5
STRAIN ENERGY
load K due to the above deformation K y.
Now the work done by the
Thus we find that virtue of its own direct action,
the work done by
acts on a member and produces a deflection 8 in its line ofaction by
I f a load
theload WW8
of K by virtue of some other external agency,
member
Ifa
(i) the work subjected to a
done by the load
load K is
K
given a deformation y in the line of action
due to the above deformation = Ky.
RECIPROCAL DEFLECTION
THEOREM
1.5 LAW OF RECIPROCAL DEFLECTIONs OR MAXWELL'S to the same
the same as the deflection at C due
the deflection at any point D due to a load Wat any other point C is
In any beam truss
or
load W applied at D.
offered this law in 1864.
James Clerk Maxwell, a Cavendish professor at Cambridge University
W
A Ad öc
i g . 1.12
C. Let the deflection at C be A. Let the deflection at any
1.12 () shows a structure AB carrying a load Wapplied any point
at
Fig.
other point D be As
the same load Wat D. Let the deflections at C and D be ô, and respectively. 6
Fig. 1.12 () shows the same structure AB carrying
Let the structure be loaded as shown in Fig. 1.12 (). Work done
on the structure WA As the structure is loaded with the load
=
Wat C, let another equal load Wbe applied at D. There will be
further deflections ofS, and S at C and D as shown in Fig. 1.13.
Total work done at this stage WAWo, +Woc
Let now the order of loading be changed.
W
OC
ad
Ad
Fig. 1.13 Ng. 1.14
the work done=Woa. As the
Let the structure be first loaded as shown in Fig. 1.12 (i). With the load HWat D. Forthis condition, 2
aded with the load Wat D, let an equal load Wbe applied at C. Further deflections of A, and A, will occur at C and D
structureisI
respectively. See Fig. 1.14.
Total work done at this stage
W+Wa, +WA4
Equating the two expressions obtained for the total work done when both the loads are present on the structure, we have
ie, The deflection at C due to the load Wat D = the deflection at D due to the same load WatC
Maxwell's law in the most general form is stated as follows:
In any structure whose material is elastic and obeys Hooke's law and in which the supports remain unyielding and the temperature
remains unchanged, the deflection of any point 1 in a direction ab due to a load W acting at a point 2 acting in a direction cd is
mumerically equal to the deflection of thé point 2 in the direction cd due to load W acting at the point I in the direction ab
1.6 BETTIS LAW
This is a generalized form of Maxwell's law offered by Italian professor, E. Betti in 1872. The law is stated as follows:
P3 due tothe deilecuonscauseus
Virtual work done by the system of force Pq, P2, deflections P3:
due to the caused by the system of forces P, P2,
work done bythe system of forces Q1. Q2, 23
1.7 THE FIRST THEOREM OF CASTIGLIANO* ofthec tota
r is given by the partial differential coetficient
In any beam or trusssubjected any load system, the deflection at any point
to desirea.
at the point r in the direction in which the deflection is
strain energy stored with respect to a force P,, acting
Fig. 1.16 shows a structure AB carrying a load system P1, P2, P3 Pp.. Pn.
....
APr
P1 P2 P Pa Pr P
B A
AR
Fig. 1.166 Ng. 1.17
Alberto Castigliano (1847-1884) an engineerof Italian railways offered his two theorems in 1876
1
STRAIN ENERGY
Let the deflection at the point r be y,.
Let W External work done by the given load system.
W-Corresponding strain energy stored W =
W,
The effect of such an increase in the magnitude of the
Suppose the load P, acting at the point r increases by a small amount AP,.
load P, can be studied as follows.
Let a load aP, alone be applied at r
Let the deflection at r due to the load AP, be Av,
. Work done -aP,.y
This being the product of infinitely small quantities, can be ignored.
atr, let the given load system P, P2, P P,... P, be applied on the structure.
As the structure is carrying the load AP,
..
Total extemal work done - W. +AP,
Let the corresponding strain energy stored by the structure be W + AW
W. +AP y , = W, + AW
Form equations () and (ii), we have
AW
AP.y, = AW
yrAP,
The above relation is justified when AP, is an infinitely small quantity.
lim AW OW
y AP AP
Partial differential coefficient of the total strain energy stored with respect to P
and slopes using the first theorem of Castigliano0.
Notes: The following points may be noted while determining deflections
structure is assumed to be elastic following Hooke's law.
1. The material of the
2 The temperature remains constant.
3. The supports are unyielding.
4. Strain energy stored due to shear is small and is generally neglected. and is
strain energy stored due to axial loading is small neglected.
5. For members mainly subjected to bending, the
where, M= Bending moment at any section,
6 In general the strain energy stored is given by, W,=2
S=Axial force in any member.
OW
-
of action of a force P, acting at a pointr OP
=
7. Deflection in the line
W in the sense of the couple.
8. Rotation at a point where a couple M, acts=
OM
where no load acts introduce a fictitious
force at the point in the
9. In case the deflection is to be determined at a point determined, and Qis
strain energy stored with respect Qis
to
direction ofthe desired deflection. The partial derivative ofthe
put equal to zero. the point. Determine
is not acting, introduce a couple M, at
10. In case the rotation is to be determined at apeint where couple
a
and put M, equal to zero.
the partial derivative of the strain energy stored with respect M,
to
The variable for
differentiation. The integral is a definite integral.
11. There is a process of integration and a process of partial follow the other. In some cases it may
differentiation. Hence any one process can
integration is different from the variable for and Q or M, is put equal to zero and the expression
obtained is easily
be convenient to firstperform the partial differentiation
integrated.
on deflections.
Application ofthe first theorem of Castigliano problems
to
Problem 6. Find the deflection at thefree
end ofa cantilever carrying
a the
concentrated load at free end. Assume flerural rigidity.
shows the cantilever carrying a point load P at the
Solution. Fig. 1.18
section distant x from the free end is
free end A. The bending moment at any
given by
M= - Px
Strain energy stored by the cantilever
Ng. 1.18
M'dPra.
2E 2EI'3
6EI
By the first theorem of Castigliano,
OW (2P) P
The deflection in the line of action ofthe force P= ö=n 6E 3E load at mid-span. Ass. Issume niform
concentrated
a
beam carrying
Find the central deflection of simply supported
a
Problem 7. load P at the centre C.
lexural rigidity and carrying a point
supported at A and B
SOution. Fig. 1.19 shows the beam AB simply
Reaction at each support
from the end A is given by M
bending moment at any section in AC distant
x
The
.. Strain energy stored by the beam
I2
I/2 C
2E
P1P P
4E1 3 8 96E
Fig. 1.19
W 96EI
The deflection in the line of action P is given by 8
O 2P
OP 96EI
PI3
48EI
Problem8. A simply supported beam carries apoint load P eccentrically on the span. Find the deflection under the load. Assume
uniform flexuwal rigidity.
Solution. Fig. 1.20 shows the beam AB of span / carrying a load P at C.
Let AC=a and BC=b.
Pb
Reaction at A
Reaction atB
The strain energy stored by the beam AB Fig. 1.20
W= strain energy stored by AC + strain energy stored by BC
Pba Pab Pab2
-(a+b). Since a +b=1, W= Pab2
6EI12 6E12 6E12 6Ell
Deflection underload P isgiven by, 8 = (2P)ab Pab2
OP 6EIl 3El
Problem 9. The semicircular arch shown in
end is pulled with a Fig. 1.21 (a) has one of its ends hinged while its other
horizontal force R Determine the horizontal movement
Solution. There will be a horizontal reaction at A.
end is on rollers. The roller
of the roller end. Assume uniform flexural
The bending moment at any section Xis
rigidity.
given by
M= P rsine
Strain energy stored by the arch
Psin 9.rdPin? 8.Pr
0 2EI
0 4EI
STRAIN ENERGY
A O- P P P
(a) (b)
Ng. 1.21
Horizontal movement oftheroler end is piven by 8= C" 2P)r"n_ Pr°n
4E
2E1
In the above examples the deflection was determined in the line of action of a force. But if it is required to find the deflection at a
point where no force is actually acting, then an imaginary force Q should be applied at the point and the total energy stored by the
structureshould be determined. This expression for the total energy should be differentiated with respect to . In the resulting expression,
should be put equal to zero.
The following examples will further explain this point. w per unit run
Problem 10. Find the deflection at the centre of a beam ofspan l carrying
a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run over the whole span. Assume
uniform flerural rigidin:
Solution. Introduce an imaginary concentrated load Qat the middle point.
Each vertical reaction =
Bending moment at a section distant x from one end- x-
2
Total strain energy stored by thebeam
w+O
2
w+2
2EI Fig. 1.22
W-2 -
. To find the central deflection, differentiating the total strain energy stored with respect to Q, we have
do El
13
El 48
Putting Q=0, we have S=
384 EI
Problem 11. Find the deflection atthe free end ofa cantilever oflength l carrying a uniformly distributed load ofw per unit run
over the whole span. Assume uniform flexural rigidity.
Solution. Introduce an imaginary point load Qat the free end.
w per unit run
n00000000000000002000oo00)A
Wper unit run
Fig. 1.23
