1 Entropy optimized MHD Darcy Forchheimer
nanofluid flow past a stretching permeable sur-
face
2 Introduction
Entropy generation in unsteady MHD Darcy Forchheimer nanofluid flow past
a stretching permeable surface is discussed.Heat transfer phenomenon is seen
in presence of joule heating and viscous dissipation.In addition heat genera-
tion/absorption effect is examined.The non-linear system is reduced to ordinary
ones through adequate similarity transformations. Effects of various physical
variables on the velocity and temperature fields are studied with graphs.Graphical
presentations for entropy generation are also taken into account through differ-
ent physical variables.The modeled system is numerically simulated through
bvp4c technique.
3 Problem formulation
Here entropy generation rate in two dimensional incompressible, unsteady MHD
flow of nanofluid in Darcy Forchheimer past a stretching permeable surface
has been discussed. Behaviours of viscous dissipation and Joule heating are
taken into account.In this paper various sorts of water based nano-liquids are
considered .it is observed that there is no slip exists between the nanoparticles
and the base liquid when they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.A
Cartesian coordinate system is chosen with − along the direction of the
flow and − is measured normal to the surface of the plate.the fluid is steady
for ≤ 0for 0,the fluid is unsteady .a cross over magnetic field is applied
corresponding to y axis .here surface being extended with a speed ( ) along
the − . Let () represents the speed of the mass exchange opposite to
the extending surface . The surface temperature, ( ), has a directly related
with and inversely related with the diminishing time. Let (∞ ) represent the
consistent ambient temperature of the ambient liquid . Consider the ambient
temperature is less than the surface temperature ( ∞ ), which relates to
a helping stream.
The governing expression satisfy
+ = 0 (3.1)
2 02
+ + = − − ∗ − 2 (3.2)
2
³ ´2 ⎫
+
+
=
2
+
⎬
( ) 2 ( )
, (3.3)
+ 02 2 + 0 ( − ∞ ) ⎭
( ) ( )
1
with initial and boundary condition
⎫
≤ 0 = 0 = = ∞ for all ( ) ⎬
0
 0; = = 1− = () = √1− = ( ) = ∞ + (1−)2
=0
⎭
→ 0, → ∞ , as → ∞.
(3.4)
wIn above expression (, ) denotes the Cartesian coordinates, (, ) the ve-
locity components, the electrical conductivity, the density„ the
dynamic viscosity, 0 strength of magnetic field, kinematic viscosity,∗
the mean absorption coefficient, = √ ∗
non uniform inertia coefficient of
∗
porous medium, the Stefan Boltzmann constant, the thermal conduc-
tivity, ∞ the ambient temperature, ( ) the heat capacitance, the wall
temperature,0 coefficient of heat generation/absorption , stretching veloc-
ity ,here subscript nf stand for nano fluid,s for nano solid particles,
We now operate the following dimension less function f and and the simi-
larity variable as
µ ¶ 12 µ ¶ 12 )
− ∞
= , ( ) = () () = (3.5)
(1 − ) (1 − ) − ∞
where ( ) is the free stream function satisfying the continuity equation
µ ¶ 12
0
= = () = − =− () (3.6)
1 − 1 −
Substituting equations (5) , (6) into equations. (2) ,(3) and (4), the following
ordinary differential equations are obtained:
1
)
(1−)25
000 − 1 ( 02 − 00 + ( 0 + 12 00 )) − 0
0 02 , (3.7)
− (1−) 25 − 1 =0
1 ¾
Pr 00 + 2 ( 0 − 0 − ( 12 0 + 2)) +
(1−)25
002
(3.8)
+2 02 + 2 = 0
( )
1 = (1 − + ),2= (1 − + ) (3.9)
( )
with ¾
() = , 0 () = 1 () = 1, at = 0,
(3.10)
0 () → 0, () → 0, as → ∞
The dimensinless parameter obtained are
⎫
02 ( ) ⎬
= Pr = = ∗ 1−
= = √∗
2 2
(3.11)
= 0 ⎭
(1−)2 ( −∞ ) = Pr = ( )
here is the magnetic interaction parameter, Pr the Prandtl number, is
unsteadiness parameter., porosity parameter, , the Forchheimer number ,
2
¡ ¢
Pr = the Prandtl number, the Eckert number, the Brinkman number
the heat generation or absorption parameter.
Table 1
Thermo physical properties of base fluid and different nano particles[28-30]
Physical Properties Fluid Phase Cu CuO Al2 3 TiO2
¡ ¢
−3 997.1 8933 6500 3970 4250
() 4179 385 540 765 686.2
( ) 0.613 401 18 40 8.9538
() 5.5 × 10−6 59.6×106 2.7×10−8 35×106 2.6×106
4 Engimeering quantities
4.0.1 Skin friction coefficient
we have µ ¶¯
¯¯
= = (3.12)
2 ¯=0
The above expression reduce in the form
00 (0)
Re12
= (3.13)
(1 − )25
4.0.2 Nusselt number
Mathematically
µ ¶¯
¯¯
= = − ( ) (3.14)
( − ∞ ) ¯=0
Applying the non-dimensional transformations (2.7) ,one obtain
0
Re−12
=− (0) (3.15)
where local Reynold number Re is
Re = (3.16)
4.1 Entropy generation analysis
According to[31,32], the volumetric rate of the local entropy generation of the
nano-fluid, in the presence of the magnetic field over the
3
stretching surface and by applying the boundary layer approximations,can
be described as
"µ ¶2 µ ¶2 # µ ¶
2 02 2 2
= 2 + + + + , (3.17)
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∗
The entropy generation number, dimensionless form of entropy generation rate,
represents the ratio between the actual entropy generation rate and charac-
teristic entropy generation rate 0 . The similarity transformation parameters
of Eq.(3.6) are employed to non-dimensionalize the local entropy generation.
Thus the entropygeneration number (N ) becomes
£ 1 ¤ )
() = 0 =
2
2 () + Re ()
2
+ Re
Ω(1−)
00
25 ()
2
2 Re 0 (13)
+
Ω 0 ()2 + Ω(1−)25 ()
2
where 0 = (4 )2 2 ∞ 2
is the characteristic entropy generation rate ,
= is the dimensionless axial distance, = is the Reynolds
number, = 2 4 is the Brinkman number,which represents the ra-
tio of direct heat conduction from the surface
q to the viscous heat generated by
shear in the boundary-layer, = 0 is the Hartmann number, and
Ω = 4 ∞ is the dimensionless temperature difference.
5 Result and disccussion
Here behaviors of pertinent flow parameters verses velocity, temperature, surface
drag force,
heat transfer rate, entropy generation rate are discussed in this section.
In this section attention is given to pertinent parameters including porosity
parameter (),Forchheimer number ,heat generation/absorption parameter
,Brinkman number ()Fig.3.2 depicts the behaviour of porosity parameter
() on velocity profile.Here velocity decays for rising because viscosity is in-
creasing function of .Fig.3.3 depict the influence of on velocity 0()it is
noticed from figure that fluid velocity reduces against ,Because the inertia co-
efficient is directly proportional to the porosity medium.Hence for high porosity
medium the resistive force is improved for the liquid therefore lower velocity
is obtained corresponding to larger forchheimer number.Fig 3.4 portrays the
efect of on temperature profile.Here we noticed that for larger () leads
to an enhancement in temperature. Physically () has direct relation with
thermal conductivity.Therefore for larger values of Brinkman number the ther-
mal conductivity enhances, therefore temperature field increases.The impact of
heat generation/absorption parameter on () is taken into account in Fig
3.5.From this figure,We observe that when the value of heat generationparame-
ter increases, the temperature distribution also increases along the boundary
layer.For = 0 Indicates a lack of heat generation / absorption.
4
5.1 Engineering quantities
In Figs. 3.6-3.11 effects of magnetic parameter , Brinkman number poros-
ity parameter and the Reynold
number is studied on entropy rate.
Figs. 3.6 disclose impact of magnetic parameter on . It is noticed that
entropy of the system enhances via larger . As increases, resistance inside
the liquid particles increase due to an increase in Lorentz force and consequently,
disorderedness of the system increases. Hence entropy generation enhances.
Impact of Brinkman number on is investigated in Figs. 3.7. It is clearly
observed that enhances for higher value of . Since Brinkman number is
the comparison of heat transfer by conduction of molecules to the production
of heat by viscous dissipation. Therefore increase in produces more heat
in the system due to which disorderedness increases and consequently entropy
increases. Impact of Re on is shown in Figs. 3.8. It is evident from these
plots that rate of entropy increases with increase in Re.
Fig.3.2 verses 0 ()
5
Fig.3.3 verses 0 ()
Fig.3.4 verses ()
6
Fig.3.5 verses ()
Fig.3.6 verses
7
Fig.3.7 verses
Fig.3.8 verses Re
8
Fig.3.9 verses
Fig.3.10 verses
6 Conclusion
• Porosity parameter leads to reduce the velocity field.
• Velocity 0() decays for higher .
9
• Temperature () enhances for greater and
• Entropy generation ( ) is increasing function of ,
• An increment in entropy is seen for higher Re.
• Entropy is more for nanofluid.
10
