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CHAPTER 5
MASS AND ENERGY
ANALYSIS OF CONTROL
VOLUMES
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Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot be created or destroyed
during a process.
Closed systems Control volumes
Mass is conserved even during chemical reactions!
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
dAc
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Mass flow rate
Volume flow rate
dVc
r, Vc
Conservation of Mass Principle
“The net rate of mass transfer to or from a control volume is equal to the net rate of change (increase or decrease)
in the total mass within the control volume”
The meaning is the
same!
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Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
mCV = constant
Total amount of mass entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it.
Multiple inlets and exits
Single stream
Examples
1. Figure shows a mixing tank initially containing 2000 lb liquid water.
The tank is fitted with two inlet pipes, one delivering hot water at a
mass flow rate of 0,8 lb/s and the other delivering cold water at a
mass flow rate of 1,2 lb/s. Water exits through a single exit pipe at a
mass flow rate of 2,5 lb/s. If the tank has a diameter of 1.5 m,
determine the level of water in the tank after one hour.
2. As shown in Figure steam at 80 bar, 440 C, enters a turbine
operating at steady state with a volumetric flow rate of 236 m3/min.
Twenty percent of the entering mass flow exits through a diameter
of 0.25 m at 60 bar, 400 C. The rest exits through a diameter of 1.5
m with a pressure of 0.7 bar and a quality of 90%. Determine the
velocity at each exit duct, in m/s.
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Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid
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Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
h = u + Pv
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Energy Transport by Mass
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General balance of energy
Remembering the Energy balance:
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Energy analysis of steady-flow systems
Under steady-flow: mvc and Evc = cte
Many engineering systems such as power plants operate
under steady conditions.
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Mass and Energy balances for a steady-flow process
Mass balance
Energy balance
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Exercise
As shown in figure air enters a hair dryer at 25 C, 100 kPa with a volumetric
flow rate of 1 m3/min. On the outer dryer surface is an electrical resistor
covered with insulation. With a voltage of 120 V, the resistor draws a current
of 4 amps. Assuming the ideal gas model for air and ignoring kinetic and
potential energy effects, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air and (b)
the temperature of the air at the exit.
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Turbines
Turbine drives the electric generator In steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
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Fans, pumps and Compressors
A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a gas
A compressor can compress the gas to very high pressures
Pumps work very much like compressors except that they handle liquids instead of gases
Energy balance:
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Nozzles and Diffusers
Nozzles and diffusers are shaped so that they cause large changes in fluid velocities
A nozzle increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure.
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A diffuser increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
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Throttling valves
Throttling valves cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
Turbine ≠ throttling valve
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a large drop in temperature
(coefficient of Joule-Thompson)
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isentálpico
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Mixing chambers
In engineering applications, the section where the mixing process takes place is commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.
Energy balance for the adiabatic mixing chamber in the figure is:
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Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are devices where two moving fluid streams exchange heat without
mixing.
Tubos y coraza
Tubos concéntricos Placas
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The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be zero or nonzero
depending on how the control volume is selected.
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Mass and energy balances for cold fluid:
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Pipe and duct flow
The transport of fluids in pipes and ducts is important in engineering applications.
Energy balance for the pipe flow shown in the figure is:
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Ejercicios
Una turbina de vapor se utiliza para impulsar un compresor de nitrógeno como se muestra en la figura. Los
estados del vapor y el nitrógeno se indican en el diagrama, y los flujos de masa son 500 kg/h y 75 kg/h en la
turbina y el compresor, respectivamente. El calor cedido en la turbina es pequeño y puede despreciarse. La
turbina entrega 12 kW al compresor y el resto a un generador eléctrico.
a. Determine la potencia disponible en la turbina para mover el generador eléctrico.
b. ¿Cuál es la temperatura del nitrógeno a la salida del compresor?
c. ¿Determine el calor que se debe retirar al nitrógeno en el enfriador?
d. Dibuje el diagrama T-v para los estados y los procesos experimentados por el nitrógeno y el vapor de agua.
e. Se le pide la asesoría técnica como ingeniero, para evaluar si es posible usar el calor removido al nitrógeno
para calentar el vapor a la entrada de la turbina, y así obtener mayor potencia. ¿Qué recomienda? (Sustente
su recomendación)
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Ejercicio
Un ciclo de potencia de vapor trabaja en las condiciones siguientes: (1) 100 bar y 520 C a
la entrada de la turbina, (2) 0.3 bar y 90% de calidad a la salida de la turbina, (3) líquido
saturado a 0.3 bar en la salida del condensador y (4) 100 bar a la salida de la bomba. El
flujo másico del agua es 40 kg/s. Despreciando los cambios de energía cinética y
potencial, determinar:
a. El trabajo generado en la turbina
b. El calor cedido en el condensador
c. El trabajo de la bomba
d. El calor suministrado a la caldera
e. Represente el ciclo en un diagrama P-v
f. La eficiencia térmica de este ciclo de potencia
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Energy analysis of unsteady-flow processes
Many processes involve changes within the control volume with time (unsteady-flow, or
transient-flow, processes)
Most unsteady-flow processes can be represented reasonably well by the uniform-flow
process: The fluid flow at any inlet or exit is uniform and steady
Mass balance
By using the general form of mass balance:
Energy balance
By using the general form of energy balance:
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Ejercicios
A tank having a volume of 0.85 m3 initially contains water as a two-phase liquid–vapor
mixture at 260 °C and a quality of 0.7. Saturated water vapor at 260 °C is slowly withdrawn
through a pressure-regulating valve at the top of the tank as energy is transferred by heat to
maintain constant pressure in the tank. This continues until the tank is filled with saturated
vapor at 260 °C. Determine the amount of heat transfer, in kJ. Neglect all kinetic and
potential energy effects.
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