Dr.
Poonam Verma
Assistant Professor
ECED, TIET, Patiala
▪ In Engineering Design Project-I, Mangonel (Roman catapult)
is to be designed and implemented.
The Electronic Part is divided into 4 sections:
➢ Programming of Arduino Digital I/O pins for various applications.
➢ Sensing any activity through Arduino and instructing accordingly.
Also, data capturing through sensors.
➢ Interfacing of hardware and software to do a specific task (using
7-segment display)
➢ Develop a micro-electronic circuit to determine and display the
angular velocity of the throwing arm.
The Electronic Part is divided into 4 sections:
➢ Programming of Arduino Digital I/O pins for various applications.
➢ Sensing any activity through Arduino and instructing accordingly.
Also, data capturing through sensors.
➢ Interfacing of hardware and software to do a specific task (using
7-segment display)
➢ Develop a micro-electronic circuit to determine and display the
angular velocity of the throwing arm.
Exercise 1
➢ To verify the function tables of CD4027 and CD4081 ICs.
Exercise 2
➢ Demonstrate the working of IR sensors and receiver and display
output using LED.
Digital circuits are of two types
Combinational circuits
Sequential circuits
Combinational circuit: The digital circuit in which output
depends only of the present input is called as combinational
circuits. These circuits do not contain any memory elements.
Sequential circuit: The digital circuit in which output
depends not only on the present input but also the past
output is called as sequential circuits. These circuits exhibits
memory to remember the previous outputs and are
synchronized by clock signal.
Non-inverting logic gates are shown below
Buffer AND OR EX-OR
Logic
A A A Function
A X X X X
B B B
Gate
X=A X = AB X=A+B X=A+B
Symbol
A X A B X A B X A B X Logic
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Expression
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Truth
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Table
Logic gates with inverting outputs are shown below.
NOT NAND NOR EX-NOR
A A A
A X X X X
B B B
X=A X = AB X=A+B X=A+B
A X A B X A B X A B X
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Quad 2-input AND Gate
2-input AND gates can be
used to combine signal to
generate a single signal.
The sequential logic circuits have memory
Output is a function of input and present state
Sequential circuits are synchronized by a periodic “clock”
signal.
The clock signal can be generated by connecting odd number
of inverter in feedback chain.
The time period of the clock will depends on the propagation
delay of inverter and the number of inverters in the chain.
A basic sequential circuit is a flip-flop.
Flip-flop has two stable states of complementary output
values
No controlling input
SR (set-reset) flip-flop based on two
NOR gates
An SR flip-flop can be implemented by
cross coupling two NOR gates
SR (set-reset) flip-flop based on two
NAND gates
An SR flip-flop can be implemented by
cross coupling two NAND gates
Clock controlled flip-flop changes its state only when the
clock C is high.
Some flip-flops have asynchronous preset Pr and clear Cl
signals.
Output changes once these signals change, however the
input signals must wait for a change in clock to change the
output
Edge triggered flip-flop changes only when the clock
changes.
Positive-edge triggered flip-flop changes only on the rising
edge of the clock.
The input D to a positive-edge triggered flip-flop is shown
Find the output signal Q.
t
The input D to a positive-edge triggered flip-flop is shown
Find the output signal Q.
t
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Definition: A
device which provides a usable output in response to a
specified measured.
Input Signal Output Signal
Sensor
A sensor acquires a physical parameter and converts it into a
signal suitable for processing (e.g. optical, electrical,
mechanical)
A transducer
Microphone, Loud Speaker, Biological Senses (e.g. touch, sight,…etc.)
Sensor - an electrical/mechanical/chemical device that maps
an environmental attribute to a quantitative measurement
Each sensor is based on a transduction principle -conversion
of energy from one form to another
Also known as transducers
Why do we need sensors?
Sensors are omnipresent. They embedded in our bodies,
automobiles, airplanes, cellular telephones, radios, chemical
plants, industrial plants and countless other applications.
Without the use of sensors, there would be no automation
possible !!
Sensing Planning Acting
information action
about the on the
environment environment
where
is the
truck?
where should I dig?
Where is the cropline? Autonomous harvesting
Where is the face? Will I hit anything?
Stimulus Quantity
Acoustic Wave (amplitude, phase, polarization), Spectrum,
Wave Velocity
Biological & Chemical Fluid Concentrations (Gas or Liquid)
Electric Charge, Voltage, Current, Electric Field (amplitude,
phase, polarization), Conductivity, Permittivity
Magnetic Magnetic Field (amplitude, phase, polarization), Flux,
Permeability
Optical Refractive Index, Reflectivity, Absorption
Thermal Temperature, Flux, Specific Heat, Thermal
Conductivity
Mechanical Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Strain, Stress,
Pressure, Torque
Active
send signal into environment and measure interaction of signal w/
environment e.g. radar, sonar
Passive
record signals already present in environment e.g. video cameras
Classification by medium used
Based on electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths
Vibrations in a medium
Concentration of chemicals in environment
By physical contact
Resistance variation based sensors
Light sensor
Photo-resistor- resistance changes with
light intensity
Temperature sensor
Thermistor- resistance changes with
temperature
Rotation sensor
Potentiometer- resistance changes with
R
position of dial.
It is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain
characteristics of its surroundings.
It does this by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation.
Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat
being emitted by an object and detecting motion.
