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Engineering Mechanics:
Statics in SI Units, 12e

4 Force System Resultants

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter Objectives

• Concept of moment of a force in two and three

dimensions
• Method for finding the moment of a force about a
specified axis.
• Define the moment of a couple.
• Determine the resultants of non-concurrent force
systems
• Reduce a simple distributed loading to a resultant force
having a specified location

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Chapter Outline

1. Moment of a Force – Scalar Formation

2. Cross Product
3. Moment of Force – Vector Formulation
4. Principle of Moments
5. Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
6. Moment of a Couple
7. Simplification of a Force and Couple System
8. Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System
9. Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

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4.1 Moment of a Force – Scalar Formation

• Moment of a force about a point or axis – a measure

of the tendency of the force to cause a body to rotate
about the point or axis
• Torque – tendency of rotation caused by Fx or simple
moment (Mo) z

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4.1 Moment of a Force – Scalar Formation

Magnitude
• For magnitude of MO,
MO = Fd (N.m) or (Ib.ft)
where d = perpendicular distance
from O to its line of action of force

Direction
• Direction using “right hand rule”

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4.1 Moment of a Force – Scalar Formation

Resultant Moment
• Resultant moment, MRo = moments of all the forces
MRo = ∑Fd

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Example 4.1

For each case, determine the moment of the force about

point O.

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Solution

Line of action is extended as a dashed line to establish

moment arm d.
Tendency to rotate is indicated and the orbit is shown as
a colored curl.

(a )M o = (100N )(2m ) = 200N.m(CW )

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Solution

(b )M o = (50N )(0.75m ) = 37.5N.m(CW )

(c )M o = ( 40N )( 4m + 2 cos 30 o m ) = 229N.m(CW )

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Solution

(d )M o = (60N )(1sin 45 o m ) = 42.4N.m(CCW )

(e )M o = (7kN )( 4m − 1m ) = 21.0kN.m(CCW )

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4.2 Cross Product

• Cross product of two vectors A and B yields C, which

is written as
C=AXB
and is read C equals A cross B
Magnitude
• Magnitude of C is the product of
the magnitudes of A and B
• For angle θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 180°

C = AB sinθ

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4.2 Cross Product

Direction
• Vector C has a direction that is perpendicular to the
plane containing A and B such that C is specified by
the right hand rule
• Expressing vector C when
magnitude and direction are known

C = A X B = (AB sinθ)uC

Magnitude of C Direction of C
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4.2 Cross Product

Laws of Operations
1. Commutative law is not valid
AXB≠BXA
Rather,
AXB=-BXA
• Cross product A X B yields a
vector opposite in direction to C

B X A = -C

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4.2 Cross Product

Laws of Operations
2. Multiplication by a Scalar
a( A X B ) = (aA) X B = A X (aB) = ( A X B )a

3. Distributive Law
AX(B+D)=(AXB)+(AXD)
• Proper order of the cross product must be maintained
since they are not commutative

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4.2 Cross Product

Cartesian Vector Formulation

• Use C = AB sinθ on pair of Cartesian unit vectors
• A more compact determinant in the form as
r r r
i j k
r r
AXB = Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

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4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation

• Moment of force F about point O can be expressed

using cross product
MO = r X F

Magnitude
• For magnitude of cross product,
MO = rF sinθ
• Treat r as a sliding vector. Since d = r sinθ,
MO = rF sinθ = F (rsinθ) = Fd

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4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation

Direction
• Direction and sense of MO are determined by right-
hand rule
*Note:
- “curl” of the fingers indicates the sense of rotation
- Maintain proper order of r and F since cross product
is not commutative

MO = rF sinθ
• Treat r as a sliding vector. Since d = r sinθ,
MO = rF sinθ = F (rsinθ) = Fd
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4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation

Principle of Transmissibility
• For force F applied at any point A, moment created
about O is MO = rA x F
• F has the properties of a sliding vector, thus

MO = r1 X F = r2 X F = r3 X F

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4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation

Cartesian Vector Formulation

• For force expressed in Cartesian form,
r r r
i j k
r r r
M O = r XF = rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
• With the determinant expended,
MO = (ryFz – rzFy)i
– (rxFz - rzFx)j + (rxFy – ryFx)k

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4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation

Resultant Moment of a System of Forces

• Resultant moment of forces about point O can be
determined by vector addition

MRo = ∑(r x F)

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Example 4.4

Two forces act on the rod. Determine the resultant

moment they create about the flange at O. Express the
result as a Cartesian vector.

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Solution

Position vectors are directed from point O to each force

as shown.
These vectors are
rA = {5 j} m
rB = {4i + 5 j − 2k } m

The resultant moment about O is

r
M O = ∑ (r × F ) = rA × F + rB × F
i j k i j k
= 0 5 0 + 4 5 −2
− 60 40 20 80 40 − 30
= {30i − 40 j + 60k } kN ⋅ m
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4.4 Principles of Moments

• Also known as Varignon’s Theorem

“Moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum of
the moments of the forces’ components about the point”
• Since F = F1 + F2,

MO = r X F
= r X (F1 + F2)
= r X F1 + r X F2

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Example 4.5

Determine the moment of the force about point O.

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Solution

The moment arm d can be found from trigonometry,

d = (3) sin 75° = 2.898 m

Thus,
M O = Fd = (5)(2.898) = 14.5 kN ⋅ m

Since the force tends to rotate or orbit clockwise about

point O, the moment is directed into the page.

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Examples and Problems

• Resolve the following problems for Homework:

4-29, 4-37 and 4-49

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4.5 Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis

• For moment of a force about a point, the moment and

its axis is always perpendicular to the plane
• A scalar or vector analysis is used to find the
component of the moment along a specified axis that
passes through the point

dy = d cos θ

M y = Fd y

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4.5 Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis

Scalar Analysis
• According to the right-hand rule, My is directed along
the positive y axis
• For any axis, the moment is

M a = Fd a

• Force will not contribute a moment

if force line of action is parallel or
passes through the axis

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4.5 Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis

Vector Analysis
• For magnitude of MA,
MA= MO·ua
where ua = unit vector

• In determinant form,
uax u ay u az
r r r r
M a = u ax ⋅ (r XF ) = rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz

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Example

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Example 4.8

Determine the moment produced by the force F which

tends to rotate the rod about the AB axis.

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Solution

Unit vector defines the direction of the AB axis of the rod,

where r
r
uB = B =
{0.4i + 0.2 j} = 0.8944i + 0.4472 j
rB 0.4 2 + 0.2 2

For simplicity, choose rD

rD = {0.6i}m

The force is
F = {− 300k } N
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Solution
r
rB {0.4i + 0.2 j}
uB =
rB
=
0 .4 2 + 0 .2 2
= 0.8944i + 0.4472 j rD = {0.6i}m F = {− 300k } N

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Examples and Problems

• Resolve the following problems for Homework:

4-51, 4-57 and 4-63

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4.6 Moment of a Couple

• Couple
– two parallel forces
– same magnitude but opposite direction
– separated by perpendicular distance d
• Resultant force = 0
• Tendency to rotate in specified direction
• Couple moment = sum of moments of both couple
forces about any arbitrary point

Page148
Slide 85
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4.6 Moment of a Couple

Scalar Formulation
• Magnitude of couple moment
M = Fd
• Direction and sense are determined by right hand rule
• M acts perpendicular to plane containing the forces

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4.6 Moment of a Couple

Vector Formulation
• For couple moment,
M=rXF
• If moments are taken about point A, moment of –F is
zero about this point
• r is crossed with the force to which it is directed

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4.6 Moment of a Couple

Equivalent Couples
• 2 couples are equivalent if they produce the same
moment
• Forces of equal couples lie on the same plane or plane
parallel to one another

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4.6 Moment of a Couple

Resultant Couple Moment

• Couple moments are free vectors and may be applied
to any point P and added vectorially
• For resultant moment of two couples at point P,
MR = M1 + M2
• For more than 2 moments,
MR = ∑(r X F)

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Example 4.12

Determine the couple moment acting on the pipe.

Segment AB is directed 30° below the x–y plane.

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SOLUTION I (VECTOR ANALYSIS)

Take moment about point O,

M = rA X (-250k) + rB X (250k)
= (0.8j) X (-250k) + (0.6cos30ºi
+ 0.8j – 0.6sin30ºk) X (250k)
= {-130j}N.cm

Take moment about point A

M = rAB X (250k)
= (0.6cos30°i – 0.6sin30°k)
X (250k)
= {-130j}N.cm
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SOLUTION II (SCALAR ANALYSIS)

Take moment about point A or B,

M = Fd = 250N(0.5196m)
= 129.9N.cm
Apply right hand rule, M acts in the –j direction
M = {-130j}N.cm

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4.7 Simplification of a Force and Couple System

• An equivalent system is when the external effects are

the same as those caused by the original force and
couple moment system
• External effects of a system is the translating and
rotating motion of the body
• Or refers to the reactive forces at the supports if the
body is held fixed

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4.7 Simplification of a Force and Couple System

• Equivalent resultant force acting at point O and a

resultant couple moment is expressed as

FR = ∑ F
(M R )O = ∑ M O + ∑ M
• If force system lies in the x–y plane
and couple moments are
perpendicular to this plane,
(FR )x = ∑ Fx
(FR )y = ∑ Fy
(M R )O = ∑ M O + ∑ M
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4.7 Simplification of a Force and Couple System

Procedure for Analysis

1. Establish the coordinate axes with the origin located at
point O and the axes having a selected orientation
2. Force Summation
3. Moment Summation

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Example 4.16

A structural member is subjected to a couple moment M

and forces F1 and F2. Replace this system with an
equivalent resultant force and couple moment acting at its
base, point O.

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Solution

Express the forces and couple moments as Cartesian

vectors.

r r
F1 = {−800k }N
r r  rr 
F2 = (300 N )uCB = (300 N ) rCB 
 rCB 
r r
 − 0.15i + 0.1 j  r r
= 300   = {−249.6i + 166.4 j }N
 (0.15) + (0.1) 
2 2

 4r  3r r r
M = −500  j + 500 k = {−400 j + 300k }N .m
 
5  
5

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Solution
 4 r  3r r r
M = − 500   j + 500   k = { − 400 j + 300 k } N . m
 5  5 
Force
r rSummation.
FR = ΣF ;
r r r r r r
FR = F1 + F2 = −800k − 249.6i + 166.4 j
r r r
= {−249.6i + 166.4 j − 800k }N

r r r r r r r r
M Ro = ΣM C + ΣM O = M + rC XF1 + rB XF2
r r r
i j k
r r r r
= ( −400 j + 300k ) + (1k ) X ( −800k ) + − 0.15 0.1 1
− 249.6 166.4 0
r r r
= {−166i − 650 j + 300k }N .m

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4.8 Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System

Concurrent Force System

• A concurrent force system is where lines of action of
all the forces intersect at a common point O

FR = ∑ F

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4.8 Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System

Coplanar Force System

• Lines of action of all the forces lie in the same plane
• Resultant force of this system also lies in this plane

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4.8 Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System

Parallel Force System

• Consists of forces that are all parallel to the z axis
• Resultant force at point O must also be parallel to this
axis

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4.8 Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System

Reduction to a Wrench
• 3-D force and couple moment system have an
equivalent resultant force acting at point O
• Resultant couple moment not perpendicular to one
another

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Example 4.18

The jib crane is subjected to three coplanar forces.

Replace this loading by an equivalent resultant force and
specify where the resultant’s line of action intersects the
column AB and beam BC.

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Solution

Force Summation
+ → FRx = ΣFx ;

FRx = −2.5kN   − 1.75kN

3
5
= −3.25kN = 3.25kN ←
+ → FRy = ΣFy ;

FRy = −2.5 N   − 0.6kN

4
5
= −2.60kN = 2.60 N ↓

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Solution

For magnitude of resultant force,

FR = ( FRx )2 + ( FRy )2 = (3.25)2 + (2.60)2
= 4.16kN

For direction of resultant force,

 FRy  −1  2.60 
θ = tan −1 ÷= tan 
÷
3.25 
÷
 FRx 
= 38.7o

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Solution

Moment Summation
Summation of moments about point A,
M RA = ΣM A ;
3.25kN ( y ) + 2.60kN (0)
= 1.75kn(1m) − 0.6kN (0.6m)

+ 2.50kN  (2.2m) − 2.50kN  (1.6m)

3 4
5 5
y = 0.458m

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Solution

Moment Summation
Principle of Transmissibility
M RA = ΣM A ;
3.25kN (2.2m) − 2.60kN ( x)
= 1.75kn(1m) − 0.6kN (0.6m)
3 4
+ 2.50kN  ( 2.2m) − 2.50kN  (1.6m)
5 5
x = 2.177 m

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4.9 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

• Large surface area of a body may be subjected to

distributed loadings
• Loadings on the surface is defined as pressure
• Pressure is measured in Pascal (Pa): 1 Pa = 1N/m2

Uniform Loading Along a Single Axis

• Most common type of distributed
loading is uniform along a
single axis

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4.9 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

Magnitude of Resultant Force

• Magnitude of dF is determined from differential area dA
under the loading curve.
• For length L,

FR = ∫ w( x )dx = ∫ dA = A
L A
• Magnitude of the resultant force is equal to the total
area A under the loading diagram.

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4.9 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

Location of Resultant Force

• MR = ∑MO
• dF produces a moment of xdF = x w(x) dx about O
• For the entire plate,

M Ro = ΣM O x FR = ∫ xw( x)dx
L

• Solving for x

∫ xw( x)dx ∫ xdA

x= L
= A

∫ w( x)dx
L
∫ dA
A

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Example 4.21

Determine the magnitude and location of the equivalent

resultant force acting on the shaft.

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Solution

For the colored differential area element,

dA = wdx = 60 x 2 dx
For resultant force
FR = ΣF ;
2
FR = ∫ dA = ∫ 60 x 2 dx
A 0
2
 x3   23 03 
= 60   = 60 − 
 3 0 3 3
= 160 N
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Solution

For location of line of action,

2
2
 x4   24 04 
∫A ∫0 4 − 4
2
xdA x ( 60 x ) dx 60   60
 4 0
x= = = =  
∫
A
dA 160 160 160

= 1.5m
Checking,
ab 2m(240 N / m)
A= = = 160
3 3
3 3
x = a = (2m) = 1.5m
4 4

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QUIZ

1. What is the moment of the 10 N force about point A

(MA)? F = 12 N
A) 3 N·m B) 36 N·m C) 12 N·m
D) (12/3) N·m E) 7 N·m
d=3m
• A

2. The moment of force F about point O is defined as MO

= ___________ .
A) r x F B) F x r
C) r • F D) r * F

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QUIZ

3. If a force of magnitude F can be applied in 4 different

2-D configurations (P,Q,R, & S), select the cases
resulting in the maximum and minimum torque values
on the nut. (Max, Min).
A) (Q, P) B) (R, S) S
C) (P, R) D) (Q, S) R
P Q
4. If M = r × F, then what will be the value of M • r ?
A) 0 B) 1
2
C) r F D) None of the above.

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QUIZ

5. Using the CCW direction as positive, the net moment

of the two forces about point P is
A) 10 N ·m B) 20 N ·m C) - 20 N ·m
D) 40 N ·m E) - 40 N ·m

10 N 5N
3m P 2m

6. If r = { 5 j } m and F = { 10 k } N, the moment

r x F equals { _______ } N·m.
A) 50 i B) 50 j C) –50 i
D) – 50 j E) 0
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QUIZ

7. When determining the moment of a force about a

specified axis, the axis must be along _____________.
A) the x axis B) the y axis C) the z axis
D) any line in 3-D space E) any line in the x-y plane

8. The triple scalar product u • ( r × F ) results in

A) a scalar quantity ( + or - )
B) a vector quantity.
C) zero.
D) a unit vector.
E) an imaginary number.
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QUIZ

9. The vector operation (P × Q) • R equals

A) P × (Q • R).
B) R • (P × Q).
C) (P • R) × (Q • R).
D) (P × R) • (Q × R ).
10. The force F is acting along DC. Using the triple
product to determine the moment of F about the bar
BA, you could use any of the following position vectors
except
A) rBC B) rAD C) rAC
D) rDB E) rBD
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QUIZ

11. For finding the moment of the force F about the x-axis,
the position vector in the triple scalar product should
be ___ .
A) rAC B) rBA
C) rAB D) rBC

12. If r = {1 i + 2 j} m and F = {10 i + 20 j + 30 k} N, then

the moment of F about the y-axis is ____ N·m.
A) 10 B) -30
C) -40 D) None of the above.
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QUIZ

13. In statics, a couple is defined as __________

separated by a perpendicular distance.
A) two forces in the same direction
B) two forces of equal magnitude
C) two forces of equal magnitude acting in the same
direction
D) two forces of equal magnitude acting in opposite
directions

14. The moment of a couple is called a _____ vector.

A) Free B) Spin
C) Romantic D) Sliding
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QUIZ

15. F1 and F2 form a couple. The moment of the couple

is given by ____ . F1
A) r1 × F1 B) r2 × F1 r1
r2
C) F2 × r1 D) r2 × F2
F2
16. If three couples act on a body, the overall result is that
A) The net force is not equal to 0.
B) The net force and net moment are equal to 0.
C) The net moment equals 0 but the net force is not
necessarily equal to 0.
D) The net force equals 0 but the net moment is not
necessarily equal to 0 .
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QUIZ

17. A general system of forces and couple moments

acting on a rigid body can be reduced to a ___ .
A) single force
B) single moment
C) single force and two moments
D) single force and a single moment
18. The original force and couple system and an
equivalent force-couple system have the same
_____ effect on a body.
A) internal B) external
C) internal and external D) microscopic
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QUIZ

18. The forces on the pole can be reduced to a single

force and a single moment at point ____ . Z
S
A) P B) Q C) R R
Q
D) S E) Any of these points. P
Y
X

19. Consider two couples acting on a body. The simplest

possible equivalent system at any arbitrary point on
the body will have
A) One force and one couple moment.
B) One force.
C) One couple moment.
D) Two couple moments.
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QUIZ

20. Consider three couples acting on a body. Equivalent

systems will be _______ at different points on the
body.
A) Different when located
B) The same even when located
C) Zero when located
D) None of the above.

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QUIZ

21. The resultant force (FR) due to a distributed load is equivalent to

the _____ under the distributed loading curve, w = w(x).
A) Centroid B) Arc length y Distributed load curve
C) Area D) Volume w

x
FR

22. The line of action of the distributed load’s equivalent force passes
through the ______ of the distributed load.
A) Centroid B) Mid-point
C) Left edge D) Right edge
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QUIZ

23. What is the location of FR, i.e., the distance d?

A) 2 m B) 3 m C) 4 m FR
D) 5 m E) 6 m
A BA B
3m 3m d
24. If F1 = 1 N, x1 = 1 m, F2 = 2 N and x2 = 2 m, what
is the location of FR, i.e., the distance x.
A) 1 m B) 1.33 m C) 1.5 m F1
x2 F2 x FR
D) 1.67 m E) 2 m

x1
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QUIZ

25. FR = ____________
A) 12 N B) 100 N 100 N/m
C) 600 N D) 1200 N
12 m

26. x = __________.
A) 3 m B) 4 m FR

C) 6 m D) 8 m

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