2018-11-20
Self-similarity II
Computer Graphics
Dariusz Sawicki
Fractal’s self-similarity
Fractal modeling
and other techniques
Natural Phenomena Mandelbrot’s set
(„Mandelbrot’s Beetle”)
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Introduction Fractals
● Fractals Fractal is a geometric object that :
● Fractal modeling • is self-similar,
● Plants, terrain • has a structure that is hard to describe
using standard, Euclidean geometry,
● Volumetric modeling e.g. with an analytic formula,
● Natural phenomena • has a recurrent (often very simple)
definition,
• in most cases has a dimension that is from wikipedia
Sierpinski trangle
not an integer number. Dimension = ln3 / ln2 =
1,584962501...
Fractal definition: Benoit B. Mandelbrot,
seventies of 20th century .
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Self-similarity I Modeling methods I
Iterated Function System (IFS) :
a set of affine, contractive
transformations.
(contractive: every segment is
shortened as a result of the
transformation).
Fronds of fern
Fractal An object (set) being a limit of this
Mandelbrot’s set sequence of transformations is
called an attractor. Menger sponge
Fractal Broccoli (brassica oleracea) - IFS attractor
photo of Jon Sullivan as a public domain at http://pdphoto.org/ Dimension = ln20 /ln3 =
2,726833028...
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Modeling methods II Fractals examples I
L-Systems
proposed by Lindenmayer in 1968.
It defines an object in a
recursive manner using:
Sierpinski Triangle Peano-Gosper
• an axiom (initiating state) Curve
• a set of production rules,
describing steps that need to be
applied in every iteration.
L-Systems correspond with context-free grammar in
Chomsky hierarchy. The fundamental difference between Dragon Curve
L-System and Chomsky grammar is that in L-System
productions are applied in parallel (simultaneously replace Peano Curve
Barnsley’s fern Koch Snowflake
all letters in a given word) rather than sequentially. pictures M.Paterczyk
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Set of operations Examples II
Prusinkiewicz Proposed
Operation
Notation Notation
Forward F F
Turn left – –
Turn right + +
Pitch up ^ /
Pitch down & \
Rotate left \ <
Rotate right / >
Turn backwards | |
Push transformation [ [
Pop transformation ] ]
Randomize orientation none R
Scale none S
Repeat last iteration none ! pictures Solkoll from wikipedia
Sierpinski pyramid 3D Cantor set
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Koch snowflake „The Fractal Geometry of Nature”
• axiom:
Fractals allows creating
F+F+F realistic, irregular shapes
of nature :
• production rule: • plants,
F –> F – F + + F – F • terrain,
(60o turn angle) • shells,
• snowflakes,
• atmospheric effects,
• etc.
Snowflake
H. von Koch (1904) from wikipedia
Dimension = ln4 / ln3 = 1,261859507... Mandelbrot Island
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Tree growth phases of plants Fractals and 3D rendering I
pictures M.Paterczyk
Tree generation – consecutive iterations pictures M.Paterczyk
Oak bark and branch of leafs used in tree modeling
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Shape of plants and natural phenomena Fractals and 3D rendering II
pictures A.Ziemianek pictures A.Ziemianek
Branch of thuya modeling: Fractal simulation of the geotropism
the same axiom, (gravitropism) – gravity influence
pictures M.Paterczyk
different rules of production on the growth and appearance Shadow problem in texture modeling
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Random choice of parameter Terrain modeling
• Define a mesh
• In every knots determine height
(of terrain) using random
number.
• Generate new knots as
midpoints of the mesh and
repeate determining of the
height.
• Depending on the reduction of
pictures M.Paterczyk
the random number range
determine the roughness of the
Artificial view of symmetric The same tree generated with
tree in traditional modeling random choice of parameter
result.
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Terrain modeling CT example I
from wikipedia
Fractal Landscape
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Volumetric modeling I CT example II
Visualization of the 3D scalar fields
• medicine
data sets derived from scanned object
– Computer Tomography (CT),
– Magnetic Resistance Imaging (MRI),
– Positron Emission Tomography (PET),
• scientific simulations
data sets from mathematical models
from: Watt A., Watt M.: Advanced Animation and
Rendering Techniques, Addison Wesley 1993
for educational use only
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Volumetric modeling II Volumetric modeling: flame I
1. Define „cross-section”
Visualization of the phenomena simulated of the flame
as a 3D scalar fields
• natural atmospheric phenomena,
– fog,
– rain,
– clouds,
• gas phenomena
– air turbulence,
– steam,
– flame.
from: Watt A., Watt M.: Advanced Animation and
Rendering Techniques, Addison Wesley 1993
for educational use only
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Volumetric modeling: flame II
3. Build spatial flame using
successive „cross-sections”
and turbulence function
from: Watt A., Watt M.: Advanced Animation and
Rendering Techniques, Addison Wesley 1993
for educational use only
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Volumetric modeling: clouds
from Dobashi Y.: A simple, efficient method for realistic animation
of clouds, SIGGRAPG’00
for educational use only
General idea of the clouds modeling
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Bibliography (additionally)
• Barnsley M,F.: Fractals Everywhere. Boston: Academic Press
1988.
• Mandelbrot B.B.: The Fractal Geometry of Nature, New York:
W. H. Freeman and Co., 1982.
• Peitgen H-O., Hartmut J., Saupe D.: Chaos and Fractals:
New Frontiers of Science. New York: Springer-Verlag 1992
• Prusinkiewicz P., Lindenmayer A.: The Algorithmic Beauty of
Plants, http://algorithmicbotany.org/, Author’s electronic
version of Springer Verlag book from 1996.
• Watt A., Watt M.: Advanced Animation and Rendering
Techniques, Addison Wesley,1993.
• Watt A.: 3D Computer Graphics (third edition), Addison
Wesley,2000.
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