Advanced Driver

Course
Observer’s handbook
The bigger picture
Advanced drivers should be able to drive in a safe smooth and efficient manner at all
times.
Through good observation, sensible anticipation and accurate planning, (OAP) combined with
sound operation of their vehicle’s controls, they should deliver a comfortable, progressive
drive for their passengers while maintaining safety.
Modern driving aids such as satellite navigation systems, reversing cameras and auto park
systems, are becoming more commonplace; used correctly, they can complement the skills of
an advanced driver and enhance the overall experience. Appropriate use of such technology
should therefore be encouraged.
Combining well developed skills and understanding with developments in technology should
make you into a ‘thinking driver’ and create a safer, more enjoyable driving experience.
IAM RoadSmart Skill for Life course relies
on you
Thank you for making it such a success.
As an IAM RoadSmart Observer, you not only play an important role in the confidence
and ultimate success of the drivers you observe; you’re also vital to helping IAM
RoadSmart achieve its objective of making the UK’s roads a safer place for everyone.
Thank you for sharing your skills and giving your time. We really do appreciate it. At
IAM RoadSmart, we recognise that we each have our own approach to training and
that we must also be responsive to the needs of the individual Associates we observe.
To ensure a level of consistency, it is therefore essential to have an agreed set of
standards covering every aspect of the advanced driving course. And that’s what this
document comprises.
This is the complete course for you to refer to, we hope you find it useful.
In compiling this document, we have consulted with a number of Groups and individual
Observers and taken their comments on board. However, as it will be reviewed
periodically, you are welcome to send any suggestions to us at [email protected]
Thank you once again.
What has changed for you as an Observer in relation to the
course content and the test?

What have we sent you?

Your pack contains the course content written for the Observer. It includes a number of hints
and tips sheets that may assist you to put across relevant points related to the competencies
contained within the course. There are also some ancillary hand-outs and knowledge reviews
(quizzes) for the Associate to complete in order to check their understanding of the material.
The Associate will receive the course content and the handouts. You give out the knowledge
reviews as appropriate

What can be tested?

If it is in the course content, it can be tested. The course material mentions pre-drive checks,
cockpit drills, running brake checks and in car technology. It follows that should they chose to
do so, the Examiner may ask questions on any of these subjects during the test. The Associate
would have been taken through these subjects with you during their observed drives

What is different?
The biggest change is probably in the test sheet. We have reduced the marking guide from 5 to 3
ratings
3 = Requires Development (fails to consistently demonstrate the competency)
2 = Satisfactory (Consistently demonstrates the competency)
1 = Commended (Consistently demonstrates the competency to a high standard with confidence;
showing sound understanding of the interaction between this and other competencies)
F1rst Defined as before with three 2’s allowed, must do a commentary (spoken thoughts) and no
3’s allowed
We have reduced the number of areas being tested from 27 to 23 by combining some of them
• Legality & Safety combined
• Eco driving/riding & Vehicle Sympathy combined
• Hazard Management & Planning combined
• Human Factors added to Concentration
• Restraint and Progress combined
We’ve added a section on the rear of the test form that gives a brief explanation of each area being
tested. It is not comprehensive but gives a snapshot of what the Examiner should be looking for.
We’ve also added more room for you to write feedback on how the Associate performed on test.
There is now less emphasis on inputs and more on outputs in relation to some areas:
• Steering (if it’s not broken don’t fix it). If the steering is accurate and smooth, the method of
steering becomes less important as long as safety is always maintained
• Gear Changes (overlap allowed at low speed)
• Move from ‘Police Commentary’ to ‘Spoken Thoughts’
• Inclusion of ‘Human Factors’ Competency
• Use of in car technology such as parking aids and sat navs
• Use of technology when parking, and a handout on use of in car technology
Contents
In this document:
An introduction to IPSGA
Information, Position, Speed, Gear And Acceleration Page 6
The system at the core of Advanced Driving
Competency 1 Human Factors Page 12
The lifestyle influences and other factors that need to
be considered in preparation for advanced driving. This
is the only competency not framed by IPSGA
The competencies framed by IPSGA
Competency 2 Core Driving Skills Page 20
The skills required to operate a vehicle’s controls with
a degree of finesse. For example, to change gear in a
smooth and timely fashion and to steer accurately
Competency 3 Bends and Cornering Page 30
The practices and techniques required to safely
negotiate bends and corners. For example, correct
positioning, acceleration and the use of limit points
Competency 4 Roundabouts and Junctions Page 37
How to safely enter, negotiate and leave junctions &
roundabouts while executing the ‘planning to stop but
looking for information to go’ approach required of
advanced drivers
Competency 5 Overtaking Page 44
All the necessary pointers for building awareness and
good practice when overtaking; the area where drivers
are most likely to come into conflict with another road
user
Competency 6 Motorways and Dual Carriageways Page 41
How advanced drivers should demonstrate awareness
of the differences between motorways and dual
carriageways, the likely hazards and how to avoid
them
Competency 7 Manoeuvring Page 51
The markers of confidence and proficiency that an
advanced driver must display when turning a car and
performing parking manoeuvres at the side of the road
and in car parks
Commentary driving / Spoken Thoughts Page 60
The practice of describing aloud everything you see,
think and do while driving, in order to hone advanced
driving technique
Run Sheet Page 69
 IPSGA
Information, Position, Speed, Gear and Acceleration – the system at the core of Advanced Driving
The purpose of IPSGA is to promote safety and prevent collisions by encouraging drivers to
adopt a systematic approach to any hazard. In this case, a hazard is ‘anything which contains
an element of actual or potential danger’
With the exception of ‘Human Factors’, IPSGA runs like a spine through the entire Advanced
Driving course. It promotes careful observation, accurate anticipation and planning (OAP),
good communication with other road users and the smooth application of a vehicle’s controls.
A driving plan is made on a combination of what can be seen, what cannot be seen and the
circumstances that can reasonably be expected to develop
These are qualities that any advanced driver should be able to demonstrate. More detail on
each stage follows

In summary:
On approach to any hazard, each stage of IPSGA should be considered in sequence. As
circumstances change and new information becomes available, the system can be revisited at
the appropriate stage.

I Information
Gather and process relevant information in order to make accurate
decisions about driving. Communication is also important as clearly
I conveying intentions allows for road space to be shared more effectively
with other users
N
F This stage is key, as it informs all other stages
O P
Position
R Position vehicle appropriately in all traffic situations

M S
Speed
A Travel at the appropriate speed in all traffic situations
T
G
I Gear
Select the appropriate gear for the chosen speed in all traffic situations
O
N A
Acceleration
Apply the appropriate degree of acceleration to leave any hazard safely

6
Using IPSGA on a right hand turn

In any
manoeuvre,
such as this,
always take
extra care to
look for motorcyclists.

ACCELERATE
After you’ve made
the turn and the
wheels are straight
again, accelerate
to an appropriate
speed.

GEARS
Once you’re at the right speed, select the correct
gear. Before turning, make a final mirror check.

SPEED
Check your mirrors. While signalling, brake
progressively to a speed which will enable you to
safely complete the manoeuvre.

POSITION
Check your mirrors. Carefully move the car
towards the centre of the road, observing
road width, lane markings and any potential
obstructions.

INFORMATION
This part of the system should be continuosly
applied throughout the entire manoeuvre. Check
your mirrors and signal before changing course,
and maintain good all-round vision, looking out
for pedestrians and cyclists as well as other
vehicles.

IPSGA APPLIED
TO A TYPICAL
RIGHT TURN

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 Information to deal with identified hazards

• Prioritise hazards to stay safe

There are three aspects to effectively
gathering information and communicating -- Which hazard is closest, which presents
well with other road users: the greatest risk. Deal with the most
important first
TAKE information
USE information • Make observational links to anticipate
GIVE information how their driving might be affected
-- For example, ‘The bins are out = I’m
TAKE information expecting to see the collection lorry = I
am planning to deal with that’
Advanced drivers should:
-- ‘Church steeple in view = I’m approaching
• Look all around, scanning to the front and
a village = I should limit my speed’
sides of their vehicle
-- The further they project their vision, the
more information they will gather
GIVE information
Advanced drivers should:
• Consistently use their mirrors and check
into potential blind spots • Reinforce the information given by their
vehicle’s position and speed with accurate
-- Mirrors should be used throughout the signalling
IPSGA stages. Checks should also be used
to eliminate blind spots -- If any other road user will benefit from a
signal, it should always be given - clearly
• Look for information given by other road users and in good time
-- Where possible, make eye contact with other • While a signal alone may not convey a
drivers to assist in communication, as well as driver’s intention, it can prove useful
looking at the position of other vehicles alongside other factors, such as a change
in road position and/or speed
• Gather visual information from a number
of sources -- It’s also important to remember that
signals can be misinterpreted, for
-- For example, manure on the road may
example, a flash of headlamps could be
give early warning of horses in the area,
interpreted as a warning or an invitation
and fresh mud on the road may indicate a
tractor ahead • It is important to check mirrors before
signalling and recognise that giving a
• Make good use of other senses
signal does not also give the right to carry
-- For example, the smell of diesel may out their intended manoeuvre
identify a slippery road surface
-- Certain road users fall into the vulnerable
-- The sound of a car horn may give warning category. Be particularly mindful of
of an as yet unseen hazard just as a siren cyclists, horse riders and pedestrians and
will signal the presence of an emergency keep them safe with timely accurate
vehicle communication

• Be aware that following traffic will not

USE information always share their level of awareness
Advanced drivers should: -- It may be necessary to show brake lights
• Use the information gathered to plan how to other vehicles even when slowing
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 down using acceleration sense • Be particularly aware of cyclists and
-- This is an excellent example of how motorcyclists when adopting their
through observation, anticipation and position
communication, advanced drivers can
help to keep other road users safe
Good advanced drivers
• Make eye contact with other drivers to observe, anticipate and
assist in communicating their intentions plan ahead, effectively
creating a safe working
– this is also a good way to TAKE
space or flexible “safety
information bubble” around their car

• Use other communication methods, such

as sounding their horn or flashing their -- For example, they may be unseen to the
lights only when it’s appropriate to let nearside or filtering past on the offside
other drivers know they are there
• Position themselves at least two seconds

Position behind any vehicle they are following

-- This allows enough time to respond if the
Positioning a vehicle accurately on the road vehicle ahead slows down. It gives them
reduces the risk of a collision. However, the better vision beyond it, and enables them
ideal position will vary according to specific to develop an overtake, if appropriate
circumstances, such as road layout, surface
and traffic conditions • Take up the appropriate position for
turning, depending on the size of their
vehicle, the road width and layout, and
Advanced drivers should: other traffic
• Always consider safety first -- To turn left – advanced drivers should
-- Do not relinquish safety for any other usually position themselves in the centre
perceived advantage of the left hand lane on the approach to
a junction
-- Position to see and be seen
-- To turn right - advanced drivers should
• Be aware of potential hazards on both usually position themselves towards
sides of their vehicle the centre of the road, paying particular
attention to oncoming traffic. If in any
-- To the nearside – cyclists, pedestrians,
doubt, they should stay away from the
parked vehicles and their occupants are
centre white line
all examples of who and what might
present a hazard, as are other drivers -- When stopping behind other traffic -
pulling out of junctions advanced drivers should use the ‘tyres on
tarmac’ guide
-- To the offside – there is potential conflict
with oncoming traffic • Drivers should stop far enough back that
they can move around the vehicle in front
• Assess their speed when moving to the
without reversing
nearside or the offside
-- As a guide, this is a point where they can
-- For example, when it isn’t possible to
see the wheels of that vehicle meet the
allow a door-width of room when passing
road (hence tyres on tarmac). This will
a parked car, drivers should slow down
also prove safer if they are struck from
so they have time to react if a door were
behind
to open
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 Optimum positioning for bends and corners,
and when overtaking, is dependent on a Gear
number of factors. These are discussed in Accurate use of the gears allows an engine
detail in later sections of this document to deliver the required performance in all
situations

Speed Advanced drivers should:

For the purpose of IPSGA, the correct speed • Develop sound knowledge of the
is ‘the speed required to negotiate the performance of their vehicle in each gear
hazard safely’. As with all stages, this is -- So it becomes easier to choose an
influenced by the information gathered appropriate gear and to know when a
plus other factors such as the vehicle type, gear change will be needed
the road, weather and traffic conditions
• Engage the correct gear for the speed they
are driving now, while taking account of what
Advanced drivers should: may be required in the immediate future
• Recognise that the speed phase of -- i.e. to select a gear with sufficient
IPSGA is not about making progress but flexibility to allow for speeding up and
adjusting to a safe entry speed for the slowing down
hazard -- Consider other factors, such as fuel
economy, vehicle sympathy (not over-
• Continually assess the speed requirement
revving or allowing the engine to labour)
and adjust it accordingly in relation to
and the amount of acceleration required
the changing information and priorities
identified • Conduct gear changes in a smooth steady
-- For example, a damaged road surface or manner
mud on the road demand a slower speed -- In a manual vehicle, advanced drivers
for safe entry to a bend than is normally should be capable of changing to their
required chosen gear without using an intermediate
-- Similarly, if there are vulnerable road gear. This is termed block changing
users close to a hazard, drivers may need -- Operate an automatic gearbox
to further reduce their speed appropriately
• Smooth operation of the accelerator • When required they should match engine
and brakes are essential qualities in an revs to road speed
advanced driver

• The smooth and accurate progressive

braking covered under core driving skills
is desirable as it allows for safe speed Acceleration
reduction For the purposes of IPSGA, acceleration is
mainly concerned with the driver’s ability to
leave any hazard safely

Advanced drivers should:

• Assess a number of factors when deciding

on the amount of acceleration they need
to apply
10
• The correct degree of acceleration will
allow for safe unobtrusive progress. To
achieve this, it’s important to take all
Competency sheet -
of the limiting factors into account IPSGA and timing of IPSGA
-- For example, the speed limit, the Achieved
condition of the road surface, grip
and weather conditions Applies IPSGA appropriately
-- The proximity of the next hazard Times IPSGA correctly
• Understand that advanced driving isn’t
about making maximum progress; it’s
about making the level of progress
required for the particular journey
safely in the given conditions
The use and timing of IPSGA is
paramount in achieving the above

11
 Human Factors

This section refers to the Associate, their vehicle, their journeys

and lifestyle in relation to becoming an advanced driver.

As it relates more to the person than the act of driving, it is the

only component not framed by IPSGA.

12
Competency sheet -
Human factors
This page gives an overview of the competency requirements for this section.

Achieved
The Driver
Puts safety first in all driving judgements
Remains calm and considerate of others at all times
Always maintains concentration while driving
Manages any external influences and distractions
Changes their plans if any factor is likely to impair their performance or
decision making
Consistently evaluates their own performance, with a view to retaining and
developing their skills
Applies new found knowledge in order to improve their driving performance
The Vehicle
Conducts pre-drive checks correctly and ensures that vehicle maintenance is
up to date
Knows the performance and features of the vehicle being driven. Can
conduct a cockpit drill
Understands the purpose of and conclusions from a moving brake test
Recognises the issues when driving an unfamiliar vehicle
The Journey
Understands that the purpose of their journey and time available may
influence their driving and decision making
Understands that route choice and planning will influence the way they drive
The Wider World
Considers the range of influences that may impact on their driving
Understands how attitude to risk may affect driving choices

13
 The Driver distractions is the first step to
successfully overcoming them
-- As hands-free telephones have a
There are a number of personal qualities detrimental effect on concentration,
or behaviours that any advanced driver despite being legal and commonplace use
must demonstrate is discouraged
-- Advanced drivers should always pull over
somewhere safe if they need to answer
• To put safety first in all driving judgements a call
-- No journey is so important that safety • To change their plans if any factor is likely
can be compromised; advanced drivers to impair their performance or decision
should never put themselves or others in making
harm’s way
-- Advanced drivers must be aware of any
• To remain calm and considerate of others physical influences that might impair
at all times their decision making and ability to drive
-- Advanced drivers are always aware that safely
their decisions and actions may have an -- For example, if they start to feel tired
effect on other people or experience physical discomfort while
-- They recognise that the road-space driving, they should consider whether
needs to be shared and that this is most they are still able to concentrate fully
successfully achieved when everyone -- Similarly, if they feel angry, frustrated,
communicates and cooperates anxious or frightened, they should:
-- As well as complying with legislation and -- In the short term - find somewhere to
the Highway Code, they should set a good stop safely and try to deal with those
example to other road users outside influences
-- In the longer term - use the experience
• To always maintain concentration while
to develop new methods for managing
driving
the influences prior to driving
-- Concentration can be defined as:
• To consistently evaluate their own
The full application of mind and body to
performance, with a view to retaining and
a particular endeavour to the exclusion
developing their skills
of everything not relevant to that
endeavour -- The IAM RoadSmart approach to driver
-- Advanced drivers should be able to focus development seeks to encompass all of
on their driving while disregarding any the components necessary to produce
unrelated factors safe, well-rounded drivers. It encourages
self-reflection as a means to develop as
-- They should be able to manage driving
an advanced driver
related tasks, such as identifying road
junctions -- A mistake can often be defused with just
an apologetic wave
• To manage any external influences and -- Advanced drivers should always
distractions assess their vehicle control and driving
-- Advanced drivers must remain in charge performance as if through the eyes of a
and not be negatively influenced or third party. (see picture showing Betari’s
distracted by friends or passengers Cycle of Conflict and how attitude and
-- Recognising these influences and behaviour are affected)
14
 -- Other factors to consider include the
time of day, the route and any potential The Vehicle
negatives, such as tiredness, stress, the
There are certain key actions that any
effects of prescription medication and
advanced driver must take in relation to
traffic conditions
their vehicle:
-- In terms of the bigger picture,
advanced drivers should also have an
understanding of how driving fits into • To conduct pre-drive checks correctly and
their lifestyle and life goals ensure that vehicle maintenance is up to date
• To apply new-found knowledge in order to -- Advanced drivers should have an ordered
improve their driving performance approach to checking their vehicle
-- Advanced drivers are constantly learning They should undertake that check to a
and developing. They should always use high standard, remembering that the
any new-found knowledge to improve primary concern is always safety
their driving performance -- Given that many modern vehicles have
extended maintenance intervals, they
may clock up a lot of miles/time between
services. It is therefore important to
adhere to their service schedules
-- Even the most sophisticated checking
systems will not detect every problem
so visual inspection is still required
If any doubts arise, advanced drivers
should have their vehicle checked by a
professional

How a driver’s attitude affects their own • To know the performance and safety
behaviour and the attitude and behaviour of features of their vehicle – and have the
other drivers ability to conduct a cockpit drill detailing
them

15
 -- They must be aware of their vehicle’s
capabilities in order to remain safe and legal
-- Maximum appropriate acceleration will
vary considerably from vehicle to vehicle
The journey
-- They should be aware of the safety There are certain important factors that
features and aids fitted to their vehicle, advanced drivers must be aware of in
and be prepared to explain them relation to their journey
-- For example, when starting their
vehicle, they should know which
warning lights should come on - and • That the purpose of their journey and the
when they should go off time available may influence their driving -
-- They should also know when to stop and and their decision-making
investigate if a warning light comes on
-- Advanced drivers must always consider
during a drive, i.e.:
the purpose of their journey – and
-- If it is red - as soon as it is safe whether it is likely to change
-- If it is amber - the next time they stop -- For example, an observed drive may,
-- Advanced drivers should also be able to on conclusion, become a drive to
demonstrate sound knowledge of the visit friends or to pick-up children, so
gearbox fitted to their vehicle priorities may change
-- Similarly, they must be aware that if
• To understand the purpose of and
time is short, that may become the focus
conclusions from a moving brake test
of their concentration and affect their
-- While a modern vehicle may display a decision making process and attitude
warning light in the event of a brake towards other drivers
failure, the effect of an obstruction -- For example, they should not become
or other outside influence won’t be less willing to share space nor more
monitored aggressive in their communication
-- Advanced drivers should be able to -- By recognising these changes at an early
conduct a moving brake test at a low stage, an advanced driver can manage
speed in order to safely assess that the them effectively
vehicle pulls up evenly on all wheels with
no adverse effect on the steering • That route choice and planning will
-- They should be aware if the braking influence the way they drive
system makes any untoward noises -- Advanced drivers should consider their
-- They should also know the required knowledge of the route and the possible
pressure on the pedal to slow and stop effects of how they choose to get there
their vehicle - and be aware of the -- For example if the bypass is closed
performance of their tyres in the given and they have to go through the town
conditions centre unexpectedly; how might that
affect the way they approach the drive.
• To recognise the issues when driving an
If they are relying on Sat Nav and it fails
unfamiliar vehicle
can they deal with it
-- Advanced drivers should always be
prepared to conduct a cockpit drill to get
to grips with an unfamiliar vehicle and
any features which may affect the way
they drive it
16
The Wider World -- Similarly, what is their focus if they are a
commercial salesperson on route to their
Driving doesn’t happen in a vacuum; it next meeting? Or a delivery driver under
is part of life. Advanced drivers should pressure to complete their round
therefore be aware of the possible impact • Understand how attitude to risk may affect
other lifestyle factors may have on their driving choices
driving. In particular, they should:
-- A thrill-seeking, try-anything-once
approach to life can easily translate
• Consider the range of influences that into risk-taking behaviour on the road;
may impact on their driving something which is unacceptable in an
advanced driver
-- For example, whether their peer group’s
view of how to behave on the road differs -- To counter this risk, advanced drivers
from that of a careful and competent should:
driver -- Pause to consider the negative
-- How peer group pressure might influence consequences of any risk-taking
their attitudes and behaviour when behaviour
driving -- Effectively manage any behaviour that
may lead to inappropriate risk taking

17
 Human Factors
Hints and Tips

Observer Aims Explain

To provide the Associate with the necessary The IAM RoadSmart approach to Human
knowledge, understanding, skill and Factors
attitude to handle the different emotions, “An IAM RoadSmart Driver” shows how
attitudes and skill of themselves and other we need to consider all the influences on
road users a driver
Why all the elements are important and
Objectives for the Associate how they mix together to achieve an IAM
1. Understand themselves RoadSmart Driver

2. Conduct vehicle checks Driving on today’s roads takes not just

about skill but a certain amount of
3. Discuss factors related to the journey behavioural techniques to communicate well
4. Understand the effects of the external with other road users too
world on their driving Importance of Vehicle Checks
Show me Tell me questions are a good way
of explaining these

18
Understanding the impact of
Human Factors
A driver who has a higher level of Encourage your Associates to reflect on
skill in vehicle control but lacks their driving and use their experiences
other areas of IAM RoadSmart to improve. Self-evaluation and asking
mental approach to driving will not questions of one’s own driving often leads to
make an IAM RoadSmart Driver improvement in the future
Partially understanding the merits
and expertise of making an IAM
RoadSmart driver and asking
self evaluating questions puts
the Associate well on the way of
achieving their goal
An IAM RoadSmart driver takes
into account all four of the Human
factor areas of driving, being an
advanced driver is not just about
the skill involved in vehicle control.
Once achieved, the Associate will
be a well-rounded driver

When Associates first learnt to drive they justify our journey: however, do we always
would have started with vehicle control think about the best time to make the
and with practice they developed their journey and allow additional time or do
skills and muscle memory. Once they had we judge journey time by the minimum
mastered the basic skills they were able time to get somewhere
to concentrate on traffic situations and The External world
reacting accordingly
Understanding external influences and
One of the main things to think about managing them effectively is crucial in
here is that when we get into a vehicle safe driving. Communicating with others
we are not a blank canvas: We bring our and anticipating their actions takes skill
beliefs, life experiences and personalities and concentration. Situational awareness
into the driving seat with us. All of these is crucial in becoming an IAM RoadSmart
different aspects influence how we drive driver.
a vehicle
The Vehicle
The Driver
Knowing your limitations as a driver is
How we are as humans can impact upon one thing but how often do we ‘assume’
the way we drive. The way we behave, our vehicles are capable of the journey
our emotions, attitude, mood and how we are taking them on? Checking the
tired we are all affects our driving and condition of our vehicles and knowing
behaviour their limitations are just as important as
The Journey knowing our own limitations
Every journey we make has a reason
behind it, whether we are going to work
or driving to the local shops we are able to

19
 The six competencies framed by
IPSGA

This section looks in detail at what’s required of an advanced

driver in each of the following six areas:
• Core Driving Skills
• Bends and Cornering
• Roundabouts
• Overtaking
• Motorways and Dual carriageways
• Manoeuvring

20
Competency sheet -
Core Driving Skills
This page gives an overview of the competency requirements for this section.

Information Achieved
Demonstrates early and accurate identification and anticipation of hazards
by raising and expanding vision
Checks the appropriate mirrors before altering their position or speed
Through observation, is aware of how other road users may affect decisions
Uses all appropriate signals to communicate with other road users
Position
Holds the steering wheel in a way that allows for a full and accurate range of
movement
Demonstrates a smooth steering action which allows for easy use of the
other controls
Steers the vehicle accurately to maintain a stable, safe and appropriate
course with the capacity to change direction, if required
Speed
Demonstrates smooth acceleration, deceleration and accurate use of
‘acceleration sense’
Demonstrates smooth and accurate braking
Holds the steering wheel with both hands during braking/accelerating
Gear
Demonstrates an ability to select the correct gear on every occasion
Makes all gear-changes smoothly, matching engine revolutions where
appropriate
Positions the steering for the required course when a gear change needs to
be made in a hazard
Manual vehicles - selects the correct gear straightaway
Automatic vehicles - uses the vehicle’s gear selector to best advantage
Acceleration
Accelerates smoothly when vision and speed limits permit

21
 Core Driving Skills
Core driving skills are those required to operate a vehicle’s controls with a degree of
finesse. For example, the ability to change gear in a smooth and timely fashion, to
steer accurately and to accelerate with due consideration.
The overall impression should be of a careful and competent driver who is relaxed and
in control.

22
Information USE information
• Through observation, be aware of how
Advanced drivers must be able to:
other road users may affect their decisions
-- Always check both ways at junctions
TAKE information -- At roundabouts be aware of danger to
the right, and of other traffic entering the
• Demonstrates early and accurate roundabout at speed
identification and anticipation of hazards -- Be aware of responding emergency vehicles
by raising and expanding vision -- Give extra space to vulnerable road
-- Lift vision and look in all directions for users such as pedestrians, cyclists
early signs of potential problems motorcyclists and horse riders
-- On identifying a hazard plan to deal with Advanced drivers should always be
the situation prepared to share or give up space for
-- Remember, planning for the worst safety
scenario can help a driver to deal with it
safely GIVE information
-- Use their mirrors to link information on
the hazard to what’s happening behind Use all appropriate signals to communicate
with other road users
• Check the appropriate mirrors before
altering their position or speed -- Be aware that vehicle position assists
communication
-- Before slowing check appropriate mirror
-- Give signals in a timely fashion to
-- To move out, check offside mirror
communicate intentions
-- To move in, check nearside mirror
Indicators, brake lights and even arm
-- Use blind spot checks, whenever needed signals if required
The overall aim is to maintain a safe -- Look at the other drivers not just at the
operating space or ‘safety bubble’ vehicles to communicate
-- Only use headlamps or horn to alert
another road user to your presence -
never as a rebuke

23
 Position -- Accurate and consistent outcomes are
the most important factor
Advanced drivers must be able to:

Additional points on positioning for

specific hazards such as bends and
roundabouts can be found in the relevant
sections of this document

• Hold the steering wheel in a way that

allows for a full and accurate range of
movement
-- Maintain a light grip, ready to exert a
tighter grip if required
-- Keep arms slightly bent to prevent
accidental movement of the steering
wheel
• Demonstrate a smooth steering action
which allows for easy use of the other
controls Observer Note
-- Use a steering method that is If the Associate steers in a way that allows
comfortable and allows for a full range of for smooth and accurate course selection,
movement with little physical effort with the ability to operate ancillary controls
-- Pull-Push steering enables safe and accurately at all times, then it is acceptable
efficient use of other controls for test. If there is a problem in any area,
then the Pull Push method should be
-- Fixed grip steering is an option for smaller
encouraged
movements of the wheel as long as the
arms don’t cross
-- Advanced drivers should also be aware
that a comfortable seating position is
important for accurate steering
• Steer the vehicle accurately to maintain
a stable, safe and appropriate course
with the capacity to change direction, if
Speed
required Advanced drivers must be able to:
-- Advanced drivers should be aware that
the type of vehicle, any power assistance
and the mechanical set up may influence Acceleration sense is the ability to vary
their steering method vehicle speed in response to changing road
-- A straight course should require little or and traffic conditions by accurate use of the
no steering input accelerator, so that you use the brakes less
-- Positive inputs will be required to or not at all. It requires active observation,
substantially alter their position or turn anticipation and planning for it to be used
their vehicle correctly

24
• Demonstrate smooth deceleration -- Hold the wheel with two hands whilst
and accurate use of ‘acceleration sense’ accelerating or braking to retain stability
-- A vehicle begins to slow as soon as the This will help prevent accidental changes
accelerator is released. If this is done in a in course
controlled fashion, it will help to maintain -- In the latter stages, at very slow speed, it
stability is acceptable to release the wheel to engage
-- In lower gears, the effect is more a suitable gear, e.g. ‘a rolling first gear’
noticeable; similarly regenerative braking
systems in hybrid vehicles will further
increase the retarding effect
-- In addition to using acceleration sense,
they should also be aware that their brake Gear
lights may be needed to communicate in Advanced drivers must be able to:
certain circumstances
• Demonstrate smooth and accurate • Demonstrate an ability to select the
progressive braking correct gear on every occasion
-- Gentle pressure on the pedal to settle the -- Gear changes need to be smooth and
vehicle onto its front suspension accurate at all times
-- Firmer braking to lose speed, as required • Make all gear-changes smoothly, matching
-- A gentle release of pressure to allow the engine revolutions where appropriate
suspension to resettle
-- Employ a rev on the down change or
Although described in three stages, care sustained accelerator pressure to match
should be taken to ensure a smooth, engine revs to road speed, if necessary, to
progressive and seamless transition achieve a smooth gear-change
• Hold the steering wheel with both hands -- Recognise when this isn’t required, for
during braking/accelerating example when selecting a rolling first

25
 gear or when road speed is very low
-- Understand when a planned overlap is
Manual Vehicles
appropriate
-- At slow speeds for simple junctions it • Select the correct gear straightaway
will be safe to overlap brakes and gears. -- Advanced drivers should know the
The gear change needs to be finished approximate performance of their vehicle
and the clutch engaged before steering in each gear
• Position the steering for the required -- Preferably they should be able to
course when a gear change needs to be select any gear without engaging an
made in a hazard intermediate gear (block changing)
-- For example, select a gear with the This is an option, rather than an ongoing
steering set for the required course on a requirement
roundabout
The steering position should be held
constant while gear is selected

26
Automatic Vehicles Acceleration
Advanced drivers must be able to:
• Know how to use automatic gearbox
-- Be aware how to to correctly select gears • Accelerate smoothly when vision and
using either paddles or gear selector limits permit

-- Be aware of additional functions and -- Apply the correct degree of acceleration

modes to leave the hazard safely
-- Acceleration should be brisk and
business-like, with due regard to speed
limits, weather and traffic conditions
-- Allow sufficient time to gather
information for the next hazard requiring
IPSGA application

27
 Core driving
Hints and Tips

Observer Aims Explain

To provide the Associate with the necessary What do we mean by core driving skills
knowledge, understanding, skill and Core driving skills are the skills required to
attitude to drive safely using the ISPGA operate a vehicle’s controls with the high
Objectives for the Associate degree of finesse required to be an IAM
1 . Demonstrate how they observe, RoadSmart driver
anticipate and plan for hazards Why do we use IPSGA
2. Demonstrate how they use appropriate The IPSGA system of car control is a trusted
signals to communicate with other road and effective method of creating time to
users negotiate a hazard safely
3. Demonstrate understanding and How the information phase is broken down
application of the system into TUG
4. Demonstrate smooth and accurate Take – Use – Give information
operation of controls

Demonstrate using Observation -- On hills a cloud of exhaust smoke

Anticipation and Planning (OAP) as part from an HGV suggests that it may be
of their driving changing down a gear to cope with
By developing observation, anticipation the hill
and planning skills the Associate is able to -- A cluster of lamp posts may indicate
identify hazards at the earliest opportunity a roundabout
and therefore have more time to plan what -- A single lamp post may indicate a
to do junction opposite it
Taking information Giving information and communicating
The Associate needs to demonstrate their The Associate needs to show how
ability to take information in. All round effective and timely signalling assists
scanning is where most of the information with the communication of their
will come from, however encourage intentions - i.e. indicators, brake lights,
the Associate to use other senses i.e. arm signals signals where appropriate.
country smells, hearing sirens, feeling any IAM RoadSmart drivers need to
abnormalities with the steering demonstrate how the position of their
Using information vehicle assists with the communication
between them and other road users.
The Associate will gather the information Making eye contact may help in
taken and decide what they are going to do. the communication being two-way
Using the information to link possibilities - i.e. rather than the Associate just giving
information

28
Understanding the System

Thinking of the information

phase as just one stand alone
part of the system should be
avoided
The system should be
considered in sequence and the
appropriate feature visited
The information phase of the
system runs throughout and
feeds into all the phases
All phases should be
considered on approach to
every hazard

Position Your Associate needs to avoid jerky

IAM RoadSmart drivers need to movements on the accelerator. Good
demonstrate how the position of their acceleration sense means the Associate
vehicle assists with the communication will be able to vary the speed of the vehicle
between them and other road users. The and respond to changing conditions
Associate needs to show how they decide without having to resort to using the brake
their road position based on safety, what pedal unnecessarily
they can see, the road layout and traffic Gear
conditions. The position of a vehicle helps To be able to ensure the car responds
to communicate the driver’s intentions. correctly, the Associate needs to be in the
Road hazards the Associate may have appropriate gear. They need to understand
to change position for include: Parked the working range for each gear and be able
vehicles, Vulnerable Road Users and to use the gearbox either auto or manual
Concealed Entrances
Acceleration
Speed
The Associate needs to decide on the
The Associate needs to choose a speed correct speed to negotiate the hazard
that is within the legal restrictions of the safely and then apply acceleration to leave
road and be able to maintain a distance the hazard safely
they can stop in safely. The stopping
distance is divided into thinking and Tyre grip trade-off
braking distance. Discuss the ‘two second A vehicle’s tyre only has a certain
rule’ as a way of maintaining the correct amount of grip used either ffor steering,
distance between them and the vehicle in acceleration or braking. Careful braking and
front accelerating leave plenty of grip available
Smooth acceleration gives a comfortable for steering
drive and reduces stress on the vehicle.

29
 Competency sheet -
Bends and cornering
This page gives an overview of the competency requirements for this section.

Information Achieved
Actively scans the road to the limit point in the distance and back
Builds awareness of other road users’ position and activity
Position
Positions correctly on the approach to a corner:
In a right hand bend – towards the nearside
In a left hand bend – towards the offside
Positions correctly throughout the bend without compromising safety
Speed
Uses the limit point correctly and is able to stop within the distance seen to
be clear on their own side of the road
Uses appropriate speed to negotiate the bend safely
Gear
Selects and engages the appropriate gear for the speed and circumstances
Engages gear before steering in a manual vehicle
Acceleration
Maintains appropriate accelerator application to retain stability
Accelerates to an appropriate speed in relation to hazards

30
Bends and cornering
Safely negotiating bends and corners requires an awareness of the road ahead, for example,
to ensure there is sufficient space to stop within the distance that is seen to be clear.

By using limit points and looking across the bend for hazards, advanced drivers can enhance
their vision. Whilst crucial, this must be balanced with other factors such as an awareness of
the physical limits of grip when turning.

You must be able to

stop in the distance
you can see to be
clear throughout the
bend.

1
1 2 3
150 meters from the bend You’re 50 meters from the 40 meters from the bend.
in the road and the Limit bend, when the LPOV is The LPOV is just starting to
Point of Vision is moving static, slow until it moves move away from you as the
towards you. Slow down. away. bend opens up.

4 5
You’re right on the bend Exiting the bend, the LPOV
now. The LPOV is moving moves away from you.
away from you, so you can Accelerate with caution as
consider accelerating. the road drops away.
31
 Information Position
Advanced drivers must be able to: Advanced drivers must be able to:

• Actively scan the road to the limit point in Position correctly on the approach to a
the distance and back corner
-- By looking ahead and scanning back, -- Safety must not be compromised when
advanced drivers give themselves more positioning for a corner
time to respond to the situation ahead
-- Advanced drivers must be able to achieve
-- This scanning or visual sweeping should the correct position smoothly, without
be a continuous process destabilising the vehicle, generally:
-- By looking across a bend, advanced -- In a right-hand bend - a position
drivers can better plan how to deal with it towards the nearside will usually afford
-- They may see other vehicles and/or a better view, but be aware of nearside
further hazards hazards

-- Similarly, hedge or tree lines and lamp -- In a left-hand bend - a position towards
posts, etc. may give an indication of the the offside of your lane will usually
severity of the bend afford a better view. Be particularly
aware of hazards from the offside and
• Build awareness of other road users’ on-coming traffic
position and activity -- The presence of other road users may
-- Be aware of signs and signals affect position, either on the approach or
-- The more side profile they see of other through the bend
road users appearing or disappearing -- Physical features such as junctions, or
through a bend, the sharper it is changes to road surface may also require
-- The speed of other road users may also a change of position
indicate the severity of a bend -- In areas with lower speed limits, a more
-- If the vehicle in front is showing its central position within the approach lane
brake lights, this may indicate a problem may be preferable as extreme positioning
through the bend may cause confusion to other road users

-- They may need to change position or • Position correctly throughout the bend
speed, or indicate to traffic behind that without compromising safety
there may be a problem -- Where view permits, it may be safe to
-- The position of approaching road users take a straighter line through a bend
may also indicate that a change of speed -- It may be possible to do this within the
or position is required confines of one lane with no effect on
other road users
It is worth noting that an Associate will
not fail the advanced driving test for not
adopting a straight line
-- They must have an unhindered view of
the road surface and both edges, to be

32
 certain there are no unseen hazards -- On a left hand bend, the limit point is on
-- Mirrors and appropriate blind spot checks the far side of the road and the stopping
must be utilised before straightening a distance needs to be adjusted to the
bend centre line

If in doubt, do not straighten • Use appropriate speed to negotiate the

bend safely
-- It is important to maintain vehicle
stability and to be aware of any hazards

Speed when negotiating bends

-- It is necessary to continually reassess the
Advanced drivers must be able to: limit point by scanning ahead, back and
across the bend and to adjust speed as
necessary
The limit point is the furthest point to
which you have an uninterrupted view of the
road surface as it disappears around a bend
or over a brow. It is the point where the two
edges of the road appear to meet. On a left
hand bend you should treat this as where
the left hand verge meets the centre line

• Use limit point correctly and be able to

stop within the distance seen to be clear
on their own side of the road
-- Utilising IPSGA correctly and matching
the limit point on approach will indicate a
safe speed at which to negotiate a bend
-- Adjusting speed in good time allows for
the appropriate gear to be selected
-- Speed should be matched to the rate at
which the limit point opens or closes, i.e.
on approach to a bend:
-- When the limit point appears ‘static’ in
relation to our approach the bend is sharp
reduce your speed of approach to retain a
safe stopping distance
-- When the limit point ‘begins to move’
this still requires you to adjust your speed
and be able to stop in the distance you
can see to be clear on your own side of
the road
-- The limit point is matched when it
appears to move away from us slightly
quicker than our approach ensure your
gear is correct and drive the bend

33
 Gear Acceleration
Advanced drivers must be able to:
• Maintain appropriate accelerator
application to retain stability
• Select and engage the appropriate
gear for the speed and circumstances -- Gentle accelerator application allows a
vehicle to maintain speed and stability
-- Advanced drivers must consider which
through the corner
gear will be both flexible and responsive,
without causing the engine to labour or -- This may need to be varied, depending
over-rev the severity of the corner and in light of
• Engage gear before steering in a manual changing circumstances
vehicle (an automatic will self-select) • Accelerate to an appropriate speed in
-- Selecting the appropriate gear before relation to hazards
steering helps to balance the vehicle -- Accelerate when improving vision and
through a bend prevailing speed limits allow, taking into
-- By looking ahead and planning, advanced account any future hazards
drivers will be able to maintain the -- All acceleration needs to be made
appropriate gear for future hazards smoothly, without coarse adjustments
-- In an automatic allow time for the vehicle
to engage the correct gear, or manually
select it if appropriate

34
Bends and Cornering
Hints and Tips

Observer Aims Explain

To provide the Associate with the necessary When a vehicle is most stable
knowledge, understanding, skill and A vehicle is most stable when travelling
attitude to corner safely in a straight line on a level course and at a
Objectives for the Associate constant speed
1. Demonstrate safe cornering both LHB What characteristics affect stability
and RHB Vehicle specifications, type of drive and
2. Discuss the use of limit points when any stability control
cornering What the Tyre grip trade off is
3. Discuss the four key principles of safe The more grip is used for acceleratng or
cornering braking the less there is for steering and
vice-versa

A bend has an Entry, Middle Crown Camber: centre of the road is

and Exit higher than kerbs - (effect on steering is
positive on LHB and negative on RHB)
What information can be obtained
through observations links? Super elevation: Where the whole
width of the road is banked up towards
Road signs and markings the outside edge of the bend making
Position, angle and speed of vehicles favourable for cornering in both directions
sharing the road including the angle of Positioning
head lights at night. Are there any danger
poles (red – left side of road, white – right Three elements to consider when
side of road) or cats-eyes, trees, lamp deciding where to position the vehicle are
posts, building lines, change in road Safety, Stability and Vision
surface (varying condition and type) or Extending your vision to the furthest
weather conditions point and scanning backwards allows you
Will the camber affect the handling in to build an overall picture and then to
the bend? paint in the immediate details

35
 Limit Point Terms

Static = The limit point is not Limit Point

moving (The point where the two The limit point is the furthest you can see
sides of the road meet is getting along the road surface, where the nearside
closer to our car) and offside verges appear to intersect the
Moving = the limit point is just far side of the bend. It is a reliable method
moving but not as quick as you to apply if there are no wider views
are (The point where the two
sides of the road meet is moving
away but not as quick as we are
approaching.)
Matched = the limit point is
matched (The point where the two
sides of the road meet is moving
away and we can stop in the
distance we can see to be clear) on
our own side of the road

Four Key principles of safe Associate should always be able to stop

cornering within the distance they can see to be
clear on their own side of the road. If
1) Correct Positioning there is good lateral vision you should be
Getting the correct position for the able to see the road ahead for a greater
bend makes a big difference to the distance—the tarmac limit point should
information you Take and Use. It will be used for deciding the correct speed in
allow you to choose the best entry point these instances
increasing the radius of your path — 3) Correct Gear
the entry phase is the busiest for the
Associate Allowing time for the system gives the
Associate time to make a smooth gear
LHB - Towards the centre line however selection and should be one that has
the IAM RoadSmart policy is not to the flexibility to both accelerate or slow
teach off-siding to Associates. You must down if circumstances dictate
be aware of the impact of positioning on
other road users. 4) Stop safely on your side of the road
RHB - Towards the near side kerb The Associate should always be able to
however be mindful of junction, stop safely on their side of the road
physical features, road surface, weather
conditions and other road users
If others have to react you
2) Correct Speed should not be there!
Use the limit point to judge the safe
speed to drive around the bend and the

36
Competency sheet -
Junctions and Roundabouts
This page gives an overview of the competency requirements for this section.

Information Achieved
Identifies the type of roundabout system they are approaching
Monitors their speed and distance on approach
Assesses the speed and position of other road users
Identifies hazards and prepares for situations that may arise
Identifies the best position to enter, negotiate and leave the junction
Checks mirrors and blind spots before deciding on their actions
Considers their signals prior to changing position
Accurately identifies the first entry gap that it is safe to use
Identifies the correct exit and looks for an early view into the exit road
Position
Adopts the appropriate position without causing others to alter course or
speed unnecessarily
Speed
Accurately adjusts speed in relation to the physical features of the junction
and traffic flow
Gear
Selects and engages the appropriate gear for the speed and circumstances
Acceleration
Maintains correct acceleration application on entering, negotiating and
leaving the junction

37
 Roundabouts
Roundabouts are generally a complicated form of a junction. The principles for dealing with
both are generally the same. Early vision and accurate information are what allow you to
make your plan to stop or proceed with safety

When approaching a roundabout, the aim is to keep the car moving as long as it is safe to do
so; an aim summed up in the phrase ‘planning to stop but looking for information to go’.

POSITION
Check your nearside mirror,
reconsider signals, then
move to the left-hand lane
in time for your exit.
As you turn off the
roundabout, accelerate
smoothly to an appropriate
speed, bearing in mind the
driving conditions.
ACCELERATE
Choose an appropiate
gap in the traffic and
accelerate smoothly onto
the roundabout, constantly
checking all your mirrors
and reconsidering signals.
Always avoid disrupting
the flow of other traffic.

GEARS
Once you’re at the
right speed to enter SPEED
the roundabout, and Check your mirrors.
before turning, select Decelerate smoothly to a
the appropiate gear and speed that’s appropriate
reconsider a signal. Make a for the turn ahead and the
final mirror check. movements of other road
users.

‘Brakes
are for POSITION
slowing, Check your mirrors and
gears are approach the roundabout
for going!’ according to which exit you plan
Advanced Drivers to take.
use this mantra to When turning right, carefully
remind themselves move the car towards the
of the correct way to centre of the road.
decerelate. Use your
brakes to slow your
vehicle, then, once you
have reached your target INFORMATION
speed, block change Check your mirrors and use your
into the correct gear to vision to identify any hazards
progress. Don’t use your before considering a signal to
gearbox to slow yourself change course.
down.

38
Information where the national speed limit applies
-- Allow time to gather the relevant
Information is crucial to safely negotiating information and make a suitable plan on
a roundabout. There are therefore a number approach
of skills and behaviours that advanced -- Make appropriate decisions about whether
drivers should demonstrate to give way or take precedence. If in doubt,
stop
In summary, they must be able to:
-- Planning to stop sometimes allows
• Identify the type of roundabout system sufficient time for an advanced driver to
they are approaching gather information and proceed safely
-- Signs on approach to a roundabout detail without stopping
its size, the location and often the angle of -- Take care to signal correctly so as not to
the exits mislead other road users
-- On a larger roundabout - traffic has priority -- Remain vigilant, never assuming that
when already on the roundabout other road users’ signals are accurate
-- On a mini roundabout – drivers should give
way to traffic from the right, also giving • Assess the speed and position of other
priority to traffic closely approaching the road users
roundabout -- Scan all road user movement to anticipate
-- A series of mini roundabouts should be intentions and make appropriate decisions
assessed individually on whether to give way or take precedence
-- Having entered the roundabout, remain
• Monitor their speed and distance on aware of traffic joining from other entry
approach points
-- Advanced drivers must monitor their speed -- If a junction has approaches with limited
on approach to a roundabout, especially vision in any direction, be prepared to slow
if it is located at the end of a motorway down or stop in order to gain information
or dual carriageway slip-road, or on a road before entering the roundabout

39
 other exits or using satnav instructions and
position appropriately
-- Look for an early view into the exit route
to put a plan in place to deal with any
hazard

Position
Advanced drivers must be able to:
• Identify hazards and prepare for situations
that may arise
-- Use visual clues to predict possible hazards • Adopt the appropriate position without
and prepare for situations that may arise causing others to alter course or speed
-- Prioritise response to any hazard in a safe, -- On identifying the type of roundabout,
controlled manner advanced drivers must decide what
position to take for the chosen route
• Identify the best position to enter,
negotiate and leave the roundabout -- Within reason an early adoption of the
correct position will be beneficial
-- Use the information gathered to make
the right plan to deal with entry to the -- A straight line may be taken through the
roundabout, route around it, and exit roundabout if it is safe and no other road
users are present
• Check mirrors and/or blind spots before -- Check mirrors and/or blind spots prior to
deciding on other actions taking such a line
-- Make effective use of mirrors and check -- If there is any doubt as to whether safety
blind spots before taking actions, such as: will be compromised or confusion caused
-- Changing speed, lane or direction stay in lane
-- Choosing whether or not to use signals -- If traffic is queuing on entry to a
roundabout advanced drivers must
• Consider their signals prior to changing consider using the lane of least resistance.
position Be aware of any prohibiting road markings
-- Apply signals in good time, taking care not and don’t cause confusion to other road
to mislead or confuse other road users users

• Accurately identify the first entry gap that

Speed
it is safe to use
-- By timing arrival correctly, it may be
possible for advanced drivers to keep Advanced drivers must be able to:
moving onto the roundabout
-- If it is necessary to rush into a gap, waiting • Accurately adjust speed in relation to the
may have been a better option physical features of the roundabout and
• Identify the correct exit and look for an traffic flow
early view into the exit road -- Understand how the tightness of a turn,
-- Look to exit by using road signs, counting any positive or negative camber, and the
40
 physical size and offset of a roundabout -- Try to engage a gear suitable for the whole
will influence speed roundabout
-- Speed will also be influenced by other road -- If a gear change is needed it should be
users on, or likely to join, the roundabout done whilst the vehicle direction is fixed
-- Rushing into a gap but then having to slow
down may cause problems for other road

Acceleration
users

Advanced drivers must be able to:

Gear
• Maintain correct acceleration application
Advanced drivers must be able to: on entering, negotiating and leaving the
roundabout
• Select and engage the appropriate -- Once the correct entry speed for the
gear for the speed and circumstances roundabout is achieved look to maintain or
-- Consider which gear will be both flexible adjust it
and responsive, without causing the -- If conditions allow, increase speed and
engine to labour or over rev accelerate away from the roundabout

Each time you take to the streets in your car, you’re facing a whole host of
potential dangers. Check out this picture. It highlights the sort of risks you
could face in your everyday driving.

School-Run Mum The Unfit Driver

28% Doing make-up 26% Poor eyesight The New Driver
11% Brushing hair 17% No test taken 8% First time driving alone
27% Moaning children 9% The shakes 42% Never been in this much traffic
9% Late for school 36% Panicking 15% What does that sign mean?
7% Shoes in footwell 12% Drowsy on medication 22% Which lane?
18% Exhausted
The Fiddler 1% Sheer panic
21% Eating fast food on his knee
24% On the phone
5% Fiddling with Sat Nav
13% Changing CD The Pressured Sales Rep
Unlicenced Driver 21% Getting cigarettes out of jacket 41% Late for an appointment
14% No driver training (on back seat!) 11% Been up since 5am
7% No licence 16% Admiring reflection 9% Bad day
54% No insurance 13% On the phone
9% No car maintenance 6% Road-rage
16% Bad attitude 20% Thinking about tomorrow’s presentation

OTHER HAZARDS

- diesel spillage - worn road markings

- car with broken brake lights - low, blinding sunlight
- car with poor brakes/tyres - hidden sign posts
- poor road surface

These are just a few of the hazards you’ll discover

on Britain’s roads. The IAM RoadSmart Advanced
Driver Course prepares you to deal with all of them.

41
 Roundabouts
Hints and Tips

Observer Aims Explain

To provide the Associate with the necessary The meaning of straight lining a roundabout
knowledge, understanding, skill and Straight lining is attempting to take a
attitude to negotiate roundabouts safely straight path across a roundabout, it can
using the system of car control only be attempted where no other road user
Objectives for the Associate is going to be affected or confused

1. Demonstrate early Observation, What characteristics are different at Mini

Anticipation and Planning when Roundabouts
approaching a roundabout Mini roundabouts have a different road sign.
2. Demonstrate safe entry onto a They can be painted on the road and may be
roundabout grouped together

3. Discuss the considerations of apexing How the road sign can help

4. Demonstrate safe exit Road signs often show the layout of the
roundabout, assisting the Associate to plan
their approach

How can an Associate demonstrate early Safe entry onto a roundabout

Observation, Anticipation and Planning With the approach position and speed
(OAP)? chosen, merge safely with other traffic
Look at the sign to identify the required already on the roundabout matching
exit early, this will assist with deciding on speed where appropriate. Select the
the Associate’s approach position. Lateral correct gear for chosen speed while
scanning will give an early view of traffic course is fixed. Scan for other road users
approaching from other roads and assist entering from the left, stationary traffic
with Anticipation and Planning. On the ahead and vehicles cutting across the
approach to a roundabout the Associate Associate’s path. Make progress where
may plan for overtaking opportunities on vision, circumstances and speed limits
the exit side - some other road users may permit
not be looking for a progressive exit from
the roundabout. This may be dictated
by the size and type of the vehicle being
overtaken

42
Straight lining

Never straight line a roundabout Gaining an advantage

if it could cause confusion to On approach to a roundabout plan to stop
any other road users including and look to go
pedestrians
Scan for new hazards such as diesel spills
You must be able to see both or differences in road surfaces that may
kerbs and have good lateral vision affect the dynamics of the car
Reducing the tightness of the Exits off roundabouts are a common place
turn can help with stability, but for speed limit changes
must be conducted with all-round
awareness and reinforced with
mirror use before moving across
lanes

Exiting a roundabout vehicles must pass around the central

Looking ahead and extending vision markings except large vehicles which are
into the new road will help the physically incapable of doing so
Associate determine how they leave Mini-roundabouts naturally have less
the roundabout. Mirrors should be used space to manoeuvre and less time
before a change of speed or position to indicate your intentions to others.
and a blind spot check should be Before using these roundabouts for a
considered. Indicate if other road users U-turn consider the impact of this on
would benefit from this type of signal. other road users and beware of others
Maintain lane discipline where there is a doing this
presence of other hazards Multiple roundabouts
Mini Roundabouts Some complex junctions have a series of
Mini-roundabouts should be approached mini-roundabouts. The Associate should
in the same way as normal roundabouts. treat each mini-roundabout separately
The Highway Code states that all and follow the normal rules

43
 Competency sheet -
Overtaking
This page gives an overview of the competency requirements for this section.

Information Achieved
Identifies a safe imminent opportunity to overtake
Identifies a safe return gap
Accurately judges the difference between their own speed and that of the
vehicle[s] they plan to overtake
Position
Adopts the overtaking position - Stage 1
Moves out towards the offside - Stage 2
Allows a safe gap between vehicles - Stage 2
Moves into the chosen return gap - Stage 3
Speed
Controls speed to safely complete the overtake
Adjusts speed to safely return to the nearside of the road
Gear
Selects and engages the correct gear for their chosen speed and the
prevailing circumstances
Acceleration
Applies the correct acceleration to complete the overtake

44
Overtaking
At times, even a perfectly executed overtake within the speed limit can be seen as
‘dangerous’ by another party. In fact, overtaking is the area where drivers are most likely to
come into conflict with another road user; either the driver of the vehicle being overtaken
or the driver of another vehicle that witnesses the manoeuvre. Ask yourself whether any
overtake you are about to attempt is really necessary and worthwhile. What’s the point in
exposing yourself to unnecessary danger to jump one or two places in a queue of traffic?

Advanced drivers must therefore be keenly aware of their actions - and how others perceive
them.

1) The following position

The following position is a position that allows you plenty
of time to react should the driver in front brake suddenly.
Apply the two second rule
Adopt this position if you have no intention of overtaking,
cannot do so imminently due to other hazards, or when
prevented from doing so by solid white lines or no
overtaking signs. In the absence of any other hazards,
3 and if it is safe to do so, you can move directly to (3), the
overtaking stage

2) The overtaking position

If you anticipate an opportunity to overtake, close in on the
vehicle in front until you’re in the ‘overtaking position’. This
is normally closer than the ‘following position’ and towards
the centre line, increasing your view ahead
Match your speed to the vehicle in front and consider taking
a lower gear to pass it
If the overtake doesn’t develop, consider dropping back
to the ‘following position’ and then start the whole process
again

3) The overtake
When it’s clear, move carefully to the other side of the road
to increase your view. If the overtake is safe, accelerate
quickly past the vehicle. If it’s not, drop back behind safely
2 and smoothly
1
The final part of the manoeuvre returns you safely back to
your side of the road in as straight a line as possible
Consider using mirrors and/or a ‘Blind Spot Check’ to make
sure that you do not affect the vehicle you have just passed
45
 Information the vehicle[s] to be overtaken and the
distance to the next hazard
Advanced drivers must be able to: -- Achieving a sufficient speed difference
to overtake safely in the space available
within the speed limit, must be realistic
• Identify a safe imminent opportunity
to overtake -- Never plan to exceed the speed limit, so
if the other vehicle is travelling at close to
-- When preparing to overtake, advanced
the limit, recognise that overtaking may
drivers should look as far down the road
not be legal
as possible to check for hazards:
-- Read and respond to road signs and
markings
-- Check hedges for any breaks in shadows Position
that might signify an entrance
Advanced drivers must be able to:
-- Be aware that any buildings will have
entrances, and clear them as safe
-- Keep gathering information to decide
if there is enough space to make the
Stage 1
overtake safely • Adopt the overtaking position
-- If in any doubt delay the overtake, hold -- Advanced drivers should already be
back and re-assess positioned in a safe following position in
line with Highway Code advice
-- Use mirrors to link the developing
potential of the overtake to the -- When safe and appropriate, they should
information behind and to the sides prior move into an ‘overtaking’ position, no
to committing closer than one second behind the car to
be overtaken
-- Advanced drivers must always be
prepared to cancel the manoeuvre if -- They must be prepared to drop back if the
circumstances change for the worse circumstances change. Remaining in the
overtaking position can cause the driver
• Identify a safe return gap ahead to be distracted and to focus on
-- During a multi-vehicle overtake, an their mirrors rather than the road ahead
advanced driver must decide how many
vehicles to overtake before committing Stage 2
-- Identify a safe ‘return gap’ that will not • Move out towards the offside
affect other traffic
-- When it is safe, advanced drivers should
-- Bearing in mind that if the gap is likely to move out towards the offside, keeping
close, the overtake is not realistic vehicle stable and matching speed with
-- Be aware of any negative affect they may that of the vehicle to be overtaken
have on other vehicles -- They should continually update
information and be prepared to abort
• Accurately judge the difference between if circumstances change as safety is
their own speed and that of the vehicle[s] paramount
they plan to overtake
-- From this position make the overtake
-- Accurately assess speed and position when safe
in relation to the speed and position of
46
• Allow a safe gap between vehicles
-- Advanced drivers must allow a safe
Speed
gap between their own vehicle and the Advanced drivers must be able to:
vehicle they are going to pass
-- If the road is too narrow, they should • Control speed to safely complete the
consider the likely reaction before overtake
starting the manoeuvre
-- Maintain speed with the vehicle being
-- If in any doubt, they should hold back overtaken until ready to commence the
and reassess overtake
-- Be particularly aware of vulnerable road -- Adjust speed so that the overtake can
users be completed in the available clear road
-- This safe gap also applies to parked space, within the posted speed limit
vehicles -- Advanced drivers do not plan to exceed
the speed limit, so if the other vehicle
Stage 3 is traveling at close to this speed,
overtaking may not be legal
• Move into the chosen return gap
-- Advanced drivers must be able to move • Adjust speed to safely return to the
into the chosen return gap without nearside of the road
causing other road users to alter course -- Adjust speed so as not to inconvenience
or speed other road users when returning to the
-- Complete the return to the nearside of nearside of the road
the road in a controlled fashion
-- Avoid cutting in too close to the vehicle
passed
-- If there are other vehicles in view,
albeit some distance off, they should
try to display clear intent that they are
returning to their own side of the road

47
 Gear Acceleration
Advanced drivers must be able to: Advanced drivers must be able to:

• Select and engage the correct gear • Apply the correct acceleration to complete
for their chosen speed and the prevailing the overtake
circumstances -- Acceleration should be smooth and
-- Consider which gear will be both flexible progressive throughout the overtake and
and responsive, without causing the return to the nearside of the road
engine to labour or over rev -- Advanced drivers should make a
-- Try to engage a gear that is suitable for considered effort to complete the
the whole overtake manoeuvre within the shortest possible
-- If a gear change is required plan to avoid time, but within the speed limit
making it whilst alongside the vehicle
being overtaken

48
Overtaking
Hints and Tips

Observer Aims Explain

To provide the Associate with the necessary Why overtaking is hazardous
knowledge, understanding, skill and Overtaking can be considered hazardous
attitude to carry out an overtake safely because it may bring you into the path of
without impacting on other road users other vehicles
Objectives for the Associate What do we mean by an overtake?
1. Discuss key safety points regarding An overtake is the process of moving past
overtaking another vehicle or road user and often
2. Discuss the legal restrictions on involves crossing the centre-line onto the
overtaking other side of the road
3. Describe a three stage overtake Obeying the speed limit
4. Discuss a momentum overtake You should never plan to exceed the speed
limit in order to overtake

Key safety points in relation to overtaking are • At level crossings

• Overtake only if you can see far enough
ahead to be sure it is safe What do you need to pay attention to?

• Avoid causing any other vehicle to alter • Road markings, signs, junctions
course or speed • Driveways, bends and lateral vision
• Be able to move back to the near-side in • How much of the road is clear ahead?
plenty of time • The speed of the vehicle you want to
overtake
• Be ready to abandon the overtake if
necessary • Where is your return gap after the overtake?
• What can’t you see
• Plan to avoid being the 3rd vehicle beside
two others (motorways) • How fast is the vehicle you
want to overtake going?
• Is the vehicle in front • How will the driver in front
Discuss where your Associate could come waiting to overtake? feel about being overtaken?
into conflict with other road users if they
were to overtake at these points

• At or near road junctions

• Where the road narrows
• Where a vehicle is indicating right
• School crossing areas
• Near-side to a tram stop • Is your car powerful enough • Are there any bends in
to make the overtake the road – what might be
• During traffic queues safely? around them?

49
 Choosing when to Overtake

Never overtake unless it is safe Did you know?

to do so and does not adversely Around 1 in 20 of all car occupants killed
impact on others in a crash are killed when a vehicle is
Road markings, layouts and overtaking. The risk of death in a head on
signs will help establish where to collision at 60 mph is 90%. Two vehicles
overtake travelling towards each other at 60 mph
are closing on each other at approximately
With the decision made conduct
180ft per second!
the overtake briskly within the
speed limit and safely enter your
return gap

What mind set should we be in? present additional safety issues for
Look for reasons not to overtake, this the Associate, some of which are listed
way you are less likely to be affected below:
by the things that make up our ‘human -- Longer time spent on the off-side
factors’ as drivers. Does the purpose -- Potential danger of vehicles ahead
of the journey affect your decision to pulling out into your path
overtake?
-- Will your return gap be closed down by
What is a momentum overtake? traffic
This is when there are no other hazards • Avoid being over ambitious and
and you are able to approach and consider overtaking in bite-size pieces by
overtake the vehicle or obstruction in looking for stop-over gaps
one smooth manoeuvre
Overtaking near hazards or bends
What is a three stage overtake?
As with all overtakes, this requires
A three stage overtake is the name used excellent Observation Anticipation
to describe the process of overtaking and Planning (OAP) skills. Look for
in situations that do not allow a these opportunities on the exit side of
momentum overtake. A situation where roundabouts, bends, etc. Make sure the
approaching vehicles or other hazards object vehicle is committed to their plan
make it necessary to match and follow of action before you overtake
the vehicle in front while planning your
overtake
NO VISION = NO PERMISSION
Are there any additional dangers when
overtaking a line of traffic?
• Overtaking a line of traffic will

50
Competency sheet -
Motorways and Dual Carriageways
This page gives an overview of the competency requirements for this section.

Information Achieved
Identifies and uses signs in planning their driving
Gathers information on traffic flow when entering a new road
Conducts appropriate mirror and/or blind spot checks
Communicates effectively with other road users
Anticipates the movements of other road users
Gathers appropriate exit information
Position
Adopts an appropriate entry position
Uses the nearside lane whenever possible
Adopts an appropriate following position
Plans an appropriate overtaking position
Positions to maintain a safe space and gain the best view
Positions safely when exiting
Exits to the appropriate lane of the slip road
Speed
Accurately adjusts speed to match the identified entry gap
Balances progress with restraint
Exits at the appropriate speed
Stop appropriately in an emergency
Gear
Selects the correct gear for the chosen speed in the given circumstances
Acceleration
Applies appropriate acceleration

51
 Motorways and Dual Carriageways
Despite faster driving speeds, motorways are statistically the safest roads we travel on.

Dual Carriageways however, have the potential to be less safe, as they have the same
speed limits as motorways without the same regulations. For example, cyclists, learners,
pedestrians and other vulnerable road users – even horses – can all use Dual Carriageways.
This, combined with less user-friendly entry and exit points, increases the potential for an
accident or near miss.

It is vital for advanced drivers to recognise the differences between motorways and dual
carriageways and to have a finely tuned awareness of the likely hazards – and how quickly
they can develop.

Gantries

Signals

New CCTV cameras

Emergency refuge areas

New and refurbished

message signs

Signs

Concrete barriers Low noise surfacing

52
Information early enough to choose an alternative
route
Advanced drivers must be able to: -- While in the slip road, they should try to
obtain an early view of traffic and carry
out blind spot checks - especially for
• Identify and use signs in planning motorcycles which can easily be lost in a
their driving mirror

-- By extending and widening their vision, -- They should also assess the speed of
advanced drivers will be able to obtain approaching vehicles and identify entry
early information from signs to assist in gap early
their decision making
• Conduct appropriate mirror and/or blind
-- They must be able to identify whether spot checks
they are entering a motorway or a dual
-- Check mirrors before changing speed
carriageway
or position on a motorway or a dual
-- Motorways have blue-backed signs, carriageway and make appropriate checks
they have additional regulations which to cover the blind spot area
prohibit a number of vulnerable road
-- When changing lanes, good mirror use
users
will help to accurately assess the speed
-- Direction signs prior to a motorway also of approaching traffic
show motorway information in blue
-- It is essential to link what is in the mirror
boxes
to the hazards developing ahead in order
-- Direction signs on motorways give remain safe
additional information, e.g. an unusual
-- Be aware that high-speed traffic
feature such as a sharp bend on an exit
approaching from the rear is relevant to
slip road
decision-making – even when still a long
-- SMART motorways also have overhead way behind. It’s important to look far
gantries to convey information or enough behind in the mirror to see it
warnings of problems ahead, e.g. lane
closures or a variable speed limit • Communicate effectively with other road
users
-- Dual carriageways have green or white
backed signs. Unless signed to the -- Advanced drivers should be aware that
contrary, a dual carriageway can be used the vehicle position they adopt may begin
by all road users to communicate intentions to other road
users
-- On dual carriageways, traffic has the
potential to leave or join from either side -- Well-timed signals will help to reinforce
at junctions this
-- They should promote safe sharing
• Gather information on traffic flow when
of the road space by identifying a
entering a new road
potential problem early and actively
-- On approach to a motorway, it is communicating with other road users
sometimes possible to see the
-- For example, early brake lights can alert a
carriageway above or below and to gather
following driver to a problem ahead
information in relation to traffic flow
-- If traffic is at a standstill, advanced
drivers must try to identify the problem
53
 • Anticipate the movements of other road carriageway to a sharp exit
users -- Having an early view helps with planning
-- Traffic joining the main carriageway a route through other traffic
from a slip road may be travelling at a
slower speed, so advanced drivers should
be prepared to change lanes and allow
others to join
-- Whenever possible, they should avoid
being immediately beside joining traffic
Position
and identify junctions early to assist in Advanced drivers must be able to:
planning for this. This helps avoid the risk
of being in the blind spot or being caught
out by late lane changes • Adopt an appropriate entry position
-- On a dual carriageway, traffic joining may -- Make safe use of the entry slip road to
be slow to accelerate build up speed and position alongside a
-- Traffic leaving a dual carriageway may gap
have to slow considerably or early, -- Avoid being alongside any vehicle when
causing passing traffic to displace into they get to the main carriageway in order
offside lanes. Early anticipation of where to maintain their ‘safety bubble’
and when this is likely to happen helps to
avoid heavy braking • Use the nearside lane whenever possible
-- Large Goods Vehicles can only travel -- Monitor the position and speed of other
at 56mph and coaches at 62mph. Any road users in order to enter the nearside
smaller vehicles behind them may be lane as soon as practicable
travelling more quickly, so advanced
-- This is the lane all drivers should be
drivers should anticipate them pulling
traveling in, unless overtaking slower-
out into their path - and plan for this.
moving vehicles
Early anticipation of where and when
this is likely to happen will avoid possible -- Advanced drivers should maintain their
conflict overtaking lane until a sensible gap
appears and not move into the nearside
• Gather appropriate exit information lane if they would have to move straight
-- Motorways typically have a signing back out again
system giving early warning of junctions -- Monitor mirrors to avoid holding up any
-- Dual carriageways tend to offer more emergency vehicles or fast moving traffic
limited information. that may wish to pass
-- If countdown markers are present, they -- Staying out and attempting to enforce
will not necessarily be 100 yards apart but the speed limit is likely to provoke an
equidistant from each other adverse reaction from other road users
-- Exits may be very sharp or from the • Adopt an appropriate following position
offside lane
-- Advanced drivers should maintain their
-- The size and shape of a junction will ‘safety bubble’ and the safety of other
influence the speed of exit road users with a following gap of at
-- It may be necessary to slow and display least two seconds
brake lights earlier if exiting a dual -- This allows time to respond to changing
54
 information and to plan safe progress a safe gap is available
-- They should be prepared to adjust this • Position to maintain a safe space and gain
gap to avoid being alongside other traffic the best view
for a prolonged period
-- Always position with enough space
-- They should be prepared to increase this around to remain safe – and to be seen
gap if safety demands it
-- For example, far enough behind an HGV
-- For example, stopping distances are to see its mirrors, or the HGV driver will
longer in wet weather, and significantly not see you following
longer in snow and ice
-- Adjust position to see beyond other
-- It may be advisable to extend the traffic as this will help with planning
following distance in heavy traffic, to
allow other vehicles to move in and out of -- For example, increasing their following
the space in front gap will allow an advanced driver to see
beyond a group of large vehicles
-- This can avoid the need for repeated
braking -- Position safely when exiting
-- Achieve a safe exit gap in the appropriate
• Plan an appropriate overtaking position lane in good time - to avoid affecting
-- Avoid being alongside the vehicle being other road users
overtaken for any longer than necessary -- Exit to the appropriate lane of the slip
-- Move to a nearside lane as soon as it is road
safe and overtaking is complete -- Use the appropriate lane for the
-- In general avoid being three abreast ie continuing journey
alongside another vehicle which is itself -- Ensure that any signals they give are
overtaking as any displacement may have updated as necessary
an impact
-- For example, if a lorry is overtaking
another lorry, it is wise to hold back until

55
 Speed -- They will be able to do this by looking
beyond the vehicle they are following and
adjusting their speed using acceleration
Advanced drivers must be able to:
sense instead of braking

• Accurately adjust speed to match the

identified entry gap
-- This should be achieved using
acceleration sense

• Balance progress with restraint

-- Advanced drivers should be aware that
traffic, road-surface and speed limits will
all affect ability to make progress – and
be prepared to alter speed to maintain a
safe following distance

56
 -- They should also recognise when it is shoulder to match the traffic in the
necessary to show brake lights to warn nearside lane
following traffic -- They should also be able to identify when
-- They must also be aware of how weather an apparent hard shoulder is actually a
conditions can affect their own and other live lane, e.g. on SMART motorways or in
vehicles roadworks
-- For example, wind may affect high-sided
vehicles and motorcycles causing them to
change lanes unexpectedly
-- Take care moving into or out of the space
Gear
beside a large vehicle in high winds Advanced drivers must be able to:
-- Spray, especially from large vehicles, can
make it difficult to see or be seen when
making an overtake • Select the correct gear for the chosen
speed in the given circumstances
-- Bright sunshine can also have a negative
effect on vision, in which case it is -- Advanced drivers should aim to have
important to slow down enough flexibility to deal with the
circumstances without constantly having
• Exit at the appropriate speed to change gear
-- Accurately adjust speed to match -- Understand that in many vehicles there
the identified exit gap, ideally using may be more than one gear which is
acceleration sense appropriate for a given situation
-- Try to avoid entering their chosen gap -- Consider higher gears for eco driving
and braking, as this may cause following as long as they provide adequate
traffic to brake in response performance
-- An automatic vehicle may slow down less
quickly when the accelerator is released.
Plan for this
-- Allow time to adjust to the slower speed
required at the end of the exit slip or to Acceleration
join any queue
Advanced drivers must be able to:
-- Be aware that on a dual carriageway, it
may be necessary to start slowing early
to achieve the desired speed reduction • Apply appropriate acceleration
and to display brake lights to warn
following drivers if the exit is sharp -- Display acceleration sense to achieve
speed and lane changes wherever
• Stop appropriately in an emergency possible, and accelerate smoothly when
-- If stopping in an emergency, advanced circumstances allow a higher speed
drivers should try to enter the hard -- If using cruise control be able to cancel it
shoulder before braking, so as to slow without affecting other road users
down with less risk to themselves or
following traffic
-- When re-joining the main carriageway,
they should build up speed on the hard
57
 Motorways
Hints and Tips

Observer Aims Explain

To provide the Associate with the The differences in lane descriptions
necessary knowledge, understanding, The lanes on a motorway are normally 15ft
skill and attitude to enter, use and exit a wide compared to dual carriageways which
motorway or dual carriageway safely have lanes of 12 ft
What characteristics are different
Objectives for the Associate Motorways are set out to improve safety and
1. Compare the differences between have restrictions on vehicles using them, there
motorways and dual carriageways are no 90 degree junctions or cross flow traffic
2. Discuss positioning for safety What are the rules for using the hard shoulder
3. Recognising the difference on a SMART in an emergency
motorway Try to stop near an SOS call box, exit via N/S,
4. Demonstrate or discuss safe entry and park vehicle and move to other side of Armco
exit of a motorway

What are the main differences between a white line distance altering, where the
motorway and a dual carriageway? other driver is looking. These are the tell-
Motorways do not have roundabouts, tale signs of movement before a signal
T-junctions or exits with short or no slip Positioning for Safety
roads. There are no sharp bends. Certain Position in the nearside lane (lane 1) in
vulnerable road users are prohibited accordance with the Highway Code unless
When on a motorway or dual carriageway making an overtake
how can you anticipate other road users’
Stopping distance and thinking distance
intentions?
are both important factors when
Identify slip roads, parking and service driving at speed on motorways and dual
areas. Any slow vehicles in lane 1 & 2, carriageways. Where possible apply a
gradients or clusters of traffic congestion 3-second gap this allows other traffic
may cause displacement into your lane to move in and out of the space in front
Watch for the ‘Non Verbal without you having to repeatedly alter
Communication’ of others: monitor your speed, it is also less stressful than
following distances decreasing, wheel to constantly fighting for space

58
 Overtaking shoulder check before each lane change).
Overtaking on a motorway is easier After an overtake is completed they
than on a single carriageway. When your should move back to the nearside lane
Associate needs to overtake they should when safe
move across the lanes gradually as safe Proactive OAP will help make early decisions
opportunities become available (mirror/ about lane changes

Identify Motorway or
Dual-carriageway GAP AT 70 MPH
Is your vehicle allowed in all lanes Leaving a 2 second gap gives you a
gap of 200 ft (61m)
Leaving a 3 second gap gives you a
Plan your exit early and slow down
gap of 300 ft (91m)
appropriately
Overall stopping distance at 70
mph is 315ft (96m)
Smart motorways follow the
information gantry signs

SMART Motorways allows for safer merging

Smart motorways now have Active Traffic Exiting a Motorway
Management Systems (ATMS) and/or Leaving the carriageway must be achieved
variable speed limits. There are electronic without causing other road users to alter
signs on gantries above the motorway, course or speed, therefore exits should
these display the maximum speed limit be planned early and in plenty of time.
allowed and what lanes can be used. In Motorway exits have markers at 1 mile, this
ATMS, drivers may be allowed to use the is where the Associate should be extending
hard shoulder as a running lane – but only vision out and scanning back looking for
when the electronic signs say so spaces in the traffic. At the 1⁄2 mile marker
Entering a Motorway or Dual Carriageway they should be identifying and choosing a
When entering M/W or D/C the Associate suitable gap often referred to as a ‘Banker
should obtain early information: ‘On- gap’ (this is a space in the traffic in which
slips’ are often elevated. Looking to the they can gain access to the exit slip). In any
sides during vision scans will assist with event they should aim to be in a position
judgement and extending vision. Matching to safely exit by the 300 marker. Speed
the vehicle speed to that of the vehicles should be reduced on the slip road
on the carriageway makes for an easier
transition and where gaps are limited it

59
 Competency sheet -
Manoeuvring
This page gives an overview of the competency requirements for this section.

Information Achieved
Makes the correct decision on which manoeuvre to perform
Makes the best use of available space
Carries out correct observations
Responds appropriately to changing information
Uses available in-car technology to good effect
Position
Adopts the correct starting position for a manoeuvre
Maintains a safe position during a manoeuvre
Considers the safety of their finishing position
Speed
Maintains correct speed for a manoeuvre
Gear
Moves smoothly between forward and reverse gears
Acceleration
Applies correct acceleration to complete a manoeuvre

60
Manoeuvring
It is expected that an advanced driver will be able to control their vehicle with a degree of
finesse in all circumstances.

Novice drivers are expected to be able to turn their car around safely, using forward and
reverse gears and to perform parking manoeuvres to the side of the road as well as in car
parks.

It therefore stands to reason that advanced drivers must be able to demonstrate their
competence and proficiency in all of these areas.

If practice space is available, these manoeuvres can be set up using cones or barriers. If as
is more likely, they are to be practiced in a ‘live’ environment, you should try to replicate
real-world situations, while remaining flexible.

61
 Information -- If a danger is identified, advanced drivers
must ensure their response is correct and
proportionate
Advanced drivers must be able to:
-- If there are any doubts about safety, they
should usually stop
• Make the correct decision on which -- Advanced drivers must also be aware of
manoeuvre to perform how others might be affected by their
-- In real life driving situations, drivers may actions. For example, timely completion
have a number of options available to of the manoeuvre may be the safest
them when deciding how to turn their action
vehicle around or park it safely
• Use available in-car technology to good
-- An advanced driver should choose the effect
most appropriate option for the given
circumstances -- In car technology is becoming
commonplace. It is there to aid the driver
-- They must show confidence and and should be embraced, for example:
proficiency when turning their car around
and performing parking manoeuvres -- Reversing cameras and sensors – help
in assessing but are not a substitute for
• Make the best use of available space sound observation
-- The most suitable manoeuvre will usually -- Auto park systems – help with parking
be dependent on the space available, for but aren’t always suitable; advanced
example: drivers should be able to park both with
and without them
-- A junction or driveway might be utilised
to perform a turn in a narrow street -- If in doubt, advanced drivers should
confirm information before moving
-- A turn in a slightly wider road might be
a U-turn
-- If access to the boot is required, reversing
into a parking bay may not be appropriate Position
-- Ensure the gap is large enough to move
into Advanced drivers must be able to:

• Carry out correct observations

• Adopt the correct starting position for a
-- An advanced driver must conduct
manoeuvre
all-round checks before carrying out a
manoeuvre -- The correct starting position makes any
manoeuvre easier to conduct
-- These observations must be timely
-- For a turn in the road, it helps to have a
-- They must also prioritise the area of
tight nearside position
potential danger
-- For a parallel park, it helps to maintain
-- Safety is paramount when driving and
the correct distance away from the
effective observation is essential
parked vehicles
• Respond appropriately to changing
information
-- Observation is only the start of planning

62
When conducting a parallel park with • Maintain a safe position during a
an Associate, start with a gap that is manoeuvre
easily achievable and then refine it until -- To ensure safety is retained while
the gap is approximately 1½ times the conducting the manoeuvre, advanced
length of the car. Don’t try to go much drivers should be mindful of their mirrors
smaller as in the real world, we wouldn’t
park in such a space. Also, while we -- For example, they should check whether
rarely parallel-park on the offside when other vehicles have got tow hitches or
practising, we do park when it is the only other protrusions, look for trees or lamp
space available. Advanced drivers should posts, and check the position of the kerb
therefore show that they are able to do
• Consider the safety of their finishing
this
position
-- When parking and leaving a vehicle,
advanced drivers should consider whether
it is likely to cause inconvenience
-- And whether it is likely to be safe from
damage

63
 Speed Acceleration
Advanced drivers must be able to: Advanced drivers must be able to:

• Maintain correct speed for a manoeuvre • Apply correct acceleration to complete a

-- With safety the primary concern, manoeuvre
manoeuvres will generally be carried out -- Accurate pedal balance assists in
slowly completing manoeuvres safely
-- “As slow as possible but as quickly as -- Advanced drivers must recognise when
necessary” is a good guide the manoeuvre requires more power and
-- Slow enough to ensure accurate apply the accelerator appropriately
information assessment quick enough
to cause minimal inconvenience Some additional pointers:
-- Advanced drivers should control the -- When it comes to turning a vehicle
speed of a manual vehicle by balancing around, competence in all areas is
the clutch pedal preferable to excellence in one
-- Braking with your left foot in an -- When parking, Associates are not
automatic may help when conducting a required to park their vehicles in ever-
manoeuvre smaller gaps - or to keep their vehicle
moving at all times
-- Such requirements can contradict
Gear our overall aim of remaining safe and
controlled at all times
Advanced drivers must be able to: -- While a bay park is easy to achieve (as
the size of the bay will already be set),
it is worth remembering that it is more
• Move smoothly between forward and difficult to park between lines than
reverse gears between cars
-- When manoeuvring, advanced drivers -- Stay safe, make it enjoyable and be
should stop the car before changing from prepared to get out of the car to make
forward to reverse gear or vice versa assessments. Remember, this is
-- They must be prepared to use the clutch your opportunity to help drivers solve
to smooth out changes (it may never be problems they may have carried from
fully released) their novice days and that can be really
rewarding

64
Manoeuvring
Hints and Tips

Observer Aims Explain

To provide the Associate with the necessary When a vehicle is most stable
knowledge, understanding, skill and attitude A vehicle is most stable when travelling in a
to manoeuvre the vehicle safely straight line on a level course and at a constant
Objectives for the Associate speed.
1. Discuss how to chose what type of What do we need to be able to manoeuvre well
manoeuvre to make Good observation, leading to accurate
2. Demonstrate how to carry out effective information and the ability to control our
observations vehicle at slow speed
3. Maintain safety during the manoeuvre Why should we keep manoeuvres slow
4. Where fitted make sensible use of in car Completing manoeuvres slowly gives time
technology to carry out good effective observations and
change our plan of necessary

What type of manoeuvre is best? is proportionate to the danger and how

The Associate needs to be able to decide they maintain safety.
which type of manoeuvre is safest to
perform for their current road conditions. Demonstrating good observations
Available space may well dictate what and being able to make decisions that
manoeuvre is carried out, i.e. if turning minimise the effect on other road users
round in a narrow street can the mouth of may mean completing the manoeuvre is
a junction or driveway be used to help. As the safest option.
an IAM RoadSmart driver the Associate
needs to be competent in all manoeuvres.

Demonstrating effective observations

The Associate needs to demonstrate their
ability to carry out all round observations
before and during the manoeuvre, as well
as be able to show what potential danger
is being prioritised.

If a danger is identified the Associate will

need to demonstrate how their response

65
 Being in total control

Becoming too focused on the Parking in a car park

manoeuvre will distract from safe Discuss the benefits of reverse parking
all around observations and when this might not be the best
option. Which type of parking does
your Associate think they prefer?
Try not to inconvenience others
when performing the manoeuvre

Stay safe and be prepared to delay

or abandon your manoeuvre for
safety

Getting the correct starting position inconveniencing other road users. All
Having the car in the correct starting manoeuvring exercises are a really good
position will make any manoeuvre easier way for the Associate to demonstrate
to accomplish successfully, i.e. for a turn the control of the clutch and accelerator
in the road a tight nearside position in manual cars
should be adopted and for a parallel park
Making a smooth transition between
positioning the vehicle at the correct
gear changes
distance from other parked vehicles
Moving between forward and reverse
Maintaining a safe position during the
gears needs to be conducted smoothly,
manoeuvre
the Associate needs to ensure the car is
Whilst conducting the manoeuvre, the stopped before changing gear and use
Associate will need to be mindful of excellent clutch control to assist with
their vehicle’s position as well as the the manoeuvre
location of any street furniture such as
Assuring a safe finishing position
bollards and lamp posts. The Associate
will also need to consider the other If the Associate was leaving their car
vehicles and any accessories such as a unattended, have they chosen the best
tow hitch or step at the back of vans place, is it likely to inconvenience any
etc. other road users and is it a safe place
to leave the car, have they chosen their
Maintaining an appropriate speed for
parking neighbours with care?
the manoeuvre
Sensible use of in-car technology
Safety is the primary concern. Most
manoeuvres are conducted at as slow a In-car technology is becoming
speed as possible. However, as quickly commonplace and should be embraced
as necessary is a good guide to judging but used sensibly. Reversing cameras
the correct speed. The Associate needs and sensors should not be relied upon
to control the car slowly enough to and if in doubt the Associate should be
ensure information can be gathered prepared to get out and check around
and assessed accurately without the car

66
Spoken Thoughts
Increased focus through regular
Spoken thoughts, the practice of describing practice
aloud everything you see, think and do while
driving, is a great way to hone advanced In all circumstances, drivers must remember
driving technique. It not only highlights just that safety is their number one priority
how many thought processes a vigilant driver For example:
goes through on a drive, but can also bring
-- If they are coming out of a bend, having
focus to specific issues
correctly assessed the limit point on
For example: approach to the bend, and they see a
-- A driver who tends to rush gear changes tractor emerging, it is less important
might include ‘changing first to second, to vocalise “there is a tractor moving
slowly and smoothly’ to encourage that slowly out of the farm entrance blocking
action my path, so rear view mirror check, then
gentle to firm brakes to avoid it” than it
-- A driver who is heavy footed when is to actually stop
releasing the brake pedal might say
‘gentle to firm brakes and then back to Once comfortable with speaking whilst
gentle’ in an attempt to gain some third driving, advanced drivers will find their delivery
stage braking becomes more ordered. So in the same
scenario, they may say ‘mirror and brakes for
Please note, on a busy road or in a built up the tractor, keeping brake lights on for the
area, Associates may initially find there is so safety of following traffic’
much going on that they can’t describe it all
quickly enough and so become tongue-tied.
You should therefore encourage them to Prioritise to stay safe in all
practice speaking and driving when they are on circumstances
their own, with no one to laugh at or criticise
the jumble of words that may spill out Dividing the speech into a small number of
categories also helps to focus
You should also let them know that at first,
the speaking whilst driving may cause them • Areas that must be included
to slow down or in extreme cases, to speed -- Anything likely to affect safety
up and that they should prepare to make any
necessary adjustments to maintain safety -- A hazard is anything that contains an
element of actual or potential danger.
These should always be mentioned, so
Spoken Thoughts is a useful tool to assist drivers can plan their response
in hazard prioritisation and planning
assessment. If you ask the Associate • Areas that should be included
to explain their thoughts in relation to -- Road description, pedestrian activity and
approaching problems it will develop into the like
an overview of their driving plan
• Areas we would like to include
-- Observation links such as the bins are out
for the collection lorry, a church steeple
indicating a possible change in speed
limit and so on
67
 Priority matters, for while it is excellent to -- Be prepared to interrupt their flow and
say “entering a built-up area expecting to prioritise IPSGA to keep the car safe
see an increase in vehicular and pedestrian
activity; I will mention junctions and driveways
should they affect my drive”, it is completely Hallmarks of good practice
undermined if the driver fails to mention the
• The driver should be informing the
school crossing patrol person stepping out into
passenger (real or imagined) what allows
the road as they start their speech
them to drive this car, along this piece of
Tips to improve talking whilst road, in this position, at this speed
driving Additionally, a very good driver will include
information about how they are going
• Advanced drivers should: to achieve this. And a great driver will tie
-- Talk back towards the car from their all the information together and sound
furthest point of vision, but remember seamless with good intonation, reflecting the
to regularly lift their vision to continually circumstances of the drive
prioritise the
-- Remember that in national speed limit
areas, that while hazards are fewer, they
can arise quickly, due to the speed of
travel

68
Run Sheets
framed around IPSGA

69
 Run sheet Driver/Rider- Competencies covered
This run sheet will assist in the development of the driver/rider on the reverse side is an area to record further information.

In the run column mark

Competence Levels: 1 = Commended 2 = Satisfactory 3 = Requires Development

Name Run no. Observer comments

Pre-Drive/Ride Checks
Preparation

Fitness/Eyesight check
Cockpit Drill (car only)
Rolling brake test
Knowledge – IPSGA
Observation – scanning
Use of mirrors and rear observation
Information

Take, Use, Give (TUG)

Road signs and markings
Anticipation
Hazard management
Bends
Junctions
Position

Roundabouts
Overtaking
Hazard prioritisation
Vulnerable road users
Speed limits
Acceleration sense
Speed

Limit point
Braking technique
Clutch and changing gear
Gears

Choice of gear
Timing of changes
Continued overleaf
70
 Run no. Observer comments

Smoothness

Acceleration
Anticipation and planning
Hazard awareness
Progress and restraint
Steering
Slow manoeuvring
Other skills

Knowledge H/code & course material

Courtesy to other road users
Vehicle/machine sympathy
Spoken thoughts (car only)

Run sheet - Observer Notes

Date: Weather conditions Observer Name

Observer Comments

Development Plan
v1.0 April16

71
Appendix 1
Handouts
Vulnerable road users

This hand-out offers advice for sharing the road with vulnerable road users. The roads are
there for everyone to use and as advanced drivers and riders we have a duty to make sure
we share them safely.

A vulnerable road user is someone who has very little or no protection around
them. There are many types including:
• Pedestrians • Motorcyclists • Horses
• Cyclists • Mobility scooter users

Pedestrians
Pedestrians are made up of different types -- Is it obstructing a dropped kerb?
of people e.g. young, elderly, blind, deaf, -- Does it obscure or restrict the view of
people with limited mobility, all of whom a vulnerable road user?
share the road with us and do not have the
Never wave a pedestrian across the road,
protection of being in a vehicle with modern
you could be inviting them into danger.
safety features. Pavements are usually the
safest place for pedestrians to be, however, Cyclists
they need to be able to cross the road safely.
Cyclists share our roads and are therefore
Where there is no pavement for them to
vulnerable to other traffic, especially at
use they may be in the road. Not everyone
roundabouts and junctions. In heavy traffic
on the pavement will be walking: people use
cyclists may filter on either side, so you have
roller blades, skateboards and scooters, you
to ensure you check your mirrors and blind
may need to adjust your driving to share the
spots before changing position or speed.
road safely with them.
Cyclists may wobble because they are easily
Most of us will walk at some time; treat
affected by side winds, which can also be
pedestrians the way you would want to be
generated when being overtaken. They may
treated, keep them safe.
adjust their road positioning unexpectedly
-- Give them the time and space they need
to use the road, especially those who have
restricted mobility.
Children can be hard to see, moving quickly
and doing the unexpected. Anticipate this
and plan for it.
-- Be patient when directed to stop by a
school crossing patrol or when stopping at
pedestrian crossings.
Think about where you park your vehicle.
to avoid drains and uneven road surfaces; Mobility Scooters
anticipate this and prepare to adjust your
driving. Mobility scooters are becoming more
prevalent. There are 2 main types:
You can help keep cyclists safe by:
-- Class 2 which are designed to be used on
-- Allowing plenty of room when passing, pavements and footpaths and have a top
be patient and plan to overtake only when speed of 4 miles per hour.
it is safe to do so.
-- Class 3 which may be used on the roads
-- Not following too closely as this may be and have a top speed of 8 miles per hour.
intimidating.
These vehicles are electric, almost silent
-- Respect cycle lanes and advance stop and therefore difficult to hear. Their slow
lines, give cyclists time to move off speed means traffic may catch them
safely as they may not move away as up very quickly. Both types of mobility
fast as you. scooter’s may use the road at junctions
and at some roundabouts; this is where
Motorcyclists they are most vulnerable. Remember, the
There have been a number of campaigns users of these types of transport may have
highlighting the vulnerability of restricted movement, vision or hearing. As
motorcyclists and yet there are still high an advanced driver/rider you need to allow
numbers being injured every day on our these road-users plenty of space and time.
roads.
Motorcyclists are:
Horses
-- Harder to see, especially at junctions; they Horses are normally found being ridden in
may be in a blind spot created by the ’A’ the rural areas, but may be encountered
pillar. in towns. Although they prefer to ride
on bridleways and other off-road places,
-- Often travelling faster than you perceive
sometimes the riders have to use the roads.
or may be filtering either side of you.
Horses can be very unpredictable and scare
-- More affected by side winds when being
easily. When you see a horse and rider, slow
overtaken or when in open areas.
right down, give them plenty of room, turn
Where is a motorcycle likely to be, in your the radio down and keep the engine revs
mirrors or in your blind spot? low, be as quiet as possible the highest
Take extra care when at junctions. useable gear will help. Only pass when you
Motorcycles are harder to see as they can give them plenty of space.
have a different profile to a car or van. A Sometimes you may find horses riding
motorcycle’s headlamp may be confused double file, this may be because of a young
with that of a car behind it, and high or novice rider, or a nervous horse. Give them
visibility clothing can sometimes blend plenty of space and be patient.
into the background.
Motorcyclists may avoid riding over drain
covers and paint on the road as these can
cause stability problems especially in the
wet.
A wet road surface may also cause them
to alter their positioning on bends and
roundabouts; be prepared to allow them
v1.0 April16

extra space.
The thinking driver

The thinking driver – A pause for thought

An article by Peter Rodger.

This is about every one of us – I hope. Some with a high hedgerow on both sides, a
thoughts to prompt your own thinking… comfortable road width for two lorries to
In recent years, at the annual IAM Groups’ pass each other.
Conference in October there has been a Please picture the road as a lengthy virtually
session on test standards queries. These straight stretch, which allows you to travel
sessions have involved much discussion at the national speed limit. You cannot gain
about specific driving or riding issues – any effective observation to the left, the
some of them very specific indeed. direction the road bends, because there is
In many cases, the questions being raised a banking, topped by trees, and that thick,
seem to be seeking – as is so often the case high hedge.
for driving or riding related questions – a The centre line is a hazard warning line
form of “rule” that can always be applied. as you approach the bend, and there are
As examples, issues around crossing or oncoming vehicles restraining you from
straddling double white line systems, positioning near the white line, so as you
speeding, and being on the right hand side approach the bend you are positioned a bit
of the road in, or approaching, bends were in to the left of that.
discussion. It is a bright sunny, early summer – let’s say
The impression I gained was that a decision early June – day, and the foliage is thick and
on whether it was always right, or never not yet cut back from all its energetic spring
right, in a test scenario was what was being growth. You lose some speed – probably
sought. I can understand that observers down to about 40 mph - turn into the bend,
helping people prepare for the test seek and see the road straightens again with
some form of guidance about these things. some houses on either side a hundred yards
I can understand that they want to know or so away.
they are “giving the right advice” and not all As you straighten up, and start to accelerate
giving differing messages to those preparing back up towards the speed limit, a 30 mph
to take the test. speed limit sign buried in the depths of the
Let me work through an example to try and foliage on your left becomes visible, giving
help understand how to deal with this in you just enough space to brake to that
an everyday way. If you are not an observer speed, if you brake very firmly indeed (at the
– please read on, this is for you as well. It’s level of an emergency stop).
actually about how we all behave on the
road.
Imagine driving or riding along an unfamiliar
country road towards a left hand bend,
The questions are: I hope that thinking about these differing
Do you brake very firmly and reach the speed circumstances which arise in exactly the
by the time you get to the sign, or a bit less same place is prompting some alteration to
firmly and run the braking though into the the idea that there is an “I would always…”
30 zone by perhaps twenty yards? answer.

There is a decision to be made here – if you Where this takes us is where driving and
do not brake and meet the speed restriction riding become interesting – this is the bit
by the time you get to it, you are breaking where the person
the speed limit – that’s simple, it is a black sitting at the controls of the vehicle – be
and white law. it a lorry, motorcycle, car or bus – has to
Now if I, as the Chief Examiner, were to look at the circumstances they are dealing
give a black and white ruling about “what with, apply some interpretation, and reach
is allowed in the test”, the only one I could a decision.
give which would satisfy the black and white A decision which might be different if the
constraints of the criminal law is to brake circumstances were different. So does a
very firmly and conform with the law. The “that’s simple, it’s a black and white rule”
test form has a box for marking whether statement stand up to the rigour of real life?
the drive or ride was legal or not, and doing I don’t think it does. Now I happen to hold
more than 30 in the 30 zone would clearly the view that if you were prosecuted for
be illegal. breaking the speed limit in that first few
But things are not really like that. Let me yards, someone involved in making that
pick up on just one thing I did not mention in happen needs to be taken to one side and
the description of the approach: be given some advice about what proper
What is in your mirror/over your shoulder? enforcement is about. However – when I am
Do you have a car following you at a one car pressed for black and white rules about what
length distance, being “pushy”? is allowed in the IAM test, I find that these
Is the mirror clear? kind of issues are there all the time.

Let me alter things a little in a different way. The advanced driving or riding test is
Instead of being a nice sunny June day, let’s performed in the real world among real
make it a proper English summer’s day – so people going about real journeys – just
pouring with rain, and with a road surface the same as the “L” test is. Like all those
that’s highly polished, and oily looking. other people making their journeys, the
Would that affect your decision in the real person taking the test has to deal with real
world, on an everyday journey? circumstances, and – whilst my example
above is a deliberate construction designed
to produce a theoretical dilemma – they
will sometimes face real decisions, in which
conforming with “Always do…” or “Never
do…” produce results which are obviously
not the best outcome – or may even conflict
with another “always do/never do..” rule.
So the response to the question becomes “
It depends…”
I get asked to define “It depends”.
Allow me to let you into the secret of
that definition. After seventeen years of
dealing with life, death, injury, honesty and Driving is similar – as we first start our
deviousness in operational policing of things instructor needs to give us close attention
happening on the road, twelve years of and help, with easy to understand ideas
dealing with driver and rider training in the and “rules”. But as we mature, we need to
police service, conducting driving and riding be allowed more room to think and make
tests throughout it; training and qualifying decisions… to use our experience and
as a driving instructor, and a driving understanding.
examiner; acting as a volunteer examiner
for an advanced driving organisation for just
under twenty years; and a further period
of nearly ten years here as Chief Examiner
at the IAM – I have yet to see a definition
of that which is clear or concise or answers
queries in a black and white way.
Therefore – advanced driving and riding
is not about being black and white, and
having things laid out in simple rules. It is
about being mature, sensible, and applying
principles to the circumstances. It is about
being “the thinking driver” or “the thinking
rider”. Actually, “ordinary” driving and riding
are like this – let alone advanced driving and
riding.

Of course, there are principles we should

abide by – be safe, be systematic, be legal
and be smooth. There are others, but let’s
hold it there, as those are enough for now.
Sometimes they can conflict with one
another, and the one that must always come
out on top is safety.
I was intrigued by an enquiry I received
Without the flexibility to meet in the office recently from a driver who
circumstances and deal with real life head was having a problem at a roundabout.
on, safely and sensibly, advanced driving or He explained it all, and when I read it the
riding would be valueless and not worthy of position was clear – he said that he did not
your time, or mine. When you first become a want to “do what is wrong” according to
parent, you control the life of your newborn how he read the Highway Code, but this
child. As the baby becomes a toddler, you meant he was in conflict with other traffic,
allow it a little more freedom, but you decide with potential danger arising.
when it goes to bed, and you put it there. Ignoring the complexities of roundabouts,
Then as the child grows, that bedtime tends the principle is clear – it is better to be wrong
to become a bit later… and later… and later, but safe, rather than right but dangerous.
as the years go by. When your child has (Please don’t write in about dangerous
grown up and left school and is at work or driving always being wrong – I’m trying to
college, you no longer tell it what time to go make a point here about prioritising).
to bed – but you might remind him or her So - be a “thinking driver” or a “thinking
“Don’t forget you have to go to work in the rider”. If you are an observer, doing that
morning”.
brilliant thing that so many of you do
so inspirationally well around the UK of
helping people develop – help them become
“thinking”.
If you are an examiner doing that thing you
do so well – look for the “thinking” solution.
We all need to give each other enough space
to allow for the thinking to happen, allowing
people to grow and develop, and to value the
maturity and flexibility that brings.
Examiners need to give candidates room
to adopt the “thinking” solution, observers
need to help the thinking to develop, and we
all need to think when we drive and ride.
The advanced test should really just be
a drive or a ride like any other – safe,
systematic, smooth, legal, and thought
through. A demonstration of the thinking
driver or rider making a journey and doing it
well.
I cannot advise you to break speed limits, or
enter bus lanes and cycle lanes you shouldn’t
be in, or lots of other things. However I can
advise you to think as you drive or ride. Be a
thinking driver or rider, (and decide your own
bedtime as well!)
This article was written by Peter Rodger and
appeared in the Advanced Driving
(Summer 2014) magazine.

v1.0 April16
The test – what to expect

The test is the culmination of your training, it is your opportunity to show how good you are
and justify your observer’s faith in you. A little bit of nerves can be a good thing. Stay focused
and try to enjoy it. The perfect driver has not yet been discovered but how close are you?

What to expect during the test

• The administration • The test • At the conclusion
process • You of the test

The administration process You will be asked to conduct a practical real

life manoeuvre or demonstrate competency
Having applied for your test you will be in course of test and your decision making
contacted by your examiner either by process is part of the assessment. On a
telephone or email. This is to arrange a motorcycle you may be asked to perform a
mutually convenient date, time and location slow riding manoeuvre if this has not been
for the test to take place. The location displayed during the test.
should be safe, easy to find, of no cost to
either of you with facilities and easy access Your drive must be safe and legal. Use your
to a variety of roads. Supermarket car parks speedometer to keep to the speed limits
and fast food restaurants are often chosen. which must be adhered to at all times, there
(Beware of time limited parking) are no exemptions when making an overtake
so do not plan to exceed the speed limit
The test when deliberating.
Your Examiner
This should be about 75 minutes from start
to finish with no more than 60 minutes All of the IAM examiners are advanced police
riding or driving. drivers and have experience in dealing with
road safety matters. They will:
What will be tested?
After the document disclaimer is dealt with • Put you at ease.
the examiner will conduct an eyesight check. • Set the scene for you and explain what
This is the same as the DVSA test or a police they are looking for.
roadside check. You must be able to read a
standard number plate at a distance of 20.5 • Explain clearly the route directions and
metres. how they will communicate them.

During the drive you can be tested on • Explain test protocols such as safety and
anything from the course material. It commentary.
may not be possible to assess some • Explain that any road traffic offence is
areas practically so the examiner may ask likely to lead to a fail.
questions.
• Explain about their note taking (they that you may choose to further develop your
write positive points as well as areas for skills such as Local or National observer, the
development) F1RST register, the Master’s program, or
• Give advice on how mistakes will be dealt regionally run skills days.
with (you will not necessarily fail for a If you are unsuccessful your areas to develop
minor mistake) will be highlighted and this reinforced by the
• Answer any questions you may have written report. If you don’t understand what
is being said ask, the examiner wants you to
You develop and be successful.

We know that you will be nervous,we all

were in the same circumstances. Your
examiner will have been through the r test report
Advanced Driver/Ride
assessment process a number of times from Note to Examiner
This form is to be used
for all manner of vehicles.
interchangeable in relation
to this form.
The terms ‘Drive’ and
‘Ride’, ‘Vehicle’ and ‘Machine’

attempted strike through

should all be deemed

the box. This will not

result in a test
spoken thought, if not

both seats.
be encouraged to attempt
The associate should
be awarded.
failure but a F1rst cannot
Cornering cornering? Do they
safe positioning during
Does the associate displayof the limit point? Do they ensure the vehicle
Safety & Legality driving/riding is legal. understand the principles in bends, junctions and
decide whether the associate’s
interest of safety. Consider control during cornering
As the examiner, you between legality in the road traffic legislation or is balanced and under
There may be a trade-off of roundabouts?
prosecute for any breach

If you have any concerns or are unsure of

if a police officer would circumstances. An associate
was reasonable in the including the
whether what was done Overtaking the principles of overtaking a safe overtake.
the speed limit. Does the associate understand ting
cannot PLAN to exceed position and then demonstra e when
the follow position, overtaking demonstrated, consider their performanc If
System and can they apply If no overtakes are actually vulnerable road users.
the phases of the system vehicles or when passing to check understanding.
Does the associate grasp

anything don’t be shy, ask the question,

moving out past parked place
system correctly to each
hazard? discussion should take
this is unachievable,
Observation hazards and making
scans in all directions Restraint/Progress ing of the balance
Is the associate identifying ted a clear understand
chine? Has the associate demonstra and when to make progress?
around the vehicle/ma between when to use
restraint

there is no such thing as a stupid question

nt
Planning & Hazard Manageme identified? Do they ion
Human Factors & Concentratted mastery of their emotions in order
to
to deal with the hazards of
Does the associate plan risk associated with each hazard? (by change Has the associate demonstra drive/ride? Are they able to describe
the
the Do
appropriately manage provide a safe and controlled and other road users?
speed, positioning, use
of horn etc.) themselves, their drive
various factors affecting on throughout the test?
they maintain concentrati

and you will get an answer to help put you

s for what might occur,
Anticipation appropriate assumption
Does the associate make s? Courtesy approach hazards (thanking
based on their observation courtesy in the way they their
Does the associate use when appropriate etc.). Do they consider the
way near
Vehicle Sympathy &
Eco Driving
the engine in higher
gears other road users, giving when overtaking or approaching puddles
opportunities to rest as
Does the associate take vehicle sympathy and fuel efficiency? effects on others (such

at ease.
both
when appropriate for kerbside).

Positioning ly. Slow manoeuvring a car or drive through

narrow gaps with
Positions the vehicle Advanced Driv
safely and appropriate Can the associate reverse t ride at walking pace
without losing their
er/R
to
confidence? Can a motorcyclis a slow speed manoeuvre the
Spoken Thought their thoughts in relation
to their drive/ride? ider test report
the drive
may choose to ask for
balance? The examiner not seen sufficient skill demonstrated during
Can the associate verbalise is it historical. Speaking should not slow performed if they have
or the be
Does it explain the drive cannot be awarded without

If you are suffering from any disability or

on. A F1rst drive/ride.
concentrati
or adversely affect the least a satisfactory standard.
spoken thought to at Smoothness and accomplished manner
associate attempting operate all controls in a smooth unbalanced ?
Can the associate being adversely
difficulty?
Surna all times without any gearbox? Candidate infor
without undue effort
and without the vehicle
Gear Changing
Does the associate select
the correct gear atme
selection on a manual
mation
matched with the gear the various drive

mobility issues let the examiner know.

Is the clutch control associate understand
does the Date hold First Name
On automatic gearboxes understand when and how to select a manual
they
modes available? Do
gear? Advanced test Time
Members re-ass Associate No
Use of Gearbox correct time within the essment
the correct gear at the
Does the associate select Declaration
phases of IPSGA? Eyesig ht test

If you are dyslexic or hard of hearing let the Acceleration Sense

Vehicle informati
vehicle to changing
match the speed of the
Can the associate accuratelytheCar ‘comfort braking’ or
on (tick and delet
road conditions with
using accelerator? ConstantMotor e as required)
cyclesense is notCommDefinition of Requires Development category y. Any grade 3 will
that acceleration
pulsing of the accelerator
pedal are clear signs ercial (Heavy/Medi y demonstrate the competenc
Reg no Fails to consistentl um/Li
being ght) ul.
unsuccessf
Bus/Coach/Minibus

examiner know.
being used. result in the candidate
n This Make y category (with trailer)
Mirrors/Re ar Observatio must be brought to
and timely fashion? Are Definition of Satisfactor the competency
mirrors in an appropriate the attention of tes Manual
Does the associate use • employedAs the driver
when necessary? Consistently demonstra
the Driver Automatic
shoulder/b lind spot checks you are deemed to be
in controDefinition Commended category
l of yourofvehicle high standard with
associate able at tes the competency to a
Steering
Competence Leve
made smoothly and
accurately? Is the
of Consistentl y demonstra all times includi the interaction between
ing ofng
Are all steering inputs whilst steering? (regardless sound understand responsibility for
controls when necessary, ls: 1 = Commen confidence; showing ies. safety
to reach all ancillary ded competenc

All reasonable adjustments will be made

other
which technique is employed). Safety and legalit this and
2 = Satisfactory
y Awarding a F1rst 3 = Requires Deve
Braking Syste
three stagem (progressive) braking
smoothly? Does the
way. Do
Gear
In orderchang
to be awarded
ing
a F1rst: lopment
Can the associate use decisive and planned Cornering
braking, braking in a of a running brake check? • No grade 3 is allowed
associate avoid comfort Use of gearbox the discretion to recommend a candidate even
to perform and the benefits

to the test to make it all-inclusive. It must

they understand how Observation • Our Examiners have Those categories
Overtaking
more than three categories. and any
Signals and do they interpret Acceleif they score a ‘2’ in no Sympathy & Eco-Driving
when appropriate ration Thought (Car), Vehicle
Spoken/sens for
Does the associate givePlannroad eCar or two other categories for Bike -aexcept
signalsing can be
& hazard mana
users? one other category for Restrmust score ‘1’
aint/p
correctly those given
by other gement Manoeuvrin g which rogress
Mirror s/rear
& Legality and Slow

v1.0 April16
Safety observation 1.
Anticipation and application of IPSGA? Do they

however be assessing a standard that is

Knowledge be grade Huma
Does the associate understand
the concept
and our advanced course • The remainder need to n factors & conce
ing of the Highway Code technology fitted to their Steeri ng ntration
have a sound understandVehicl e symp of the
athy & ecodrill
knowledge
a sound
materials? Do they have to be used when a cockpit drivin
is performed.
g Courtesy
vehicle? This section
is also
Positioning Braking

perceivably higher than the DVSA test.

Slow manoeuvrin
Signals g
Spoken thought
Smoothness
Knowledge
OVERALL RESU
LT

You will be asked to attempt a commentary.

Comments

To achieve a F1RST you must have tried

(unless medical reasons apply) give it a try it
can help you to focus.
During the test if you don’t hear or think you Examiner name

may have misunderstood an instruction ask. Signature

Number

We are all human.

At the conclusion of the test

You will be told your result straight away
Pass or Fail
You will be given verbal feedback followed by
a written report containing the detail of your
drive or ride.
If you are successful you will be given an
interim pass certificate. You will also be
given advice on other options within the IAM
v1.0 April16
Pre-drive checks

This handout describes how to conduct a pre-drive check, how to go through a systematic
cockpit drill and then the start up procedure to be used prior to driving off.

Pre-Drive Checks required add the correct mixed coolant.

Modern cooling systems contain a
Visual examination of the exterior of the chemical mix which is more efficient than
vehicle for: water alone and has corrosion inhibiting
1. Damage (Dents and scratches, wheel rims properties.) If it has lost fluid why, this
etc) Where did it happen? may be a problem.
2. Defects (wires hanging down, 4. Brake fluid (a physical check of the
exhaust loose, plastic under trays not reservoir will show the level) If the level
secure) is low why? Could it be the brake pads are
close to the wear limit, or do you have
3. Leaks (fluids under the vehicle, what are
a leak?
they, you may not want to touch them. If
the vehicle has been started be aware the 5. Clutch fluid (As above)
air conditioning unit will release water. 6. Screen wash (Keep level topped up with
Can you see the brake calipers is there suitable mix to prevent freezing and
fluid on them) assist in cleaning)
Tyres 7. Is everything as you expect it to be,
1. Condition (no cuts or bulges) no loose items or leaks visible.
2. Tread (1.6 mm across the central ¾ around Lights/Electrics
the whole circumference is legal. More 1. C
 heck operation of all lights, remember
tread is safer) that some lights will require the ignition
3. Pressure (check cold if possible with to be active. If possible get help to operate
an accurate gauge, the recommended or check the lights, if this is not possible
pressure will be found in the handbook you may be able to see reflections in
and also on the bodywork somewhere. windows or may have to walk around.
Fuel filler flaps or inside driver or Don’t forget the reversing lamps and fog
passenger doors are favourites. lights. (Most modern cars will check bulbs
Where is it on this car? when the ignition is activated and display
Under bonnet checks a warning if a defect is found)

1. How does the bonnet open (Key, one 2. Check horn (be aware of not sounding it
pull latch, two pull latch where is the between 11.30pm and 7am)
secondary release). 3. Wipers/washers (do not operate on a dry
2. Oil (does the oil require a physical check using screen as you may damage wiper blades)
the dipstick or is it checked via a computer)
3. Engine coolant (visual inspection of
the header tank, if it is below the level
How to conduct a Cockpit Drill Move across to steering column stems,
these will control indicators and windscreen
A good cockpit drill needs to include: wipers and often headlights and rear wash
A static brake test (Firm pressure on the wipe systems.
foot brake, release the parking brake, is the Again take time to understand the functions
pressure maintained and is there space for and where the manual and auto settings are
travel below the pedal) and which settings are appropriate for your
Seat and mirror adjustment (for control, journey. Is the horn here?
comfort and vision) Some operating systems for cruise control or
A description of vehicle, transmission and speed limiters may be on a secondary stem.
how to select reverse. (I am driving a Volvo Move to the driver’s door, mirror adjustment
V40 which has a six speed gearbox driving is normally found here, understand how it
the front wheels, reverse is “push down works.
away and forward”)
Window switches if not already located and
Controls of vehicle possibly the central locking button. If you
Be logical and ordered but understand what still haven’t found window switches you
you are trying to achieve, can we demist the may have stepped back in time and have to
car, can we find the hazard warning lights wind the window (or really far back in time
without taking our eyes off the road. How do and have to slide it)
we operate the fog lights, if we stop to let a Onto the steering wheel you may have a
passenger in where is the door lock. number of functions or nothing. You can
Start in the centre console, particularly often control radios, mobile phones and
heating and ventilation controls, take time navigation systems from the steering wheel,
to understand them and how to direct the each system is different, know how yours
air or control the temperature. Where are works.
the vents aiming? Minor controls (often fog
lights will be controlled from here) and some
window switches. Often a central locking
button.

v1.0 April16
Startup Procedure This is actually the brake failure warning
light that is checked every time you apply
Check vehicle is in neutral or park the parking brake (if this illuminates whilst
driving, stop and have the vehicle checked).
• Make ignition live
The steering should have become light (if
• Check warning lamps:
power steering fitted). The brake servo
• What is on? should have become active (if fitted)
• What should be on? Gauges should read as you expect.
• What goes out? The rev counter (if fitted) should respond to
• What doesn’t? the accelerator.

• Is everything as it should be? The fuel gauge should show sufficient fuel
for your immediate journey.
• Are you left with the lights that should
be illuminated?
Moving Brake Check
Vehicle is in neutral (manual), or park (auto)
Depress clutch pedal (manual) as this guards Check your brakes in a safe environment
against false neutral and reduces strain on before getting into a situation where you
the starter motor. Most modern cars won’t may need them. Ideally achieve 30mph in a
start without the clutch being depressed. non-retarding gear and apply the brakes in a
progressive manner. The vehicle should pull
Firm pressure on the foot brake. When the up evenly and as expected, you should now
engine starts the brake servo becoming know the
active will be felt through the brake pedal. required pressure to slow and stop your car.
Most autos won’t start without the brake If it is not possible to conduct this check due
pedal being depressed. to traffic conditions or other factors, you
must ensure you introduce the brakes early
Pull down on the steering wheel with the
for a hazard until you are satisfied with their
hand not turning the key or pressing the
performance.
starter button. When the engine starts, the
power steering becoming active will be felt
through the steering wheel.
Press start or turn key to second stage and
start engine.
All warning lights should now extinguish
except for the parking brake warning light.
Learning Styles

Visual Modality - A Visual Learner

• Learns by seeing and by watching
demonstrations
• Likes visual stimuli such as pictures, slides,
graphs, demonstrations, etc.
• Conjures up the image of a form by seeing
it in the “mind’s eye”
• Often has a vivid imagination
• Often stares
• Needs something to watch
• Is often quiet and does not talk at length
• Becomes impatient or drifts away when
extensive listening is required
• Prefers the visual arts and media
KINAESTHETIC Modality -
The KINAESTHETIC Learner
Haptic Modality - The Haptic Learner • Learns by doing, direct involvement
• Likes a “hands-on” approach to learning • Often fidgets or finds reasons to move
• Involves the sense of touch in learning • Is not very attentive to visual or auditory
• Likes to do artwork presentations
• Likes to piece things together • Wants to be “doing” something
• May be fond of doodling • Tries things out and likes to manipulate
• Likes to trace words and pictures objects
• Is often seen “fiddling” with something • Gestures when speaking
• Is successful with tasks requiring • Is often a poor listener
manipulation • Responds to music by physical movement
• Often finds success in physical response
activities
• Learns better when able to move during
learning
• Likes to move hands (doodling, tapping,)
while learning
• Uses movement to help concentrate
• Olfactory Modality - The Olfactory Learner
• Learns best though the sense of
smell and taste
• Smells have a special significance
• Associates a particular smell with
specific past memories
• Is frequently able to identify smells
• Finds that smells add to learning

Print Modality - A Print Oriented Learner

• Often takes notes
• May like to write on the blackboard
• Remembers quickly and easily what is read
• Learns better after seeing or writing Aural Modality - An Aural Learner
something
• Tends to remember and repeat ideas that
• Is often perceived as a “bookworm”
are verbally presented
• Grasps important concepts on first reading
• Learns well through lectures
of material
• Is an excellent listener
• Loves to read books, journals, magazines
• Can reproduce letters or words by
hearing them
Interactive Modality - • Likes to talk
The Interactive Learner
• Enjoys plays dialogues, dramas
• Learns best through verbalization
• Can learn concepts by listening to tapes
• Often hums or talks to self or others
• Enjoys music
• Usually is not quiet for great lengths of
• Can repeat or fulfil verbal instructions
time
• Often talks at length…just to hear him/
herself talk!
• Likes to use other people as a sounding
board
• Enjoys question/answer sessions
• Finds small group discussions stimulating
and informative
• Prefers to discuss things with others
v1.0 April16
Inclement Weather

This hand-out offers advice for driving during inclement weather. With each season
comes a range of conditions all of which need to be managed safely.

The weather conditions discussed in this hand-out are:

• Rain • Snow and Ice • Bright Sunlight
• High Winds • Fog

Rain
The Highway Code gives advice in relation return within a short time do not overreact.
to doubling potential stopping distances If possible avoid standing water,
when driving on a wet road, but there is so
much more to consider when driving in wet Consider
conditions. What is in it?
Ensure your windscreen and wipers are in Does it have potentially damaging pot
good condition and the washer system works holes that are now concealed?
correctly. Know how to operate them. Be How deep is it?
able to set the ventilation system to demist, Will it flood the air intake of the vehicle?
as the rain is likely to cause misting on the If so don’t drive into it as the engine may
inside of the windows. “hydro-lock” causing major damage.
Consider if you are struggling to see other If you must go through it and it is not too
drivers that they may struggle to see you. deep keep engine revs high but speed slow.
Consider dipped headlamps (not fog lamps as When you reach the other side dry the brakes
they dazzle). by applying them in a safe area.
Standing water may affect steering, a
puddle may pull the wheel towards the verge
or centre of the road. Apply a firm grip to
prevent unwanted steering.
Deep water may cause “aquaplaning” this
is where the tyre treads are unable to clear
sufficient water and a wedge of water forms
and preventing the tyre from gripping the
road it feels like driving on ice and steering Snow & Ice
and braking capabilities are lost. Highway code advice for stopping distances in
Take your foot off the accelerator and retain a the snow and ice is they need to be increased
light grip on the steering wheel, do not brake by up to 10 times.
or attempt to steer as any input is likely to be On packed snow and ice the tyres have
excessive when the grip returns. The grip will virtually no grip available, which has a serious
effect on vehicle stability programmes Bright Sunlight
almost negating them. Whilst it is possible to
get a vehicle moving reasonably effectively, Bright sunlight may affect your vision. If it
stopping it or changing direction can be much does you must slow down. In winter the sun
more difficult. is lower and may affect you even more.

Gentle acceleration in the highest possible If you decide to wear sun glasses be aware
gear will assist in moving away. Slowing down they will reduce your vision out of tinted
is best achieved using the gears. A common windows. Take extra care when emerging
problem in snow and ice is driving at a generic from junctions and if in any doubt don’t
speed which is perceived to be “safe”. At move. Be ready to remove the glasses if you
times it may be that 40mph is acceptable but drive into a tunnel or shaded area.
at other times 15mph may be far too fast. Know how to use the sun visor to best effect.
Where you need to be able to change High Winds
direction or perhaps to stop, reduce speed
gradually. Be aware that the car may skid. Be aware that wind will affect vehicles in
ABS systems are designed to allow the wheel different ways. High sided vehicles will be
to lock at very low speeds (otherwise they more susceptible to wind and speeds must
would never stop) severely reduced grip may be reduced.
mean the vehicle slides forward at a slow When passing a high sided vehicle be aware
speed. the wind affecting you will change, and give
Coarse steering may induce a skid. Be smooth them as much space as possible. If you see
and progressive with steering in order not to them being affected don’t pass.
break grip. If you steer do it gently until you Be especially careful if crossing exposed
are back to the course you wish the car to bridges.
follow.
Fog
Understand that packed snow may adhere to
the wheel arches and affect steering. Fog and mist cause some of the most
dangerous and difficult driving conditions.
Make sure you carry extra clothing/blankets
in the vehicle to stay warm in the event of Use dipped beam, many modern car
being stranded. instrument panels light up even when the
headlights are turned off so check the control
Be aware some small roads are not always to be sure. Use your fog lights when the
treated for ice, if there is evidence of road salt visibility drops below 100m. Don’t forget that
on major routes, or the temperature is low, when the fog clears, you will need to turn
take extra care. In extreme conditions stay on the fog lights off again as soon as possible,
the major routes if possible. otherwise you may dazzle other road users.
Understand where a micro climate is likely Remember in patchy fog, you may need to
to occur, ice may form in isolation in low turn your fog lights off in the clearer patches,
lying areas under trees or on bridges and will and on again when the fog gets thicker.
remain for longer in shaded areas. Avoid using full beam, even when there’s
nobody else around, because the fog will
reflect the light back at you, and that has
the effect of reducing, rather than improving,
your vision.
A sensible technique when it’s foggy is to
turn the radio off and open your windows
v1.0 April16

at junctions – that way, you can listen for

oncoming cars when you can’t see them.
Emergency vehicles

Emergency vehicle responding to calls and using warning equipment would like to pass you
but will not expect you to put yourself or others in danger to facilitate this. This handout
applies a common-sense approach to assisting where possible.

Highway Code References. Highway Code Rule 219

Emergency and Incident Support vehicles.
The Highway Code makes reference to
emergency vehicle in three areas. In each You should look and listen for ambulances,
instance a sensible planned response will fire engines, police, doctors or other
assist. emergency vehicles. They may be using
flashing blue,red or green lights and
Highway Code Rule 31 sounding sirens. When one approaches
Emergency vehicles. do not panic. Consider the route of such a
If an ambulance, fire engine, police or vehicle and take appropriate action to let it
other emergency vehicle approaches using pass, while complying with all traffic signs.
flashing blue lights, headlights and/or If necessary, pull to the side of the road and
sirens, keep off the road. stop, but try to avoid stopping before the
brow of a hill, a bend or narrow section of
This rule applies to pedestrians but is also
road. Do not endanger yourself, other road
apt for drivers if you have not yet joined
users or pedestrians and avoid mounting
the main road. If you can safely stay out
the kerb. Do not brake harshly on approach
of the way let them pass. It may be that
to a junction or roundabout, as a following
this information about an incident along
vehicle may not have the same view as
a particular route will affect your choice of
you. Flashing amber beacons are normally
route.
‘Highways Agency Traffic Officers’ or
Ambulances are easy to spot. Fire engines incident support vehicles they will generally
even easier. Both are likely to mean a operate slow time but be aware of their
possible delay on your route. needs.
When you hear a siren the natural reaction is
to look for a marked police car, a fire engine
or an ambulance.
Or even this
Try to be open to the possibility the vehicle
trying to pass may be a plain looking car,
with emergency warning equipment fitted.
The lights are not always easily visible
and the sirens can appear to come from a
different direction. Motorcycles are now
used by all emergency services and they may
be hard to see, although they will make a lot
of noise. Be sensible in your response and
plan as an advanced driver. Stopping may
be inappropriate and slowing down may
cause delay. Each situation will require its
own response. The drivers of the emergency
vehicles are trained to help you and should
appreciate your efforts. Look for some
indication of what they would like you to
do, the position of the vehicle or a signal
from the driver may help. If you can’t help
immediately, continue at a sensible speed
until you can. Exceeding the speed limit is
not expected of you and a camera will have
no discretion if you get flashed.
Likewise with bus lane cameras you may
find it difficult to prove why you went into
the bus lane. (It is likely that the emergency
vehicle will be using an empty bus lane in
any case) As a general rule if the road is wide
enough for them to pass pull over to the
left and stop, if it is not wide enough keep
moving until it is or you can pull into the
mouth of a junction or utilise a dropped kerb slowing may suffice, if they don’t come past
(they will not expect you to drive up a kerb stop. It may be they wish to speak to you.
to allow them to pass). On a narrower road road it will help to be
At traffic light junctions or give way lines mindful of traffic bollards, parked vehicles
be aware that you have no exemption to and other hazards when choosing where
ignore them. However well- intentioned your to stop.
actions may be any collision or incident will If you are not able to assist then proceeding
be your responsibility. The presence of the safely at the speed limit allows them to
emergency vehicle would merely be regarded get to their intended location (unless they
as mitigating circumstances. indicate otherwise see above). Be positive
Do not place yourself or others in danger by and do not panic. If they ask you to move
proceeding through a red traffic light, safety somewhere specifically and it is safe, follow
is the number one consideration. Be aware the instruction.
a camera at the location may record you Be aware that a collision involving you
jumping the light but may not accurately will likely result in the emergency vehicle
capture the circumstances in which you did not arriving at their intended incident as
it. The emergency services driver is trained they will be required to stop and deal as a
to make “safe” progress and will be aware “vicinity only” incident so they definitely do
that you may not be able to assist. (In these not want you “crashing” in an attempt to
circumstances their training would suggest help.
switching off the warning equipment to Whilst the emergency services are in
“relieve the pressure”) certain circumstances exempt from some
A good plan of what to do will assist you in road traffic legislation they have to comply
making positive decisions. On a wide road with a large proportion of it specifically
simply showing a left signal moving left and in relation to the standard expected of a
careful and competent driver.
Other examples of covert vehicles fitted
with emergency warning equipment are
likely to be used by fire officers who may
have this fitted to their own vehicles.
All of the emergency responders work to
the rule
“No call is so urgent as to justify an accident
which will in itself always cause delay”
They should be courteous and grateful for
your efforts.

Highway Code Rule 281

Warning signs or flashing lights.
If you see or hear emergency or incident
support vehicles in the distance, be aware
there may be an incident ahead (see Rule
219). Police officers and traffic officers may The Legal Bit.
be required to work in the carriageway, for The Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 and
example dealing with debris, collisions or The Traffic Signs Regulations and General
conducting rolling road blocks. Police officers Directions 2002 exempt emergency vehicles
will use rear-facing flashing red and blue from:
lights and traffic officers will use rear-facing
flashing red and amber lights in these 1) observing speed limits
situations. Watch out for such signals, slow 2) observing keep left/right signs
down and be prepared to stop. You MUST 3) complying with traffic lights (including
follow any directions given by police officers pedestrian controlled crossings).
or traffic officers as to whether you can
These exemptions are subject to further
safely pass the incident or blockage.
guidelines during the emergency response
Try to be patient - if the road is closed, it is drivers training
done for safety or to gather evidence. It may
seem that not much is happening, but they
want the road opened and moving as much
as you do.
They do have better things to do! But none
as important as the incident they are dealing
with at the moment.
We haven’t yet mentioned Doctors or some
of the volunteer ambulance services, they
may have vehicles fitted with warning
equipment but not have any exemption
from road traffic legislation, be sensible
if you see them trying to get somewhere
quickly help if you are able
v1.0 April16
Driving at night

Night driving presents unique challenges drivers, the limit of vision is dictated by the
performance of your headlamps, your windscreen and your eyesight. This handout
covers legislation and some practicalities regarding driving at night.

This handout touches on:

• Legislation • Practicalities of • Limit point analysis
• Practicalities of lighting driving at night

Legislation is actually parked, or appears to be in the

opposite carriageway.
The Road Traffic Act 1988 and the Road
Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989 confer Ensure all lights are kept clean and visible.
on vehicle users certain responsibilities In certain weather or driving conditions,
when driving at night. they may require regular cleaning to ensure
they remain efficient.
Obligatory lights must be displayed during
the hours of darkness on all mechanically Automatic light functions on modern
propelled vehicles. In areas with a speed vehicles will respond to darkness, but
limit above 30mph dipped headlamps may not operate in wet weather or other
must be used. situations where visibility is severely
reduced. Be prepared to switch on the
Practicalities of lighting headlamps manually if circumstances
It must be remembered that vehicle dictate.
lighting is designed to ensure the vehicle Whilst it is dark and raining, visibility will
is seen as well as to ensure the driver can be further affected by dazzle from on-
see. With this in mind, care should be coming vehicles, in these circumstances it is
taken when parking at night with lights important to keep all windows and exterior
switched on, to ensure road users are not mirrors as clean as possible.
left confused as to whether the vehicle Include spectacles in this if worn.
When dazzled by headlamps from the rear
of your vehicle it is important to know how
the rear view mirror dips.

Practicalities of driving at night

The overriding principle of safe driving
is that you must be able to stop in the
distance you can see to be clear on your
own side of the road. In areas of extreme
darkness the limit of your vision is restricted
to the limit of your headlamp beam.
In these circumstances your speed must be
adjusted accordingly. It may be that your
vision is extended by use of the headlamps
on the vehicle in front. Use the information
beyond them to good effect, but do not rely
on them as a guide to a safe speed.

Limit point analysis

Negotiating bends using the limit point
requires adjustment when driving in the
dark. Some lateral information that may
have been available during the day, will not
be visible at night.
Bear this in mind on unlit rural roads.
The photo opposite shows a typical bend
viewed in ideal daylight conditions. You can aid your night vision by keeping
interior and ambient lighting to an absolute
Now study the same view taken at night and
minimum.
see how much detail is lost: depth of vision,
colour and distance are all more difficult for For information, the human eye takes
the human eye to register in the dark. around twenty minutes to become fully
adapted to darkness. Any bright lighting,
Dipped headlamps rather than main beam
including mobile phone screen, dashboard
may assist in locating the nearside of the
lights or sat nav will diminish your night
road in a bend.
vision.
If you become dazzled by on coming traffic,
Make full use of the dimmer control on
look down and to the left to try to locate the
instrument panel lighting and be prepared
edge of the road and slow down until you
to change your satellite navigation system
can see again.
to night mode if this is not an automatic
The way the human eyes work means that function.
in very dimly lit conditions, the peripheral
vision is more sensitive to light than the
central portion of your vision.
v1.0 April16
Communication

Mobile communication and GPS is becoming more commonplace in cars, this hand-out offers
advice for using this technology to complement your driving. It is not exhaustive but touches
on the following areas.

The technology discussed in this hand-out is:

• Satellite Navigation • Mobile telephones • Internet

Satellite Navigation
Many drivers now have access to satellite After market systems will need to be safely
navigation systems which are either fitted secured in the vehicle, they should not
into their vehicle, after market attachments obscure the drivers view but need to be
or combined with a smart phone. When used visible without substantial head movement.
correctly they will complement driving and Care should also be taken when routing
can relieve the stress of route planning. cables to ensure they do not interfere with
They can however be a distraction and may steering or other controls. When you remove
lead to sudden changes of direction if not the mount, bear in mind the tell-tale ring
used correctly. If you are using the system left may be an indication to thieves that the
for directions, set the volume to a level that system is in the car.
you can hear easily. The screens can be small If combined with a smart phone ideally
and may distract concentration from other the phone should be secured in the car. All
driving decisions. programming should be done before moving
In car systems will usually display a warning off, as using the phone whilst driving is
screen which must be accepted before use is subject to prohibitive legislation. We do not
allowed, they generally play through the cars want to be the test case, in a court of law for
audio system and will interrupt any other using its navigation function.
audio source. They may have voice activation
and the ability to enter data via speech.
Be aware that if you are doing this whilst
moving you are likely to be distracted
from driving.
Mobile Phones
Mobile telephones have become an integral
part of everyday life, often to the exclusion
of sensible values. Legislation prevents
the use of a hand held mobile device
whilst driving unless making a call to the
emergency services and it is unsafe to stop.
You are legally permitted to use hands free
devices fitted to the vehicle to make and Internet
receive any calls. Some vehicles now have the facility to
It has been shown by extensive research create a wi-fi zone within the vehicle to
that making calls - even hands free - allow internet access for computers and
substantially affects concentration and tablets.
slows reactions when driving. This is a This is intended for use whilst parked or for
major safety concern. the use of passengers. It is good practice,
The policy adopted by the IAM is to pull over even if the passenger is going to use this,
safely before making or taking a call and it for it to be done in the rear seat. The screen
is suggested the driver confirms this to the can be a distraction for the driver, especially
caller. Emergency calls as above are excluded at night.
from the policy if it is not safe or practicable -- Legislation prohibiting a TV screen from
to pull over. being visible to the driver specifically
Good practice is to keep the phone powered mentions a “cathode ray tube”, but also
up (they take a long time to restart and other “cinematographic equipment”. It is
may be required in an emergency and other this second area that is likely to fit the
functions such as GPS tracking may be computer screen. It is common sense not
useful) but secured away from the driver. to use this whilst driving.
If you are utilising navigation on the phone Ensure that any passengers using phones,
secure it in view. computers or other electronic equipment do
not distract you from your primary task of
driving safely.

In Car Technology for

Communication
As human beings we are not very good at
multi tasking, something has to give when
we try to concentrate on two things at once.
Communication devices no matter how we
use them, distract us from driving.
v1.0 April16
Car Technology

In-car technology which was once only fitted to luxury or high-end vehicles is now becoming
more commonplace. This hand-out offers advice for using this technology to complement
your driving. It is not exhaustive but touches on the following areas.

The technology discussed in this hand-out is:

• Auto Gearboxes • Anti Lock Brakes (ABS) • Auto Headlamps/
• Cruise Control/ • Electronic Stability Wipers
Speed limiter Programme (ESP)

Auto Gearboxes
The range of functions available on
automatic gearboxes is changing at an
incredible speed.
You need to have at least a basic
understanding of the system fitted to your
vehicle and how to use the it.
It is important that an advanced driver can
at least select a gear hold where fitted and
appropriate ( some hybrid or electric vehicles
may not have this function) and operate the
gear selector efficiently.
If you have further interest in the functions,
consult the manufacturer’s guide. improve braking efficiency, it allows you to
retain steering at the point of maximum
Try to explain the functions in layman’s
braking and may allow you to steer out of a
terms to your observer.
situation whilst still slowing.
As firm acceleration will likely operate the
It is also important to remember, although
kick down function you need to understand
steering is retained, a skid may still be
what is happening in the simplest form (the
induced if tyre grip is not sufficient at the
car has selected a lower gear for acceleration)
speed of travel (Tyre grip is shared between
and how to avoid unintended use.
steering and braking ).
ABS ABS is a safety aid which may help in
Aside from limited production exemptions, emergency situations. It should not
new cars supplied in the UK since July 2004 be operated as a matter of course and
must be fitted with ABS. planned progressive braking will help avoid
activation.
The important message is it does not
Auto Headlamps/Wipers If a vehicle is being driven in a sensible,
planned, advanced manner the system will
Many of modern vehicles now have the not be called upon.
option of setting windscreen wipers and or
lights to an automatic setting. The diagram shows how ESP works however
Various film clips are available showing ESP
The headlamps will illuminate if a sensor in action.
fitted to the vehicle detects a reduction in
the available light. Similarly the wipers will
start in response to moisture on the screen.
Cruise Control/Speed limiters
Both systems can be a useful aid but neither These devices will either allow the
is foolproof. vehicle to maintain a constant
The associate needs to know how to operate speed or prevent it from exceeding a set
each in its manual form. In certain reduced limit. With either function it is important
visibility conditions an advanced driver may to know how to operate and override the
display lights when the automatic system system safely.
has decided not to. Likewise an advanced In most cases the cruise control will have
driver may decide a certain speed of wipers an on and off switch, functions to set,
is preferable to the one chosen by the auto increase and decrease speed also a method
setting. of pausing the system and then resuming to
the set speed. Operation of the brake pedal
Electronic Stability Programme will cancel the system and in a manual car
(ESP) operating the clutch pedal will also cancel it.
From November 2014 all new vehicles You should avoid cancelling with brake
registered in the EU are required to application unless the information conveyed
have ESP. ESP is a safety aid which in an by the brake lights will be required.
emergency situation helps drivers maintain Inappropriate brake light applications will
control by monitoring steering inputs and cascade to following traffic and may cause
over reactions from drivers behind. When
possible cancel cruise control using the
function button.
Speed limiters also have an override facility:
firm application of the accelerator will allow
the vehicle to exceed the set limit.
Do not use cruise control in heavy rain or on
loose surfaces as it may cause the wheels
to loose grip.
vehicle direction. The system detects when
a vehicle is departing from its intended path Technology
and automatically applies brakes to the
appropriate wheel, endeavouring to point Technology is moving very fast, with
the vehicle in the direction being requested everyone starting to expect more and more
by the steering wheel. Engine power may equipment as standard on their vehicles.
also be reduced in some systems. Items that were once rare or optional extras
It is a massive step in road safety, but as are now becoming part of the standard
with all safety aids cannot operate outside equipment in our vehicles. Used correctly
the laws of physics. this technology will serve to enhance your
driving experience.
v1.0 April16
 Documents
Declaration
How to use this form
This form replaces physical checks of your driving licence, MOT and insurance documentation and
should be signed and handed in prior to your drive or ride with IAM RoadSmart.
If you do NOT hold all of the required valid documentation listed then you should not sign the form and
will not be able to drive or ride with IAM RoadSmart.
If you have any questions then please speak to your local IAM RoadSmart group or call
Customer Care on 0300 303 1134.

Name

Membership number

Date

IAM RoadSmart documents declaration

I confirm that I am the holder of a valid current driving licence and that I have appropriate insurance
for any vehicles used for IAM RoadSmart courses, either personally or via my employer, and that those
vehicles, if appropriate, have valid MOT and tax. I also confirm that these will be in place throughout
the duration of my IAM RoadSmart course.
I confirm that I am fit to drive or ride and not under the influence of any drug (including prescribed
medication that may adversely affect my fitness to drive/ride). I will wear corrective eyewear while
driving or riding if my eyesight requires it.
I am aware that I am responsible for all driving or riding decisions and I will make my Observer/
Examiner or Trainer aware if I become distracted. I agree that any advice/direction given will require
my diligence to be applied safely. If I have any doubt I will ask for clarification before following the
advice/direction.
v1.0 April16

Signature

72
 v1.0 April16

IAM RoadSmart is the trading name of all businesses owned by The Institute of Advanced Motorists
Charity number: 249002 (England and Wales) www.iamroadsmart.com
SC041201 (Scotland). @iamroadsmart