Electrical Engineering
DC & AC Machines
Dr. Satish Sharma
Assistant Professor, MNIT Jaipur
Satish Sharma, MNIT Jaipur
1
(2020)
Electrical Engineering
DC Machines
Dr. Satish Sharma
Assistant Professor, MNIT Jaipur
Satish Sharma, MNIT Jaipur
2
(2020)
Maxwell’s Cork screw Rule :
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Fleming’s Right hand rule
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Fleming’s Right hand rule
Used to determine the direction of emf induced in a conductor
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of the left hand
are kept at right angles to one another.
The fore finger represent the direction of magnetic field
The thumb represent the direction of motion of the conductor
The middle finger will indicate the direction of the inducted emf .
This rule is used in DC Generators
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Fleming’s left hand rule
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Fleming’s left hand rule
Used to determine the direction of force acting on a current
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field .
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of the left hand
are kept at right angles to one another .
The middle finger represent the direction
of current
The fore finger represent the direction of
magnetic field
The thumb will indicate the direction of
force acting on the conductor
This rule is used in motors.
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DC Generator
Mechanical energy is converted to electrical
energy
Three requirements are essential
1. Conductors
2. Magnetic field
3. Mechanical energy
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Working principle
A generator works on the principles of Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction
Whenever a conductor is moved in the magnetic
field , an emf is induced and the magnitude of
the induced emf is directly proportional to the
rate of change of flux linkage.
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Len’s Law
▪ According to this law, the induced emf will
be acting in such a way so as to oppose the
very cause of production of it .
e = -N (dØ/dt) volts
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Construction of DC Generator
Field system
Armature core
Armature winding
Commutator
Brushes
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Field winding
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Rotor and rotor winding
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Working principle
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Working principle
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Armature winding
Lap winding Wave winding
A=P A=2
The armature windings It is used in low current
are divided into no. of output and high
sections equal to the no voltage.
of poles
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Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field within which the
armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in comparison with
permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size , produce greater
magnetic effect and
Field strength can be varied
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Field system
Yoke
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Field coils
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Armature core
The armature core is cylindrical
High permeability silicon steel stampings
Lamination is to reduce the eddy current loss
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Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected to armature conductors by means of a cu strip called
riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
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Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines because they are
soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they contact commutator
To deliver the current thro armature
Carbon is used for brushes because it has negative
temperature coefficient of resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving area of contact
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EMF equation
Let,
Ø= flux per pole in weber
Z = Total number of armature conductor
P = Number of poles
A = Number of parallel paths
N =armature speed in rpm
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EMF equation
Flux cut by 1 conductor in 1 revolution = P * φ weber
Flux cut by 1 conductor per sec = P φ N /60 weber per
second
Hence,
Per conductor induced emf = PφN/60 volts
Number of conductors in each parallel path = Z /A
Eg = PφNZ/60A
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Classification of DC machines
Separately excited DC generator
Self excited D C generator
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Further classification of DC Generator
Series wound generator
Shunt wound generator
Compound wound generator
Short shunt & Long shunt
Cumulatively compound &
Differentially compound
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