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▪ Thursday- lecture videos/materials uploaded on Canvas

▪ Mon/Tue- come to class having watched the videos and completed the
homework
▪ Thursday- next set of videos/materials uploaded on Canvas

▪ check CANVAS homepage regularly for any updates and instructions

Week 3 ▪ keep informed about the course

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▪ Weekly Class Quizzes – 10% This lecture will cover 4 areas:

▪ Test (Wk 9) – 30%- Test to take place in class
▪ What is a report? (a quick recap of the first video lecture)
▪ Report (Due Saturday 25th March, week 10) – 30%
▪ Why do we write reports? Or more specifically why do YOU write
▪ Video Presentations (Due in week 13) – 30% reports?
▪ The main sections of a report (recap)
▪ Structuring your report: what goes on in each section of your report

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▪ Reports are highly structured ▪ to provide information to the readers about something, such
▪ so that the information they contain can be easily understood. as:
▪ the outcomes of a laboratory experiment;
▪ Headings within the report ▪ a research project undertaken;
▪ allow readers to select the parts they wish to read; ▪ the assessment of a client’s needs; or
▪ enable each section of the report to stand alone.
▪ an investigation of an incident, e.g. a workplace accident and what
measures need to be taken to prevent a similar incident from
happening again.

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▪ to show that you have investigated or researched a ▪ As a university student, you may be required to write the
particular issue. following types of report:
▪ An analytical report
▪ to provide information to the readers about ▪ A business report
▪ the issue and how to resolve it;
▪ A scientific report
▪ a description of a situation or process;
▪ A research report
▪ propose recommendations.
▪ A report about the outcome of a specific project

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▪ Certain disciplines or faculties will require their students to

write reports for specific purposes, for example:
▪ IHS students - write reports identifying patient health needs in a
hospital setting;

▪ FOS and FIT students - write reports reporting the results of a

laboratory experiment;
Sections of a report
▪ FASS and APB students - write reports presenting data collected
during a field trip.

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1. Title page 9. Discussion 1. Title Page

2. Table of contents 10. Conclusion
• Administrative information.
3. Acknowledgements 11. Recommendations
• Title, name of authors, where it is being submitted
4. Abstract / Executive summary 12. References
to/published, date.
5. Introduction 13. Appendix
6. Literature Review
7. Methodology
2. Table of Contents
• provides page numbers for sections and sub-sections.
8. Results/ Findings
• allows the reader to find the information they need quickly.

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NOT NECESSARY FOR YOUR

3. Acknowledgements REPORT FOR LE2503
Abstract / Executive summary
• to recognise and thank the efforts of those who contributed to • length depends on extent of work reported
the project or provided support during the process. ❑ usually a paragraph or two and
❑ always less than a page.

4. Abstract/Executive Summary • should briefly explain:

• gives the reader an overview of content of the report: a snap ❑ the purpose of the work
shot. ❑ methods used for research
• includes a summary sentence for each section of the report, ❑ main conclusions reached
including findings and recommendations. ❑ any recommendations

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5. Introduction Stating the scope or limitation of your study:

• states clearly what will be covered in the report and provides
background information to the topic.
"This study will focus only on Bruneian businesses, as a
• states the hypothesis which will be tested or research questions proper consideration of the issues arising from
which will be answered. international companies is beyond the scope of this
• What is the question you are trying to answer? study".
• provides a brief definition of terminology or concepts that
require clarification.
• states the limits of your research and reasons for them.

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6. Literature Review 6. Literature Review

• shows that you have done sufficient background reading on
• provides readers with an understanding of what else has work that has already been done on the topic of your report.
been written about the topic of the report.
• should only include studies that have direct relevance to
• helps readers understand how the research fits in with, and your research.
adds to, existing knowledge about the topic of the report. • conclude your literature review with how the review has
informed your research :
• explains why the research was important to do.
➢ are there still many gaps in the area?
➢ Still not much information?
➢ Can your study fill the gaps?
➢ Build on the insufficient information?

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7. Methods/Methodology → How? What? Why? 7. Methods/Methodology

• provides enough detail to allow readers to replicate the research • State clearly how you carried out your investigation.
at another time. • Explain why you chose this particular method (questionnaires,
interviews, experimental procedure, etc).
• Includes information about:
• If there were participants in your research, who were they?
➢ the research sample,
• How many?
➢ the “tools” used for collection of information or data (i.e.
• How were they selected?
the survey or interview questions)
• Why were they selected?
➢ equipment or software used for the analysis of information or
data, • Write this section concisely but thoroughly .
• Go through what you did step by step, including everything that
➢ a step-by-step description of how information was collected. is relevant.

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8. Data Analysis & Presentation of Results 8. Data Analysis & Presentation of Results
• Presents the findings as simply as possible • Don't repeat the same information in two visual formats
(e.g. a graph and a table).
• Analyses findings/data
• Label your graphs and tables clearly.
• Uses text, graphs, tables, charts or diagrams
• Don’t present all the survey questions, only the interesting
• Each figure clearly labelled with a title and a description in ones which you will discuss.
words what the figure demonstrates
• Use demographic info to uncover interesting findings- e.g.
• Only explain/describe data, save interpretation of findings show the answers to a question according to age or gender.
for Discussion section!

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9. Discussion 9. Discussion
• shows how the results of the research relate to the • This section will probably be the longest section: it brings
everything together.
problem/ question being addressed
• Here you show how your findings respond to the findings from
• offers an explanation as to what has led to these results. other studies you mentioned in your lit review.
• shows how the results have an impact on the area being • Mention here if there were any problems, e.g. if:
examined in the research, which means comparing the ➢ your results were different from expectations,
results to results of other studies
➢ you couldn't find important data,
• shows the effects of the results outside the author’s own
➢ or you had to change your method or participants –
organisation or discipline (if any) Limitations of methodology and/or analysis

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10. Conclusion 10. Conclusion

• a summary of the main findings of the report. • A short section with no new arguments or evidence.
• includes a statement about how the findings can be • Sum up the main points of your research.
used to resolve the main problem or issue which the • How do your results answer the original brief for the
report has to address. work reported on?
• Addresses research questions (if any)
• Do your findings confirm your hypothesis stated in the
introduction (if any)?

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11. Recommendations 12. References

▪ For action • provides a list of sources referred to in the report.
• If there are actions that can be taken as a result of the • use the required referencing style : APA style, 7th edition
findings of a report, these are included as
recommendations. • see the self-help documents on Canvas for a comprehensive
APA style guide.

▪ For future research

• Recommendations often indicate what further research on
the topic could be carried out in the future, based on the
findings of the study.

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13. Appendix HOMEWORK

CHECK
• provides detailed information which is not essential for the
reader to understand the outcomes or conclusions of a report
• e.g. a blank copy of a survey or interview questions.

• provides the reader with a more complete understanding of how

the information was collected or analysed.
Answers to homework will be On
Canvas class slides for week 3.

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▪ Your final report will be 1200-1500 words long and is due on Sat 25th
▪ You need to get into a group of four.
March (week 10).
▪ If you are not in a group of four, you will be assigned to the group
The move towards adopting a more environmentally-friendly randomly by your lecturer.
lifestyle can be increasingly observed around the world in the ▪ STEP 1: You will sign up for your groups this week on an online sheet –
link will be provided on Canvas.
race to achieve a more sustainable future. Choose one of the
▪ STEP 2: When instructed by your lecturers (in week 4), you must join
following areas: (1) tourism, (2) fashion, (3) plastic usage. your group ON CANVAS.
Investigate the viewpoints of Bruneian youths on this issue ▪ Information needed:
and examine how Brunei has attempted to tackle this issue in ▪ Reg. no and names of all group members, email addresses & phone number

comparison with what has been done in other countries.

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