SHS

Earth and Life

Science
Module 5: Characteristics of Organ Systems in
Representative Animals
Earth and Life Science
Grade 11/12 Week 5: Module 5: Characteristics of Organ Systems in
Representative Animals
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: EDEN JOY O. APOLINAR

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Cover Art Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

 11

Earth and Life Science

Week 5 - Module 5
Characteristics of Organ Systems in
Representative Animals
 Target

In the previous learning materials, we describe the process of genetic

engineering and evaluate the benefits and risks of using GMO’s.

In this learning materials, we will describe the general and unique

characteristics of the different organ systems in representative animals and analyze
and appreciate the functional relationships of the different organ system in ensuring
animal survival.

At the end of this learning materials, you are expected to:

1. Describe the general and unique characteristics of the different organ
systems in representative animals (S11/12LT-IIIaj- 21)
2. Analyze and appreciate the functional relationships of the different organ
systems in ensuring animal survival (S11/12LT-IIIaj- 22)
PRETEST

Multiple Choice:
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the process of changing food into a simpler substance for use by
the cells?
A. chewing B. digestion C. eating D. excretion

2. What do you call the process of changing food into a simpler substance
with the help of enzymes?
A. chemical digestion C. mastication
B. churning D. mechanical digestion

3. Which systems is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide
between the air and the cells?
A. circulatory B. digestive C. excretory D. respiratory
4. Which chemical process in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged between the outside air and the cells?
A. breathing B. inhaling C. exhaling D. respiration

5. Which life support system that feeds the cells with food and oxygen?
A. circulatory B. digestive C. excretory D. respiratory

6. All of the following carry blood to and from all parts of the body
EXCEPT____.
A. arteries B. capillaries C. Large intestines D. veins

7. Which of the following is the main support of the body?

A. blood B. bones C. muscles D. skin

8. What is the essential function of a muscle?

A. contraction B. relaxation C. pumping D.
pushing

9. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

A. bone marrow B. heart C. spleen D. thymus

10.How many muscles found in the human body?

A. 600 B. 650 C. 700 D.550

11. Which of the following glands secrete a parathyroid hormone and

calcitonin, regulates the body’s use of calcium while, normal use of calcium
is very important for the growth of bones and the concentrations of muscles?
A. Sex glands B. Thyroid glands
C. Parathyroid glands D. Adrenal glands
12. Which of the following is called the emergency hormone?
A. adrenaline B. pancreas C. thymus D. heart

13. Which of the following is not the best pairing?

A. brain: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
B. Heart: Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
C. Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
D. Respiration: heart, brain, lungs

14. It is an organ made up of tightly packed neurons and about 45cm long
and it tapered at both ends.
A. spinal cord B. brain C. heart D. muscles
15. Which part of the brain is the center for thought and intelligence?
A. cerebellum B. cerebrum C. medulla D. thyroid

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT ORGAN SYSTEMS IN

REPRESENTATIVE ANIMALS

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.

Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1. “ACHY BREAKY HEART”

Do you know the song “Achy Breaky Heart” by Billy Ray Cyrus?
Heartache, heartbreak…. it all has to do with love.
Try to search it to you tube and sing the song. Did you enjoy listening the
song.

Did you ever wonder why the heart is associated with love? Why is it
that when you see your crush, your heart beats faster?
Activity 2. KATAWAN KO ALAGAAN KO

Have you ever wondered how your food is digested, or how you can
breathe, or even move your arms?

Let’s take a trip in our digestive system by trying to imagine what

happens to hamburger when eaten. Does some walking around your house
for 5minutes and observed your breath after your walking exercise, how do
you feel?

Discover

The animal kingdom has various characteristics that set it apart from
the plants and fungi kingdom. Unlike plants, animals are not capable of
producing their own food that require them to be heterotrophic and to depend
on other organisms for nourishment. Animals are able to absorb and digest
food inside their bodies.

An animal’s different organ systems have to work together for the

animal to survive and perpetuate its species. These different organ systems
have survival mechanisms for the body. For example, the nervous system
keeps the body’s temperature and blood pressure at a certain level, while the
endocrine system secretes hormones that regulate the activities of the cells.
The different organ system that make up an animal’s body perform as a unit
to ensure survival.

The set of life-sustaining chemical changes that occur within the cells
of all organisms is called metabolism. Metabolism allows organisms to survive
and maintain the functioning of their organ systems and it enables organisms
to grow, reproduce, maintain structures, and respond to their environment.
 NUTRITION: GETTING FOOD TO CELLS
LESSON 1

Nourishment started as an investigation of what we have to get by in

the most essential sense. Early research in nourishment concentrated on
deciding the base measure of a supplement vital in the eating routine to keep
the sign of an ostensibly unmistakable glitch or evident sickness.

But why do we have to eat? Is eating indispensable to stay alive? We

need food to provide energy for moving about, supplies the raw materials
needed for growth and repair of body parts. Our body cells need food for
energy, growth, and repair.

Nutrition refers to the activities by which living things obtain raw

materials from the environment and transport them into their cells. The cells
metabolize these raw materials and synthesize structural components,
enzymes, and energy-rich compounds. All the elements and compounds taken
by living things are nutrients.

Nutrients are the chemical substances that organisms need in order to

grow and function properly. Example of organic nutrients are carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, and vitamins because they are synthesized within living
organisms. Minerals and water are inorganic nutrients, which are supplied
through digestion or from environmental sources.

Digestion occurs in the digestive track or alimentary canal, which

begins at the mouth and moves out of the body through the anus. Because
food moves along the alimentary canal in a single direction, the tube can be
organized into specialized compartments that carry out digestion and nutrient
absorption.

Digestion is the breakdown of organic compounds into their simple

forms for use by the cells. Digestion is the life support job of the digestive
system and breaks down food into two ways: mechanically and chemically.
Organs liable for chewing, tearing, churning, squeezing, and grinding food
help in mechanical digestion. Then the organs that make and use chemicals
to break apart the food and reduce it to liquid help in chemical digestion. The
body changes food into a usable form by means of a gaggle of organs referred
to as the gastrointestinal system.

Through digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars,

protein into amino acids, and lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Food
molecules are then absorbed through the intestines, sending these molecules
to the rest of the bloodstream as needed. When the level of glucose in the
blood falls, a hormone signals the liver to release some of the stored glucose
back to the blood. All the nutrients are now absorbed into the bloodstream to
be used for metabolic reactions. The blood then transports these materials to
the different cells throughout the body.

The gastrointestinal tract, a food tube that is open at each end and
includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines while the other
group of organs makes and stores the chemical that chemically break down
the food such as the liver, pancreas, gall bladder, and salivary glands. Let’s
take a trip in our digestive system by trying to imagine what happens to
hamburger when eaten. Bear in mind that ground meat is mostly protein,
mayonnaise is mostly fat, and the bun is mostly carbohydrate. Map out the
pathway of the hamburger that you ate in your body. Get set, go!

Humans and many other animals have a digestive system with two
openings. Food enters the system by way of the mouth.

Mouth. The food tube, nine meters long, begins at the mouth. The teeth
mechanically chew, chop, and break the food apart. The breaking and gliding
are physical changes and the salivary glands produce a chemical that starts
the breakdown of carbohydrates. The product of digestion in the mouth is the
bolus. Food moves from the mouth to the esophagus when you swallow.
 Esophagus. The esophagus is a tube that connects the mouth to the
stomach. Muscles of the esophagus push and transport foods and liquids to
the stomach.

Stomach. The stomach is a bag like muscular organ. The role of the
stomach is to grind the food and mix it with the digestive juices and can hold
about one liter of liquid and food. Chyme is the product of digestion in the
stomach and it has a special cell in its walls that make gastric juices. Gastric
juice begins the chemical breakdown of proteins. After about four hours, the
stomach pushes food into the small intestines.

Small Intestines. The small intestine is where of the food is chemically

digested and makes several digestive juices. Some of these chemicals digest
proteins into amino acids such as carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Oops wait!... We must take a short detour. Let us pass by the three
organs that are part of the digestive system. These organs are the liver,
pancreas, and gall bladder.

Liver. The liver is the largest organ in the body with a mass of about
two kilograms. The liver makes bile, a green liquid that breaks up large fat
droplets into small fat droplets and stores it in the gall bladder. When needed,
bile enters the small intestine and aids in the digestion of fat but if the bile is
not needed, it is delivered to the gall bladder.

Pancreas. The pancreas is a small organ that makes three different

kinds of enzymes and is found below the stomach. It makes about half of the
liters of digestive juices made each day that aid in the digestion of all three
organic compounds.

Gall Bladder. The gall bladder is a small pear shape sac that can hold
about 50 mL of bile. It stores the bile until it is needed by the small intestine
to emulsify fats.

Large Intestine. The job of the large intestine is to remove the useful
liquids from the undigested foods. Feces is the undigested food, solidified and
pushed out to the anus. Large intestine requires two liters of liquids to the
body a day and a person could die from lack of water and it also reabsorbs
salt for further use by the body.

LESSON
GAS EXCHANGE WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
2

There’s goes a saying that you can survive for several days without
water and survive for a month without food, but you cannot live for more than
five minutes without an air to breathe. Oxygen is the part of the air that we
breathe. Air is a mixture of different gases. The air you breathe is made up of
oxygen (21.0%), nitrogen (78.1%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), and other gases
(0.87%).

Our life simply depends on breathing because the cells of the body need
oxygen. We breathe in fresh air into the lungs and must separate the oxygen
from the air and breathe out to remove the carbon dioxide that the body does
not needed.

The Process of Respiration

Breathing and respiration are two different processes. Breathing is a
mechanical process of pumping air into and out of the lungs. Breathing is
done by a group of organs that make up the respiratory system and the role
is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the cells. The
lungs are like two bags turned inside out, inside the body and the gases in
the lungs must get to the cell, and the waste gases in the cells must get to the
lungs. For this to happen, a chemical process is needed. The chemical process
in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the outside air
and the cells is called respiration.

Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an

organism and its environment. The two major processes of respiration are
external respiration which is the exchange of gases between the lungs and the
red blood cells, and internal respiration, which is the exchange of gases
between the red blood cells and cells that make up the various body tissues.
The respiratory and circulatory systems exist to ensure adequate supply of
oxygen to the tissues and exchange of carbon dioxide with the atmosphere

Air enters the nose, where it is warmed and humidified before entering
the lungs. When the air reaches the alveoli (small air sacs in the lungs), the
oxygen diffuses into the blood in the capillaries that surround the alveoli.
Cells use this oxygen and produce carbon dioxide in cellular respiration.

In the blood, oxygen quickly binds with hemoglobin, the protein in red
blood cells. Hemoglobin soaks up oxygen effectively. The red blood cells then
give up their oxygen to the cells of body tissues where it is used in metabolism.
As a result of metabolism, oxygen concentration in the body cell is low but
carbon dioxide concentration is high. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that
must be eliminated from the cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into
the alveoli in the lungs. The carbon dioxide is exhaled with water vapor.

How Do Lungs Work?

The nostrils and the mouth are the points of entry of air into the body.
From the nostrils, it goes up the nasal passage then through nasal openings
that are connected to the pharynx. In the pharynx, air passes through the
glottis into the larynx, also known as the voice box, and then to the windpipe
or trachea. The trachea ends shortly and bifurcates into bronchi, with each
bronchi branching into smaller tubes called bronchiole that terminate into
the lungs containing the air sacs or alveoli. The nose, trachea, and the
bronchi are all lined with ciliated epithelia that secrete mucus, that trap dirt
and particles and prevent them from entering the lungs. The alveoli are
surrounded with networks of blood capillaries that conduct the exchange of
gases; obtaining oxygen while expelling carbon dioxide from the blood.
Diffusion of gases is facilitated by the thin epithelia of the alveoli. The lungs
are covered by a layer of epithelium called the visceral pleura. The pleural
cavity is the space where the lungs expand and contract. The lungs are
bounded by the spine, the rib cage, the breastbone, and the diaphragm at the
bottom, separating the chest cavity and the abdomen.

Inspiration is when atmospheric air is drawn in once the pressure in

the lungs, the intra-pulmonary pressure, is less than the atmospheric
pressure. The diaphragm contracts, increasing the volume of the thorax, while
the rib case is raised by the intercostal muscles. The larger thoracic volume
creates a negative pressure that leads to breathing in.

Expiration is when the diaphragm relaxes and the rib cage returns to
its original position, decreasing the thoracic volume and likewise the intra-
pulmonary pressure. Intra-pulmonary pressure becomes higher that
atmospheric pressure, causing the breathing out movement.

LESSON CIRCULATION: THE INTERNAL TRANSPORT

3 SYSTEM

The circulatory system is the life support system that feeds our cells
with food, nutrients, oxygen and removal of waste products. The circulatory
system is like a network of highways, streets, and alleys connecting all the
cell and blood vessels together into a community. There are primarily two
divisions of this system, the lymphatic, which helps to return tissue fluid to
the blood, and the blood division, which is a closed circuit. Our circulatory
system has three main parts: the heart, the blood vessel, and the blood.

The Human Heart

Look at your fist. Note its size.

Your heart is a bundle of muscles about the size of your fist. The heart
is shaped like a cone and it is located at the center of our chest between the
lungs. It is tilted to one side and points downward to the left. Your heart is a
living pump. It is really two pumps in one, a pump on the left side and a pump
on the right side. Each side is divided across into two chambers: atrium, the
top chamber of our heart (plural: atria) while the bottom chamber is called
the ventricle. There is a valve between each atrium and the ventricle to prevent
the blood from flowing backwards. The valves can be described as one-way
doors that keep the blood moving in only one direction.

How the Heart Works

The heart is a powerful muscle located in the center of the chest. It is

covered with connective tissue called the pericardium. The mammalian heart
is divided into four chambers: the upper left and right atrium, and the lower
left and right ventricle. Valves separate the upper and lower chambers and
function for prevention of backflow of blood. The tricuspid valve is found
between the right atrium and the right ventricle while the bicuspid valve is
found between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

The power for the circulatory system comes from the muscular action
of the heart. The main role of the circulatory system is to carry materials to
and from all parts of the body. The heart does its work through the process of
contraction and relaxation. All of the muscle tissue of our heart does not
contract at the same time. When the bottom contracts, the top relaxes. When
the top contracts, the bottom relaxes. When a chamber contracts, it becomes
a smaller and the blood inside get squeezed or pumped out.

The heart has four valves. When the atria contract, the tricuspid (right),
and the bicuspid (left) open. When the ventricles contract, the pulmonary and
aortic valves open. A one heartbeat cycle will be made if these two phases are
repeated. The two phases of the heartbeat cycle can be heard as “Lub-dub”
which is the sound your heart makes. The heartbeat sound is caused by the
contraction of the muscles and the slamming shut of the valves. In the “lub”
phase the ventricles contract and the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close. In
the “dub” phase, the pulmonary and aortic valves close. A normal heart
repeats the “lub-dub” sound over and over again in the perfect rhythm.

The Blood Vessels

The circulatory system is a closed system. This means that the blood
stays inside the heart and set of tubes as it is circulating. Our blood moves
through your body in tubes called vessels. There are three kinds of blood
vessels that make up the circulatory system: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
The arteries carry blood away from the heart. The veins carry blood towards
the heart. The capillaries are very small tubes that connect the arteries to the
veins. The blood vessels in our body form an intricate transportation network
to service every cell. The human body has 100,000 kilometers of blood vessels.
If laid end to end, a person’s blood vessel would circle the earth twice!

Arteries

Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart are called
arteries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood in the systemic circuit, and
deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary circuit. Because blood is
pumped from the heart to these blood vessels, arteries are equipped
with thick and elastic connective tissue called endothelium, to
counter the high blood pressure and stabilize the flow and
distribution of blood in the body.
Capillaries

Capillaries are found in capillary beds where they are extensively

associated with organs and tissues. Capillaries function to supply
the cells with the oxygen and nutrients and take away its metabolic
wastes. The capillaries are very narrow and have only one-cell thick
endothelium. Thus, they are permeable enough to facilitate exchange
of materials with the tissues.
Veins

Veins drain blood from organs and tissues and bring it back to the
heart. These blood vessels encounter blood that have low blood
pressure, hence there is no need for a thickened endothelium. Veins
have thin walls that are less elastic. In fact, the blood pressure is
very low that there is a danger of backflow of the blood within the
veins. Valves that are connected to muscles prevent this backflow
and ensure proper transport of blood from veins to the heart.
Blood

Blood is made up of two components, the blood plasma and the formed
elements.

Plasma

1. Water
2. Dissolved solids
• Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen),
• Building blocks (glucose, amino acids)
• Electrolytes
• Functional proteins (enzymes, antibodies, hormones)
• Metabolic wastes
3. Dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen)

Formed elements

1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

2. White blood cells (leukocytes)
3. Cell fragments (platelets or thrombocytes)

How is Blood Circulated in the Body?

There are two circuits for blood circulation in mammals. The first one
is the pulmonary circuit which involves pumping blood from the heart to the
lungs for oxygenation. Drained blood from body tissues is deoxygenated. The
deoxygenated blood from the heart is pumped into the lungs via the
pulmonary artery. In the lungs, blood is loaded with oxygen in the capillaries
embedded in the alveoli. Oxygenated blood is then carried into the heart by
the pulmonary vein where it will be part of the systemic circuit. Systemic
circuit is the pumping of oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the
body. Oxygenated blood is received in the left atrium, then goes down the left
ventricle through the bicuspid valve. The papillary muscles in the left ventricle
pump blood from the heart into the aorta where the aorta distributes it to its
branches of arteries. Arteries narrow into arterioles then to capillaries in the
body tissues. Oxygen in the blood is taken up in the tissues and carbon
dioxide is dissolved in the blood plasma. Deoxygenated blood is drained by
the venules connected to veins, and finally by the vena cava. The vena cava
delivers blood to the right atrium where it goes down the right ventricle
through the tricuspid valve. At the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood goes
through the pulmonary circuit again for oxygenation.
In systemic circulation, the surges of blood flow in arteries close to the
body surface can be felt as the pulse. The pulse beat felt is essentially the
pressure of the blood as it pushes against the arterial walls. Blood pressure
is the force that blood flow exerts on the blood vessels. At the systolic point,
blood pressure rises sharply then drops dramatically as the ventricles relax
during diastole.

LESSON SALT AND WATER BALANCE AND WASTE REMOVAL

4

The Excretory System

Our blood carries different chemical wastes that are not needed and
harmful in some ways. If wastes not removed from the body, the tissues could
fill with poisonous waste products and can destroy cells and tissues.

Fever, poisoning, and some sort of illnesses or even death is the result
from wastes building up in the tissue.

Getting rid of liquid waste in the body is the job of the urinary system.
A urinary system is made up of those organs that rid of liquid waste in the
body. Urea is the by-product from the breakdown of body protein, picked up
by the blood and carried to the kidneys; it is poisonous so it must be removed
from the body.

The kidneys are the one of the most important organs of the urinary
system located one on each side of the vertebrae. Each kidney is shaped like
a kidney bean. Each kidney is about 10 cm long, 6 cm wide, 2.5 cm thick and
has a mass of 225 grams.
 Attached to the kidneys are three tubes: the renal vein, renal artery,
and the ureter. The renal arteries bring blood to the kidneys and the renal
veins take it away. The kidneys cleanse the blood by removing waste products
in our body. These waste chemicals are carried out of the kidneys by the
ureter and stored in the bladder as urine. Thus, the function of the kidneys
is to clean the blood.

The urinary system is composed of two kidneys, one urinary bladder,

two tubes called ureters, and another tube called the urethra. You probably
know that the kidneys filter blood, so it is no surprise that there are a couple
of blood vessels attached directly to each kidney. These blood vessels are the
renal artery and the renal vein.

Three of the four major metabolic wastes produced by the body are
filtered from the blood by the kidneys. Any idea which one? They are water,
salts, and urea (the fourth, carbon dioxide, is excreted by the lungs).

These are the related three wastes that sweat glands filter and excrete.
So technically speaking, urine and sweat are made from the same ingredients.
In each kidney, microscopic filtering units in the kidneys called nephrons
remove waste products from the blood. There are roughly one million
nephrons in each kidney. The kidneys remove all of the blood out of the
bloodstream, cleanse it and then return it to the bloodstream without the
waste products.

Excretion trough the Lungs

Although the lungs are part of the respiratory system, they also rid of
the body of waste. They help in removing of unnecessary carbon dioxide.
Lungs helps in ridding the water and excess heat in our body. You lose water
each time you breathe out. If it happens that you exhale on a cold day, the
“breath” that you can see comes from your mouth is water from your lungs
forming in the air.
 Excretion trough the Large Intestines
The colon or large intestine is about 1.5 to 1.8 meters (5 to 6 ft) long
and 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter. Indigestible matter or wastes enter
it from the small intestines in a watery mixture and spends about 4 hours
here. When the contents enter the rectum, they have become nearly solid
because of water absorption. The feces in the rectum are held by sphincter
muscle until they are discharged through the anus.
Excretion and Homeostasis
The main function of the integumentary and excretory system is to
excrete waste. The integumentary system does it by excreting sweat, and the
excretory system does it by excreting urine. The integumentary and the
excretory system also help the body to maintain homeostasis. The word
homeostasis comes from the Greek word homoio, which means “the same” or
“constant”. The integumentary system and the excretory system each help the
body to maintain homeostasis in a different way. The integumentary system
helps keep the body at a constant temperature. The excretory system helps
keep the body fluids at a constant level.

LESSON IMMUNE SYSTEM: DEFENSE FROM

5 DISEASE

The immune system is made up of specialized cells, proteins, tissues,

and organs, to protect and defend us against germs and pathogenic
microorganisms every day. In most cases, the immune system does a great
job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections.

The immune system is the body’s dense against infectious organisms

and other invader through a series of steps called the immune response. The
immune system attacks and fights organisms and substances that invade
body systems that cause diseases. Our immune system is made up of a
network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body.
The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system include the thymus
and bone marrow, as well as secondary lymphatic tissues including spleen,
tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver.

Lymph Nodes (also called “Lymph Glands”)

These small, bean- shaped structures are part of our lymphatic system.
Lymph nodes filter the lymphatic fluid and store special cells that can trap
cancer cells or bacteria that are travelling through your body in the lymph
fluid. Lymph nodes are critical for your body’s immune response and many of
your immune reactions begin there. When you have an infection, your lymph
nodes can get larger and feel tender or sore.

Thymus
A small organ located just behind your breastbone.

The thymus is a gland found behind the sternum, just across the heart.
The thymus is enlarged at immaturity, and then gradually becomes smaller
as the animal ages. The thymus is the site of maturity of T cells or T
lymphocytes that function for adaptive immune response.

Spleen
The largest lymphatic organ in the body-it’s about the size of your fist.
Your spleen is located in the upper – left part of your abdomen. It contains
white blood cells that fight infection or diseases. Your spleen also helps
control the amount of blood in your blood in your body and destroys old and
damaged blood cells.

The spleen is critical to immune function because it produces

antibodies and houses half of the body’s monocytes. These monocytes
transform into phagocytic cells in the tissue and patrol the surrounding
tissue, engulfing anything perceived as foreign to the body.

Bone Marrow
The yellow tissue in the center of your bones that is responsible for
making white blood cells that are destined to become lymphocytes. One of the
important cells involved which is being produced from the bone marrow, and
also called the leukocytes, come in two basic types that combine to seek out
and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances.

The bone marrow is classified as a lymphoid organ because of its

involvement in the production of leukocytes, mainly the T cells and the B cells.
The T cells are produced in the bone marrow then migrate to the thymus for
maturity. The B. cells are produced in the bone marrow and reach functional
maturity there as well. B cells are the only immune cells capable of producing
antibodies that are crucial in adaptive immunity.

Leukocytes are produced or stored in many locations in the body, including

the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. For this reason, they’re called the
lymphoid organs. There are also clumps of lymphoid tissue throughout the
body, primarily as lymph nodes, that house the leukocytes.

The leukocytes that circulate through the body between the organs and
nodes via lymphatic vessels and blood vessels work in a coordinated manner
to monitor the body for germs or substances that might cause problems.

There are two basic types of leukocytes:

1. Phagocytes, cells that chew up invading organisms.

2. Lymphocytes, cells that allow the body to remember and recognize

previous invaders and help the body destroy them.

The most common type of phagocytes is the neutrophil, which primarily

fights bacteria. Blood test is done to see if a patient has an increased number
of neutrophils triggered by the infection. Other types of phagocytes have their
own job to make sure that the body responds appropriately to a specific type
of invader.

Lymphocytes. A small white blood cells that plays a large role in

defending the body against disease. There are two main types of lymphocytes:
B-cells and T-cells. B cells make antibodies that attack bacteria and toxins. T
– cells help destroy infected or cancerous cells and attack body cells
themselves when they have been taken over by viruses or have become
cancerous.
 LESSON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
6

The Nervous System

What are the activities you do from the time you wake up early in the
morning to the time you will sleep at night? Do you know what coordinates
all of these actions? This system makes you feel, know, and do nothing.

In this lesson, you will study the control system of all your body
functions – your nervous system. Let’s look at the parts of the human nervous
system in more detail. The nervous system uses special cells to keep in touch.
These cells help the body communicate with other body parts.

The Nerve Cell

The basic unit of the nervous system. Nerve cells are called neurons.
Billions of neurons found in our body. Some exist alone while others are joined
together to form organs like the brain and the spinal cord. A human being
has approximately 100 billion neurons. The largest part of it is located in the
central nervous system. Nerve cells are the information and signal processors
of the body. A specific feature of nerve cell is that they are irritable; they can
receive and transmit signals without loss of signal strength. In the brains
there are circuits of neurons that regulate many of the body and are also
responsible for our mind. Isn’t it magic? There are twelve to fourteen billion
of neurons in one part of the brain alone. Yet, no two neurons are alike. They
are like snowflakes that vary in size and shape. But all neurons have a
common structure. A neuron has a cell body containing the nucleus.
Projecting out from the cell body is root like threads. These are the
DENDRITES and AXONS.
Components of The Nervous System

Central Nervous System

The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and the spinal
cord. Both are wrapped in three layers of lining called meninges. The brain
houses spaces called ventricle, filled with cerebrospinal fluid which flows
into the analogous cavity in the spinal cord called the central canal. Cranial
nerves and spinal nerves connect the various organs and structures of the
body with the central nervous system.

In the spinal cord cross section, the gray matter represents the
aggregates of cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons. The white
matter is the myelinated bundles of axons and some dendrites linking the
spinal cord with the bran. The myelin sheath is what gives the white matter
its color.

The brain is primarily divided into three sections: the forebrain, the
midbrain, and the hindbrain.

Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system has two main divisions: the sensory
division whose cells carry information to the central nervous system, and the
motor division whose cells carry information from the central nervous
system. The motor division is further divided into the somatic nervous
system and the autonomic nervous system. The former controls the
voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles except for reflex reactions that
are innately involuntary. A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus such
as the “knee jerk” reflex or jerking your hand away upon contact with a hot
surface. In this case, the brain only becomes aware after the reflex has
occurred. The autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary muscles
smooth and cardiac muscles responsible for the fight-or-flight response, heart
rate, and peristaltic movement among other.
Sense Organs
Sense organs detect an external stimulus as a form of energy, whether
it is mechanical, chemical, electrical, or thermal, and transform it into nerve
impulses. Only one kind of stimulus is perceived by a specific sense organ,
thus the eyes respond only to light and ears respond only to sound.

A Stimulus Causes a Response

The nervous system is aided by five organs – the eyes, ears, nose,
tongue, and the skin. The sense organs are constantly receiving information
from the environment and sending messages to the brain.

Stimulus (plural: stimuli) – is any information received by the nervous

system about a condition in the environment. The nervous system also
receives information about conditions inside the body. In order to survive, an
organism must be able to receive stimuli from inside and outside the body.

Response – is a reaction to a condition or stimulus. A stimulus is

received by the body and a response is made. To survive, an organism must
be able to respond to a stimulus.

The Nerve Impulse

Neurons are cells with the special ability to transmit signals or

impulses. It may be difficult to believe, but thoughts, emotions, learning, and
many body functions are controlled by nerve impulses. And the nerve
impulses are carried by the neurons.

A nerve impulse is a combination of an electrical charge and a chemical

reaction. A nerve impulse is not a flow of electricity. It is more correct to say
that a nerve impulse is an electrochemical charge moving along a neuron.

Imagine that you have a board with a row of switches. Quickly click
each switch in the row on and off. This will give you an idea of how nerve
impulse travels along a neuron.

A nerve impulse cannot jump from one neuron to another. The space
between neurons is called the synapse. When a nerve impulse comes to the
end of an axon, it causes a chemical to be released. The chemical crosses the
synapse and stimulates the nerve impulse to start the next dendrite.

The nervous system is the body’s mission control center. The nervous
system consists of the brain, a spinal cord, and many nerves. These organs
and tissues form a complex communications network that can send messages
very fast and very efficiently. The function of the nervous system is to keep
the life support system functioning together.

The Brain

The brain is the main control center of coordination. It is about the size
of a small head of a cauliflower. In some ways it even looks like a head of a
cauliflower with ridges and furrows over its surface. The brain weighs about
1.4 kilograms and is protected by the skull.

The brain is made up of three areas. These are the cerebrum,

cerebellum, and medulla. Each area of the brain controls a specific activity.
The cerebrum is the center of intelligence. The cerebellum keeps the muscle
coordinated. The medulla controls and coordinates the activities of the
internal organs.

The brain is a mass of soft nerve tissue, which is encapsulated within

the skull. It is made up of grey matter, mainly nerve cell bodies, and white
matter which are the cell processes. The grey matter is found at the periphery
of the brain and in the center of the spinal cord. White matter is found deep
within the brain, at the periphery of the spinal cord and as the peripheral
nerves.

The brain is divided into:

Cerebrum – the largest part of the brain. It is the center for thought
and intelligence. It is divided into right and left hemispheres. The right
controls movement and activities on the left side of the body. The left controls
the right side of the body. Within the cerebrum are areas for speech, hearing,
smell, sight, memory, learning, and motor and sensory areas.
 Cerebral Cortex – the outside of the cerebrum. Its function is learning,
reasoning, language, and memory.

Cerebellum – lies below the cerebrum at the back of the skull. Its
functions are to control voluntary muscles, balance, and muscle tone.

Medulla – controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing, coughing, and

vomiting. Together with the pons and the midbrain, the medulla forms the
brainstem that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord extends down from the medulla. It is an organ made up
of tightly packed neurons, which are mostly connecting neurons. It is about
forty-five centimeter long and is tapered at both ends. The spinal cord runs
down a person’s back and is surrounded and protected by the rings of each
vertebra. The spinal cord has two main functions. First, it carries nerve
impulses from all over the body to and from the brain. Second, it controls
many of the body’s involuntary actions. An involuntary action is a movement
that does not require thought or interpretation.

The brain and spinal cord make up the central switchboard, or

coordinating center of the nervous system. It is here that messages are
interpreted. There are nerves that branch off from the spinal cord. These
nerves feed information to the brain and the spinal cord and carry messages
away from them
 LESSON
THE BODY IN MOTION
7

The Skeletal System

What do you think will happen to our body without bones? Why is it
that builders put up a wood/steel border/frame for a house? The frames
which provide support are also known as framework.

The skeleton provides several functions. These jobs are related to the
protection, support, and movement of the body.

The skeletal system delivers form and support to the body. Without
a skeleton you would not be able to run, walk, swim, and do activities. There
would be little protection to your brain and other organs. In fact, without
bones you would be a shapeless being.

Bones serve the following functions:

• Protect the vital organs inside the body.
• Provide anchor or support to the muscles.
• Produce blood cells.
Bones
A bone is alive and made of cell just like other organs and body parts.
Because bone cells are living, they can reproduce resulting in the hardening
of bones called ossification and bone growth and a primary reason why we are
taller compared when we were still young.

Not only does bone size change, the number of our bones as well
change. As you grow the number of your bones improves although some bones
fuse. The skeletal system includes the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and
tendons. These are tissues that make up the skeleton. A bone is hard, living
tissue and contains blood vessels, nerves, and dividing cells. Most bones are
hollow, or at least spongy inside. The bone marrow is the hollow center of our
bone. The marrow produces red and white blood cells and stores some of the
body’s excess fat.

Cartilage is a tough, flexible tissue. Cartilage is the one that softens

the ends of the long bones where they meet. You can sense the cartilage in
your earlobes and the lower part of your nose. Cartilage is also found in the
walls of the voice box and in the windpipe.

Ligaments is being attach at one bone to another where two bones

connect. Ligaments are strong strands of connective tissues. It is the
ligaments that stung when you sprain an ankle.

Tendons are tissues that link the bone to a muscle. Have you ever
seen the thin, pink, tough membrane covering the outside of the bone? This
is the periosteum, a strong, living membrane that covers all the bone except
the ends. This is splendidly supplied with blood vessels. The periosteum is
important for nourishing the bone for making bone cell and for repairing
injuries.

The Muscle System

A cat strikes out at a rat to capture it. With a quick turn, that rat
moves away to escape. Both animals use their muscle for movements.

Muscle is a special kind of tissue that brings about movement. The

kind of movement that muscles carry out depends on where the muscles are
located. Without muscles your bones and joints will be useless. Bones cannot
move by themselves. Moving, breathing, and swallowing would be impossible
without muscles. Muscles, the organs of the muscular system, consist largely
of muscle cells that are specialized to undergo contraction. During the
contraction, some of the chemical energy of nutrients is converted to
mechanical energy or movement. When muscles contract, they pull the body
parts to which they are attached. This action usually causes some movement,
as when the joints of the kegs are flexed and extended during walking. At the
other time, muscular contraction resists motions, as when they help the body
parts in postural positions. Muscles are also responsible of the body fluids
such as blood and urine, and they function in heat production that helps
maintain body temperature.

There are 600 muscles in the human body. Most muscles are attached
to the bones and extended from one bone to another. Each end of the muscles
is attached to a bone by a strong connective tissue, a tendon. Bones of the
muscles move only when the muscles attached to them pull.

Muscles do not push; they only pull. This is why most muscles come
in pairs. The muscles of your arm are good examples of how muscles work as
partners. The two muscles of your arms are called biceps and triceps. The
biceps is a flexor muscles. It produces a flexing or bending action by pulling
the lower arm bone at the joint towards the body. The triceps is an extensor
muscle. It produces an extending or straightening action by returning the
bone to the relaxed position.

Not all muscles are connected to the bones. For example, heart
muscles work by squeezing. Some muscles are connected to the skin. This is
how you are able to smile by moving fourteen muscles. It takes 75 muscles to
frown.

Explore

Activity#1: LUNG MODEL DESIGN

Build a lung model out of recycled materials:

Materials: 500mL plastic bottle (with base cut off), 2 round balloons, plastic
straw, rubber band, masking tape, modeling clay, and scissor

Procedure:

1. Use the scissors to remove the neck of one balloon. Stretch the
balloon over the cut-up bottom of the plastic bottle. Tape the edge of
the balloon to the bottle to secure.
 2. Place one end of the plastic straw into the other balloon. Attach the
balloon to the straw with an elastic band and seal with several pieces
of tape. Make sure that air can still go into the balloon by blowing
gently on the end and checking if the balloon expands.
3. Put the balloon end into the bottle’s opening and tightly secure the
straw to the bottle with clay.
4. Slowly pull down and release the balloon at the base of the bottle.
Observe what happens to the balloon inside the bottle.

Activity#2: CUT-CUT GOALS

Materials needed:

Yarns of different colors (blue, green, red, yellow, or color of choice),

Scissors, and ruler

Procedure:

1. Cut pieces of yarns according to the measurement provided below, but

have an extra length for each piece for tying.
2. Use different colors of yarn to represent the different organs.

3. After the yarns have been cut, tie the pieces together and measure again.
Blue 25 cm Green 20 cm Red 700 cm Yellow 150 cm

Guide Questions:

1. What is the longest measurement? What does this represent?

2. What is the shortest measurement? What does this represent?

3. What is the second to the shortest measurement? What does this

represent?

4. How will you compare the longest yarn and the 2nd to the longest yarn?

5. What do you think is the reason why food stays in the body for 8 hours?
Activity# 3: HOLD YOUR BREATH!

Procedure:

1. Close your mouth, then press your nose.

2. Do it for a few seconds or for as long as you can hold breathing.

Guide Questions:

1. How did you feel as you press your nose with your mouth closed? Why?

2. What happens when the air cannot enter the body?

3. What air do you inhale? What air do you exhale?

Activity #4: PUMP IT! SQUEEZE IT

Materials:
Plastic Bottle (preferably white), Water, Dye
Procedure:
1. Fill the plastic bottle with colored water.

2. Observe the content closely. No liquid is pushed out. The same is true with
the heart. If the heart muscles don’t squeeze together, no blood is pumped.

3. Squeeze the bottle with both hands and observe what happens. When the
heart muscles squeezed together, blood is pumped.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?
2. Name the chambers through which blood flows in the right order.
3. What does the blood pick up?
4. What kind of blood goes to the body?
 Deepen

Activity #1: KNOWING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES

Materials:
Paper doll, piece of wire as tall as the paper doll, masking or adhesive tape.
Procedure:
1. Cut a paper doll and make it stand on the table.
2. Attach the paper doll to the wire using the adhesive tape.
3. Bend the wire in different directions and observe what happens to the
paper doll.

Guide Questions:
1. Did the paper doll stand on its own?
2. Did the paper doll stand when it is attached to the wire? Why or Why
not?
3. What function did the wire play in relation to the paper doll?
4. What happened when you bent the wire in different directions?
5. What part of the body can be compared to the wire in this activity?
6. What help does the backbone offer in bending?
 Gauge

Directions: Read carefully each item. Use separate sheet for your answers.
Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item.
1. What is the process of changing food into a simpler substance for use by
the cells?
A. chewing B. digestion C. eating D. excretion

2. What do you call the process of changing food into a simpler substance
with the help of enzymes?
A. chemical digestion C. mastication
B. churning D. mechanical digestion

3. Which systems is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide
between the air and the cells?
A. circulatory B. digestive C. excretory D. respiratory
4. Which chemical process in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged between the outside air and the cells?
A. breathing B. inhaling C. exhaling D. respiration

5. Which life support system that feeds the cells with food and oxygen?
A. circulatory B. digestive C. excretory D. respiratory

6. All of the following carry blood to and from all parts of the body
EXCEPT____.
A. arteries B. capillaries C. Large intestines D. veins

7. Which of the following is the main support of the body?

A. blood B. bones C. muscles D. skin

8. What is the essential function of a muscle?

A. contraction B. relaxation C. pumping D. pushing

9. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

A. bone marrow B. heart C. spleen D. thymus

10.How many muscles found in the human body?

A. 600 B. 650 C. 700 D.550
11. Which of the following glands secrete a parathyroid hormone and
calcitonin, regulates the body’s use of calcium while, normal use of calcium
is very important for the growth of bones and the concentrations of muscles?
A. Sex glands B. Thyroid glands
C. Parathyroid glands D. Adrenal glands

12. Which of the following is called the emergency hormone?

A. adrenaline B. pancreas C. thymus D. heart

13. Which of the following is not the best pairing?

A. brain: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
B. Heart: Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
C. Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
D. Respiration: heart, brain, lungs
14. It is an organ made up of tightly packed neurons and about 45cm long
and it tapered at both ends.
A. spinal cord B. brain C. heart D. muscles
15. Which part of the brain is the center for thought and intelligence?
A. cerebellum B. cerebrum C. medulla D. thyroid
Post Test
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
Deepen:
1. No
11. C
2. Yes, because the wire
12. A provided support
13. D 3. Support
14. A 4. The doll followed the bending
15. A of the wire
5. Backbone
6. Support the doll
Explore:
Activity 1
( Teacher’s Discretion)
Activity 2: (Possible answers)
1. 700 cm – small intestine
Pre-test
2. 20 cm – esophagus
1. B
3. 25 cm – large intestine
4. There is a big difference. 2. A
5. So that complete digestion takes 3. D
place in which the small 4. D
intestines absorb all the
5. D
nutrients.
6. C
7. C
Activity 3: (Possible answers)
8. A
1. I cannot breath because there is
no air entering my nose. 9. B
2. There is lack of oxygen 10. A
3. Oxygen, Carbon dioxide 11. C
12. A
Activity 4: 13. D
1. Pumps blood to be distributed 14. A
to the different parts of the 15. A
body
2. Right atrium – right ventricle
– lungs – left atrium – left
ventricle
3. Oxygen
4. Oxygenated blood
KEY ANSWER
 References
Printed Materials:
Religioso, Teresita F. et al. (2016). Earth and Life Science. Phoenix
Publishingn House Inc.
Guzman, Ruth Marian, et al. (2016). Earth and Life Science. Vibal
Group Inc.

Website:
http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-
online/library/onlinebio/BioBookANIMORGSYS.html#Table%20of%20Contents

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-college-human-biology-flexbook-
2.0/section/9.4/primary/lesson/human-organs-and-organ-systems-chumbio

https://www.hillandponton.com/human-body-organ-systems/

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_
Grewal)/10%3A_Introduction_to_the_Human_Body/10.4%3A_Human_Organs_and_Organ_Syste
ms

https://www.acls.net/study-guide-body-systems.htm