16 Digestion and

Absorption

Topics Topicwise analysis of last 10 years (2016-2007) questions

16.1 Nutrients
16.2 Alimentary Canal
16.3 Digestive Glands
16.4 Digestion of Food
16.5 Absorption of
Digested Products
16.6 Disorders of Digestive
System

Note : This graph shows that maximum number of questions appeared from topic ‘Digestion of Food’.

Human digestive system

•• Digestive system comprises alimentary
canal and accessory digestive glands
which play an important role in digestion. Parotid gland
Salivary
Mouth (oral cavity)

glands
Alimentary canal is a long coiled tube Tongue
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
(8-10 m) having muscular wall and glandular
epithelium extending from mouth to anus.
•• Mouth is a transverse slit bounded by two
soft, movable lips (upper and lower). It Oesophagus Pharynx
consists of two parts, vestibule and oral or
buccal cavity. Stomach
Pancreas
•• Buccal cavity is the space bounded dorsally Spleen
by palate, ventrally by throat (with tongue) Liver
and laterally by alveolar processes of jaws Gall bladder
having teeth.
Transverse colon
•• Tongue is a thick muscular protrusible
intestine

Duodenum Descending colon

Small

structure, attached to the floor of buccal Jejunum

cavity by means of soft ligamentous fold Ileum Ascending colon
intestine
Large

called frenulum. Tongue helps in ingestion, Caecum

Sigmoid colon
chewing and swallowing of food.
Rectum
•• Teeth are hard structures meant for tearing, Appendix
cutting, crushing and holding food. Human Anus
Anal canal
teeth are thecodont (teeth embedded in the
Fig.: Human digestive system
2 Biology Champion for NEET
sockets of jaw bones), heterodont (presence of different types of teeth), diphyodont (appearance of two sets of teeth in
the life span).
•• Milk, deciduous or temporary teeth begin to erupt at the age of
6 - 11 months. They are completed by the age of two years. There
are 20 milk teeth.
•• Permanent teeth begin to erupt between the age of 6 - 12 years.
Milk teeth are lost. Last molars come out late after 18 years of age.
They are called wisdom teeth. Teeth of man are of four types–
incisors (8), canines (4), premolars (8) and molars (12).
•• Dental formula is the number of teeth in one half of upper jaw
divided by teeth of one half of the lower jaw.
Dental formula for permanent teeth is
2 1 2 3 2 + 1 + 2 + 3 2 16
i c pm m or × = or 32.
2 1 2 3 2 + 1 + 2 + 3 2 16
Dental formula of milk teeth is
2 1 0 2 2 + 1 + 0 + 2 2 10
i c pm m or × = or 20.
2 1 0 2 2 + 1 + 0 + 2 2 10
•• Pharynx is a common passage for food and air. It is divisible into
nasopharynx (lying behind nasal cavities), oropharynx (serving
as a common passage for food and air), laryngopharynx (leading into larynx).
Lymphatic tissue of the pharynx and oral cavity are arranged in a ring-like manner called Waldeyer’s ring consisting
of pharyngeal, lingual, tubal and palatine tonsils.
•• Oesophagous is a long, narrow, muscular tubular structure which connects pharynx with stomach. The oesophagus serves
to convey the food by peristalsis (a series of waves of contraction that passes from one end to other and is meant for
pushing the food) from the pharynx to the stomach.
•• Stomach is wide and distensible J-shaped part of alimentary canal, placed obliquely behind the diaphragm. It is differentiated
into four parts: cardiac, fundic, body and pyloric.
•• Intestine is divided into large and small intestine.
•• Small intestine is the longest part of alimentary canal. It is divided into three parts- proximal duodenum (shortest and
wider part), middle jejunum (thicker and vascular) and distal ileum (thinner than jejunum and less vascular).
•• Along the entire length of the small intestine, small nodules of lymphatic tissue can be seen. These nodules get clustered
together in groups at some places, particularly along the ileum and are called Peyer’s patches. These nodules produce
lymphocytes.
•• Small finger-like projections of the mucosa called villi are present along the entire length of the small intestine (except
Peyer’s patches). These villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine. The villi mucosa of the small
intestine is thrown into a series of permanent circular folds called Valves of Kerkring or plicae circulares. They further
increase the surface area for absorption.
•• Large intestine consists of three parts: caecum, colon and rectum. Caecum in human is a pouch like small junction
between ileum and colon. Colon is the largest part which has four segments: ascending, transverse, descending and
sigmoid.
•• The wall of the colon is made up of several pouches (haustra) that are held by three thick bands of muscle (taeniae coli).
•• Rectum is the last part of the alimentary canal which terminates
in the anal canal. Opening of anal canal is called anus which has
sphinctors to control the passage of faeces.
•• The alimentary canal consists of four basic layers. From the outer
surface inward to the lumen (cavity) these layers are: visceral
peritoneum (serosa), muscularis externa, submucosa and
mucosa (= mucous membrane).
•• The human digestive glands include salivary glands, gastric
glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands. Salivary glands are
of three types– parotid, submaxillary and sublingual.
•• Parotid or Stenson’s duct opens in vestibuli just outside the
second upper molar. Submaxillary or Wharton’s duct opens near
Digestion and Absorption 3
the lower central incisors. Sublingual or Rivinian
ducts open under the tongue.
•• Gastric glands are numerous simple, branched or
unbranched tubular glands which are formed by
infolding of the epithelium. Following types of cells
are present in the epithelium of gastric glands.
•• Chief or peptic cells (secrete inactive enzymes
pepsinogen and prorennin), oxyntic cells (secrete
HCl and castle intrinsic factor), goblet cells (secrete
mucus), and enteroendocrine cells (secrete gastrin
hormone). Secretion of gastric glands is called gastric
juice.
•• Daily secretion of gastric juices is 2-3 Lt. Secretion of
gastric juice is under nervous as well as hormonal
control.
•• Liver is the largest and two lobed gland of about
1.5 kg weight and nearly 1/40 of total body weight.
Liver is differentiated into small left lobe and large
right lobe separated by falciform ligament. Glisson’s capsule, characteristic feature of mammalian liver, is a thin layer
of dense connective tissue which surrounds the liver lobule.
•• Kupffer’s cells of liver sinusoids act as phagocytes which eat up the dead cells and bacteria. Liver produces an anticoagulant
heteropolysaccharide called heparin which prevents blood clotting inside the blood vessel. Liver produces two proteins
- prothrombin and fibrinogen which help in clot formation.
•• Gall bladder is a pear shaped yellow green sac like structure which lies on the inferior surface of the right lobe. Gall
bladder stores bile, which is secreted by liver cells and collected by bile capillaries. Bile produced by liver makes the
media alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.6).
•• Bile contains 92% water; 6% bile salts; 0.3% bile pigments [bilirubin (yellow); biliverdin (green)] 0.3% to 1.2% fatty acids;
0.3-0.9% cholesterol and 0.3% lecithin. Lecithin compound decreases surface tension and helps in fat emulsification.
•• Bile salts contain NaCl, sodium bicarbonate (both inorganic) and sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate (both
organic). Bile capillaries unite to form hepatic duct. Bile duct also known as choledocus duct, is formed by joining of
cystic duct (arising from gall bladder) and common hepatic duct from different liver lobes. In man, bile duct first opens
into Ampulla of Vater which is guarded by sphincter of Oddi.
Functions of liver

It has synthetic functions; producing albumin, blood clotting

It acts as a mechanical filter by filtering blood coming from the factors, glycogen (from glucose by glycogenesis), glucose (from
intestinal system. All nutrients absorbed by the intestine pass glycogen by glycogenolysis) and both glucose and glycogen from
through the liver and are processed before travelling to the rest non-carbohydrate sources (i.e., gluconeogenesis), fats (from
of the body. glucose and amino acids), vitamin A, heparin (anticoagulant)
and some enzymes. However, its main role in digestion is
It detoxifies several toxic metabolites. in the production of bile and metabolism of nutrients. The
bile produced by cells of the liver, enters the intestine at the
It removes excretory products such as bile pigments, duodenum. Here, bile salts break down lipids into smaller
cholesterol, trace metals and other waste products that reach particles so there is a greater surface area for digestive enzymes
the duodenum through bile and pass out with faeces. to act. Bile contains no enzyme.

Liver cells carry out deamination of amino acids (removal of

Liver produces angiotensinogen which helps kidneys in
amino group) and produces ammonia which is processed in liver
maintaining osmoregulation through the action of renin.
itself to produce less harmful excretory product, urea.

Liver performs haemopoiesis (formation of blood corpuscles)

Liver maintains optimum body temperature, by producing heat in embryo. In adults, old worn out RBCs are broken down here
due to high metabolic activities. and haemoglobin is changed into bile pigments.
•• Pancreas is a lobular pinkish-grey organ situated in the limbs of the U shaped duodenum.
•• Pancreas contain two different kinds of glandular tissue– an exocrine part (secretes pancreatic juice) and an endocrine
part (secretes hormones-insulin and glucagon). Pancreatic juice is colourless watery fluid, slightly alkaline (pH 7.5–8)
4 Biology Champion for NEET
due to presence of sodium bicarbonate. Pancreatic juice is complete digestive juice as it possesses amylolytic, lipolytic
and proteolytic enzymes.
•• Intestinal glands, formed by surface epithelium of small intestine, occur as Crypts of Lieberkuhn and Brunner’s gland.
•• Crypts of lieberkuhn occur throughout small intestine between the villi. The have 2 types of cells: Argentaffin cells
(produce secretion) and paneth cells (secrete lysozyme).
•• Brunner’s glands mostly occur in duodenum and open into crypts of Lieberkuhn.The secretion of both glands are
collectively called intestinal juice or succus entericus. Intestinal juice is slightly alkaline (pH 7.5) and contains mucus,
inorganic salts, and many enzymes like enterokinase, intestinal lipase, maltase, sucrase, nucleopeptidase, isomaltase etc.
•• Amino acids, fatty acids, mineral, vitamins and glucose are carried by hepatic portal vein. Some nutrients such as fructose
and mannose are absorbed from intestine by facilitated diffusion. Water is absorbed by osmosis from the intestinal lumen
to intestinal cells. The absorbed substances finally reach the tissues which utilise them for their activities. This process
is called assimilation.
Digestion and Absorption 5
•• With the accumulation of faceal matter, colon develops a strong peristaltic movement, which produces the urge for
defaecation. Defaecation or egestion is the elimination of undigested food through the anus.

Disorders of digestive system

•• Diarrhoea is watery stool, or increased frequency, or both, when compared to a normal amount. Diarrhoea may be acute
(short-term), which is usually related to bacterial or viral infections, or chronic (long-term), which is usually related to a
functional disorder or intestinal disease. Symptoms of diarrhoea may include: cramping abdominal pain, bloating, nausea,
urgent need to use the restroom, fever, bloody stools etc.
•• Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver, resulting in liver cell damage and destruction.
•• Lactose intolerance is a condition caused by a lack of an enzyme called lactase, which, in turn, causes the body to be
unable to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk products. Symptoms of lactose intolerance are nausea, cramps, bloating,
gas, diarrhoea.
•• Alactasia is inherited condition causing the lack of the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar.
•• Constipation is a condition in which the stool becomes hard and dry.
•• Heartburn is a painful, burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid flowing back into the oesophagus.
•• Peptic ulcer is sore in the lining of the oesophagus, stomach or duodenum; usually caused by the bacterium Helicobacter
pylori. An ulcer in the stomach is a gastric ulcer; an ulcer in the duodenum is a duodenal ulcer.
•• Appendicitis is a condition in which the appendix becomes inflammed. If the appendix perforates (bursts), it releases
infection into the abdomen, leading to peritonitis.
P WER EXERCISE (a) vitamin B1 (b) vitamin C
16.1: Nutrients (c) vitamin D (d) vitamin A.
(AIPMT Prelims)
2015 10. Sulphur is not a constituent of
1. Which one of the following vitamins is not fat soluble? (a) cysteine (b) methionine
(a) A (b) B (c) ferredoxin (d) pyridoxine. (AMU)
(c) D (d) E (AMU) 11. A balanced diet does not include
(a) carbohydrates and fats
2014 (b) nucleic acids and enzymes
2. Which one of the following vitamins is anti-haemorrhagic? (c) proteins and vitamins
(a) Vitamin B12 (b) Vitamin B5 (d) minerals and salts. (Karnataka CET)
(c) Vitamin C (d) Vitamin K (AIIMS)
2010
2013 12. Vitamin B6 is also called
3. A healthy person eats the following diet-5 gm raw sugar, (a) thiamine (b) pantothenic acid
4 gm albumin, 10 gm pure buffalo ghee adultrated with (c) pyridoxine (d) retinol. (AIIMS)
2 gm vegetable ghee (hydrogenated vegetable oil) and 13. Vitamin-D is produced in human body in
5 gm lignin. How many calories he is likely to get? (a) muscles (b) nerves
(a) 126 (b) 164 (c) skin (d) bone-marrow.
(c) 112 (d) 144 (WB JEE)
(NEET Karnataka)
4. Which of the following elements is a constituent of 2009
biotin? 14. In human percent of body weight of carbohydrates,
(a) Magnesium (b) Calcium lipids and proteins respectively is
(c) Phosphorus (d) Sulphur (a) 1, 15, 17 (b) 15, 17, 7
(NEET Karnataka) (c) 7, 17, 15 (d) 17, 15, 7.
(AMU)
2012
15. The number of essential amino acids in adult human is
5. In a normal adult, ascending order of concentration of (a) nine (b) eight
following molecules is (c) four (d) seven. (OJEE)
(a) K > Na > Fe > Cu (b) Na > K > Cu > Fe
(c) Fe > Na > K > Cu (d) Na > Fe > K > Cu. 16. Which of the following is used for long term energy
(AIIMS) storage by animals ?
(a) Amino acids (b) Glucose
6. Cyanocobalamine is required for the maturation of (c) Fat (d) Glycogen (OJEE)
(a) RBC (b) platelets
(c) WBC (d) lymph. (AFMC) 2008
7. Which of the following acid is also a vitamin? 17. Anti- haemorrhagic vitamin is
(a) Ascorbic acid (b) Formic acid (a) vitamin C (b) vitamin B
(c) Malic acid (d) Palmitic acid (c) vitamin A (d) vitamin K. (BHU)
(AFMC)
8. Which one of the following vitamins is manufactured in 2007
human liver? 18. Vitamin B12 consists of which type of mineral?
(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin D (a) Co (b) Ni
(c) Vitamin C (d) Vitamin K (BHU) (c) Fe (d) None of these (BHU)
19. Which of the following is true for vitamin C?
2011 (a) Also called as ascorbic acid
9. The purplish red pigment rhodopsin contained in the (b) Also called as fumaric acid
rods type of photoreceptor cells of the human eye, is a (c) Obtained from citrus fruits
derivative of (d) Both (a) and (c) (UP CPMT)
Digestion and Absorption 7

16.2: Alimentary Canal 2013

29. Ileocaecal valve is present in between
(a) colon and large intestine
2016 (b) colon and small intestine
20. Which of the following guards the opening of (c) stomach and small intestine
hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum? (d) cardiac stomach and fundus. (Karnataka CET)
(a) Pyloric sphincter (b) Sphincter of Oddi
(c) Semilunar valve (d) Ileocaecal valve 2012
(NEET Phase-I) 30. Argentaffin cells in human beings are found in
21. In the stomach, gastric acid is secreted by the (a) small intestine (b) stomach
(a) peptic cells (b) acidic cells (c) large intestine (d) liver. (AMU)
(c) gastrin secreting cells (d) parietal cells. 31. In human beings, the three pair of salivary glands and
(NEET Phase-I) numerous buccal glands produce about
22. The main function of the lacteals in the villi of human (a) 1.0 dm3 of saliva per day
small intestine is to absorb (b) 1.5 dm3 of saliva per day
(a) fat globules (b) water and mineral salts (c) 2.0 dm3 of saliva per day
(c) amino acids (d) glucose and amino acids (d) 2.5 dm3 of saliva per day. (AMU)
(e) glucose and water. (Kerala PMT) 32. In the gastrointestinal tract the Meissner’s plexus and
the Auerbach’s plexus occur respectively in the
2015 (a) lamina propria and muscularis mucosa
23. The primary dentition in human differs from permanent (b) submucosa and muscularis externa
dentition in not having one of the following type of (c) submucosa and mucosa
teeth. (d) mucosa and muscularis externa. (AMU)
(a) Molars (b) Incisors 33. The layer lining the lumen of the human alimentary
(c) Canines (d) Premolars (AIPMT) canal is
24. Vermiform appendix arises from (a) serosa (b) sub-mucosa
(a) caecum (b) colon (c) muscularis (d) pleura
(c) rectum (d) ileum. (AMU) (e) mucosa. (Kerala PMT)
25. Brunner’s glands are found in
(a) duodenum (b) jejunum
2011
(c) stomach (d) both (a) and (b). 34. Which one of the following correctly represents the
(JIPMER) normal adult human dental formula?
3 1 3 1 2 1 3 3
26. Choose the correct statement among the following. (a) , , , (b) , , ,
(a) The intestinal mucosal epithelium has oxyntic 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3
cells. 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 3
(c) , , , (d) , , ,
(b) Ptyalin converts proteins into proteoses and 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 3
peptones. (AIPMT Mains)
(c) Crypts of Lieberkuhn is seen between the bases of 35. The mucosal layer in the stomach form irregular folds
villi in the intestine. known as
(d) Sphincter of Oddi is present at the junction of (a) villi (b) lumen
oesophagus and cardiac stomach. (c) rugae (d) crypts of Lieberkuhn
(e) Goblet cells secrete hydrochloric acid in stomach. (e) lacteals. (Kerala PMT)
(Kerala PMT) 36. Column I contains names of the sphincter muscles of the
27. The epithelium found in the inner linings of stomach alimentary canal and Column II contains their locations.
and intestine is Match them properly and choose the correct answer.
(a) columnar (b) squamous Column I Column II
(c) stratified (d) pseudo-stratified. A. Sphincter of 1. Opening of hepato-
(WB JEE) ani internus pancreatic duct into
duodenum
2014 B. Cardiac sphincter 2. Between duodenum
28. The middle part of the small intestine is and posterior stomach
(a) duodenum (b) jejunum C. Sphincter of Oddi 3. Guarding the terminal
(c) ileum (d) pyloric region. part of alimentary
(J & K CET) canal
8 Biology Champion for NEET
D. Ileocaecal 4. Between oesophagus 45. Zymogenic cells of gastric gland secrete
sphincter and anterior stomach (a) pepsinogen (b) trypsin
E. Pyloric sphincter 5. Between small (c) pepsin (d) chymotrypsin.
intestine and bowel (WB JEE)
(a) A – 3, B – 2, C – 4, D – 1, E – 5
(b) A – 2, B – 5, C – 1, D – 4, E – 3 2014
(c) A – 3, B – 4, C – 1, D – 5, E – 2 46. Which of the following organs does not produce any
(d) A – 4, B – 3, C – 1, D – 2, E – 5. (Karnataka CET) digestive enzymes?
37. Exclusive holozoic nutrition is seen in (a) Salivary gland (b) Pancreas
(a) spider (b) man (c) Liver (d) Stomach
(c) housefly (d) earthworm. (OJEE) (WB JEE)

2010 2012
38. Human dental formula is 47. Brunner’s glands are found in
2123 2123 (a) mucosa of duodenum
(a) (b) (b) mucosa of ileum
2123 1223
(c) submucosa of duodenum
1223 1223
(c) (d) (d) submucosa of ileum. (BHU)
2123 1223
48. In man, Glisson’s capsule is associated with the
2213
(e) . (Kerala PMT) (a) digestive system (b) excretory system
2213 (c) nervous system (d) reproductive system
39. The type of teeth present in humans is (e) endocrine system. (Kerala PMT)
(a) monophyodont and homodont 49. Brunner’s gland is present in
(b) diphyodont and heterodont (a) duodenum (b) jejunum
(c) diphyodont and homodont (c) ileum (d) rectum. (WB JEE)
(d) monophyodont and thecodont. (OJEE)
40. The distal part of the stomach that opens into duodenum 2010
is called 50. Brunner’s gland is present in
(a) fundus (b) pylorus (a) liver (b) duodenum
(c) omentum (d) jejunum. (OJEE) (c) oesophagus (d) stomach. (AFMC)
51. This is the common passage for bile and pancreatic
2008 juices
41. The uniform protoplasmic extensions on the intestinal (a) ampulla of Vater (b) ductus Choledochus
epithelium is known as (c) duct of Wirsung (d) duct of Santorini.
(a) brush border (b) striated border (AMU)
(c) cilia (d) villi. (AMU)
52. Glisson’s capsule is the characteristic feature of
42. Part of the stomach which opens into the duodenum is (a) mammals (b) birds
(a) cardiac (b) pyloric (c) reptiles (d) arthropods.
(c) fundus (d) body. (BHU)  (BHU)
53. The sphincter of Oddi found in man, guards the
16.3: Digestive Glands (a) pancreatic duct (b) hepatopancreatic duct
(c) bile duct (d) cystic duct
2015 (e) duodenum. (Kerala PMT)
43. Identify the correctly matched structure and its 2008
secretion.
54. In humans, sphincter of Oddi is associated with the
(a) Brunner’s gland - Salivary amylase
opening of
(b) Intestinal mucosa - Insulin
(a) hepatopancreatic ampulla
(c) Gall bladder - Bile
(b) pyloric stomach
(d) Salivary gland - Lysozyme
(c) oesophagus
(e) Goblet cells - HCl (Kerala PMT)
(d) common hepatic duct. (J & K CET)
44. The hormone that stimulates the release of pancreatic
55. Which of the following is the largest gland in an adult man?
juice is
(a) Thyroid (b) Pancreas
(a) secretin (b) glucagon
(c) Thymus (d) Liver (UP CPMT)
(c) inhibin (d) insulin. (WB JEE)
Digestion and Absorption 9

2007 (c) gastric juice (d) chylomicrons

(e) bolus. (Kerala PMT)
56. Glisson’s capsules are present in
(a) liver (b) lung 65. Emulsification of fat takes place through
(c) kidney (d) stomach. (BHU) (a) bile pigments (b) liver enzymes
(c) bile salts (d) intestinal enzymes.
(UP CPMT)
16.4: Digestion of Food 66. In liver, _______ is converted into _______.
(a) urea, ammonia (b) ammonia, urea
2016 (c) nitrate, ammonia (d) ammonia, nitrate
57. Which hormones do stimulate the production of (UP CPMT)
pancreatic juice and bicarbonate? 67. The usual cause(s) of peptic ulceration is/are
(a) Angiotensin and epinephrine (a) lower rate of secretion of gastric juice
(b) Gastrin and insulin (b) higher rate of secretion of gastric and duodenal
(c) Cholecystokinin and secretin juices
(d) Insulin and glucagon (NEET Phase-II) (c) improper neutralisation of gastric juice by duodenal
58. Digestion of proteins is incomplete in the absence of juices
enterokinase, because (d) imbalance between the rate of secretion of gastric
(a) trypsinogen is not converted into trypsin juice and the degree of protection offered by gastro-
(b) pepsinogen is not converted into pepsin duodenal mucosa. (WB JEE)
(c) prorennin is not converted into rennin
(d) chymotrypsinogen is not converted into 2014
chymotrypsin. (Karnataka CET) 68. The initial step in the digestion of milk in humans is
59. Read the following reactions and choose the correct option. carried out by
1. Pepsinogen HCl (a) lipase (b) trypsin
 → Pepsin (c) rennin (d) pepsin. (AIPMT)
2. Proteins Pepsinogen
 → Proteoses + peptones 69. Which of these is secreted by duodenum?
3. Trypsinogen HCl
→ Trypsin (a) Somatostatin (b) Secretin
4. Chymotrypsinogen Enterokinase (c) Gastrin (d) GIP (JIPMER)
→ Chymotrypsin
5. Peptones Trypsin 70. Enteropeptidase present in ‘succus entericus’ converts
 → Dipeptides _______.
(a) 1 alone is correct.
(b) 1 and 5 alone are correct. (a) alkaline medium to acidic medium
(c) 3 and 5 alone are correct. (b) trypsinogen to trypsin
(d) 2, 4 and 5 alone are correct. (c) proteins to polypeptides
(e) 2 alone is correct. (Kerala PMT) (d) tyrosinase to tyrosine (JIPMER)
71. Match the column I with column II and column III.
2015 Choose the correct option.
60. The optimum pH for pepsin is Column I Column II Column III
(a) 11 (b) 5-6 (Substrate) (Enzyme) (Product)
(c) 1.6-2.4 (d) 4-7. (AMU) 1. Lactose A. Lipase I. Galactose
61. Enzymes not present in pancreatic juice is 2. Monoglycerides B. Trypsin II. Maltose
(a) amylase (b) chymotrypsinogen 3. Starch C. Lactase III. Fatty acid
(c) lipase (d) enterokinase. (AMU) 4. Peptones D. Amylase IV. Dipeptides
62. The enzyme that is not present in succus entericus is (a) 1- A-I; 2-C-II; 3-B-III; 4-D-IV
(a) nucleosidase (b) lipase (b) 1-D-I; 2-A-II; 3-B-III; 4-C-IV
(c) maltase (d) nuclease. (c) 1-C-I; 2-A-III; 3-D-II; 4-B-IV
(AIPMT) (d) 1-C-I; 2-A-II; 3-D-III; 4-B-IV
63. Emulsification of fat occurs by (e) 1-B-I; 2-D-II; 3-C-III; 4-A-IV (Kerala PMT)
(a) bile salts (b) bile pigments 72. Choose the wrong statement among the following.
(c) pancreatic juice (d) succus entericus. (a) Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase.
(J & K CET) (b) The optimum pH for salivary amylase activity is 8.9.
64. The secretions of the brush border cells of the intestinal (c) Rennin helps in the digestion of milk proteins.
mucosa along with the secretion of goblet cells constitute (d) Goblet cells secrete mucous.
the (e) Submucosal glands of the intestine are also known
(a) succus entericus (b) chyme as Brunner’s glands. (Kerala PMT)
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73. Chylomicrons are 82. Choose the wrong statement.
(a) small fat globules coated with protein (a) Lipases and nucleases are not present in pancreatic
(b) protein molecules coated with fat juice.
(c) small granules found in gastric juice (b) Goblet cells secrete mucus.
(d) neural signals that stimulate intestinal secretions (c) Brunner’s glands are sub-mucosal glands.
(e) aerobic microbes. (Kerala PMT) (d) Carboxypeptidase catalyses conversion of proteins,
74. Absorption of vitamin B12 in human requires “P” peptones and proteoses to dipeptides.
glycoprotein secreted from “Q”. The correct choices of (e) Bile contains no enzymes. (Kerala PMT)
P and Q are 83. One of the following movements in our body is not
(a) P = Extrinsic factor and Q = Stomach completely involuntary. Identify it.
(b) P = Intrinsic factor and Q = Stomach (a) Deglutition
(c) P = Intrinsic factor and Q = Small intestine (b) Peristalsis
(d) P = Exopolysaccharide and Q = Small intestine. (c) Systole of the ventricles
(WB JEE) (d) Dilation of pupil of the eye (Karnataka CET)
2013 84. If this enzyme were to be absent in our small intestine,
75. Which enzymes are likely to act on the baked potatoes digestion of proteins in our body would be severely
eaten by a man, starting from the mouth as they move affected.
down the alimentary canal? (a) Pancreatic amylase (b) Maltase
(a) Pancreatic amylase → Salivary amylase → Lipases (c) Lipase (d) Enterokinase
(b) Disaccharidase like maltase → Lipases → Nucleases (Karnataka CET)
(c) Salivary amylase → Pancreatic amylase → 85. Secretin and cholecystokinin are the hormones secreted
Disaccharidases in
(d) Salivary maltase → Carboxypeptidase → (a) pyloric stomach (b) duodenum
Trypsinogen (NEET Karnataka) (c) ileum (d) oesophagus.
76. Which of the following gastric secretions is correctly (Karnataka CET)
matched with its source? 86. Which of the following is secreted by pancreas ?
(a) Pepsin – Chief cells (a) Dipeptidases (b) Amylase
(b) Chymotrypsin – Parietal cells (c) a-Dextrins (d) Pepsin (OJEE)
(c) HCl – Goblet cells
87. Main function of HCl present in gastric juice is
(d) Mucus – Oxyntic cells (AIIMS)
(a) digestion of starch (b) emulsification of fat
77. After surgical removal of an infected gall bladder, a (c) conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
person must be especially careful to restrict dietary (d) detoxification of harmful constituents of food.
intake of (OJEE)
(a) starch (b) protein
88. Glycogenesis refers to
(c) sugar (d) fat. (AMU)
(a) conversion of glycogen to glucose
78. The contraction of gall bladder is due to (b) breakdown of glucose to form pyruvate
(a) gastrin (b) enterogastrone (c) breakdown of pyruvate to form glucose
(c) secretin (d) cholecystokinin.
(d) conversion of glucose to glycogen. (OJEE)
(JIPMER)
89. Peristalsis occurs in
79. The semi-digested food that moves down the oesophagus
(a) liver (b) ureter
is known as
(c) alimentary canal (d) blood vessels.
(a) bolus (b) chyme
(OJEE)
(c) rugae (d) protein.
(Karnataka CET) 90. Cholecystokinin stimulates the secretion of
(a) bile (b) gastric juice
2012 (c) pancreatic juice (d) succus entericus.
80. The gastrointestinal hormone which stimulates insulin (WB JEE)
secretion is
(a) gastrin (b) CCK 2011
(c) secretin (d) GIP. (AMU) 91. One of the constituents of the pancreatic juice which is
81. The parietal cells secrete poured into the duodenum in humans is
(a) pepsinogen (b) mucus (a) trypsinogen (b) chymotrypsin
(c) lysozyme (d) intrinsic factor (c) trypsin (d) enterokinase.
(e) parathormone. (Kerala PMT) (AIPMT Mains)
Digestion and Absorption 11
92. The back flow of faecal matter in the large intestine is 103. The process of conversion of excess glucose into
prevented by the presence of glycogen is called
(a) epiglottis (a) glycolysis (b) glycogenesis
(b) sphincter of Oddi (c) gluconeogenesis (d) oogenesis.
(c) ileo-caecal valve (J & K CET)
(d) gastro-oesophagal sphincter 104. The wall of the stomach is protected against the action
(e) pyloric sphincter. (Kerala PMT) of HCl by
93. Oxyntic cell produces (a) epidermal layer (b) mesodermal layer
(a) pepsin (b) HCl (c) mucous layer (d) muscular layer.
(c) trypsin (d) renin. (OJEE) (J & K CET)
94. The special feature of bile juice is that it 105. The gastric juice contains
(a) has no enzyme (b) has amylase (a) trypsin, pepsin, lipase
(c) contains lipase (d) contains H2O. (b) pepsin, lipase, rennin
(OJEE) (c) pepsin, amylase, trypsin
95. Ptyalin is the another name of (d) trypsin, pepsin, rennin
(a) chymotrypsin (b) pepsin (e) pepsin, rennin, carboxypeptidase. (Kerala PMT)
(c) salivary amylase (d) renin. (OJEE) 106. Match column I with column II and choose the correct
96. The gastrin is secreted from option.
(a) intestine (b) stomach Column I Column II
(c) pancreas (d) rectum. (WB JEE) A. Goblet cells 1. Antibacterial agent
97. Which of the following is a gastro-intestinal hormone ? B. Lysozyme 2. Mucus
(a) Prolactin (b) Enterokinase C. Saliva 3. HCl
(c) GH (d) FSH D. Oxyntic cells 4. Sublingual gland
(WB JEE) (a) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
98. Ptyalin is inactivated by a component of gastric juice (b) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
known as (c) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(a) pepsin (b) mucus (d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
(c) rennin (d) HCl. (WB JEE) (e) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 (Kerala PMT)
107. The sugar present in milk is _____.
2010 (a) fructose (b) sucrose
99. If for some reason the parietal cells of the gut epithelium (c) glucose (d) lactose
become partially non-functional, what is likely to happen? (Karnataka CET)
(a) The pancreatic enzymes and specially the trypsin 108. Succus entericus is secreted by _____.
and lipase will not work efficiently. (a) Auerbach’s plexus (b) Brunner’s glands
(b) The pH of stomach will fall abruptly. (c) Peyers patches (d) Crypts of Lieberkuhn
(c) Steapsin will be more effective. (Karnataka CET)
(d) Proteins will not be adequately hydrolysed by
109. Bile salts in bile help in _____ of fats.
pepsin into proteoses and peptones.
(a) dehydration (b) deglutition
(AIPMT Mains)
(c) emulsification (d) peristalsis (OJEE)
100. If for some reason our goblet cells are non-functional,
110. Which of the following are proteolytic enzymes?
this will adversely affect
(a) Ptyalin, trypsin, pepsin
(a) production of somatostatin
(b) Lipase, erepsin, trypsin
(b) secretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands
(c) Erepsin, trypsin, pepsin
(c) maturation of sperms
(d) Pepsin, nuclease, nucleotidase (OJEE)
(d) smooth movement of food down the intestine.
(AIPMT Prelims) 111. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Argentaffin cells produce serotonin.
101. Which of the following is correct?
(b) Villikinin is secreted by large intestine.
(a) Paneth cells secrete pepsinogen.
(c) In cheilosis, deficient nutrient is nicotinamide.
(b) Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid.
(d) Bleeding diseases occur due to deficiency of
(c) Argentaffin cells secrete mucus.
vitamin E. (UP CPMT)
(d) Chief cells secrete gastrin. (AIIMS)
112. Name the hormone that stimulates the secretion of
102. This gastrointestinal hormone stimulates insulin secretion.
gastric juice
(a) Gastrin (b) CCK (a) renin (b) enterokinase
(c) Secretin (d) GIP (AMU) (c) enterogastrone (d) gastrin. (WB JEE)
12 Biology Champion for NEET
113. Bile salts act as activator of which enzyme? 122. Gastric enzymes are
(a) Pepsinogen (b) Trypsinogen (a) pepsin (b) rennin
(c) Lipase (d) Pancreatic amylase (c) gastric lipase (d) all of these. (UP CPMT)
(WB JEE)
114. Which of the following cells produce HCl?
2008
(a) b-Cell (b) a-Cell 123. Which one of the following is the correct matching of
(c) Oxyntic cell (d) Chief cell (WB JEE) the site of action on the given substrate, the enzyme
acting upon it and the end product ?
2009 (a) Small intestine : proteins Pepsin
 → amino acids
115. Which one of the following pairs of food components in (b) Stomach : fats Lipase
 → micelles
humans reaches the stomach totally undigested ? (c) Duodenum : triglycerides Trypsin
→ monoglycerides
(a) Starch and fat (b) Fat and cellulose a Amylase
(d) Small intestine : starch → disaccharide
(c) Starch and cellulose (d) Protein and starch
(maltose)
(AIPMT)
(AIPMT)
116. The food that enters intestine from stomach is called
124. What will happen if the secretion of parietal cells of
(a) chyle (b) chyme
gastric glands is blocked with an inhibitor?
(c) fundus (d) none of these.
(a) In the absence of HCl secretion, inactive pepsinogen
(AFMC)
is not converted into the active enzyme pepsin.
117. Secretin (b) Enterokinase will not be released from the duodenal
(a) stimulates enzyme secretion by pancreas, inhibits mucosa and so trypsinogen is not converted to
acid secretion in stomach, stimulates gall bladder trypsin.
(b) stimulates bicarbonate secretion by pancreas, (c) Gastric juice will be deficient in chymosin.
inhibits acid secretion in stomach, stimulates (d) Gastric juice will be deficient in pepsinogen.
bicarbonate secretion by liver (AIPMT)
(c) stimulates acid secretion in stomach, potentiates
125. Food that enters into intestine is known as
action of CCK, inhibits intestinal movement
(a) bolus (b) chyme
(d) stimulates gall bladder, inhibits acid secretion in
(c) chyle (d) none of these.
stomach, stimulates bicarbonate secretion by pancreas.
(AFMC)
(AMU)
126. pH of gastric juice is
118. In the absence of enterokinase, the digestion of ________
(a) 2 (b) 4
would be affected in our intestine.
(c) 6 (d) 8. (OJEE)
(a) albumin (b) starch
(c) maltose (d) amino acid 2007
(Karnataka CET)
127. A child took sugar cane and sucked its juice. Regarding
119. Compare the statements A and B this which of the following match is correct?
Statement A : Blood sugar level falls rapidly after
Substrate Enzyme Site of Products
hepatectomy. secretion formed
Statement B : The glycogen of the liver is the principal of enzyme
source of blood sugar.
(a) Protein pepsin duodenum polypeptides
Select the correct description.
(a) Statement A is wrong and B is correct. (b) Starch amylase salivary glucose
glands
(b) Both the statements A and B are correct and B is
not the reason for A. (c) Lipids lipase pancreas fat globules
(c) Both the statements A and B are correct and B is the (d) Sucrose invertase duodenum glucose +
reason for A. fructose
(d) Statement A is correct and B is wrong. (AIIMS)
(Karnataka CET) 128. Succus entericus is secreted by
120. Digestion is brought about by (a) crypts of Lieberkuhn (b) Brunner’s gland
(a) hormones (b) neurotransmitters (c)  both (a) and (b) (d) none of these.
(c) growth factors (d) enzymes. (OJEE) (Karnataka CET)
121. Salivary amylase, a digestive enzyme begins digestion 129. Carbohydrate digestion occurs first in which structure?
of (a) Mouth (b) Intestine
(a) proteins (b) fats (c) Stomach (d) None of these
(c) carbohydrates (d) all of these. (OJEE) (OJEE)
Digestion and Absorption 13
130. Enzyme pepsin acts in 2009
(a) acidic medium in the pancreas
137. Which one of the following statements is true regarding
(b) acidic medium in the stomach
digestion and absorption of food in humans?
(c) intestine
(a) Fructose and amino acids are absorbed through
(d) mouth. (OJEE)
intestinal mucosa with the help of carrier ions like
131. Digestion of protein is completed in Na+.
(a) stomach (b) duodenum (b) Chylomicrons are small lipoprotein particles that are
(c) ileum (d) duodenum and ileum. transported from intestine into blood capillaries.
(UP CPMT) (c) About 60% of starch is hydrolysed by salivary
amylase in our mouth.
16.5: Absorption of Digested Products (d) Oxyntic cells in our stomach secrete the proenzyme
pepsinogen.
(CBSE PMT)
2014
138. Most digestion and absorption of food takes place in
132. Fructose is absorbed into the blood through mucosa cells
(a) stomach (b) small intestine
of intestine by the process called
(c) large intestine (d) caecum. (OJEE)
(a) active transport
(b) facilitated transport 2008
(c) simple diffusion 139. Fats and lipids are absorbed in
(d) co-transport mechanism. (AIPMT) (a) lymph capillaries (b) blood capillaries
(c) hepatic portal vein (d) none of these.
2013 (AFMC)
133. Select the correct match of the digested products in
humans given in column I with their absorption site and
mechanism in column II. 16.6: Disorders of Digestive System
Column I Column II
(a) Glycerol, fatty acids Duodenum, move 2015
as chylomicrons 140. The deficiency of which of the following vitamins will
(b) Cholesterol, maltose Large intestine, cause xerophthalmia?
active absorption (a) A (b) B
(c) Glycine, glucose Small intestine, (c) C (d) K (AMU)
active absorption 141. A patient with bleeding gums is advised to take fresh
+
(d) Fructose, Na Small intestine, fruits and vegetables in diet specially because he suffers
passive absorption from
(NEET) (a) scurvy (b) night blindness
(c) beri-beri (d) anaemia. (COMEDK)
2012
142. Match column I with column II.
134. During absorption of carbohydrates in the blood the
Column I Column II
most rapidly transported monosaccharide is
P. Vitamin B1 (i) Accumulation of fat
(a) glucose (b) galactose
Q. Gastric juice (ii) Loss of fat
(c) fructose (d) sucrose. (BHU)
R. Starvation (iii) Pepsin
2010 S. Obesity (iv) Beri-beri
(a) P-(iii), Q-(iv), R-(ii), S-(i)
135. Carrier ions like Na+ facilitate the absorption of
(b) P-(iii), Q-(iv), R-(i), S-(ii)
substances like
(c) P-(iv), Q-(iii), R-(ii), S-(i)
(a) amino acids and glucose
(d) P-(iv), Q-(ii), R-(iii), S-(i)  (WB JEE)
(b) glucose and fatty acids
(c) fatty acids and glycerol 2014
(d) fructose and some amino acids. 143. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(AIPMT Prelims) (a) Vitamin B12 - Pernicious anaemia
136. The food materials in intestine are absorbed through (b) Vitamin B6 - Loss of appetite
(a) cilia (b) flagella (c) Vitamin B1 - Beri beri
(c) villi (d) vibrissae. (OJEE) (d) Vitamin B2 - Pellagra (JIPMER)
14 Biology Champion for NEET
144. The disease that occurs in mature adult human being due 154. A young infant may be feeding entirely on mother’s
to deficiency of calciferol is milk which is white in colour but the stools which the
(a) keratomalacia (b) osteomalacia infant passes out is quite yellowish. The yellow colour
(c) glossitis (d) pernicious anaemia. of stool is due to
(WB JEE) (a) bile pigments passed through bile juice
(b) undigested milk protein casein
2013 (c) pancreatic juice poured into duodenum
145. Which of the following is a protein deficiency disease? (d) intestinal juice. (CBSE PMT)
(a) Osteomalacia (b) Kwashiorkor
155. Liver necrosis and muscular dystrophy are caused due to
(c) Pellagra (d) Rickets (AMU)
lack of this trace element.
146. A person is exclusively feeding on meat, egg and milk. (a) Arsenic (b) Molybdenum
He is likely to suffer from (c) Zinc (d) Seleneium
(a) scurvy (b) night blindness (AMU)
(c) pellagra (d) dermatitis. (JIPMER)
156. A protein deficiency disease is
2012 (a) kwashiorkor (b) marasmus
(c) pellagra (d) osteomalacia.
147. Anxiety and eating spicy food together in an otherwise
(UP CPMT)
normal human, may lead to
(a) indigestion (b) jaundice 2008
(c) diarrhoea (d) vomiting.
157. Nobel prize for medicine was given for confirming the
(AIPMT Prelims)
role of Helicobacter pylori in causing
2011 (a) nephritis (b) rhinitis
148. Two friends are eating together on a dining table. One of (c) bronchitis (d) peptic ulcer.
them suddenly starts coughing while swallowing some (Karnataka CET)
food. This coughing would have been due to improper
movement of
2007
(a) epiglottis (b) diaphragm 158. Which one of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin and
(c) neck (d) tongue. its related deficiency disease?
(AIPMT Prelims) (a) Retinol - xerophthalmia
(b) Cobalamin - beri-beri
149. Pellagra is caused due to deficiency of
(c) Calciferol - pellagra
(a) niacin (b) pantothenic acid
(d) Ascorbic acid - scurvy
(c) tocopherol (d) cyanocobalamine.
(CBSE PMT)
(J & K CET)
159. Which match is true?
150. Osteomalacia is a deficiency disease of
(a) infants due to protein energy malnutrition Vitamin deficiency Vitamin Source
(b) adults due to protein energy malnutrition disease
(c) adults due to vitamin D deficiency (a) Severe bleeding tocopherol milk, egg
(d) infants due to vitamin K deficiency. (WB JEE)
(b) Anaemia ascorbic lemon,
2010 acid orange
151. Marasmus is caused by the deficiency of (c) Night blindness retinol carrot, milk
(a) protein (b) thiamin (d) Sterility calciferol milk, butter
(c) riboflavin (d) niacin. (J & K CET) (AIIMS)
152. Deficiency of vitamin C causes 160. The deficiency of which vitamin causes keratomalacia?
(a) beri-beri (b) scurvy (a) Vitamin K (b) Vitamin D
(c) night-blindness (d) pellagra. (OJEE) (c) Vitamin A (d) Vitamin E
(J & K CET)
2009
161. The condition in which the potassium level is increased,
153. When breast feeding is replaced by less nutritive food is known as
low in proteins and calories; the infants below the age of (a) hypercholesterolemia
one year are likely to suffer from (b) hyperkalaemia
(a) rickets (b) kwashiorkor (c) osteomalacia
(c) pellagra (d) marasmus. (d) hyperexcitability.
(CBSE PMT) (J & K CET)
Digestion and Absorption 15

1. (b) : Vitamins are regarded as organic compounds as P700 to plastoquinone in photosystem I. Vitamin B6 or
required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific pyridoxine lacks sulphur.
biological normal maintenance of optimum growth and 11. (b) : A diet is said to be balanced when various nutritional
health of the organisms. Vitamin A, D, E and K are fat soluble materials i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals,
vitamins, while vitamin B-complex and C are water soluble. vitamins, roughage and water are present in sufficient amount
2. (d) : Anti-haemorrhagic vitamins are those substances and proper proportion. Various constituents of the balanced
which promote haemostasis or stops bleeding. Vitamin K is diet provide energy, growth, repair, replacement of cells, and
one of them. physiological regulation.
3. (d) : Physiological value is the energy produced by 12. (c) : Vitamin B6, also called pyridoxine is widely
1 gm of food on oxidation in the body. For carbohydrates, distributed in cereal grains, yeast, liver, milk, etc. It is a
it is 4.0 kcal/g, for proteins, it is 4.0 kcal/g and it is constituent of a coenzyme (pyridoxal phosphate) involved
9.0 kcal/g for fats. Lignin is a fibre that is present in plant in amino acid metabolism. Its deficiency causes retarded
cells but is not digestible in humans and thus it does not growth, dermatitis, convulsions, and other symptoms.
produce energy. Hence, 13. (c) : Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that enhances
5 g raw sugar will yield 5 × 4.0 = 20.0 kcal the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine
4 g albumin will yield 4 × 4.0 = 16.0 kcal and promotes their deposition in the bone. It occurs in two
(10 + 2) g of fat will yield 12 × 9.0 = 108.0 kcal forms : ergocalciferol (vitamin D2 or calciferol), which is
Total yield = 144 kcal. manufactured by plants when the sterol ergosterol is exposed
4. (d) : Sulphur is present in two vitamins of B complex, to ultraviolet light, and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), which is
thiamine and biotin. Biotin is important to hair. It is normally produced by the action of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol,
found in protein foods, such as eggs, lettuce, sprouts etc. a sterol widely distributed in the skin.
5. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (c)
6. (a) : The production of normal erythrocytes (red blood 17. (d) : Refer to answer 2.
corpuscles) number requires extremely small quantities (one- 18. (a) : Cobalamin or vitamin B12 is cobalt containing
millionth of a gram per day) of a cobalt containing molecule, B-complex vitamin which is synthesised only by some
vitamin B12 (also known as cyanocobalamine), because bacteria and moulds. Human beings obtain the vitamin from
it potentiates the action of folic acid, required for rapid colon bacteria, milk, meat, liver, egg yolk and fish, etc.
proliferation of erythrocyte precursors. Vitamin B12 is found
19. (d) : Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid. It is
only in animal products. Deficiency of this vitamin leads to
obtained from citrus fruit, tomatoes, pepper and leafy green
pernicious anaemia (deficiency of erythrocytes).
vegetables.
7. (a) : Ascorbic acid or vitamin C is a colourless, It plays a role in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine
crystalline, water-soluble, heat labile vitamin with during collagen formation, maintains integrity of capillary
antioxidant properties, found especially in citrus fruits and walls, also maintains normal growth of bones and teeth, and
green vegetables. It functions as a scavenger of free radicals takes part in cellular oxidation and reduction.
within cells and in extracellular fluid and blood plasma. Most
20. (b) : The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that
organisms synthesize it from glucose but humans and other
controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic
primates obtain it form diet. The recommended daily intake is
juice) through the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum.
30 mg for an adult. Deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy.
21. (d) : Parietal cells are large cells present on the side
8. (a) : Liver synthesises vitamin A from b-carotene. The
walls of the gastric glands. They lie against the basement
latter is an orange-yellow substance of carrot.
membrane. They secrete hydrochloric acid and Castle’s
9. (d) : Vitamin A (retinol) is a fat-soluble vitamin that intrinsic gastric factor that helps in the absorption of vitamin
cannot be synthesised by mammals and other vertebrates and B12 in the ileum.
must be provided in the diet. It is a constituent of the visual
22. (a)
pigment rhodopsin. Deficiency affects the eyes, causing night
blindness. 23. (d) : Milk/primary teeth of man include 8 incisors,
4 canines and 8 molars (premolars are absent). Molars of
10. (d) : Cysteine and methionine are the amino acids which
milk teeth are shed off and premolars of permanent teeth take
contain sulphur. Ferredoxin is iron sulphur compound which
their place. The permanent teeth are 8 incisors, 4 canines,
transfer electron from special chlorophyll molecule called
8 premolars and 12 molars. Thus, 12 teeth (8 premolars and
16 Biology Champion for NEET
4 molars) are monophyodont (teeth which grow only once in 33. (e) : The wall of alimentary canal consists of four
life). Dental formulae of milk teeth and permanent teeth of basic layers. From the outer surface inwards to the lumen,
human are given below. the layers are as follows – visceral peritoneum (serosa),
2120 2123 muscularis (muscular coat), submucosa and mucosa (mucous
× 2 = 20 × 2 = 32
2120 2123 membrane). Mucosa is the innermost layer lining the lumen
of the alimentary canal. It is so named because it secretes
Milk teeth Permanent teeth
mucus to lubricate the inner lining of the gut. It is further
24. (a) : The vermiform appendix is an outgrowth of the composed of three layers — muscularis mucosa, lamina
caecum. It is a slightly coiled blind tube, about 8 centimeters propria and epithelium.
long. Its wall contains prominent lymphoid tissue. Appendix 34. (c) : An adult human has 32 permanent teeth which are
is thought to be vestigial. of four different types (heterodont dentition) namely, incisors
25. (a) : Brunner’s glands are found only in the duodenum (I), canine (C), premolars (PM) and molars (M). Arrangement
and are located in the submucosa. They secrete a little enzyme of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw in the order I,
and mucus. Mucus protects the duodenal wall from getting C, PM, M is represented by a dental formula which in human
digested. 2123
is .
26. (c) : The mucosa of stomach has gastric glands. 2123
Gastric glands have parietal or oxyntic cells which secrete
35. (c) : Inner surface of the stomach has numerous folds of
HCl and intrinsic factor (factor essential for absorption of
mucous membrane. These are known as rugae. These folds,
vitamin B12). Mucosa also forms crypts in between the bases
by unfolding, let the stomach expand to accommodate a large
of villi in the intestine (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Pepsin converts
meal.
proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides). The bile duct
and the pancreatic duct open together into the duodenum as 36. (c) 37. (b)
the common hepato-pancreatic duct which is guarded by a 38. (a) : Refer to answer 34.
sphincter called the sphincter of Oddi. 39. (b) : Majority of mammals including human being forms
27. (a) : Inner lining of stomach and intestine have simple two sets of teeth during their life, a set of temporary milk
columnar epithelial cells, which are elongated and are placed or deciduous teeth replaced by a set of permanent or adult
side by side like column. The epithelium contains mucus teeth. This type of dentition is called diphyodont. An adult
secreting cells, along with underlying supporting connective human has 32 permanent teeth which are of four different
tissue. types (heterodont dentition), namely, incisors (I), canines
28. (b) : Jejunum is the middle part of the small intestine, (C), premolars (PM) and molars (M).
which has a diameter of about 4 cm and is about 2.5 metres long. 40. (b) : Pylorus is the distal part of the stomach that opens
29. (b) : The junction of the ileum (small intestine) with into duodenum. This region is divided into the pyloric antrum
the caecum is called ileocaecal junction and it is guarded by and the pyloric canal. The latter opens into the duodenum.
ileocaecal valve. 41. (d) : Villi are finger like protoplasmic extensions of
30. (b) : The wall of stomach contains innumerable, simple, mucosal epithelium of small intestine. The villi increase
tubular glands called gastric glands. They have five types of absorptive surface area of small intestine.
cells - 42. (b) : Refer to answer 40.
(i) peptic (chief or zymogen cells), 43. (d) : The Brunner’s glands are found only in the
(ii) oxyntic (acid, parietal) cells, duodenum and are located in the submucosa. They secrete
(iii) mucous cells, a little enzyme and mucus. The mucus protects the duodenal
(iv) argentaffin cells and wall from getting digested. Intestinal mucosa has goblet cells
(v) endocrine cells. which secrete mucus, which along with secretion of brush
Argentaffin cells are less common and are generally located border cells of mucosa constitute instestinal juice. Insulin
at the base of the glands and secrete serotonin, a potent is secreted by endocrine portion of pancreas. Bile secreted
vasoconstrictor. by liver is stored in gall bladder. Lysozyme present in saliva
31. (b) : There is a much debate about the amount of saliva acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections. Parietal
produced in a healthy person per day. It is estimated to range cells of gastric glands of stomach secrete HCl.
from 0.75 to 1.5 litres per day. A litre corresponds to 1 cubic 44. (a) : Hormone secretin secreted by intestinal mucosa of
decimeter or dm3. Hence, average saliva secretion in human duodenum and jejunum acts on the exocrine part of pancreas
is 0.75 to 1.5 dm3 per day. that secretes pancreatic juice. It stimulates secretion of water
32. (b) and bicarbonate ions.
Digestion and Absorption 17
45. (a) : Zymogenic cells of gastric gland secretes 62. (d) : Succus entericus or intestinal juice (pH = 7.8) refers
proenzyme pepsinogen, which gets converted into active to the secretion of glands of small intestine. It contains many
pepsin by action of HCl. It helps in protein digestion in the enzymes viz maltase, isomaltase, lipase, lactase, a-dextrinase,
stomach. enterokinase, aminopeptidase, nucleotidase, nucleosidase,
46. (c) : Liver is the largest gland of body. Hepatocytes of etc. for the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic
liver secrete non-enzymatic digestive juice called bile. acids etc. Enzyme nuclease is not a digestive enzyme. It is
not present in any digestive juice.
47. (c) : The Brunner’s glands are found only in the duodenum
and are located in the submucosa. They secrete a little enzyme 63. (a) : The first process during digestion of fat is
and mucus. The mucus protects the duodenal wall from emulsification of fat. It is carried out by bile salts which
getting digested. Digestion of most of nutrients takes place break down fat droplets into many small ones by reducing
in the duodenum under the action of various enzymes. The their surface tension. Bile salts help in the digestion and
absorption of fats.
Brunner’s glands open into the crypts of Lieberkuhn.
64. (a) : The intestinal mucosal epithelium has goblet cells
48. (a) : Glisson’s capsule is a characteristic feature of
which secrete mucus. The secretions of the brush border cells
mammalian liver. Liver is the largest gland of the body
of the mucosa alongwith the secretions of the goblet cells
and plays an important role in the process of digestion.
constitute the intestinal juice or succus entericus. This juice
Internally, the structural and functional unit of liver are the
contains a variety of enzymes like disaccharidases (e.g., maltase),
hepatic lobules containing hepatic cells arranged in the form
dipeptidases, lipases, nucleosidases, etc. The mucus along
of cords. Each lobule is covered by a thin connective tissue
with the bicarbonates from the pancreas protects the intestinal
sheath called Glisson’s capsule.
mucosa from acid as well as provide an alkaline medium
49. (a) : Refer to answer 47. (pH 7.8) for enzymatic activities.
50. (b) : Refer to answer 47. 65. (c) : Refer to answer 63.
51. (a) : Ampulla of Vater is also called as hepatopancreatic 66. (b) : Ammonia is an extremely toxic compound and
ampulla. It is formed by joining of the bile duct and the main its accumulation in body can be fatal. Thus, it needs to be
pancreatic duct. converted into a less toxic substance called urea, which is then
52. (a) : Refer to answer 48. excreted out of the body in the form of urine. The production
53. (b) : The cystic duct arises from the gall bladder. of urea from ammonia through a cycle of biochemical
The cystic duct and common hepatic duct join to form reactions is called urea cycle, which primarily takes place in
bile duct which passes downwards posteriorly to join the liver of mammals.
main pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla 67. (c & d) : Peptic ulcers develop when acid in digestive
(ampulla of Vater). The ampulla opens into the duodenum. tract destroys inner surface of oesophagus, stomach or small
The opening is guarded by the sphincter of Oddi. intestine. If the amount of acid is increased or amount of mucus
54. (a) : Refer to answer 53. is decreased (mucous layer protects against acid), then it results
in ulcers. Ulcer is a result of an imbalance between digestive
55. (d) fluids in stomach and duodenum. Emphasis of treatment is on
56. (a) : Refer to answer 48. neutralising and inhibiting secretion of stomach acid.
57. (c) : Cholecystokinin pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) is a 68. (c) : Rennin is secreted by peptic cells present in
hormone secreted from small intestine. It stimulates the gall epithelium of gastric glands. It is found in the gastric juice
bladder to release bile and pancreas to secrete and release of human beings during infancy and in calf. In adults gastric
digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice. Hormone secretin juice is devoid of rennin. It converts milk protein casein into
is secreted from duodenum and releases bicarbonates in paracasein, leading to milk coagulation.
the pancreatic juice. It also increases secretion of bile and 69. (b) : Secretin is a hormone secreted by the
decreases gastric secretion and motility. S-cells mainly in the wall of duodenum and some in jejunum,
58. (a) 59. (b) under stimulus of acidic food coming from stomach. It
60. (c) : Pepsin is a protease in stomach. It converts proteins causes the pancreas to secrete alkaline pancreatic juice and
into proteoses and peptones. HCl provides the acidic pH stimulates bile production in the liver.
(1.8), optimal for pepsin. 70. (b) : Succus entericus contains enterokinase also
61. (d) : The exocrine part of pancreas secrete an alkaline called enteropeptidase, aminopeptidases and dipeptidases.
pancreatic juice with pH 8.4. The pancreatic juice contains Enterokinase or entero-peptidase converts trypsinogen of
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, amylase, lipase, etc. pancreatic juice into trypsin.
Enterokinase is present in intestinal juice. 71. (c)
18 Biology Champion for NEET
72. (b) : The salivary amylase is the starch digesting enzyme 79. (a) : Bolus is a mass of food mixed with saliva. It passes
found in saliva and it functions at almost neutral pH, that is at down through the oesophagus by peristalsis.
pH of about 6.8. 80. (d) : GIP is a most recently recognized hormone that is
73. (a) : Chylomicrons are lipoprotein molecules which released by duodenum. This hormone was originally named
consist of small fat globules coated with protein. They are gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) for its presumed role as an
synthesised by intestinal epithelial cells and consist mainly enterogastrone. It was believed to inhibit gastric motility and
of triglycerides. Dietary fat is transported in the circulatory secretion. It is established that GIP is now called glucose
system in the form of chylomicrons. dependent insulinotropic.
74. (b) : Oxyntic cells (Parietal cells) are large and are most 81. (d) : Numerous microscopic, tubular glands are present
numerous on the side walls of the gastric glands. They secrete in mucosa of stomach. Parietal cells are present in the
hydrochloric acid and Castle’s intrinsic factor which affect epithelium of gastric glands and are most numerous on their
absorption of vitamin B12 from food. side walls. They are also called oxyntic cells because they
75. (c) : Baked potatoes consist of starch which is a stain strongly with eosin. They secrete hydrochloric acid and
polysaccharide. In oral cavity, the food is mixed with saliva. castle intrinsic factor (essential for absorption of vitamin
The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase (also B12). HCl maintains a strongly acidic pH of about 1.5 to 2.5
called ptyalin) which converts starch into maltose, isomaltose in the stomach. This kills bacteria as well as other harmful
and small dextrins. Salivary amylase is activated in the saliva organisms that may be present along with food.
by the chloride ions.
82. (a) : Lipase is present in the pancreatic juice and
Starch Maltose + Isomaltose + a- Dextrins intestinal juice. Pancreatic lipase is the principal enzyme for
The pancreatic juice (present in small intestine) contains starch the digestion of fat. The pancreatic lipase converts emulsified
digesting enzyme, called pancreatic amylase which converts fats (triglycerides), first into diglycerides and then into
starch into maltose, isomaltose and a-dextrins. monoglycerides, releasing a fatty acid at each step.
Pancreatic
Starch Maltose + Isomaltose + a- Dextrins Emulsied fat
lipase
Fatty acid + Diglyceride
Further, disaccharidases such as maltase (present in intestinal Diglyceride
Pancreatic
Fatty acid + Monoglyceride
juice in small intestine) breakdown disaccharides such as lipase
maltose into monosaccharides or simpler sugars. Pancreatic juice also contains two nucleases: deoxy-
ribonuclease (DNase) and ribonuclease (RNase), which act
76. (a) : Parietal cells (or oxyntic cells) secrete hydrochloric
acid (HCl) and Castle’s intrinsic factor. Chief cells (or peptic as follows:
cells) secrete gastric digestive enzymes as proenzymes DNA
DNase
Deoxyribonucleotides
- pepsinogen and prorennin. HCl helps in converting
pepsinogen to pepsin. Goblet cells secrete mucus which RNase
RNA Ribonucleotides
helps to neutralize acid in stomach and protects stomach wall
83. (a) : Swallowing or deglutition is the process by which
against HCl action.
food is transferred from the mouth to the oesophagus (gullet).
77. (d) : Gall bladder is attached to the posterior surface Voluntary raising of the tongue forces food backwards
of the liver on the right side by connective tissue. The main towards the pharynx. This stimulates reflex actions in which
function of the gall bladder is to store and concentrate the the larynx is closed by the epiglottis and the nasal passages
bile secreted by the liver. Bile contains no enzyme, and, thus, are closed by the soft palate, so that food does not enter the
has no chemical action on food. Its salts, namely, sodium trachea (windpipe). Lastly, food moves down the oesophagus
glycocholate and sodium taurocholate, reduce the surface
by peristalsis and gravity.
tension of large fat droplets and break them into many small
ones. This increases lipase action on fats and enhances fat 84. (d) : Enterokinase is an enzyme secreted by the glands of
digestion. the small intestine that acts on trypsinogen to produce trypsin.
Bile Salts This trypsin breaks chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin and
Triglycerides  → Emulsified triglycerides
procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase. All these are
After removal of gall bladder, bile could no longer be stored
concerned with protein digestion which is summarised below:
and hence fat metabolism would be affected. Therefore, fat
Trypsin
intake should be restricted. Proteins Large Peptides
78. (d) : Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced by the GI Proteins
Chymotrypsin
Large Peptides
cell in the small intestine and acts on pancreas to stimulate Elastase
the secretion and release of digestive enzymes in pancreatic Elastin Large Peptides
juice. It also acts on the gall bladder to stimulate contraction Carboxypeptidases
Large Peptides
and expulsion of bile which is produced in liver and stored in Dipeptides + Amino acid
gall bladder.
Digestion and Absorption 19
85. (b) 86. (b) 87. (c) 88. (d) 101. (b)
89. (c) 90. (a) 102. (d) : Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) contains 43 amino
91. (a) : Pancreatic juice contains proenzymes -trypsinogen, acids and is produced by duodenal mucosa. The release of
chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase. In the presence GIP is stimulated by the presence of glucose in the gut. The
of enterokinase (a protease of intestinal juice), inactive most important function of GIP is to stimulate the release of
trypsinogen is converted to active trypsin. Trypsin then insulin from pancreas. This is evident from the fact that the
activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into plasma insulin level is elevated much before the increase in
chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase respectively. This blood glucose. GIP also inhibits gastric HCl secretion, gastric
enables simultaneous action of all pancreatic proteases for motility and its emptying.
a rapid digestion of proteins. The bile provides alkaline 103. (b) : Glycogenesis is the conversion of glucose to
medium for various reactions. glycogen, which is stimulated by insulin from the pancreas.
92. (c) Glycogenesis occurs in skeletal muscles and to a lesser extent
in the liver. Glucose that is taken up by cells is phosphorylated
93. (b) : Oxyntic cells (= Parietal cells) are large and
to glucose 6-phosphate; this is converted successively to
are most numerous on the side walls of the gastric glands.
glucose 1-phosphate, uridine diphosphate glucose, and finally
They secrete hydrochloric acid and Castle intrinsic factor.
to glycogen.
Hydrochloric acid serves many functions like it kills harmful
bacteria; it provides acidic medium in the stomach for gastric 104. (c) : The entire surface of the stomach mucosa between
digestion; it changes pepsinogen into pepsin and prorennin glands has a continuous layer of a special type of mucous
into rennin; softens the food and make it readily available for cells called simply “surface mucous cells.” They secrete
enzyme action; it stops the action of salivary enzyme. large quantities of a very viscid mucus that coats the stomach
mucosa with a gel layer of mucus providing a major shell
94. (a) : The bile is an alkaline viscous greenish yellow
of protection for the stomach wall as well as contributing to
fluid. It contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol and
lubrication of food transport. Another characteristic of this
phospholipid. It does not have any enzymes.
mucus is that it is alkaline. Therefore, the normal underlying
95. (c) : The salivary glands secrete a viscous fluid called stomach wall is not directly exposed to the highly acidic,
saliva. It contains water, salts, mucin and an enzyme salivary proteolytic stomach secretion. Even the slightest contact with
amylase or ptyalin. Amylase is a starch digesting enzyme, food or any irritation of the mucosa directly stimulates the
breaking starch into maltose and triose. surface mucous cells to secrete additional quantities of this
96. (b) : Gastrin is a hormone, produced by G cells in the thick, alkaline, viscid mucus.
mucosa of the stomach that controls the release of gastric 105. (b) : Gastric juice is an acidic mixture of inorganic salts,
juice. The secretion of gastrin is stimulated by the presence of HCl, mucus, rennin, pepsin and gastric lipase are secreted by
food in the stomach. It is one of the hormones that integrates the gastric glands.
and controls digestive processes.
106. (e)
97. (b) : Enterokinase is a gastro-intestinal hormone that
107. (d) : Lactose (milk sugar) is a sugar comprising one
activates trypsinogen to trypsin.
glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule. Lactose is
98. (d) : Ptyalin is an enzyme that digests carbohydrates. It is manufactured by the mammary gland and occurs only in milk.
present in mammalian saliva and is responsible for the initial
108. (d) : Succus entericus or intestinal juice is secreted
stages of starch digestion. In the stomach, it gets inactivated
by intestinal glands. It contains enzymes such as maltase,
due to action of HCl of the gastric juice.
sucrase, lactase, enterokinase etc. Intestinal glands are formed
99. (d) : Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete HCl (due to which by surface epithelium of the small intestine. These are of two
pH of stomach is highly acidic) and intrinsic factor. Parietal types crypts of Lieberkuhn and Brunner’s glands. Succus
glands also secrete pepsinogen to which hydrochloric acid entericus is majorly produced by the crypts of Lieberkuhn
acts to convert it into pepsin. Pepsin in return causes digestion as these glands occur throughout the small intestine. They
of protein. If parietal cells become non-functional it will secrete digestive enzymes and mucus. Whereas, the Brunner’s
directly affect protein digestion. glands are found only in the duodenum. They secrete mucus
100. (d) : The intestinal mucosal epithelium has goblet cells and small amount of enzymes. Mucus helps in protecting the
which secrete mucus. The mucus lubricates the food for an duodenal wall from getting digested.
easy passage. Thus, if for some reason goblet cells become 109. (c) : Bile salts (sodium bicarbonate, sodium glycocholate
non-functional, it will adversely affect smooth movement of and sodium taurocholate) of the bile break down fat droplets
food down the intestine. It along with bicarbonates from the into many small ones by reducing the surface tension of fat
pancreas also protects the intestinal mucosa from acid as well droplets. This process is called emulsification. This increases
as provide an alkaline medium for enzymatic activities. lipase action on fat.
20 Biology Champion for NEET
110. (c) : Proteolytic enzymes are the protein digesting 124. (a) : The parietal or acid or oxyntic cells of gastric
enzymes. Erepsin is an enzyme that digests peptones glands secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid). In the presence of
into amino acids. It is grouped under exopeptidases. It is HCl, pepsinogen (proenzyme) which is an inactive precursor
produced by the intestinal glands in the ileum and is found of pepsin enzyme, gets converted to an active form, i.e.,
in the intestinal juices. It is also produced by the pancreas. pepsin. The activated pepsin by autocatalysis activates more
Trypsin is present in the pancreatic juice and converts pepsinogen to pepsin. This pepsin enzyme is the principle
proteins into large peptides. Pepsin is present in the gastric protease or proteolytic enzyme of the stomach.
juice and converts proteins into proteoses, peptones and large Pepsinogen →
HCl
Pepsin
peptides. (Inactive form) (Active form)
111. (a) : Argentaffin cell, one of the round or partly So, in the absence of HCl secretion, inactive pepsinogen is
flattened cell occurring in the lining tissue of the digestive not converted into the active enzyme pepsin.
tract and containing granules is thought to be secretory in 125. (b) : In stomach, food is throughly mixed with gastric
function. These epithelial cells, though common throughout juice and becomes a semifluid mass called chyme. This
the digestive tract, are most concentrated in the small chyme enters the intestine for further digestion.
intestine and appendix. The cells are located randomly within
126. (a)
the mucous membrane lining of the intestine and in tube-like
depressions where the Lieberkühn glands are present. Their 127. (d) : Sucrose (cane sugar; beet sugar; saccharose) is a
granules contain a chemical called serotonin, which stimulates sugar comprising one molecule of glucose linked to a fructose
smooth muscle contractions. Functionally, it is believed that molecule. It occurs widely in plants and is particularly
serotonin diffuses out of the argentaffin cells into the walls abundant in sugar cane and sugar beet (15-20%), from which
of the digestive tract, where neurons leading to the muscles it is extracted and refined for table sugar. If heated to 200ºC,
are stimulated to produce the wave like contractions of sucrose becomes caramel. Sucrose is broken down into
peristalsis. Peristalatic movements encourage the passage of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose with the help of
food substances through the intestinal tract. carbohydrate digesting enzyme, invertase, produced in the
112. (d) : Gastrin is a hormone, produced by G cells in the small intestine (duodenum).
mucosa of the stomach and first part of the duodenum, that 128. (c) : Secretion of intestinal glands (which are crypts of
controls the release of gastric juice. The secretion of gastrin Leiberkuhn and Brunner’s gland) are called succus entericus
is stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach. It is or intestinal juice. Intestinal juice refers to the clear to pale
one of the hormones that integrates and controls digestive yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small
processes. intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical
113. (c) : Bile salts (sodium glycocholate and sodium pressure of partly digested food in the intestine. Its function
taurocholate) are the alkaline salts of bile that is necessary for is to complete the process begun by pancreatic juice.
the emulsification of fats which is brought about by lipase. Intestinal juice contains hormones, digestive enzymes, mucus,
Lipase breakdown fats into glycerol and fatty acids during substances to neutralize hydrochloric acid coming from the
digestion. Thus, bile salts act as activator of enzyme lipase. stomach.
114. (c) : Oxyntic cell (parietal cell) present in the wall of 129. (a) : The digestion of starch (carbohydrate) is initiated
the stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which forms part of in mouth due to the action of starch digesting enzyme ptyalin
gastric juice. The oxyntic cells also produces intrinsic factor, or salivary amylase present in saliva secreted by salivary
which is involved in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the glands.
small intestine. 130. (b) : Gastric juice is a mixture of hydrochloric acid
115. (b) : Saliva contains no lipase. The stomach also lacks (HCl), pepsinogen, prorennin (in infants and not in adults),
any fat-emulsifying agents. Fat is largely digested in the lipase and mucus. In the presence of HCl, pepsinogen gets
small intestine. Cellulose is not digested in human beings. converted to an active form, i.e., pepsin. The activated pepsin
by autocatalysis activates more pepsinogen to pepsin. This
116. (b) 117. (d) 118. (a) 119. (a)
pepsin enzyme is the principle protease or proteolytic enzyme
120. (d) 121. (c) 122. (d) of the stomach which hydrolyses proteins into peptides in
123. (d) : In small intestine the food meets with two juices : highly acidic medium of stomach.
pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. Pancreatic juice contains 131. (b) : The last digestive stage of the proteins in the intestinal
a carbohydrase, named pancreatic a-amylase. This enzyme lumen is achieved by the enterocytes that line the villi of the
hydrolyses more starch and glycogen to dextrin and the latter small intestine, mainly in the duodenum and jejunum. These
to double sugar, maltose and isomaltose and a dextrins.
cells have a brush border that consists of hundreds of microvilli
Pancreatic
Starch and glycogen → Maltose
amylase
+ Isomaltose projecting from the surface of each cell. In the membrane of
+ a dextrins each of these microvilli are multiple hydrolases that protrude
Digestion and Absorption 21
through the membranes to the exterior, where they come in fatty acids, glycerides, sterols and fat soluble vitamins are
contact with the intestinal fluids. These hydrolases bring about absorbed into the intestinal cells by diffusion where they are
final digestion of food products. resynthesised in the ER and are converted into very small
132. (b) : Fructose and mannose are absorbed through fat molecules (droplets) called chylomicrons. The latter are
facilitated diffusion that is by the help of the carrier molecule. released from the intestinal cells into the lymph present in the
It is along the concentration gradient (higher concentration to lymphatic capillaries, the lacteals.
low concentration). 140. (a) : Xerophthalmia is caused due to deficiency of
133. (c) : Glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed in jejunum vitamin A. It causes abnormal dryness of the eyeball which
by diffusion into intestinal cells where they are converted results from inadequate functioning of lacrimal gland, which
into chylomicrons. Cholesterol is also absorbed by simple produce tears.
diffusion in small intestine. Maltose is broken into glucose 141. (a) : Scurvy is a disease that results from the deficiency
and galactose which are absorbed by active transport into of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Bleeding gums is one of the
small intestine. Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.
symptoms of this disease. The disease can be prevented and
Amino acids are also absorbed in small intestine, some by
cured by a diet that includes fresh fruits and vegetables,
active transport and some by facilitated diffusion.
especially citrus fruits (such as orange, lemon etc.).
134. (b) : All carbohydrates are absorbed as monosaccharides
142. (c)
in stomach and jejunum. Glucose and galactose are absorbed
by active pump of the cell membrane which helps in its 143. (d) : Pellagra, characterised by dermatitis, diarrhoea,
active take up. Fructose is absorbed by facilitated transport. dementia and death (4Ds) is a deficient disorder of vitamin
Glucose, galactose and fructose are absorbed into the blood B3 (nicotinic acid or niacin).
capillaries. The most rapidly transported monosaccharide is 144. (b) : Calciferol (vitamin D) increases calcium absorption
galactose with glucose running a close second. from the gastrointestinal tract and helps to control calcium
135. (a) : The absorption of glucose and amino acids is deposition in the bones. Its deficiency causes rickets in
mediated by carrier ions like Na+. The concentration of Na+ children and osteomalacia in adults.
is higher in the intestinal lumen compared to mucosal cells. 145. (b) : Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by protein
Na+, therefore moves into the cells along its concentration malnutrition. It occurs due to deficiency of proteins in the diet
gradient and simultaneously glucose is transported into the of children, though the diet may contain adequate amounts
intestinal cells. Thus, Na+ diffuses into the cell and it drags of carbohydrates. It is the most common among children
glucose along with it. The intestinal Na+ gradient is the between 1 to 3 years of age.
immediate energy source. The mechanism for transport of The common symptoms of kwashiorkor are being underweight,
amino acid is same as glucose. stunted growth, poor brain development, loss of appetite,
Fructose absorption does not require energy and is independent
anaemia, protruding belly, slender legs, and bulging eyes.
of Na+ transport.
Oedema (fluid accumulation) in lower legs and face and change
136. (c) : Villi are microscopic outgrowths from the surface in skin and hair colour may also occur in kwashiorkor.
of some tissue and organs, which serve to increase the surface
146. (a) : A person who is exclusively feeding on meat, egg and
area of the organ. Numerous villi line the interior of the small
milk is likely to suffer from scurvy. It occurs due to deficiency of
intestine. Their shape may vary from finger-like (in the
vitamin C or ascorbic acid as meat, egg and milk are very
duodenum) to spade-like (in the ileum). Intestinal villi are
specialized for the absorption of soluble food material. Each poor sources of vitamin C.
contains blood vessels and a lymph vessel. 147. (a) : Indigestion is the condition in which the food is not
137. (a) : Glucose and galactose are absorbed by active properly digested leading to a feeling of fullness. The causes
transport. Sodium pump of the cell membrane helps in their of indigestion are inadequate enzyme secretion, anxiety, food
active take up. Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion poisoning, over eating and spicy food.
that involves a specific transmembrane carrier. Amino acids 148. (a) : This coughing would have been due to improper
are absorbed by active transport coupled with active sodium movement of epiglottis. Epiglottis is present in the
transport. They also enter the blood stream. laryngopharynx, which is the lowest part of pharynx.
138. (b) Laryngopharynx possess two apertures - anterior slit-like
139. (a) : Fats and lipids are insoluble in water, therefore, glottis and posterior gullet. Glottis leads into trachea or
they cannot reach the blood stream directly. They are wind pipe, which is closed by bilobed leaf-like cartilage, the
first incorporated into small, spherical, water soluble epiglottis, during the swallowing of food-bolus. Hence, during
droplets called micelles with the help of the bile salts and eating one may suddenly coughs due to opening of epiglottis
phospholipids in the intestinal lumen. From the micelles and movement of some food particles in the trachea.
22 Biology Champion for NEET
149. (a) : Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease most 157. (d) : For their discovery of bacterium Helicobacter
commonly caused by a chronic lack of niacin (vitamin B3) pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases, the
in the diet. Its symptoms are scaly dermatitis on exposed nobel prize in physiology and medicine – 2005 was given to
surfaces, diarrhoea and depression. Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren of Australia.
150. (c) : Osteomalacia occurs due to deficiency of vitamin D 158. (a) : Retinol (vitamin A) and calciferol are fat soluble
in adults. It results in softening of bones. The most common vitamins but the pellagra is not the deficiency disease of
symptoms are bone pain, backache and muscle weakness. calciferol. Vitamin A cannot be synthezsised by mammals
and other vertebrates and must be provided in the diet. Green
151. (a) : Marasmus is a mixed deficiency of both protein and
plants contain precursors of the vitamin, notably carotenes,
calories, resulting in severe wasting in infants. Body weight
that are converted to vitamin A in the intestinal wall and liver.
is below 60% of that expected for age, the infant looks ‘old’,
The aldehyde derivative of vitamin A, retinal, is a constituent
has thin sparse hair, is pallid and pathetic, lacks skin fat, and of the visual pigment rhodopsin. Deficiency affects the
has subnormal temperature. The condition may be due to eyes, causing night blindness, xerophthalmia (dryness and
malabsorption, wrong feeding, metabolic disorders, repeated thickening of the cornea), and eventually total blindness.
vomiting, diarrhoea, severe disease of the heart, lungs, kidneys, Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B3 or nicotinic
or urinary tract, or chronic bacterial or parasitic disease. acid or niacin.
152. (b) : Refer to answer 141. 159. (c) : Night blindness is the inability to see in dim light or
153. (d) : Marasmus is common in infants under one year of age. at night. It is due to disorder of the cells in the retina that are
It develops due to deficiency of proteins and calories. It can be responsible for vision in dim light and can result from dietary
cured by providing adequate proteins, fats and carbohydrates. deficiency of vitamin A (retinol), which is found in milk, egg,
papaya and green vegetables, etc.
154. (a) : The yellow colour of stool is due to the presence of
bile pigment (bilirubin-yellow). Bile pigments are excretory 160. (c) : Keratomalacia is a progressive nutritional disease
products. Bile is a bitter-tasting greenish-yellow alkaline of the eye due to vitamin A deficiency. The cornea softens
fluid produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and and may become perforated. This condition is very serious
secreted into the duodenum of vertebrates. It assists the and blindness is usually inevitable.
digestion and absorption of fats by the action of bile salts, 161. (b) : Hyperkalaemia is the presence of an abnormally
which chemically reduce fatty substances and decrease the high concentration of potassium in the blood, usually due to
surface tension of fat droplets so that they are broken down failure of the kidneys to excrete it. Hypercholesterolemia is the
and emulsified. high concentration of cholesterol in the blood. Osteomalacia
is softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of vitamin D,
155. (d) 156. (a) either from a poor diet or lack of sunshine or both.

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