1

Protecti
on of Al
ter
nat
ors
and
Transformer
s
Pr
otect
ionofAl
ter
nat
ors
Thegen er at i
n gun i
ts,especi al l
yt hel ar geron es ,ar er el at i
vel yf ew i nn umberan dhi gheri ni n divi dual
costt hanmos tot herequi pment s.Ther ef or e,iti sdes i
r abl ean dn eces sar yt opr ovi depr otect iont o
covert hewi der angeoff aul tswhi chmayoccuri nt hemoder ngen erat ingpl an t .
Someoft hei mpor tantf aul tswhi chmayoccuronanal t
er n at orar e:
(i)f ailureofpr i
me- mover (ii)f ailureoff ield
(iii
)over cur rent (iv)over speed
(v)over vol tage (vi )un bal an cedl oadi ng
(vii)s tat orwi ndi n gf aul ts
(i
)Fai l
ur eofpr i
me- mover .Wheni nputt ot hepr i
me- moverf ai l
s,t heal ter nat orr un sasas ynchr on ous
mot oran ddr awssomecur rentf r omt hes uppl ys ys tem.Thi smot or i
n gcon di tion si sk nownas“ i
n ver ted
runn ing” .
(a)I ncas eoft urbo- alter nat orset s,f ailur eofs team s uppl ymaycaus ei n ver tedr unning.I ft hes t eam
suppl yi sgr adual lyr es tor ed,t heal ter nat orwi llpickupl oadwi thoutdi s turbi ngt hes ys tem.I fthes t eam
failur ei sl i
k elyt obepr olonged,t hemachi necanbes af elyi sol atedbyt hecon trolr oom at t en dan t
sincet hiscondi tioni sr el ativel yhar ml es s .Ther ef or e,aut omat icpr otect ioni sn otr equi r
ed.
(b)I ncase ofhydr o-gen er at orset s,pr ot ect i
onagai n s ti n ver ted r un nin gi sachi eved by pr ovi ding
mechan i
caldevi cesont hewat er- wheel .Whent hewat erf low dr opst oani n suf ficientr at et omai ntain
theel ect r
icalout put ,t heal ter nat ori sdi s con nect edf rom t hes ys t em.Ther ef or e,int hiscas eal so
elect ricalpr ot ect i
oni snotnecess ar y.
(c)Di es elen ginedr i
venal ter nat or s,whenr un ni
n gi nver ted,dr aw acon sider abl eamoun tofpowerf rom
thes uppl ys ys tem an di ti sausualpr act i
cet opr ovi depr ot ect ionagai ns tmot or i
n ginor dert oavoi d
damageduet oposs i
blemechani calsei zur e.Thi si sachi evedbyappl yi ngr ever s epowerr elayst ot he
alter n ator swhi chi sol at et hel att erdur in gt heirmot or ingact i
on .I tises sen tialt hatt her ever s epower
relayshavet i
me- del ayi noper at i
oni nor dert opr even ti n adver t en tt rippin gdur i
n gs ys temdi stur ban ces
causedbyf aul tysynchr oni singandphas es wi n
gi ng.
(i
i)Fai lur eoff iel d.Thechancesoff i
el df ai l
ureofal ter nat or sar eun doubt edl yver yr ar e.Eveni fit
doesoccur ,noi mmedi at edamagewi l
lbecaus edbyper mi ttingt heal ter nat ort or unwi thoutaf ieldf or
ashor t -
per i
od.I ti ssuf ficien tt or elyont hecon tr olr oomat ten dan tt odi scon n ectt hef aul tyal ter nat or
man ual lyf rom t he s yst em bus- bar s.Ther ef or e,i ti saun iver salpr act i
cen ott o pr ovi deaut omat i
c
prot ect ionagai nstt hi scon t i
ngen cy.
(i
ii
)Over cur r ent .I toccur smai nlyduet opar ti
albr eak downofwi ndingi nsul at ionorduet oover loadon
thes uppl ysyst em.Over cur rentpr ot ect ionf oral ter n ator si scon sider edun n eces sarybecaus eoft he
followi ngr easons:
(a)Themoder nt enden cyi st odesi gnal t ern ator swi t hver yhi ghval uesofi nter nali mpedan ces ot hat
they wi llst an d a compl et e shor t -circui t at t hei rt er mi n alsf or s uff icien tt i
me wi thout s er i
ous
over heat ing.Ont heoccur renceofanover load,t heal ter n at or scanbedi s con n ect edman ual l
y.
(b)Thedi sadvant age ofusi ngover loadpr otect i
onf oral t ernat or si st hats uchapr otect ionmi ght
discon nectt heal t ern ator sf rom t hepowerpl an tbusonaccoun tofs omemomen tar yt roubl esout side
thepl an tand,t her ef or e,i nter fer ewi tht hecon ti
n uityofel ect rics er vice.
(i
v)Over speed.Thechi efcauseofovers peedi st hes uddenl os sofal lort hemaj orpar tofl oadon
theal ter nat or .Moder nal ter nat or sar eus ual lypr ovi dedwi thmechan icalcen trifugaldevi cesmoun ted
ont hei rdr ivi ngshaf t st ot ri
pt hemai nval veoft hepr i
me- moverwhenadan ger ousovers peedoccur s.
(v)Over -vol tage.Thef ieldexci tat ions ys t em ofmoder nal tern at orsi ss odes ign edt hatover vol tage
condi tionsatn or malr unni ngspeedscan n otoccur .However ,over vol tagei nanal ternat oroccur swhen
speedoft hepr ime- moveri ncr eas esduet os uddenl os soft heal ter nat orl oad.I ncas eofs team- tur bine
drivenal ter nat or s ,t hecont r olgover n or sar ever ys en sitivet os peedvar iation s.They exer cisea
cont i
nuouscheckonovers peedandt huspr even tt heoccur ren ceofover vol tageont hegen er at i
ng
unit.Ther ef or e,over -vol tagepr ot ect ioni sn otpr ovi dedont ur bo- alter nat ors et s.Incas eofhydr o-
gener at or ,t hecont r olgover nor sar emuchl es ss en siti
vean danappr eci abl et imemayel aps ebef ore
ther isei ns peedduet ol ossofl oadi scheck ed.Theover -vol tagedur ingt hi st imemayr eachaval ue
whi chwoul dover -st resst hest at orwi n di ngsan di nsulat i
onbr eak downmayoccur .Itis ,t her ef or e,a
usualpr act i
cet opr ovi deover -vol t agepr ot ect i
ononhydr o- gen erat orun its.Theover -vol tager elays
 2

areoper atedf rom avol tagesupplyder i

vedf rom thegen er
at orterminals.Ther elaysares oarr
anged
thatwhent hegener atedvoltagerises20%abovet henormalval ue,theyoper atet o
(a)t r
ipthemai nci rcui
tbreakertodi sconnectthef aul
tyalternatorf r
omt hes ystem
(b)discon nectt healternatorfi
eldcircui
t
(vi
)Unbal anced l oading.Unbalanced loadingmean sthatt here are differen tphas e cur
rentsint he
alternator.Un balancedl oadingarisesf rom fault
st o earthorf aul
tsbet weenphas esont hecir
cuit
ext ernaltot heal tern
ator.Theunbal ancedcur r
ents,ifal
lowedt oper si
st,mayei t herseverel
yburnt he
mechan i
calf i
xingsoft her ot
orcor eordamaget hef i
eldwinding.

Fi
g.22.
1showst
heschemat
icar
rangementf
ort
hepr
otect
ionofal
ter
nat
oragai
nstunbal
ancedl
oadi
ng.
Thescheme

compr ises t hree l i

ne cur rentt ransformer s,one moun t
ed i n each phas e,havi ngt heirs econdar i
es
conn ect edi npar all
el.Ar elayisconnect edinpar allelacros st het ransfor mers econ daries.Un dern ormal
oper atingcon ditions,equalcur rentsf l
ow t hrought he differ entphas esoft he alter natoran dt heir
algebrai cs umi szer o.Ther efore,thesumoft hecur r
en t
sf lowi ngint hes econ dar i
esisal sozer oan dn o
currentf lowst hrought heoper atingcoi loft her elay.However ,ifun balan cingoccur s,t hecur ren t
s
i
nducedi nt hes econ darieswi l
lbedi ff
er entan dt her esultan toft hesecur ren tswi l
lf low t hrought he
relay.Theoper at i
onoft her elaywi lltriptheci rcui tbreak ert odi scon nectt heal t
er natorf r
om t he
system.
(vii
)St at orwi ndi ngf ault
s.Thes ef aultsoccurmai nlyduet ot hei nsulat
ionf ail
ur eoft hes tatorwi ndi
n gs.
Themai nt ypesofst atorwi ndi
ngf aults,inorderofi mportan cear e:
(a)faultbet weenphas eandgr ound
(b)faultbet weenphases
(c)inter -
t urnfaul tinvolvingt ur
nsoft hes amephas ewi nding
Thest at orwi ndi ngf ault
sar et hemostdan gerousan dar el i
kel ytocaus econ siderabledamaget ot he
expen sivemachi nery.Ther efore,aut omat i
cpr otect i
oni sabs olutelyn eces saryt ocl ears uchf aultsin
thequi ck es tpos siblet i
mei nor dert omi ni
miset heext entofdamage.Forpr otect i
onofal ternators
againsts uchf aults,differenti
almet hod ofpr otect ion( alsok nowsasMer z-Pri
ce s ystem)i smos t
commonl y empl oyed due t oi t
s gr eaters en si
tivity andr el i
abili
ty.Thi ss ys t
em of pr otection is
discuss edi nt hef oll
owingsect ion.
Di
ffer
ent
ialPr
otect
ionofAl
ter
nat
ors
I
nt hisschemeofpr ot
ect i
on,currentsatt hetwoen dsoftheprotecteds ect i
onarecompar ed.Under
normaloper ati
ngconditi
ons,thesecur rent
sareequalbutmaybecomeun equalont heoccur renceofa
f
aul tintheprotectedsection.Thedi ff
erenceofthecurrent
sunderfaultcon dit
ionsisarrangedt opass
t
hr ought heoperat
ingcoiloft herelay.Therel
ayt hencl
osesitscontactst oisolat
epr otecteds ect
ion
f
r omt hesys t
em.Thisformofpr otecti
onisalsoknownasMer z-
Pri
ceci r
culatingcurrentscheme.
 3

Schemat i
carrangement .Fi
g.22. 2showst hes chemati
car r
angementofcurrentdiff
erent
ialprot
ect i
on
fora3- phasealter
nat or
.Ident icalcurr
en tt r
ansformerpairsCT1andCT2ar eplacedonei thersi
deof
eachphaseoft hest atorwi ndings.Thes econ dari
esofeachs etofcurr
entt r
ansfor
mersar econnected
i
ns tar;thetwon eutralpointsandt hecor respondi
ngterminal
softhetwos targroupsbeingconnected
togetherby meansofaf our -corepil
otcabl e.Thust hereisanindependentpathf orthecur r
ents
cir
culati
ngineachpairofcur renttransformer sandthecor r
espondi
ngpi
lotP.

Ther elaycoi l
sar econ nectedi nst ar,t hen eutralpoi ntbein gcon nectedt ot hecur r
en t-t
rans former
commonneut ralandt heout erendsonet oeachoft heot hert hreepilots.Inor dert hatbur denoneach
curren ttrans f
or meristhesame,t herel aysar econ nect edacr ossequi potentialpoin t
soft het hreepi l
ot
wiresan dt heseequi poten ti
alpoi ntswoul dn atural
lybel ocat edatt hemi ddleoft hepi lotwi res.The
relaysar egener al
lyofel ectromagnet ict ypean dar ear r
an gedf ori nstantaneousact ions incef aul
t
shouldbecl ear edasqui cklyaspossi ble.
Oper ation.Ref erri
ngt o Fig.22. 2,iti scl eart hatt he relaysar e con n ected i ns huntacr osseach
cir
cul ati
ngpat h.Ther efore,theci r
cuitofFi g.22. 2canbes howni nas implerf or mi nFi g.22.3.Un der
normaloper atingconditions,t hecur ren tatbot hen dsofeachwi ndingwi llbeequalan dhen cet he
curren tsint hesecondar i
esoft woCTscon nectedinan yphas ewillalsobeequal .Ther efore,t hereis
balancedci rculatingcurrentint hepi lotwi resan dnocur r
en tf l
owst hrought heoper ati
n gcoi l
s( R1,R2
andR3)oft her elays.Whenanear t
h-faultorphas e-t
o- phasef aultoccur s
,t hi
scon diti
onn ol ongerhol ds
goodan dthedi f
ferenti
alcur rentf l
owi ngt hrought her elaycircuitoper atest her elayt ot ri
pt heci rcui
t
break er.

(i
)Supposeanear t
hf aultoccur sonphas eR duet obr eak downofi tsins ulati
ont oear thas
showni nFi g.22.2.Thecur renti nt heaf fect edphas ewi ndingwi l
lflow t hrought hecor ean d
frame oft he machi ne t o ear th,t he ci r
cuitbei ng compl eted through t he n eut ralear thing
resistance.Thecur rent sint hes econ dariesoft het woCTsi nphaseRwi l
lbecomeunequalan d
the dif f
eren ce oft he t wo cur rentswi llflow t hrought he correspon dingr elay coi l(i.
e.R1) ,
returningvi athen eut ralpilot.Con sequen tl
y,t herelayoper atestot ri
pt heci rcuitbreak er.
(i
i)Imagi net hatnow as hort-cir
cuitf aultoccur sbet weent hephas esY an dBass howni nFi g.
22.2.The shor t-
cir
cui tcur ren tcirculates vi at he n eutralen d con nection t hrough t he two
windingsan dt hr
ought hef aultass hownbyt hedot tedar rows .Thecur rentsint hes econ daries
oft woCTsi neachaf fect edphas ewi llbecomeun equalan dthedi fferentialcur ren twi l
lf l
ow
throught heoper ati
n gcoi l
soft her el
ays( i
.e.R2andR3)connect edint hes ephas es .Ther el
ay
thencl osesi tscont act st ot riptheci rcuitbreak er.
I
tmaybenot edt hatt herelayci rcuitiss oar rangedt hatit
sen er
gis i
ngcaus es( i
)open i
ngoft hebr eak er
conn
ect
ingtheal ternatortot hebus- barsan d( i
i)open ingoft hef i
eldci r
cuitoft heal tern ator.
 4

I
ti sapr evaili
ngpr acticet omountcur renttrans f
ormer sCT1i nt hen eutralcon n
ect ions( usuall
yi nt he
alt
ern at
orpi t
)an dcur renttransformersCT2int hes witch-gearequipmen t.Insomecas es,theal t
er nator
i
sl ocatedataconsi derabledistancef r
om t hes witchgear.Ast her elaysar el ocat edcl oset ot he
cir
cuitbr eaker ,therefore,itisn otcon venientt o con nectt he relay coi l
st ot he act ualphys i
cal
midpointsoft hepi l
ots.Un derthes ecir
cums t
an ces,balan ci
ngr esist
an cesar eins ertedi nt hes horter
l
en gthsoft hepi lotss ot hatther elaytappingpoi n
tsdi videthewhol es econdaryi mpedan ceoft wo
setsofCTsi ntoequalpor ti
ons.Thisarrangemen tiss howni nFig.22. 4.Thes eres istancesar eus ually
adjustabl
ei nor derto

obtaint heexactbal ance.

Limi
tat i
ons.Thet woci r
cuitsf oralter
natorpr otecti
ons hownabovehavet heirownl i
mitati
ons.I
tisa
generalpr acticet ouseneut r
alearthi
ngresistan cei
nor dertoli
mitthedes t
ruct i
veef fectsofearth-
faul
tcur r
ent s.I
nsuchasi tuat i
on,i
tisimpos sibl
et oprotectwholeoft hes t
at orwi n
dingsofas t
ar-
connect edal ternatordur i
ngear t
h-f
ault
s.Whenanear t
h-faul
toccursnearthen eutralpoint
,theremay
bein suffi
cientvol t
ageacr osst heshort-ci
rcuitedportionto dri
vethen ecessary cur r
entroundt he
faul
tci rcui
tt ooper atet her elay.Themagn i
tudeofun protectedzonedependsupont hevalueof
earthingresistancean dr elayset ti
ng.

Mak ersofprotecti
vegearspeakof“ pr
otecti
ng80%oft hewinding”whi
chmean sthatfaul
tsinthe20%
oft hewindi
ngneart heneut
ralpointcannotcausetri
ppi
ngi.
e.thisporti
onisun protect
ed.Iti
saus ual
practicetoprotectonly85% ofthewindingbecausethechancesofanear thfaultoccur
ri
ngnearthe
neutralpoi
ntarever yr
areduetot heunif
orminsul
ati
onofthewi ndi
ngthroughout.

Modi
fi
edDi
ffer
ent
ialPr
otect
ionf
orAl
ter
nat
ors
I
ft hen eut ralpoi ntofas t ar-connect edal ternatorisear thedt hroughahi ghr es i
stance,pr otection
schemess howni nFig.22.2or22. 4wi llnotpr ovides uffi
cients en sit
ivit
yf orear th-fault
s .I
tisbecaus e
thehi ghear thingresist
ancewi lllimi
tt heear t
h-faul
tcur rentstoal ow value,n eces si
tatingrelayswi th
l
owcur r
en tset tingsifadequat epor t i
onoft hegen eratorwi ndi
n gi stobepr otected.However ,t
ool ow
ar elays et ti
n gisundesirabl
ef orr el
iables tabil
it
yonheavyt hr
oughphas e-
faults.Inor dertoover come
thi
sdi fficulty,amodi fi
edf or m ofdi fferentialprotectionisus edi nwhi cht hes ettingofear thfaultsis
reducedwi thouti mpairi
ngst abilit
y.
Themodi fi
edar rangementi sshowni nFi g.22.5.Themodi f
ication saf fectonlyt her elayconn ections
andcons istinconnect i
ngt wor elaysf orphas e-faultprotectionan dt hethi
rdf orear th-faultprotection
only.Thet wophaseel emen t s(PCandPA)an dbalancingres i
stan ce( BR)arecon nectedi ns t
aran dt he
eart hrelay( ER)isconnect edbet weent hi
ss tarpoi ntan dthef ourthwi reofci rculatingcur r
entpi l
ot-
cir
cui t.
 5

Oper ati
on.Un dern ormaloper ati
ngcon di
t i
on s,currentsatt het woen dsofeachs tatorwi ndi
ngwi llbe
equal.Ther efore,thereisabal ancedci rculatingcur rentint hephas epilotwiresan dnocur r
entf l
ows
throught heoper ati
ngcoilsoft her el
ays .Con sequen tly,ther elaysr emaininoperat
ive.I
fanear th-faul
t
occur sonanyon ephase,t heout -of-
balan ces econ dar ycurren tinCTsi nthatphas ewillflow through
theear threlayERandvi apilotS1orS2t ot hen eutraloft hecur r
en ttransformers.Thi
swi llcauset he
operat i
onofear thr el
ayonl y.I faf aultoccur sbet weent wophas es,theout of-
balancecur r
entwi ll
cir
cul at
er oundt het wot ransformers econ dariesviaanyt wooft hecoi sPA,BR,PC (
l thepai rbeing
decidedbyt het wophas est hataref aulty)wi thoutpas si
ngthr ought heear t
hr ayER.Ther
el efore,on l
y
thephas e-faultrel
ayswi l
loper ate.
Bal
ancedEar
th-
faul
tPr
otect
ion
I
nsmal l
-si
zeal ternat or
s,theneut ralen dsofthet hree-phasewi ndin gsar eof tencon nect edinternal
lyto
as i
n gleterminal.Ther efore,itisnotpos si
blet ous eMer z-
Pr i
ceci rculatingcurr entpr i
n ci
pledes cri
bed
abovebecauset herear en of aci li
ti
esf oraccommodat i
ngt hen eces sar ycur r
en tt rans f
ormer sinthe
neutralcon nect i
onofeachphasewi ndi
ng.Un dert hesecircums tances ,itiscon s
idereds uffi
cientto
providepr otectionagai nstear t
h-f aultsonlybyt heus eofbal ancedear th-faultpr otections cheme.Thi s
schemepr ovidesn opr otectionagai nstphase-to-phasef aul
ts,un les san dun ti
ltheydevel opi nt
oear th-
faul
t s,asmostoft hemwi ll
.
Schemat i
c ar r
angement .Fig.22. 6 shows t he s chematic arran gemen t of a bal an ced ear th-
fault
protect i
onf ora3- phas ealternat or.Itcon si
stsoft hreelinecurr en ttrans former s,onemoun t
edi neach
phas e,havingt heirsecondar iesconnect edi npar all
elwiththatofas inglecur rentt ran sf
ormeri nthe
conduct orj oini
ng t he s t
arpoi nt of t he alternatort o ear th.A r elay is con nected acr os sthe
transformerssecon dari
es.Thepr ot ecti
onagai nstear thfaultsi sl imitedt ot her egionbet weent he
neutralandt hel i
necur renttransf ormer s.

Operat
ion.Undernor maloper at i
ngcon di
ti
on s,thecurrentsflowinginthealt
ernatorleadsan dhencet he
curr
entsf l
owin ginsecondar iesoft hel i
necur rentt r
an sf
ormersaddt o zero andn o curr
entf l
ows
thr
ought herel
ay.Al soun dert hesecon di
ti
on s,thecurrentinthen eut
ralwir
ei szeroandt hes econdary
ofneutralcurr
en ttr
ansfor mers uppl
i
esn ocur r
en tt
ot her el
ay.Ifanearth-f
aultdevelopsatF2ext ern al
tothepr otectedzone,t hesum oft hecur rentsatt het erminal
soft healternat
orisexact lyequalt o
 6

thecurrentintheneut ralconnectionandhencenocurrentfl
owst hr
oughtherel
ay.Whenanearth-f
ault
occursatF1orwi thinthepr otectedzone,thesecurrent
sar en olongerequalandthedi
fferenti
al
curr
entf lowsthrought heoper at
ingcoi
lofther el
ay.Therelaythenclosesi
tscontact
stodi
scon nect
thealt
er natorfr
omt hesystem.
St
atorI
nter
-tur
nPr
otect
ion
Merz-
pri
cecircul
ating-
curr
entsys t em pr
ot ect
sagainstphase-t
o-groundan
dphase-
to-phasefaul
ts.I
t
doesnotprot
ectagai nstturn-t
o-turnfaultont hesamephas ewindi
ngofthest
ator
.Itisbecausethe
cur
rentthatt
histypeoff aultproducesf lowsinal ocalci
rcui
tbetweenthet
urnsi
nvolvedan ddoes
notcr
eateadi f
ferencebetweent hecurrents

enteringan dl eavingt hewi ndingati tst woen dswher ecur ren tt ran sformer sar eappl ied.However ,itis
usually cons i
der edunnecessar yt o pr ovidepr ot ectionf ori nt er-turnf aul tsbecaus et hey i n variably
devel op into ear th-
faults.I nsi nglet urngen erat or( e.g.l
ar ge s team- turbine gen er ator s),ther eisn o
necessityofpr otectionagai nsti nter-turnf aults.However ,inter -turnpr ot ect i
oni spr ovi dedf ormul ti
-
turngener ator ssuchashydr o- el
ect ri
cgen erat ors .Thes egen er atorshavedoubl e-wi ndingar mat ures
(i
.e.eachphasei sdividedi ntot wohal ves )owi ngt ot hever yheavycur ren tswhi cht heyhavet ocar ry.
Advan t
agemaybet akenoft hisneces sityt opr otecti nter -turnf ault
sont hes amewi nding.Fi g.22. 7
showst heschemat i
car rangementofci rculating-cur r
en tan di n ter-turnpr ot ect i
onofa3- phas edoubl e
woun dgen er ator.Ther elaysRC pr ovidepr otect ionagai nstphas e-to-groun dan dphas e- t
o- phas ef aults
wher easr elaysR1pr ovi depr otect i
onagai nsti nter -
turnf aults .Fi g.22.8s howst hedupl i
cat es t ator
windingsS1andS2ofonephaseonl ywi thapr ovi sionagai nstin ter-turnf aults .Twocur rentt ran sformer s
areconn ect edont heci rculat ing-currentpr inci
pl e.Un dern or malcon di
t i
on s,t hecur ren tsi nt hes t ator
windings S1and S2 ar e equaland so wi llbe t he cur r
en tsi nt he s econ dar i
esoft he t wo CTs .The
secondar ycur r
entr oundt hel oopt heni st hes ameatal lpoin tsan dn ocur ren tfl
owst hrought herelay
R1.Ifas hort -ci
rcuitdevel opsbet weenadj acen tt urns,s ayonS1,t hecur ren tsint hes tatorwi ndingsS1
andS2wi l
lnol on gerbeequal .Ther ef ore,unequalcur rentswi llbei nducedi nthes econ dariesofCTs
andt hedi ffer enceoft hes et wocur r
en tsf l
owst hr ought her elayR1.Ther elayt hencl os esi t
scon tact s
tocl eart hegener atorf romt hesyst em.
Pr
otect
ionofTr
ansf
ormer
s
Trans f
or mer sar est at i
cdevi ces,t otal
lyen clos edan dgen er all
yoi limmer sed.Ther efore,chan cesof
faul
tsoccur ri
ngont hem ar ever yr are.However ,thecon sequen cesofevenar ar ef aultmaybever y
seri
ousunl es sthet r
ansf ormerisqui ckl
ydi s connect edf rom t hes ys tem.Thi sneces sit
atest opr ovide
adequat eaut omat icprot ecti
onf ort ransf
or mer sagai nstpos siblefault s.Smal ldi
s tri
but i
ont r
ansfor mers
are us ually connect ed t ot he suppl ys ys t
em t hrough s er i
es f uses i nstead of ci rcuit break ers.
Cons equen tly,noaut omat icprot ecti
ver elayequi pmen tisr equired.However ,thepr obabilityoff ault
s
onpowert ransfor mersi sundoubt edlymor ean dhen ceaut omat i
cpr ot ectionisabs olutelyn ecess ary.
Commont ransfor merf aul
ts.Ascompar edwi thgen erator s ,inwhi chman y abn ormalcon di
ti
on smay
ari
se,powert rans former smaysuf feronlyf rom:
i
()openci rcuits
i
(i
)over heat i
ng
i
(i
i)wi ndingshor t-ci
rcuise.
t g.earth-faults,phas e-to-phas efault san dinter-turnf aults.
Anopenci rcuitinon ephas eofa3- phaset ransfor mermaycaus eun des ir
ableheat ing.Inpr acti
ce,r elay
protect i
oni snotpr ovidedagai nstopenci rcuitsbecaus et hiscon diti
oni sr elati
vel yhar mless.Ont he
occur r
enceofs uchaf ault
,thet ransformercanbedi s conn ect edman uallyf r
omt hes ystem.
Overheat ingoft het ransformeri susuall
ycaus edbys ust ainedover l
oadsors hor t-ci
rcuitsan dver y
occasion allybyt hef ail
ureoft hecool ings ystem.Ther elaypr otect ionisal son otpr ovi dedagai nst
 7

thi
scont i
ngencyandt hermalaccessor i
esar egen eral
lyusedt os oundanalarmorcon tr
olthebanksof
fans.
Windingshort-
cir
cui
ts( al
socalledinternalfault
s)ont hetransformerar i
sefr
omdet eri
orati
onofwindi
ng
i
nsulati
onduet oover heatingormechan icalinj
ury.Whenani nter
nalfaultoccurs,t
hetransfor
mermust
bedisconnectedqui
ck l
yf romt hesystembecaus eapr ol
on gedarci nthetr
ansformermaycaus eoi
lfi
re.
Therefore,rel
ayprotectionisabsolutelyn ecessaryforinternalf
aults.
Pr
otect
ionSyst
emsf
orTr
ans
for
mer
s
Forpr otect ion of gener ators,Mer z-Price ci rculating-curren ts ystem i s un ques t
ionabl
yt he mos t
satisf
act or y.Thought hisi slargelyt rueoft ransf ormerpr otect i
on,ther ear ecas eswher eci r
culating
currentsys temof fersn opar ti
cularadvan t ageoverot hers ys temsori mpr act i
cabl eonaccoun toft he
troublesome condi t i
on simpos ed by t he wi de var iety ofvol tages ,cur rentsan dear t
hingcon diti
on s
i
nvar i
abl y as soci ated wi th powert ransf ormer s.Un ders uch ci r
cums tan ces ,al ternat
ive protect i
ve
systemsar eus edwhi chinmanycasesar easef fect i
veast heci r
culati
n g-curren ts ystem.Thepr i
ncipal
relaysan ds ystemsusedf ort r
ansf or merpr ot ect i
onar e:
(i
)Buchhol zdevi cespr ovidingpr otect i
onagai n stallk i
n dsofi ncipien tfaul si
t .
e.slow-devel oping
faultss uchasi nsulationf ailur eofwi ndings ,cor eheat i
n g,fallofoi llevelduet oleakyj oint
set c.
(i
i)Ear th-faul trelayspr ovidi ngpr ot ect i
onagai n steart h-faultson l
y.
(i
ii
) Over cur rent r el
ays pr oviding pr otect ion mai nly agai nst phas e-to-phase f ault
s an d
over loadin g.
(i
v)Di fferent ialsyst em (orci rculat i
n g-curr ents ys t
em)pr ovidin
gpr otect i
onagai nstbot hear th
andphasef aul t
s.
Thecompl etepr otect i
onoft r
ansf or merus ual lyr equirest hecombi nati
onoft heses ys t
ems .Choiceof
a part i
cularcombi nat i
on ofs yst ems may depen d upon s ever alf act orss uch as ( a)si ze oft he
transformer( b)t ypeofcool i
ng( c)l ocat ionoft ran sformeri nt hen etwor k( d)nat ur
eofl oads uppli
ed
and (e)i mpor tance ofser vice f orwhi cht rans f
or meri sr equi red.Int he f ollowings ections,above
systemsofpr otect ionwi llbedi scussedi ndet ail.
Buchhol
zRel
ay
Buchhol zrelayisagas- actuatedr elayinstal
ledinoili
mmersedtransfor
mer sforprot
ectionagai
nstal
l
kindsoff ault
s.Namedaf t
eri tsinventor
,Buchhol z,i
tisus edt
o giveanal armincaseofi nci
pi
ent
(i
.e.slow-developi
ng)faultsinthet ransf
ormeran dtodisconnectt
het ransformerfr
omt hesuppl
yinthe
even tofsever ei
nter
nalf aults
.Itisusuall
yi nst
all
edinthepi
pecon necti
ngt heconser
vatortothemain
tankasshowni nFig.22.11.Itisauni versalpracti
cetouseBuchhol zrelaysonal lsuchoili
mmersed
tran sfor
mershavingratingsin* excessof750k VA.

Const ructi
on.Fi g.22. 12s howst hecon str
uct ionaldet ailsofaBuchhol zr elay.Itt akest hef orm ofa
domedves selpl acedi nt heconnect i
ngpi pebet weent hemai nt ankan dt hecon servator.Thedevi ce
hast woel ement s.Theupperel ementcon si
stsofamer curyt ypes witchat tachedt oaf l
oat .
Thel owerel ementcont ainsamer curys wi t
chmoun tedonahi n gedt ypef laplocat edi nthedi r
ectpat h
oft hef l
ow ofoi lfrom t het ransf ormert ot hecon servat or.Theupperel emen tclos esanal arm circuit
duri
n gi ncipientf aultswher east hel owerel emen tisar rangedt ot riptheci r
cuitbr eakeri ncas eof
sever ei nternalf aults.
Oper at i
on.Theoper ati
onofBuchhol zr elayi sasf oll
ows:
(i
)Incas eofi ncipientf ault swi thint het rans former ,theheatduet of aultcaus est hedecompos it
ionof
some t ransf ormeroi lint he mai nt an k.The pr oduct sofdecompos i
ti
oncon tainmor et han70% of
hydr ogengas.Thehydr ogengasbei ngl i
ghtt ri
est ogoi ntot hecon servat orandi nt hepr ocessget s
entrappedi nt heupperpar tofr el aychamber .Whenapr edeter minedamoun tofgasget saccumul at ed,
i
texer tssuf fi
cien tpress ur eont hef loatt ocaus ei ttot il
tan dcl oset hecon tactsofmer curys wit ch
attachedt oi t.Thi scompl et est heal ar mci r
cui ttos oun dan* alarm.
i
(i
)I faser i
ousf aultoccur sint het rans f
or mer ,anen ormousamoun tofgasi sgen eratedi nthemai n
tank.Theoi lint hemai nt an krushest owar dst hecon ser vatorvi atheBuchhol zr elayan di ndoings o
ti
ltst hef lapt ocl oset hecont act sofmer curys wi t
ch.Thi scompl etest het ripci r
cuitt oopent he
cir
cui tbr eakercon troll
ingt het ransf ormer .
 8

Advantages
(i
)Itisthesimplestformoftransf
ormerpr otecti
on.
(i
i
)Itdet ect
st heinci
pi
entfault
satast agemuchear li
erthani
spossi
blewithotherformsofprotect
ion.
Disadvantages
(i
)Itcanonlybeusedwi t
hoilimmersedtransformersequi
ppedwi
thcon ser
vatortanks.
(i
i
)The devi ce can detecton l
yf ault
s bel ow oill
evelinthe transf
ormer.Ther ef
ore,separat
e
protect
ionisneededf orconnecti
ngcables .
Ear
th-
Faul
torLeak
agePr
otect
ion
Anear th-f
aultusuallyinvol vesapar t i
albreakdownofwi n di
ngins
ulati
ontoear th.Ther esul
tingleak
age
currenti sconsi
der ablyl esst hantheshor t-ci
rcuitcurr
en t.Theearth-f
aultmaycon t
inueforal ongti
me
andcausecon siderabledamagebef oreitul t
imatelydevel opsintoas hor t
-circui
tan dr emovedf rom
thes ys tem.Undert heseci rcumstances,itisprof i
tabl
et oempl oyearth-faul
tr elaysinor dertoen sur
e
thedi sconnectionofear t
h-f aul
torl eakint heear l
ys tage.Anear th-
faultrelayi ses s
ent i
all
yanover
currentr elayofl ow set tingandoper atesass oonasanear t
h-f
aultorleakdevel ops.On emet hodof
protect i
onagai nsteart h-faultsinat ransformeri sthe* core-bal
anceleakagepr otecti
onshowni nFig.
22.1
3.

Thet hreeleadsoft hepr imarywi ndingofpowert ransf

ormerar etakent hr
ought hecoreofacur rent
tran sfor mer
whi chcar r
iesasingl
esecondar ywi nding.Theoper at i
ngcoilofar elayiscon nectedtot hissecon dary.
Un dern ormalcondit
ions( i
.
e.nof aul
tt oear t
h),thevect ors umoft het hreephas ecurr
ent si
szer oan d
ther ei sn oresul
tantf luxint hecor eofcur rentt ransf
ormern omat terhow mucht hel oadisoutof
balance.Cons equently,nocur rentflowst hrought her el
ayan ditremai nsinoperat i
ve.However ,ont he
occur renceofanear th-f
ault,thevect ors um oft hreephas ecurrentsisn ol ongerzero.Ther esultant
cur ren tsetsupfluxint hecor eoft heC. T.whichin ducese.m.f
.inthes econ darywi ndi
ng.Thisen ergi
s es
ther elayt otr
iptheci r
cuitbreak eranddi s
con nectt hefaul
tyt r
ansformerf r
omt hesystem.
Combi
nedLeak
ageandOver
loadPr
otect
ion
The core-bal
ance protectiondescr i
bed above suffer
sf rom t he dr
awbackt hatitcan notpr ovi
de
protect
ionagainstoverloads .I
faf aul
torleakageoccursbet weenphas es,t
hecor e-
balancer el
aywi l
l
not operate.Iti s a usualpr act
ice to provi
de combined l eakage and overl
oad protect i
on f
or
tran
sformers.Theear t
hr elayhaslow currentset
tingandoper atesunderearthorleakagef ault
sonly.
Theover l
oadr elayshavehi ghcurrentset
tingandarear r
angedt ooperat
eagainstfaul
tsbet weenthe
phases.

Ear
thLeak
ageRel
ay
Fig.22.1
4 showst he schematic arr
angementofcombined l
eakage and overl
oad pr
otecti
on.Int hi
s
systemofpr otection,
twoover l
oadr elaysandonel eakageorearthrel
ayareconnect
edass hown.Thetwooverloadrelays
ares uf
fici
entt o
protectagainstphas e-to-phasefaults.Thetri
pcontact
sofover l
oadr elaysandearthf
aul
tr el
ayar e
connectedi nparallel
.
Therefore,wi t
ht heener gi
si
ngofei therover
loadrel
ayorearthr
elay,thecircui
tbr
eakerwil
lbetripped.
 9

Appl
yingCi
rcul
ati
ngcur
rentSyst
emt
oTr
ans
for
mer
s
Mer z-Pr iceci rculat i
ng- currentpr i
nciplei scommon lyus edf ort hepr ot ectionofpowert ran sformer s
again stear than dphasef aul
t s.Thesys tem asappl iedt ot r ans f
or mer sisf undamen tall
yt hes ameas
thatf orgener atorsbutwi t hcer taincompl icatingfeat ur esn oten coun ter edint hegen er atorappl ication.
Thecompl i
cat ingf eat uresandt heirremedi almeas ur esar ebr iefedbel ow:
(i
)I napowert ransf or mer ,cur r
ent sint hepr i
mar yan ds econ daryar et obecompar ed.Ast hes etwo
curren t sar eusual lydi ffer ent,ther efore,t heus eofi den ticalt rans former s(ofs amet urnr atio)wi l
lgive
different i
alcur ren tand oper at et he r elay even un dern ol oad con diti
on s.The di fferen ce int he
magni t udeofcur r
ent si nt hepr i
mar yan ds econ dar
yofpowert rans formeri scompen s atedbydi f f
eren t
turnr at iosofCTs.I fTi st het urn-rati
oofpowert ran sfor mer ,thent ur nrati
oofCTsont hel .v.sidei s
madeTt imest hatoft heCTsont heh. v.si de.Ful fil
ledt hiscon diti
on ,t hes econ dariesoft het woCTs
willcar r
yi dent i
calcur rent sundernor mall oadcon dition s.Con sequen tl
y,n odiffer enti
alcur ren twillfl
ow
throught her elayandi tremai nsi noperat ive.
(i
i)Ther ei sus ually aphas edi fferencebet weent hepr i
mar y an ds econ dary cur ren tsofa3- phase
powert ran sformer .Eveni fCTsoft hepr opert urn -ratio ar eus ed,adi fferen ti
alcur ren tmay f l
ow
through t he r elay undernor malcondi ti
on s an d caus er elay oper at i
on .The cor rect i
on f orphas e
difference i s ef fect ed by appr opriate con n ecti
on s ofCTs .The CTs on on es ide oft he power
transf or merar e conn ect ed ins ucha way t hatt he r es ult
an tcur ren tsf ed i ntot he pi l
otwi resar e
displacedi nphas ef romt hei ndividualphas ecur rentsi nt hes amedi rect ionas ,an dbyanan gleequalt o,
thephas eshi f tbet weent hepower -t
r an sformer spr imar y an ds econ dary cur rents.Thet abl ebelow
showst he t ype ofcon nect i
onst o be empl oyed f orCTsi nor dert o compen sat ef ort he phas e
differencei nt hepr i
mar yandsecondar ycur ren t
sofpowert ran sfor mer .

Thusr ef err i
ngt otheabovet able,f oradel ta/s t arpowert ransformer ,t heCTsont hedel tasidemus t
beconnect edi nstarandt hoseont hes tars idei ndel ta.
(i
ii
)Mos tt ransf ormer shavemeansf ort apchan gingwhi chmak est hispr oblemevenmor edi ff
icult.Tap
changing wi llcause di fferent i
alcur rentt of low t hrough t he r elay even un dern ormaloper ating
conditi
ons.Theabovedi fficultyi sover comebyadj ustingt het urn-rat i
oofCTsont hes ideoft he
powert r an sfor merpr ovidedwi tht aps .
(i
v)Anot hercompl icati
ngf actori nt ransfor merpr otect i
oni st hemagn eti
s i
ngi n-
rus hcur r
en t.Un der
normall oadcon di
ti
ons,t hemagn etisingcur ren ti sver ys mal l
.However ,whenat ransformeri sen ergised
afterithasbeent ak enoutofs ervi ce,t hemagn eti
s i
n gori n-rushcur ren tcanbeext remelyhi ghf ora
shortper iod.Si nce magnet isi
ng cur ren trepr es en tsa cur rentgoi ngi ntot he trans f
ormerwi thouta
correspon dingcur r
entl eaving,i tappear sasaf aultcur rentt odi f
f erent i
alr elayan dmaycaus er elay
operation.
I
nor dert o over come above di fficul ty,di ffer en t
ialr elaysar es ett o oper ate ata r elati
vel y high
degreeofun balance.Thi smet hoddecr eas est hes en si
tivityoft her elays .Inpr act i
ce,advan tagei s
takenoft hef actthatt hei niti
ali n
-r ushcur r ent scon tainpr ominents econ d-harmon i
ccompon ent.Hen ce,
i
ti spossi blet o desi gna scheme empl oyings econ d-har mon i
c biasf eat ures ,which,bei ngt uned t o
second- har moni cf requencyonl y,exer ciseres trai ndur ingen ergisi
ngt opr even tmaloper ation.
While appl ying circulati
ng cur r
entpr incipl
ef orpr ot ectionoft r
an sfor mer s,above pr ecautionsar e
necessar yi nor dert oavoi di nadver t en trelayoper at i
on .
Ci
rcul
ati
ng-
Cur
rentSchemef
orTr
ansf
ormerPr
otect
ion
Fig.22.1
5s howsMer z-Pri
cecirculati
ng-
currents chemef ort hepr otect i
onofa3- phasedel ta/delta
powert ransformeragai nstphase-togroundan dphas e-to-phas ef ault
s .Not et hatCTsont het wos ides
oft het ransformerar econnect edins tar.Thiscompen sat
esf ort hephas edi ffer encebet weent he
powert ransformerpr i
mar yandsecondar y.TheCTsont het wos idesar econ nect edbypi l
otwi resan d
on erel
ayi susedf oreachpai rofCTs .Duringnor maloper at i
ngcon diti
on s,t hes econ dariesofCTs
carryiden ti
calcurrents.Therefore,thecur r
en tsenteringan dl eavingt hepi lotwi resatbot hen dsar e
thes amean dno cur rentf l
owst hroughther el
ays .Ifagr oun dorphas e-to-phas ef aultoccur s,the
current
si nt hesecondar esofCTswi
i l
ln ol ongerbet hes amean dt hedi f f
er entialcur rentf lowing
throughther elaycircuitwil
lclearthebreak eronbot hsidesoft het rans f
or mer .The- pr
ot ectedzon eis
l
imitedtot her egi
onbet weenCTsont hehigh-voltagesidean dt heCTsont hel ow- voltages i
deoft he
 1
0

powertransfor
mer .Iti
swor thwhil
eton otethatt hi
ss chemeal soprovidesprotecti
onforshort-
cir
cui
ts
betweenturnsont hes amephasewi ndi
ng.Whenas hor t-ci
rcui
toccursbet weentheturns
,theturn-
rat
io
ofthepowert rans f
ormerisal t
eredandcaus esunbal ancebet weencur r
enttransf
ormerpair
s.Iftur
n-
rat
ioofpowert ransformeri salt
ereds uff
icient
ly,en oughdifferent
ialcurrentmayf l
ow throughthe
rel
aytocausei tsoperation.However,suchs hort
-cir
cui t
sar ebettertakencareofbyBuchholzr el
ays.

SELF-TEST
1.Fillint hebl anksbyi nser tingappr opr iatewor ds/f igures.
(i
)Themostcommon l
yuseds ys temf orthepr ot ecti
onofgen er atoris. .
.
....
...
.
.
(i
i)Aut omat i
cpr ot ect i
oni sgen er ally. ..
.
...
.
...
.provi dedf orfi
el df ail
ureofanal ternator.
(i
ii
)Thechi efcauseofover speedi nanal ternat orist he...
.
..
....
..
(i
v)Ear thr el ayshave. ..
.
...
...
..cur r en ts ettings.
(v)Buchhol zr elayi sinst alledbet ween. ..
.
...
..
..
.an dcon servat or.
(vi)Buchhol zr elayscanonl ybeus edwi thoi limmer sedt r
an sfor mer sequi ppedwi t h..
.
..
..
..
.
..
(vii
)Fort hepr otect i
onofadel t a/st arpowert ran s
for mers,t heCTsondel tasidemustbeconnect
edi
n
.
...
..
..
..
..an dt hoseont hest ars idei n. ..
..
..
..
..
.
(vii
i)Over loadpr ot ectioni sgener allynotpr ovi dedf or. .
..
..
.
..
...
(i
x)Buchhol zr elayi sa. .
...
...
....rel ay.
(x)Aut omat icpr ot ect i
oni sgen er al l
yn otpr ovidedf or. .
.
..
..
..
...transformer .
2.Pickupt hecor rectwor ds/f i
gur esf romt hebr acketandf il
lint hebl ank s.
(i
)Buchhol zr elaycandet ectf aul t s....
..
..
..
..oilleveli nt hetrans former .(bel ow,above)
(i
i)Themosti mpor tants t at orwi ndi ngf aultofanal ternatori s...
...
..
..
..fault.
(earth,phase- to-phase,i nt er- tur n)
(i
ii
)Bal ancedear t h-faultpr ot ect i
oni sgen erall
ypr ovidedf or. ..
..
...
.
..
.gen erat ors.
(smal l
-size,l arge- size)
(i
v)Anear th- faultcur r
en ti sgen er ally...
..
...
..
.
.thanshor t-
cir
cui tcur rent.(l
ess,gr eater)
(v)Mer z-Pr iceci rcul atingcur ren tpr incipleismor esuitablefor. ...
..
..
..
..than. ..
..
..
..
..
.
(gener ator s,t ransf or mer s)
ANSWERSTOSELF-
TEST
1 i
.()ci
rcul
ati
ng-cur
rentsyst
em( i
i
)n i
ot(i
i)suddenlos sofload(i
v)lower(v)mai
nt vi
ank( )cons
ervat
or
(vi
i
)star,del
ta(vii
i
)alter
nators(ix)gasactuated( x)smalldi
str
ibuti
on
i
2.()below(i
i)eart
h(ii
i
)small-
size(iv)l
ess( v)generator
s,trans
f or
mers
CHAPTERREVI
EW TOPI
CS
1.Dis
cusst heimportan tf aultsonanal ter
n ator.
2.Explainwi than eatdi agr amt heappl i
cationofMer z-Pri
cecirculati
ngcurren
tprincipleforthepr
otect
ion
ofalternat or
.
3.Descr i
bewi thaneatdi agramt hebal ancedear thpr otectionforsmal l
-si
zegenerators.
4.Howwi llyoupr otectanal ternatorf romt urn-to-turnfaultont hes amephasewin ding?
5.Whatf actorscausedi ff i
cult
yi napplyingci r
cul ati
n gcurrentpri
ncipletoapowert rans
former?
6.Descr i
bet hecon struct ionandwor kingofaBuchhol zr el
ay.
7.Descr i
bet heMer z-Priceci rculati
ngcur rents ys temf orthepr otectionoftr
ansformer s.
8.Wr i
tes hortn otesont hef oll
owi ng:
(i
)Earth-faultprotectionf oralternator
(i
i)Combinedl eakageandover loadpr otect i
onf ort ransformers
(i
ii
)Earth-faultprotectionf ortransformers
DI
SCUSSI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1.Whati
sthedif
ferencebetweenanear threl
ayandovercur
rentr
elay?
2.Howdoesgroundi
ngaffectrelayappl
icati
on?
3.Whyisover
loadprotecti
onn otnecessar
yf oral
ter
nat
ors?
 1
1

4.Canrel
aysbeusedtoprot
ectanal
ter
nat
oragai
ns i
t()one-
phaseopenci
rcui
t i
s(i
)un
bal
ancedl
oadi
ng
(i
i
i)mot
ori
ng(i
v)l
ossofsynchroni
sm?
5.Howmanyfaul
tsdevel
opinapowertr
ansf
ormer?

Pr
otect
ionofBusbar
sandLi
nes
BusbarPr
otect
ion
Busbar si nt he gener atingst ati
onsan ds ub-stati
on sf ormi mpor t
antl inkbet weent he i ncoming an d
out goi ngci r
cui ts.Ifaf aul toccur sonabus bar,con si
der abledamagean ddis r
upt ionofs upplywi l
loccur
unles ssomef or mofqui ck -act ingaut omat icpr otectioni sprovi dedt oisolat ethef aultybus bar.
The s t andar d ofconst ruct i
onf orbus bar shasbeenver y hi gh,wi tht he r es ultt hatbusf aultsar e
ext remel yr ar e.However ,t hepossi bili
tyofdamagean ds ervicei n t
erruptionf romevenar arebusf ault
i
ssogr eatt hatmor eat t
ent i
oni snow gi vent ot hisf orm ofpr otect i
on.I mpr ovedr elayingmet hods
havebeendevel oped,r educi ngt hepos sibil
ityofi ncor rectoper ati
on .Thet womos tcommonl yus ed
schemesf orbus barpr otect ionar e:
(i)Dif ferent ialpr ot ect i
on( ii)Faul tbuspr otect i
on
(i)Di ffer ent i
alpr ot ect i
on.Thebas icmet hodf orbus barpr ot ect ionist hedi ff eren t
ials chemei nwhi ch
cur ren tsen ter i
ngan dl eavi ngt hebusar et otali
sed.Dur ingn or mall oadcon dition,t hes um oft hese
cur ren tsi sequalt ozer o.Whenaf aultoccur s,thef aultcur rentups etst hebal ancean dpr oducesa
differ ent i
alcur rentt ooper atear elay.Fi g.23.1s howst hes inglelinedi agram ofcur ren tdiff
er en t
ial
schemef oras tat ionbusbar .Thebus bari sf edbyagen er at oran ds uppl i
esl oadt ot wol i
nes .The
secondar iesofcur r entt ransf or
mer sint hegen eratorl ead,i nl ine1an di nline2ar eal lconnect edi n
par allel.Thepr ot ect i
ver el ayi sconn ect edacr osst hispar al l
elcon nect i
on .Al lCTsmus tbeoft he
same r atioi nt he scheme r egardl essoft he capaci tiesoft he var iousci rcui ts.Un dern ormall oad
condi t i
onsorext ernalf aultcondi ti
on s,t hes um oft hecur ren tsen teri
n gt hebusi sequalt ot hose
leavi ngi tan dno cur rentf lowst hrought her elay.I faf aultoccur swi thint hepr otect edzon e,t he
cur ren tsent eringt hebuswi llnol on gerbeequalt ot hos el eavi ngi t
.Thedi f
f eren ceoft hesecur ren ts
wi l
lf lowt hrought her el
ayandcauset heopen i
ngoft hegen erat or,circui
tbr eak eran deachoft hel i
ne
circuitbr eak ers.

(i
i)Faul tBuspr ot ect i
on.I tispossi bl
et odes i
gnas tati
ons ot hatthef aultsthatdevel opar emos tly
ear th-
fault
s.Thi scanbeachi evedbypr ovidi
ngear thedmet albar ri
er(knownasf aultbus)sur rounding
eachcon ductort hroughouti tsentirelengthint hebuss tructure.Wi ththi
sar rangemen t,ever yf aultthat
mightoccurmusti nvolveaconnect i
onbet weenaconduct oran danear thedmet alpar t.Bydi recting
thef l
ow ofear th- faultcur rent,itispos s
iblet odet ectt hef aultsan ddet erminet heirl ocat i
on .This
typeofpr otectioni sknownasf aultbuspr otect ion.Fig.23.2s how thes chemat i
car ran gemen toff ault
buspr otection.Themet alsupportingst r
uctureorf aultbusi sear t
hedt hroughacur r
en tt ransfor mer.A
relayi sconn ectedacr osst hesecon daryoft hisCT.Un dern ormaloper atingcon ditions ,therei sn o
curren tfl
ow f r
omf aul
tbust ogr oundan dther el ayremai nsinoper ati
ve.Af aul
tinvol vingacon nection
bet weenacon duct oran dear thedsuppor t
ingst ructurewi l
lres ultincurrentf l
ow togr oun dthrought he
faultbus,causi ngt he r el
ay t o oper ate.The oper ati
onofr el
ay willt r
ip allbreak erscon necting
equipmentt ot hebus.
 1
2

Pr
otect
ionofLi
nes
Theprobabi lityoff ault
soccur r
ingont hel inesi smuchmor eduet ot hei
rgreat erlengthandexpos ure
toatmos pher iccon diti
ons.Thi shascal ledf orman ypr otect ives chemeswhi chhaven oappl icationt o
thecompar ativel ys implecasesofal ter natorsan dt rans former s.Ther equi
remen tsofl i
nepr ot
ect ion
are:
(i
)Int heeven tofashor t-
circuit,theci r
cuitbr eak ercl osestt othef aultshouldopen ,allot her
ci
rcui tbr eak ersremaininginacl osedpos i
tion .
(i
i
)I ncaset henear estbr eakert ot hef aultf ai
lstoopen ,back-upprotect i
onshouldbepr ovided
byt headj acentci rcuitbreaker s.
(i
i
i)Ther elayoper atingt i
mes houl dbej us tass hor taspos si
bleinor dertopr eserves ystem
stabili
t y,wi thoutunnecessar yt rippingofci rcuits.
Thepr otect i
onofl inespr esentsapr obl em qui tedi ff
eren tf rom thepr otectionofs t
ationappar atus
suchasgener at ors,t ransformersan dbus bar s.Whi ledi ff
er en ti
alprotectioni
si dealmet hodf orlines ,i
t
i
smuchmor eexpen sivet ouse.Thet woen dsofal i
n emaybes everalkil
omet r
esapar tan dtocompar e
thetwocur ren ts ,acost l
ypilot-wirecircuiti srequi red.Thi sexpen semaybej ustif
iedbutingen er
all ess
costl
ymet hodsar eused.Thecommonmet hodsofl inepr ot ecti
onar e:
(i
)Ti me- gradedover cur r
entpr ot ection
(i
i
)Di ff er entialprotect i
on
(i
i
i)Di st ancepr otection

Fi
g.23.
3showst
hesymbol
sindi
cat
ingt
hevar
ioust
ypesofr
elays.
Ti
me-
GradedOver
cur
ren
tPr
otect
ion
I
nt hisschemeofover cur
rentpr otecti
on,ti
medi scrimi
nationisi ncorpor
ated.Inotherwor ds,thetime
setti
ngofr el
aysissogr adedt hatint heeventoff ault
,t hes mallestpossi
blepartoft hes ystem i
s
i
solated.Weshal ldiscussaf ewimpor tantcases.
1.Radialfeeder.Themai ncharact eri
sti
cofar adialsystemi sthatpowercanf lowon l
yinon edirecti
on,
from generatororsuppl yendt ot heload.Ithast hedisadvan taget hatconti
nuit
yofs upplycan notbe
maintai
nedatt her eceivi
ngendi nt heeventoff ault.Ti
me- gradedpr otecti
onofar adialfeedercanbe
achievedbyusi ng(i)defi
ni
tet i
mer el
aysand(ii
)inversetimer elays .
 1
3

(i
)Us i
ngdef initetimer elays.Fi g.23.4s howst heover curren tprotect i
onofar adialfeederbydef inite
ti
mer elays.Thet i
meofoper at i
onofeachr elayi sfixedan di sindepen den toft heoperat i
ngcur ren t
.
Thusr elayD hasanoper atingt imeof0· 5s econ dwhi l
ef orot herrel ays,t i
medel ay*iss uccess i
vel y
i
ncr eas edby0· 5second.I faf aultoccur si nt hes ectionDE,i twi l
lbecl earedi n0·5s econdbyt he
relayan dci r cuitbreak eratD becaus eallot herr elayshavehi gheroper atingt ime.Int hi
swayon ly
sect onDEoft
i hesyst em wi l
lbei solated.Ift her elayatD f ailstot ri
p,t her elayatC wi l
loper at e
afterat imedel ayof0· 5s econdi .e.af t
er1s econ dfromt heoccur ren ceoff aul t.
Thedi sadvan tageoft hiss yst emi st hatifther ear ean umberoff eeder si ns er i
es ,thetri
ppingtimef or
faultsn eart he suppl y end becomeshi gh( 2s econdsi nt hiscas e).However ,i nmos tcas es,i ti s
necessar yt ol i
mitt hemaxi mum t ri
ppingt i
met o2s econ ds .Thisdi sadvan tagecanbeover comet oa
reas on ableext entbyus i
ngi nver se-timer el
ays .
(i
i)Us i
ngi nver set i
mer elays.Fi g.23.5s howsover curren tpr otecti
onofar adialf eederus i
ngin ver se
ti
me r el ays i n whi ch oper at i
n gt ime isi nvers ely propor tionalt ot he oper ating curr
en t.Witht his
arran gement ,t he farthert he ci rcui
tbr eak erf rom the gen erati
ngs tation,t he shorteri sitsr elay
oper at ingt ime.Thet hreer elaysatA,Ban dC ar eas s umedt ohavei nver se- t
imechar acteristi
cs .A
faulti nsect onBCwi
i l
lgiver elayt imeswhi chwi l
lall
owbr eak eratBt ot ri
poutbef orethebr eakeratA.

2.Parall
elfeeder s.Wher econt i
nui
tyofs upplyi
spar ti
cular
lyn ecessar
y,twopar al
lelfeedersmaybe
i
nstal
led.Ifaf aul
t
occursonone f eeder ,i
tcanbe di sconnected f
rom t he system and cont
inui
ty ofs uppl
y canbe
maint
ainedfromt heot herf eeder.
Thepar al
lelfeeder scan not *beprotectedbyn on-di
rectionalovercurr
entrel
ayson ly.Itisnecessar
y
tousedi r
ecti
onalr elaysal soan dtogradet heti
mes etti
ngofr elaysforsel
ecti
vet r
ippings.

Fig.23. 6s howst hesyst emwher et wof eeder sar econ nect edinpar al
lelbet weent hegen erat i
ngs tati
on
andt hes ub-stati
on.Thepr ot ectionoft hi
ss ys temr equi rest hat
(i
)eachf eederhasan on-directionalover curren trelayatt hegen eratoren d.Thes er elayss houldhave
i
nver s e-timechar acter i
sti
c.
(i
i)eachf eederhasar eversepowerordi rectionalrel ayatt hes ub-stati
onen d.Thes er elayss houldbe
i
ns tant aneoust ypean doper at eonl ywhenpowerf lowsi nt her ever sedi rectioni.e.int hedi rectionof
arrowatPandQ.Supposeanear thf aultoccur sonf eeder1ass howni nFi g.23.6.I
ti sdes i
redt haton ly
circuitbr eak ersatA an dPshoul dopent ocl eart hef aul twher easf eeder2s houldr emai ni ntactt o
mai ntaint hecont i
nuityofsuppl y.I nf act ,theabovear rangemen taccompl ishest hisjob.Thes hown
faultisf edvi atwor outes,vi z.
(a)direct lyf romf eeder1vi at her elayA
(b)f r
omf eeder2vi aB,Q,sub- stationan dP
Ther ef ore,powerf low inr elayQ wi llbei nn or maldi rect i
onbuti sr eversedi nt her elayP.Thi scaus es
theopeni n gofcircuitbr eak eratP.Al sot her elayA wi lloper at ewhi l
er elayBr emainsi noper ative.Itis
becauset hes erelayshavei nver se-timechar act eri
st i
csan dcur rentf l
owi nginr ayA i
el si nexces sof
thatf lowi nginrelayB.I nthiswayonl yt hef aultyf eederi si solated.
3.Ri ngmai nsyst em.I nt hissyst em,var iouspowerst ation sors ub-stat i
onsar ei nter connect edby
 1
4

al
ternat
er outes,thusformi
ngacl osedri
ng.I
ncaseofdamagetoanys ecti
onofther
ing,t
hatsecti
on
may be disconnected forrepai
rs,and powerwi
llbe suppl
i
ed f
rom bothendsofthe ri
ng,t
hereby
maint
aini
ngcont i
nui
tyofsupply.

Fig.23. 7s howst hesi ngl el i

nedi agram ofat ypicalr i
n gmai ns ys t
em con s i
sti
n gofon egen eratorG
supplyi ngfours ub-stat ionsS1,S2,S3andS4.I nt hisar rangemen t,powercanf lowi nbot hdirection sun der
faultcondi ti
ons .Ther ef or e,iti sn eces saryt ogr adei nbot hdi recti
on sr oun dther i
ngan dalsot ous e
directionalr elays.I nor dert haton l
yf aultys ect i
onoft her i
ngi sis olatedun derf aultcon dition s,the
typesofr elaysandt hei rt imes etti
ngss houldbeasf oll
ows:
(i
)Thet wol i
nesl eavi ngt hegener at i
ngs tati
ons houl dbeequi ppedwi thn on -
di rect i
on alover curren t
relays( r aysatA andJi
el nt hiscase) .
(i
i)Ateachs ub-stat ion,r ever sepowerordi rect i
on alr elayss houldbepl acedi nbot hi ncomi n gan d
out goingl i
nes( relaysatB,C,D,E,F,G,Han dIi nthiscas e).
(i
ii
)Ther eshouldbepr operr elat i
vet i
me- setti
n goft her elays .Asanexampl e,goi n groun dt hel oopGS1
S2S3S4G;t heout goi ngr elays( vizatA,C,E,GandI )ar es etwi thdecr easi
ngt imel imitse.g.
A =2· 5s ec,C=2sec,E=1 ·5secG=1s ecan dI=0· 5s ec
Similarly,goingr oundt hel oopi nt heoppos i
tedi rection( i.e.alon gGS4S3S2S1G) ,theout goingr el ays( J,
H,F,DandB)ar eal sos etwi thadecr eas ingtimel imite. g.
J=2· 5sec,H=2sec,F=1 ·5sec,D=1s ec,B=0· 5s ec.
Suppos eas hortci rcuitoccur satt hepoi ntass howni nFi g.23. 7.I
nor dert oen sures elect i
vit y,iti s
des ir
edt haton lyci rcui tbr eaker satEan dFs houldopent ocl eart hef aul
twher easot hers ect ionsof
ther ingshoul dbei nt actt omai ntaincon t i
nui
tyofs upply.I nf act ,theabovear ran gemen taccompl ishes
thisjob.Thepowerwi llbef edt ot hef aul tviat wor out esvi z(i)from G ar oun dS1an dS2an d( ii
)f rom G
aroun dS4andS3.I tiscl eart hatr elaysatA,B,C an dD aswel lasJ ,I,Han dG wi llnott ri
p.Ther ef ore,
on l
yr el aysatEandFwi lloper atebef or ean yot herr el
ayoper at esbecaus eoft hei r
l
owert ime-set t
ing.
Di
ffer
ent
ialPi
l
ot-
Wir
ePr
otect
ion
Thedi fferentialpil
ot-wi repr otecti
onisbas edont hepr i
nci plethatun dern ormalcon dit
ions,thecurrent
enteringoneen dofal inei sequalt othatleavi ngt heot heren d.Ass oonasaf aultoccursbet weent he
two en ds,t hiscondi tionno l ongerholdsan dt he differ ence ofi ncomi ng and outgoing current
si s
arrangedt of lowt hroughar elaywhi choper atest heci rcuitbr eakertoi sol
atet hef ault
yline.Therear e
sever aldif f
er enti
alpr ot ecti
onschemesi nus ef ort helines .However ,on l
yt hef oll
owingtwoschemes
wil
lbedi scus sed:
1.Mer z-Pricevol t
agebal ancesyst em
2.Tr an sl
ayscheme
1.Mer z- Pr
icevol tagebal ancesyst em.Fig.23.8s howst hes ingl
elinedi agram ofMer z-
Pr i
cevol tage
balancesyst em fort hepr otecti
onofa3- phas el ine.Ident i
calcur r
entt ransformer sareplacedi neach
phaseatbot hendsoft hel i
ne.Thepai rofCTsi neachl i
nei scon nectedi nser i
eswi tharelayi nsucha
way t hatundern ormalcondi ti
ons,theirs econ dar y volt agesar e equalan di noppos i
tion i.
e.they
balanceeachot her.
 1
5

Underhealt
hycondi ti
ons,curr
ententeri
ngthelineatone-en disequalt othatleavi
ngitatt heot heren d.
Therefor
e,equalandopposi tevoltagesareinducedinthes econdar i
esoft heCTsatt het woen dsof
theli
ne.Ther esulti
sthatn ocurr
entflowsthr
ought herelays .Suppos eafaultoccursatpoi ntFont he
l
ineass howni nFi g.23.
8.Thiswi l
lcauseagr eat
ercur ren ttof low t oughCT1t
hr hant hroughCT2.
Consequentl
y,t hei
rsecondaryvoltagesbecomeun equalan dcirculati
ngcurrentfl
owst hr
ought hepilot
wir
esandr elays .Thecircui
tbreakersatbothen dsoft hel inewilltripoutandt hef aul
tyl i
newi l
lbe
i
solated.

Fig.23.9s howst heconnect i

onsofMer z-
Pr i
cevol t
agebal ances chemef orallthet hr
eephas esoft he
li
ne.
Advant ages
(i
)Thi ss ys temcanbeusedf orr i
ngmai nsaswel laspar allelfeeder s.
(i
i)Thissys tem providesi nstan taneouspr ot ectionf orgr oun df aul
t s.Thisdecreasest hepos si
bi
lityof
thesef aul tsinvolvingot herphases.
(i
ii
)Thi ss yst em providesi nstant aneousr elayingwhi chr educest heamoun tofdamaget oover head
conduct or sr esulti
ngfromar cingf aults.
Disadvant ages
(i
)Accur at emat chingofcur r
en tt ransformer sisver yes sen t
ial.
(i
i)Ifther ei sabr eakint hepi l
ot -wirecircuit,thes yst emwi l
lnotoper ate.
(i
ii
)Thi ss ys temi sveryexpen si veowi ngt ot hegr eat erlen gthofpi l
otwi resrequir
ed.
(i
v)I ncaseofl onglines,char gingcur rentduet opilot -
wirecapaci t ance*effectsmaybes uffi
cien tto
causer el ayoper ati
onevenundernor malcon di
tions.
(v)Thi ssyst emcann otbeusedf orl i
nevol tagesbeyond33k Vbecaus eofcon str
uct i
onaldi
ffi
cult i
esin
mat chingt hecur r
entt r
ans former s.
2.Tr ansl ayscheme.Thi ssyst em iss imi
lart ovol tagebal ances ys tem exceptt hather ebalan ceor
opposi ti
oni sbet weent hevol t agesi nducedi nt hes econ dar ywi ndi
n gswoun dont her elaymagnet san d
notbet weent hesecondar y vol t
agesoft hel i
necur rentt ransfor mers.Thisper mit
st o usecur r
ent
transfor mer sofnor maldesi gnan del i
minateson eoft hemos ts eriouslimi
tati
on sofor igi
nalvol tage
balances ys tem,namel y;i tsli
mi tationtot hes ystemoper at i
ngatvol tagesnot
exceedi ng33k V.

Theapplicat
ionofTr ansl
ayschemef oras i
nglephaselinehasalreadybeendiscussedi
nAr t.21.20.
Thiscanbeext endedt o3-phasesyst
em byapplyi
n goner elayateachendofeachphas eoft he3-
phaseli
ne.However ,i
ti spossi
blet
omak efurt
hersimpli
fi
cationbycombini
ngcurr
entsderi
vedf romal l
phasesinasi ngl
er el
ayateachend,us i
ngtheprinci
pleofs ummati
ontransf
ormer(SeeFig.23.10)
.A
 1
6

summat i
ont ransformeri sa device t
hatr eproducest he polyphaseline curr
entsasa s i
ngl
e-phase
quant
ity.Thet hreelinesCTsar econnect edt othet appedpr i
maryofs ummat i
ont r
ansformer
.Eachl i
ne
CT energisesadi ff
er entnumberofturns( f
roml i
net on eutr
al)witharesult
ings i
ngl
ephas eoutput.The
useofs ummat i
ont ransformerpermi
tstwoadvan tagesvi z(i
)pri
mar ywindi
n gs1an d2canbeus edfor
phasefaultswher easwi ndi
ng3canbeus edf orear t
hf aul i
t(i
)then umberofpilotwiresrequi
redisonly
two.

Schemat i
car rangement .TheTr anslays chemef ort hepr otect i
onofa3- phas el inei ss howni nFi g.23. 11
.
Ther elaysusedi nt heschemear ees s en ti
al l
yover cur rentin duct iont yper elays .Eachr elayhast wo
elect romagnet icel ement s.Theupperel emen tcar riesawi nding( 11or1 1a)whi chi sen er gisedasa
summat iont rans for merf romt hes econ dar i
esoft hel i
neCTscon n ect edi nt hephas esoft hel i
n et obe
prot ect ed.Theupperel emental socar r i
esas econ dar ywi ndin g(12or1 2a)whi chi scon nect edi ss er i
es
witht heoper atingwi nding( 1 3or1 3 a)ont hel owermagn et .Thes econ dar y wi ndin gs1 2,1 2 a an d
oper at ingwi ndi ngs1 3,1 3aar econnect edi ns eriesi ns uchawayt hatvol tagesi nducedi nt hemoppos e
eachot her .Not et hatr elaydi s csan dtr i
ppin gci rcuit shavebeenomi ttedi nt hedi agr amf orcl arity.
Oper ation.Whent hef eederi ss ound,t hecur ren tsati t
st woen dsar eequals ot hatt hes econ dar y
cur ren tsi nbot hs et sofCTsar eequal .Con sequen t l
y,t hecur r
en tsf lowi ngi nt her elaypr i
mar ywi n di
n g
11and1 1awi llbeequalan dt heywi llinduceequalvol tagesi nt hes econ dar ywi n di
n gs1 2an d1 2a.Si nce
thesewi n dingsar econn ect edi noppos ition ,nocur ren tflowsi nt hemori nt heoper atingwi n dings1 3an d
13a.I nt heeventofaf aul tont hepr ot ect edl ine,t hel i
necur ren taton een dmus tcar ryagr eat er
cur ren tt hant hatatt heot herend.Ther esul tist hatvol t
agesi nducedi nthes econ dar ywi n dings1 2an d
12awi llbedi f fer entandt hecur r entwi llflow t hr ought heoper at ingcoi l
s1 3,1 3aan dt hepi lotci rcui t
.
Un dert hes econdi ti
on s,bot hupperan dl owerel emen t
sofeachr el ay ar een ergis edan daf orwar d
tor queact sont heeachr elaydi sc.Theoper at i
onoft her elayswi llopent heci rcuitbr eak ersatbot h
endsoft hel in e.
(i
)Suppos eaf aultFoccur sbet weenphas esRan dY an disf edf r om bot hs i
desass howni nFi g.23. 11
.
Thi swi llener gis eonl ysect ion1ofpr imar ywi ndings1 1an d1 1aandi n ducevol tagesi nt hes econ dar y
win dings1 2and1 2a.Ast hesevol tagesar en ow addi ti
ve* ,t heref or e,cur ren twi llci rcul at et hrough
oper at ingcoi ls1 3,1 3aandt hepi lotci r cuit.Thi swi l
lcaus et her el aycon tact st ocl os ean dopent he
circuitbr eak er satbot hen ds.A f aultbet weenphas esY an dBen er gis ess ect ion2ofpr i
mar ywi ndi n
gs
11and1 1awher east hatbet weenRandBwi llen ergis et hes ect i
on s1an d2.
(i
i)Now i magi net hatanear thf aul toccur sonphas eR.Thi swi llen er gises ect i
on s1 ,2an d3oft he
primar ywi ndings1 1and1 1a.Agai ni ff aulti sf edf rombot hen ds ,thevol tagesi nducedi nt hes econ dar y
win dings1 2and1 2aar eaddi tiveandcaus eacur ren tt of l
ow t hrought heoper atingcoi l
s1 3,1 3a.The
relays,t her ef or e,oper atet oopent heci rcui tbr eak er satbot hen dsoft hel in e.Int heeven tofear th
faul tonphaseY,sect i
ons2and3ofpr imar ywi ndin g1 1and1 1awi llbeen er gi
s edan dcaus et her elays
tooper at e.Anear thf aultonphaseBwi llen er gi
s eon lys ection3ofr elaypr imar ywi ndin gs1 1and1 1a.
Advant ages
(i
)Thes yst emi seconomi calason lytwopi lotwi resar erequiredf ort hepr ot ect i
onofa3- phas el i
ne.
(i
i)Cur rentt ransf or mer sofnor maldesi gncanbeus ed.
(i
ii
)Thepi lotwi recapaci tan cecur rent sdon otaf fectt heoper ationofr elays .
Di
stancePr
otect
ion
Bothti
me-gr
adedandpil
ot-wiresyst
em ar
en otsui
tablefortheprot
ecti
onofver ylonghi
ghvol
tage
tr
ansmi
ssi
onlines.
Theformergi
vesanundul
yl ongti
medelayinfaul
tclearanceatt
hegenerat
ingst
ationendwhent
here
 1
7

aremor et hanf ourorfivesect i

onsandt hepil
ot-
wiresystem becomest ooexpen si
veowi ngtot he
greaterlen
gt hofpi l
otwiresrequi
red.Thi
shasl edtothedevel opmentofdistanceprotect
ioninwhich
theact i
onofr elaydependsupont hedi
stance(orimpedance)betweent hepointwher etherelayis
i
ns t
all
edandt hepointoff aul
t.Thissyst
em provi
desdiscri
minati
onprotecti
onwi t
houtemployingpi
lot
wires.

Fig.23. 1 2( i
)showsasi mplesyst emcon s i
s t
ingofl i
nesinseri
ess ucht hatpowercanf l
owon l
yfroml ef t
tor ight .Ther aysatA,BandCar
el es ett ooper ateforimpedan cel essthanZ1,Z2andZ3r espectively.
Suppos eaf aul
toccur sbet weensub- s tati
on sBan dC,thef aultimpedan ceatpowers t ationands ub-
s tat onA andBwi
i lbeZ1+ZandZr
l es pect i
vely.Iti
sclearthatf ort heporti
ons hown,on lyrelayatB
wi lloper ate.Simil
arl
y,ifaf aultoccur swi thi
ns ectonAB,t
i henon lyr ayatA wi
el l
loper ate.I
nt his
man ner ,inst
antaneouspr otect i
oncanbeobt ai
nedf oral
lcon dit
ionsofoper ati
on .I
nact ualpract i
ce,it
i
sn otpos si
bletoobt ai
ninst antaneouspr otecti
onf orcomplet elengthoft heli
neduet oi naccuraciesi n
ther elayel ementsan dinst r
umentt ran sformers.Thusther elayatA [ SeeFig.23.12(i
)]woul dn otbe
ver yr eli
ableindist
inguishingbetweenaf aultat99%oft hedi stanceABan dt heon eat1 01%of
di
s tanceAB.Thi sdi
ffi
cultyi s

overcomebyusi ng‘ t
hree-zone’dist
anceprotections howninFig.23.12(i
i
).I
nthi
ss chemeofpr ot
ection,
threedistanceel
ement sar eusedateacht erminal.Thezon e1el ementcoversfi
rst90%oft helineand
i
sar rangedt otr
ipinstantaneouslyforfaul
tsint hisporti
on.Thezon e2elementt r
ipsforfaultsinthe
remaini
ng1 0% oft helineandf orfaul
tsint hen extli
nes ecti
on,butat imedel ay i
sintroducedt o
preventt heli
nefrombei n
gt ri
ppedifthefaul
ti si
nt henextsecti
on .Thezone3elemen tprovidesback-
upprot ecti
onintheeventaf aul
tinthenextsect ionisnotclearedbyi t
sbreaker
.
SELF-TEST
1.Fil
linthebl anksbyi nserti
ngappr opr i
at ewor ds/f igures:
(i
)Different i
alprotectionschemef orl on gerlinesi s....
.
...
..
..
.cos tly.
(i
i)Thebus -
barzone,f orthepur poseofpr otect ion,includes. .
..
..
...
..
.
.,. .
.
...
...
.
...an d...
..
..
..
..
.
.
(i
ii
)Thet womos tcommonl yus edschemesf orbus -
barpr otectionar e. .
..
...
..
...
.,and. .
..
..
..
..
..
.
(i
v)Thepr obabili
tyoff aul
tsoccur ringont hel i
n esi smuchmor eduet ot heir. .
..
..
..
..
..
.and. .
..
..
..
.
..
..
(v)Intime-gradedover currentpr otect ion ,.
..
..
..
..
..
..discr i
mi nati
oni sincor porat ed.
2.Pick-upt hecor r
ectwor ds/f iguresf romt hebr ack etsandf il
li nthebl ank s:
(i
)Thepar all
elfeeder s...
..
.
..
..
..
.bepr otect edbynon -directionalover currentr elaysal one.(can,cannot
)
(i
i)TheTr an slayschemei sess en ti
all
ya. .
..
.
..
...
..
.bal ances ystem.( cur r
ent ,vol tage)
(i
ii
)Asummat i
ont ransformeri sadevi cet hatr epr oducest hepol yphas el inecur rentsasa. .
.
..
..
..
.
..
.phase
quantit
y.(single,two)
(i
v)Thei dealschemeofpr otect ionforl i
nesi s...
...
..
..
..
.pr otecti
on.( different ial,distance)
(v)Accur atemat chingofcur r
en tt ransf ormer sis. ..
.
...
..
..
..inMer z-Pricevol tagebal ancesyst em.
(essenti
al,notessent ial)
ANSWERSTOSELF-
TEST
1 i
.()very(i
i)bus-
bars,i
solat
ingswi
tches,ci
rcui
tbreakers(i
i
i)di
ffer
ent
ialpr
otect
ion,f
aul
tbuspr
otect
ion
(i
v)greaterlengt
h,exposuretoatmospheri
ccon di
ti
ons(v)time
2.(i
)cannot(ii
)volt
age(ii
i)si
ngl
e(i
v)differ
enti
al(v)essent
ial
CHAPTERREVI
EW TOPI
CS
1.Whati stheimpor t
an ceofbus-
barprot
ection?
2.Descr i
bethefollowi ngsyst
emsofbus-barprotect
ion:
(i
)Differenti
alpr
ot ection
(i
i)Fault
-busprotection
3.Whatar etherequirementsofprot
ecti
onofl i
nes?
 1
8

4.Discusst het ime-gradedover cur

rentpr
otectionfor
(i
)Radialf eeder s
(i
i
)Par al
lelf eeders
(i
i
i)Ringmai nsyst em
5.Describet hedifferenti
alpilotwiremethodofpr otecti
onoff eeder
s.
6.Explaint heTr anslaypr ot
ect ionschemeforfeeder s.
7.Describedi st
ancepr otectionschemef ortheprotectionoffeeders.
8.Wr i
tes hor t-
notesont hef oll
owing:
(i
)Fault-
buspr otection
(i
i
)Mer z-Pricevol tagebal ances ystemforprotecti
onoff eeders
(i
i
i)Translays cheme
DI
SCUSSI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1.Whatmethodscanbeusedt opr events at
urationofcur renttransf
or mers?
2.Whatfactorsgover nchoosi
ngpilot -
wi r
einstallati
on?
3.Whymus tdirect
ionalrel
aysbeus edonar in
gmai ns ystem?
4.Howdot ime-del
ayover curr
entr elayswor konar adialsystem?
5.Dooverheads ystemsn eeddiff
er entialpr
otect ions chemest hanun dergr
ounds
yst
ems?
6.Howarepi l
ot-wi
rerelaysbuil
tfort r
ans mi
ssion-li
nepr otection?

6thSemester Branch:El
ectr i
calEngg. Subject:SGP Chapter:7 AssignmentNo.
5
1. Discuss t
he various types f
ault
s on an alt
ern
ator
9
2.Discussthevar i
oust ypesfaultsont ransformers.Namet hedifferenttypesofprot
ect i
onsused
inTransformers.
4+2=6
3.Whatist heimportanceofbus- barprotection?
2
4. What ar
e t
he requi
rements of pr
ot ect
ion of l
i
nes ?
4

POSTERPRESENTATI
ONNO.
4(Dr
awi
ndr
awi
ngsheetandus
ecol
ourpens
)

1
. Descri
be wi t
h t he help of n eat di agram t he con struction an d work
ing of
:
7
i
()Mer
z-Pricecircul
ati
ngcur
rentpri
ncipl
ef ortheprotecti
onofal t
ernator- --
----Group-1
i
(i
)Earth-faultprotecti
onfort r
ans former s----
---
----
---
----
---
----
---
----
---Gr oup-2
(i
ii
)Fault-buspr otecti
onofBusbar -
-----
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
----
----
--Gr oup-3
(i
v)Time- gradedover cur
rentprot ectionf orRadialfeeder s-
---
---
---
---
---
---
--Gr
oup-4
(v)Distancepr otecti
onschemef ort hepr otecti
onoff eeder s-----
----
----
---Group-5

(
vi)Buchhol
zrel
ay-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-Gr
oup-6