Numerical Methods

Understandthe need for

numerical methods,

Gothrough the stages of solving

a particular physical problem
(mathematical modeling, solving
and implementation).

Numerical Methods 2

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To solve problems that cannot be solved
exactly

For this distribution, the probability P

that the random variable X has a value
below x = x0 is obtained by integrating
the area under the probability density
curve.
2
x0 1  x−µ 
1 − 
2  σ 

σ 2π ∫e
−∞
dx
−σ µ σ

Numerical Methods 3

To solve problems that are intractable!

Example (1)

Example (2)

dh
dt
(
= Qin − k h / A )

Numerical Methods 4

2
 Problem Description

Mathematical Model

Solution of Mathematical Model

Using the Solution

Numerical Methods 5

Bascule Bridge

Numerical Methods 6

3
Numerical Methods 7

Hub

Trunnion

Girder

Numerical Methods 8

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 interference fit

Step1. Trunnion immersed in dry-ice/alcohol

Step2. Trunnion warm-up in hub
Step3. Trunnion-Hub immersed in
dry-ice/alcohol
Step4. Trunnion-Hub warm-up into girder

Numerical Methods 9

After Cooling, the Trunnion Got Stuck in Hub

Why??

Magnitude of contraction needed in the Trunnion

was 0.015” or more. Did it contract enough?

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 Trunnion Contraction coefficient of thermal
expansion at room
temperature

∆D = D × α × ∆T
outer diameter of change in temperature
D = 12.363" the trunnion

−6
α = 6.47 × 10 in / in / o F
∆T = T fluid − Troom = −108 − 80 = −188° F
But, when the steel trunnion
∆D = (12.363)(6.47 × 10 −6 )(−188) was put in the hub, it got
stuck. Why did this happen?

= −0.01504"
So according to his calculations, immersing the steel trunnion in dry-ice/alcohol mixture gives
the desired contraction of greater than 0.015 ” as the predicted contraction is 0.01504 ”.

Numerical Methods 11

∆D = D × α × ∆T T(oF) α
(µin/in/oF)
-340 2.45
-300 3.07
-220 4.08
∆D = D α ∆T -160 4.72
-80 5.43
0 6.00
40 6.24
α is not
constant
80 6.47
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 Tc

∆D = D ∫ α (T )dT
Ta
α=f(T)

Numerical Methods 13

Tc

∆D = D ∫ α (T )dT Tc=-108oF Ta=80oF D=12.363”

Ta

Tc

∆D = D ∫ α (T )dT
Ta

Numerical Methods 14

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 Numerical
integration

Ta = 80oF Tc

∆D = D ∫ α (T )dT

Tc = -108oF Ta

D = 12.363"
Tc Ta

Numerical Methods 15

Change in diameter (∆D)

Regression
by cooling it in dry followed by
ice/alcohol is given by integration
Tc

∆D = D ∫ α (T ) dT
Ta

Ta = 80oF
Tc = -108oF
D = 12.363"
α = −1.2278 × 10 −5 T 2 + 6.1946 × 10 −3 T + 6.0150
∆D = −0.0137" < −0.015"

Numerical Methods 16

8
One solution is to immerse the trunnion in liquid
nitrogen which has a boiling point of -321oF as
opposed to the dry-ice/alcohol temperature of -108oF.

∆D = −0.0244"

Numerical Methods 17

1) Problem Statement: Trunnion got stuck in the hub.

2) Modeling: Developed a new model

Tc

∆D = D ∫ α (T )dT
Ta

3) Solution: 1) Used trapezoidal rule OR b) Used

regression and integration.
4) Implementation: Cool the trunnion in liquid nitrogen.

Numerical Methods 18

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Nonlinear Equations

Differentiation

Simultaneous Linear Equations

Curve Fitting
◦ Interpolation
◦ Regression

Integration

Ordinary Differential Equations

Other Advanced Mathematical Procedures:
◦ Partial Differential Equations
◦ Optimization
◦ Fast Fourier Transforms

Numerical Methods 19

How much of the floating ball is under water?

R
Diameter=0.11m
Specific Gravity=0.6

A force balance on the

ball will reveal a cubic
equation:
x 3 − 0.165 x 2 + 3.993 × 10 −4 = 0
Numerical Methods 20

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How much of the floating ball is under the water?

D=0.11m
Hence:
the solution is constrained
0<x<D between 0 and 0.11
0<x<0.11

f ( x ) = x 3 − 0.165 x 2 + 3.993 × 10−4 = 0

Numerical Methods 21

What is the acceleration at t=7 seconds?

 16 × 104  dv
v(t) = 2200 ln  − 9.8t a=
 16 × 10 − 5000t 
4
dt
Numerical Methods 22

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What is the acceleration at t=7 seconds?
Time (s) 5 8 12
Vel (m/s) 106 177 600

dv
a=
dt

Numerical
Differentiation
is needed

Numerical Methods 23

Find the velocity profile, given

Time (s) 5 8 12
Vel (m/s) 106 177 600

v (t ) = at 2 + bt + c, 5 ≤ t ≤ 12
Three simultaneous linear equations
25a + 5b + c = 106
64a + 8b + c = 177
144a + 12b + c = 600
Solving these equs. to evaluate a , b and c
Numerical Methods 24

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What is the velocity of the rocket at t=7 seconds?
Time (s) 5 8 12
Vel (m/s) 106 177 600

Numerical Methods 25

Thermal expansion coefficient data for cast steel

Numerical Methods 26

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 Numerical Methods 27

Finding the diametric contraction in a steel shaft when dipped in

liquid nitrogen.

T fluid

∆D = D ∫ α dT
Troom

Numerical Methods 28

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How long does it take a trunnion to cool down?

dT
mc = −hA(T − Ta ), T (0) = Troom
dt
Numerical Methods 29

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