015 the target was raised to 100
GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by 2022, targeting an
investment of US$100 billion. India has established nearly 42 solar parks to make
land available to the promoters of solar plants. The Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy had stated that a further 36.03 GW (as of January 31, 2021) of
solar projects are under various stages of implementation and 23.87 GW are in the
tendering process.
Rooftop solar power accounts for 2.1 GW, of which 70% is industrial or
commercial. In addition to its large-scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV)
initiative, India is developing off-grid solar power for local energy needs. Solar
products have increasingly helped to meet rural needs; by the end of 2015 just
under one million solar lanterns were sold in the country, reducing the need
for kerosene. That year, 1,18,700 solar home lighting systems were installed and
46,655 solar street lighting installations were provided under a national
programme; just over 14 lakh (1.4 million) solar cookers were distributed in India.
During 2010-19, the foreign capital invested in India on Solar power projects was
nearly 20.7 billion US$.
The International Solar Alliance (ISA), proposed by India as a founder member, is
headquartered in India. India has also put forward the concept of "One Sun One
World One Grid" and "World Solar Bank" to harness abundant solar power on
global scale.
With about 300 clear and sunny days in a year, the calculated solar
energy incidence on India's land area is about 5 quadrillion kilowatt-hours (kWh)
per year (or 5 EWh/yr). The solar energy available in a single year exceeds the
possible energy output of all of the fossil fuel energy reserves in India. The daily
average solar-power-plant generation capacity in India is 0.30 kWh per m2 of used

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land area,[16] equivalent to 1,400–1,800 peak (rated) capacity operating hours in a

year with available, commercially-proven technology.
In June 2015, India began a ₹40 crore (US$5.0 million) project to measure solar
radiation with a spatial resolution of 3 by 3 kilometres (1.9 mi × 1.9 mi). This
solar-radiation measuring network provides the basis for the Indian solar-radiation
atlas. 121 solar radiation resource assessment (SRRA) stations have been installed
across India by the National Institute of Wind Energy, Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy to create a database of solar-energy potential. Data is collected
and reported to the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET). Among the
parameters measured are Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Direct Normal
Irradiance (DNI) and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI).

Installed Solar PV in India

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Government initiative to solar power

installation
India had target to install 40GW solar panels at residentail home buildings, but
India has achived only 5GW till 2021. Indian Goverment sets target 280GW solar
panels by 2030 that means, every year should be install 10GW every year.
Government has taken new intitives to install solar panels at homes, such as any
customers can install solar panels by any solar dealer / distributors / company,
installers and after installing they will send solar panel installation photo to the
nearest electricity board.

Subsidy Benefits :-
There are three parties involved in the process:

1. Customers

2. Channel Partners

3. DISCOMS.

1. Customer Benefits :-
The subsidy is only available on Residential Homes (Individual Homes & Big
Apartments), not commercial and industrial sectors. A solar subsidy is only
available on Grid Connected Solar System (Without Battery System). As installing
a solar system is a huge investment, the financial assistance motivates people to
invest and takes some burden off their shoulders.

SL No. System Capacity (kW) Solar Subsidy (in %)

1 1kW to 3kW 40%

2 4kW to 10kW 20%

3 More than 10kW No subsidy

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Homeowners can only install a solar system and claim subsidy through the state
DISCOM. They will share customer details and register the nearest channel
partner. You can find all states DISCOMS from here.

If you install solar system though subsidy scheme, the solar installation company
will provide 5 years of performance warranty, then after you are self responsible
for your solar system.

This subsidy is not available for commercial and industrial customers because they
can avail other benefits like accelerated depreciation, tax holidays, excise duty
exemptions.

2. Channel Partner Benefits :-

Channel Partners benefit from a larger customer base and more business. It is
difficult for a common person to figure out the processes of getting the subsidy
though he very much desires it. It is now that the channel partner comes into the
picture. He tries to work with the customer and the government departments and
expedite the process of getting a subsidy for the customer.

3. DISCOMS Benefits :-
Power consumption demands reduce in residential sectors and they can give more
in commercial area. We know that Commercial areas need more electricity than
residential.

The customer is happy as he got his financial aid, the channel partner is happy as
he got a new customer and the government is happy too as it is one step closer to
its solar target installation.

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Equipments and Components required

for Solar Power System
1. Solar Photovoltaic Panels :-
In most home installation and DIY solar power system, photovoltaic solar panels
are built by the homeowner from individual parts found in their garage or
workshop.

The time or skills to build a solar panel from scratch, there are plenty of
commercially available panels to choose from. Once built, individual panels are
wired together to make larger solar arrays.

2. Solar Power System Disconnects :-

A solar power system disconnects are basically just an electrical switch but is an
important part of the system. It allows to disconnect and cut-off the DC power
output from solar panels and array should any repairs be required or if there is a
problem with the solar system. This disconnect switch needs to be strong enough to
handle the full power output from the panels on a bright sunny day.

3. Battery Charge Controller :-

Most home solar systems are built with a battery backup included for when the sun
does not shine such as on dull days or at night. The battery charge controller
ensures that a consistent amount of electrical power is sent to the batteries so that
they are not over charged, and to ensure that the backup batteries do not discharge
back through the system at night. In many ways this component is similar to your
automotive battery charger so will not be too expensive.

4. Deep Cycle Battery Storage :-

In order to store the solar power generated by solar panels and keep the lights
shinning through the night, solar system will need deep cycle batteries. Deep cycle

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batteries are not the same as shallow charge automotive batteries which are
designed with thinner lead plates for cars.

Deep cycle storage batteries for solar systems are more robust and are designed for
the type of charging and discharging cycles they need to endure. New deep cycle
batteries are expensive but reconditioned batteries are cheaper.

5. System Power System Metering :-

A solar power meter can be optional, but it is listed here as its inclusion will give a
clear way to see how much free solar power is being supplied to home from solar
panels. Having a system power meter also helps you improve your system to gain
the maximum efficiency from solar installation.

6. Solar Power System Inverter :-

Solar panels generate DC power, and runs on mains AC power, the solar power
inverter converts the DC solar energy from the photovoltaic panels into usable 115,
220 or 240V AC electrical energy in the home by providing the DC to AC
conversion using electronic switching techniques.

In practical terms, the an inverter allows to run electric drills, computers, vacuum
cleaners, mains lighting, and most other mains electrical appliances that can be
plugged into the wall sockets of solar panels. There are many square wave, sine
wave modified wave inverters on the market these days but a good quality 1200W
sine wave inverter likely won’t cost more than a few hundred dollars.

7. Backup Power :-
Some form of back power may be required for when the sun does not shine and the
storage batteries are empty. Most systems will include some sort of backup power.
In a stand alone installation this would generally be a diesel generator. In a grid-
tied system the utility grid itself would provide the backup power through the
inverter. But a backup power source can also be a wind turbine or a water wheel as
part of a small scale hydro system.

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Challenges of going for Solar Energy

High Demand :-
A growth in the economy will result into an increased demand for electricity with
most of the demand likely touted to come from real estate and transport sectors.
Indian electricity consumption is expected to reach 15,280 TWh in the year 2040.
In sharp contrast, the electricity consumption in the year 2012 was just 4,926 TWh.
Power generation from solar and wind projects will become more cost effective to
make it to the list of preferred renewable energy sources by many.

Increasing Investments :-
By the year 2028, India can expect an investment to the tune of US $500 billion to
help the growth of the renewable sector.

Nurturing policies :-
Governments are revamping existing policies to make it an encouraging
environment for the renewable energy industry to flourish. With a task of
establishing renewable energy capacity of 500GW by the year 2030, the policies
are drafted to accommodate this mammoth goal.

Despite all that is working in the favour of the renewable energy sector, there
are several challenges that the solar energy sector is facing in particular.

High manufacturing costs :-

Due to the high cost of solar power generation, a lot of the premium equipment
used in a solar power plant had to be imported. The high module prices, along with
other teething problems such as central and state policies and land issues
contributed to the slow growth of the solar industry. It was from the year 2014 that
there was a noticeable growth in the solar industry, thanks to the reducing cost of
equipment owing to equipment used by Indian manufacturers. However, trying to
compete with China’s strong manufacturing base still poses a huge challenge.

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Waste management :-
Any growing industry will produce waste and solar is no exception. Even though
solar modules and other equipment have a life of about 25 odd years, the modules
do get damaged and need to be disposed of. This contributes to the solar waste in
the country. Currently, India does not have a solar waste disposal policy and needs
one on the lines of e-waste, where the guidelines are set for proper disposal or
recycling of waste generated by the solar industry.

Land availability :-
One of the biggest challenges in the solar sector is the availability of land. Solar
PV plants require a large amount of contiguous land to set up. This is particularly
challenging in a country like India, given the land ownership issues, local politics
and terrains.

Financing mechanism :-
In order to give a much needed push to a growing industry, there needs to be a well
thought out set of mechanisms that can generate the required cash flow to sustain
itself. One such mechanism are the green bonds and green climate fund that were
set up in India and have already seen transactions worth $ 10.3 billion (2019).
More such bonds are needed to ensure that the industry reaches a financially viable
position.

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Benefits of Solar Energy Installation

1. Renewable Energy Source :-
Among all the benefits of solar panels, the most important thing is that solar energy
is a truly renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas of the world and
is available every day. We cannot run out of solar energy, unlike some of the other
sources of energy.

Solar energy will be accessible as long as we have the sun, therefore sunlight will
be available to us for at least 5 billion years when according to scientists the sun is
going to die.

2. Reduces Electricity Bills :-

Since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with the electricity your
solar system has generated, your energy bills will drop. How much you save on
your bill will be dependent on the size of the solar system and your electricity or
heat usage.

For example, if you are a business using commercial solar panels this switch can
have huge benefits because the large system size can cover large chunks of your
energy bills.

Moreover, not only will you be saving on the electricity bill, but there is also a
possibility to receive payments for the surplus energy that you export back to the
grid through the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG). If you generate more electricity
than you use (considering that your solar panel system is connected to the grid).

3. Diverse Applications :-
Solar energy can be used for diverse purposes. You can
generate electricity (photovoltaics) or heat (solar thermal). Solar energy can be
used to produce electricity in areas without access to the energy grid, to distil water
in regions with limited clean water supplies and to power satellites in space.

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Solar energy can also be integrated into the materials used for buildings. Not long
ago Sharp introduced transparent solar energy windows.

4. Low Maintenance Costs :-

Solar energy systems generally don’t require a lot of maintenance. You only need
to keep them relatively clean, so cleaning them a couple of times per year will do
the job. If in doubt, you can always rely on specialised cleaning companies, which
offer this service from around £25-£35.

Most reliable solar panel manufacturers offer 20-25 years warranty.

Also, as there are no moving parts, there is no wear and tear. The inverter is usually
the only part that needs to be changed after 5-10 years because it is continuously
working to convert solar energy into electricity and heat (solar PV vs. solar
thermal). Apart from the inverter, the cables also need maintenance to ensure your
solar power system runs at maximum efficiency.

So, after covering the initial cost of the solar system, you can expect very little
spending on maintenance and repair work.

5. Technology Development :-
Technology in the solar power industry is constantly advancing
and improvements will intensify in the future. Innovations in quantum physics and
nanotechnology can potentially increase the effectiveness of solar panels and
double, or even triple, the electrical input of the solar power systems.

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Survey report on approach for going for

solar
Types of Survey :-
1) For Factory / Ware House / Cold Storage / Shops / Hospital / Schools / Colleges
/ Institutes etc.
2) For Real Estate Companies
3) For Residential / Cooperative Societies / Apartments / Independent House etc.

During this project submission I’ve done 50 Customer Survey ( One School
Survey , One Company Survey and 48 Residential House Survey)

Beyond of the Customer Survey I’ve done 6 Site Survey and I’m submitting
all of those survey reports and available documents whatever I’ve collect to
complete this report.

EXCEL TABLE ON CUSTOMER REPORT

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How to developed awareness on Solar

Power in Society
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Harmless for the Environment :-

The Sun is part of nature and by utilising nature for power, we pose no threat to the
natural environment or contribute to global warming. It is also a healthier source of
energy compared to smoke-emitting coal and petroleum.

Cutting Down On Bills :-

Not only does solar power save money, the unused electricity generated by the grid
can be sent back and sold. Yes, even small households can earn money in the battle
against global warming. The more solar panels you use, the more energy you
generate and the more money you can save to utilise in better purposes.

Ubiquitousness :-
Solar panels can be installed anywhere and everywhere, on rooftops, in fields and
in farms. Both urban and rural areas can benefit from this natural solution to our
woes of skyrocketing electricity bills.

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Effective Hours :-
The peak time interval of energy consumption is from 11 am to 4 pm and these are
the hours when solar power production is at its peak. Nature understands us and it
seems as though the Sun is in tune with our needs!

Essence of Solar Power for Industries,

Commercial houses, Institution,
Dependent houses
1. Electricity Savings :-
Installing the solar power system at your factory or industrial premises will
eliminate or reduce the concern related to electricity bills. How much you will save
on the electricity bill will depend upon the grid electricity usage and size of the
solar power system. It also encourages a possibility to receive payments for the
surplus energy that you export back to the grid. Using solar modules instead of
depending on a DISCOM can help you cut your electricity bill by up to 50% per
month.

Around 100 kw plant will provide 400 kWh/day units which will save 13 lack
Rs/Yr approximately

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Net metering facility can help you export the solar generated surplus energy to the
grid. It plays an essential role in factories and industrial areas where electricity
usage is not uniform or continuous.

2. Green use Environment and Carbon Dioxide Reduction :-

The higher you use electricity generated by fossil fuels the, more you are
increasing air pollution, especially in industries and factories, there is a lot of
electricity consumed which is mostly not created by renewable energy. Hence
installing Solar power system would be a smart and better decision as you are
highly saving on your electricity bills and also the same time promoting green and
clean energy.

It does not use any chemicals, fossil fuels, to develop electricity and hence don’t
release harmful gases into the environment. Utilizing solar energy instead of the
grid also leads to the reduction of carbon dioxide production.

Solar power systems at industries act as highly sustainable and green energy choice
which motivate towards a substantial environmental impact that you would be
making moving to a greener and cleaner source of energy.

3. Cleaner and Cooler Roof :-

The solar power system reduces the amount of heat reaching the roof by an
incredible 30%, keeping a building’s roof 5 degrees cooler than portions of a roof
exposed to sunlight directly.

Solar power systems offer clean and safe energy to reduce the cost of cooling in the
summer. Still, they keep your top floor and industrial roofs clean & cool by
reflecting and absorbing a lot of the renewable energy from the sun.

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4. Accelerated Depreciation Results in Tax Savings :-

Government of India is promoting the solar power system in Businesses, corporate
and industrial sectors through tax relief under section 32 of income tax act by
allowing them to avail higher rate of depreciation rate more often termed as
Accelerated depreciation benefit.

The accelerated depreciation allows the industrial user of solar power to depreciate
their investments in a solar power plant at a higher rate compared to their fixed
assets. In return, this allows the user to claim tax benefits on the value depreciated
in a given year. The depreciation rate for all renewable energy systems is 40%.

Observation on interest of General

People of Solar Power Installation
Despite all of the benefits that solar systems offer, selling them to customers who
aren’t yet savvy with the benefits can be a major challenge for installers. In many
cases, they could be very close to committing and just need a little more
information to make up their minds. Here are some ways to convince your target
market to take the leap and install solar.

Tap into their sense of social responsibility :-

Climate change is a genuine thing, and most of the world has committed to heading
towards a net-zero carbon future by 2050. Solar panels will help residential and
commercial customers drastically reduce their carbon footprint and make a
substantial contribution towards carbon net-zero, the environment and a
sustainable future.

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Convey rebates on offer – and that time is running out :-

As part of India’s Renewable Energy Target, eligible properties can get small-scale
technology certificates (STCs) that they can use to reduce the cost of having solar
power systems and panels installed.

The number of STCs that eligible properties receive is based on the system’s
expected lifetime in an agreement called the deeming period. This deeming period
is going down every year until 2030, though, so the best time to purchase systems
and get the maximum rebate is now.

Come equipped with exact numbers :-

Everyone knows that this type of renewable energy saves hard-earned money on
rising electricity bills. But some still baulk at the installation costs and up-front
expenses.

Assess their energy needs and show them a tailored system that you can deliver to
meet their individual financial needs.

Use this simple solar calculator to determine these figures and give your potential
customer the full story.

Use local case studies :-

Promising people’s solar system results is one thing, but showing them actual proof
is another. Ensure that you get reviews and assemble case studies from happy
customers to use them as proof that they are satisfied with their purchase. This can
often inspire people to make the decision if they know their neighbours are happy
and are already reaping the benefits.

Offer more than just the installation :-

Hard-selling technology can be challenging, and when it is boiled down in simple
terms, that’s exactly what selling panels is. Help educate your potential customer
by highlighting their energy use and assisting them with strategies to improve their
carbon footprint. Using a smart metre, you can determine what times of day and
night they are using the most power and which appliances are sucking up the most

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consumption. Solar should be part of a total solution to reduce energy

consumption, and customers will feel valued when you provide this educational
service.

Suggestion for making interest to go for

Solar Power
Over the past several years, the popularity of solar energy for residential and
commercial use has skyrocketed. The main reason for this is the irresistible
combination of modern solar panel efficiency and current money-savings solar
incentives, and those are solar energy facts.

Going solar makes more sense now than ever before, and unless you live in
Antarctica, you’ve probably seen solar panel systems pop up all over your town
and wondered more about them. Are they right for you? That’s a question best
answered by an expert solar energy consultant. Still, these 16 interesting facts
about solar energy will help put the idea of installing solar panels into perspective.

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1. Solar power is the most abundant energy source on

earth :-
The amount of potential solar energy that falls on Earth’s surface in 1-hour equals
the total annual energy consumption of everyone on the planet. 20 days of sunshine
can create the same amount of energy as all the Earth’s coal, oil, and natural gas
combined.

2. Solar power is the fastest-growing energy source :-

In early 2019, the India surpassed 20 Thousand solar system installations. This
milestone comes just three years after the industry completed its 1 millionth
installation, a feat that took 40 years to accomplish. Most notably, the solar
industry will reach 1 million installations in 2025. Solar’ is the fastest-growing
energy resource in the world.

3. Solar is the cheapest source of energy in the world :-

The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80% since 2014. In December 2019, the
cost of building and installing new solar electricity generation dropped to 150 Rs
per watt, narrowly beating out its renewable counterpart wind (160 Rs/Watt) and
its fossil fuel competitors.

4. Today, solar panel efficiency is higher than ever :-

Most solar panels sold in 2020 have efficiencies between 15% and 20%, according
to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The first silicon solar
panels were only about 6% efficient.

5. Monocrystalline silicon panels are the most efficient :-

A single silicon crystal makes up monocrystalline solar panels. They are about 5%
more efficient than polycrystalline panels. This higher efficiency usually comes
with higher cost. However, because MOXIE gets bulk purchasing deals, we can
offer monocrystalline panels for about the same cost as polycrystalline panels.

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6. Solar panels can produce power without direct sunlight :-

Even if the sun’s not directly beaming on the panels – or it happens to be a cloudy
day – it doesn’t mean the hues reflected from the sky aren’t being captured and
utilized by the solar panel cells to produce power. Still, the direction you place
your panels matters, and shade from trees and buildings should be accounted for
before installation.

7. Solar energy can power an entire home and beyond :-

Today, most solar panel systems are designed to match your daily energy
consumption needs including air conditioners and other large appliances. Net
metering for grid-tied systems ensures you always have access to the energy you
need. You can also add an energy storage battery to your system and have your
own personal backup supply of solar energy.

8. Most homeowners experience break-even point in under a

decade :-
Also known as “solar payoff period,” the break-even point is important. You can
cancel out the cost of your solar energy system with your energy savings. Many
factors affect your exact break-even point, but given that most solar panels come
with a 25-year warranty, it’s a pretty safe investment.

9. Solar energy improves world health :-

The burning of fossil fuels creates toxic pollution, which has an impact on global
health. In 30 years, the average rooftop solar panel system can reduce pollution by
<100 tons of carbon dioxide! This means cleaner air for everyone on earth.

10. You can charge electric vehicles with solar panels :-

This solar energy fact flies under radar. When you pair solar panels with an electric
vehicle and home EV charger, you’re not only saving on both gas and electricity,
you’re eliminating nearly your entire carbon footprint.

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11. Solar panels are the fastest energy source to setup :-

Compared the other forms of energy harvesting, solar power production is
relatively simple and straightforward. Grid-tied systems tie right into existing
electrical systems and installation can take as little as one day. With
MOXIE’s Rapid Installation Team, we can now install your solar energy system up
to 3X faster than the national average!

The fact is, solar energy is here to stay and the longer you wait to install your own
solar panels, the more savings you’re passing up. Get started today with a free
solar consultation.

Conclusion
Most of the people are aware about non-renewable energy resources. Solar energy
has become increase more popular due to their economic benefits. By on Battery
Backup, Solar Energy can even provide Electricity 24x7, even on cloudy days and
at night. This also used with inter-grid System with Continuously Power supply. It
has more benefits compared to other forms of energy like fossils fuels and
petroleum deposits. It is an alternative which is promise and consistent to meet the
high energy demand. Research on solar cell and solar energy is promise has a
future worldwide.
Thin film of the solar cells can be put into cloth. The larger the area of the solar
cells, the more current they can make. If they were used in curtains, thin-fi lm solar
cells could provide a very useful amount of electricity.Ways of getting lots of
sunlight to solar cells are being studied. One proposed concentrator could be used
on windows. It involves putting special dyes into glass or plastic. Solar cells are

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put at the edges of the sheet of glass or plastic. The dyes let some light through the
window. They also capture some light energy, which flows to the cells.

Bibliography
1. Solar Energy Presentation by Kurt Kublbeck
2. A brief history of solar energy by Zainab Arshad
3. PPT on the Solar Energy Renewable Resource by Shantanu Kumar
4. Solar energy harvesting and its applications by Taha Rajes
5. Solar to energy presentation by Geofrey Yator

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Reference
1. Grasse, Wilfried. 1992. "PHOEBUS International 30 MWe Solar Tower
Plant." In W. Grasse, ea., Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems:
International Energy Agency SSPS/SolarPACES Program, Report on
Activity and Results 1989-91, Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft- und
Raumfahrt (DLR), Apartado 649, E-04080, Almeria, Spain.

2. Hagen, D. L., and S. Kaneff. 1991. Applications of Solar Thermal

Technologies in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Opportunities and
Benefits for the Australian Industry, Report to the Department of Arts, Sport,
the Environment, Tourism and Territories. Canberra: Commonwealth of
Australia.
3. Hall, D. C. 1990. "Preliminary Estimates of Cumulative Private and External
Costs of Energy." Contemporary Policy Issues (U. S.) 8: 283-307.

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4. "Solar Thermal Electric Technology Rationale." Office of Solar Energy

Conversion, Solar Thermal and Solar Power Division, Washington, D.C.

5. "Solar Energy: Current Status and Future Prospects." Energy Policy 19:
73841.

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