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Chapter 6

Chapter6 General Chemistry

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Akef Afaneh
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37 views16 pages

Chapter 6

Chapter6 General Chemistry

Uploaded by

Akef Afaneh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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6} Chapt ~ Punciperof Reostuity : Crergyarnd Chomucod Keachms + [nhoduchon fo Thermedynanrica ~ Soente of heat or ervagy cfére th chemeal reackme or procosses. (ohat io Evengy’? the capacity to de wnk Kurehe evergy = an00 wath met, eg. “hermod, mechanical, electutol , sound cfemfoll energy - reoulty fam am objec poschin. ~ Shred enon P eg. qonbkesl, ee eae coy ep Fist law of Thermodynamic : Energy cam necter be, crooted o ae Te ei Umuense i» Constant Temporotwe vs. Heot — Be consul of mascmeaphin ! G o io not the Some do : - — + the mae thermol enngy a substance has» grok. © rastion. of to fond + molecules, + The total thrmolenorqy in am obiodt ts Swm of off He treburdal energies of oll “he coro, maleculis, toro tir obpect. How clo yr explaim haw o HRerwomale works 2 pet + when Rermomaltr io put indo o beaker of oat. , te ofan of mencuny inthe Revmemedect Sach cotth, wodee — they sfact mevire footer. , the He atmma o Lille. Poe, apart, Ha) exp + collin xh vagy until Hormel ery wo Te Sarre.co eto} 1,0. i post, Sep Ha» Hepa. He AO + foot Hhansfer always ocun ‘fim on ofjectat high. T 46 om object att Arwen T ok Systm vs. Suman + tw Theemethynamico, ewe prise dafirstions ence ae ea as exctharmic — sys@m, loses hot +o the Susrnuntrge . endestRumic ~ syStm gain heat fom the Suanoimdirgs Considen ‘the mattirg ofp am ice Cube of woaler : heot + Had) —» H,O(L) ae he ae ? heot ia reachot Ordo Bernie. protoas Tum this procera onewnd : cohet hoppers When Hs0 fargo? Ha0@) — Ha0@) el exsteumut. heats produ + this © Somautet coumserurctirtive . Loken fimo Pain ovehorde with wader urang a flange, “the tendo” unsulots he fiuct, but He process clas relearss beat, Plolectre fee crop. Unio ofeneray: — ealuie (608!) = ANA youteo(T) Note: He chetory Galore = 1000 coleniao The quantity of heot Hat con be homsfemned is o-fimchi eager ts eee fa 0 east + fo phase'chamge occurs Cr hoppene! Let see wl 6-3 one a yes © < hquad stoucts h s we at aa vapaitzed \ bel “TPR Quid + GAS 5 “ah hd (ain ese Qui stots fo ¥ SoUD+ x le tee Nau stout esene ight! Reg Bihecee ow oo Heot Energy (Tor caloties)) —> Heat is absnled by syslim ao solid —> Liquid —> quo “Théo process of Areleting Uctrmokoulas fitts is ENDOTHERMIC Heat is released by systim a0 gas —> Ligud > sotid Thio proceao is EXOTHERMIC. The amount of heat absnted or released by a syilim duung phase changes com be accurately Calculated. Towle and calme ore unite of heat. | collie = 4.184 5 Spucilic heat of a Substance in a certain phase (gas, Liguid, Sobid ’) is the amount of heat requned to raise the Yempratue of 19 of te substance by 1°C. wit no’ chamge in shite Sprcsfichent hao wide of (T/q*e). Heat = Sp.H. x mano x AT Heat of fiston + the amount of heat reguined to melt 1 9 of a Solid ot it melting pourt . Unita? (T/g), His obo the amount of heot released when 19 ofa Liquid fleeges at it ‘fangurg point ‘around of Heat = heakof fim » ynote Sa a Diffiorce Bebieen Spoof Heat (5%) and Heat of Ruin lagoisaton( 5, Sprofic hoot is a amstant parteulor to o certain substance ima Specific pace thick, velatio how much hot in, ik Reawary % change the | Remperatue of a cortain amount of the substance (without changing | 5 phase) “Bronyh: If 15.0 9 of tronk)cool fam 36.0% % 90%, ‘erchy reltoning 173 T of heat, what iv te Specific Mat of rane)? | eat _(3) 3 i Speofic heat (se) = ate 4TEc) ~ 50g *@so-20)C i ONY Thre Heat of Fivim/Vapauzation. (J) is a coolant partis to 0, corain © substomea tha ie chamgurg Vase at The temprotue where te phase e occu : Heat of fasim solid =e liquid oceans a fiteyng /netig pt Heed of vapoianton Liquid =? goo — occumat borbng port |The constant vebatus how much heat is recaosony fri the phase charge | to coeur, ot “He phase change tmpaatine fr a certain maso of compounc Example: if 32% T of het an removed fiom 3.009 of CHSCHLOH (0) at -1F°C, what is the heat of fiom of ethanol ? The fittying point of ethoncl ia -ilF°e det eae (l= pee = See 100 He Nees npn or Kanpchut chuge is et unooeed ee oe heat of Vapaiagction bemue the procas is occuring ot pion clang Engrs os Heot of vaporization : the amount of heat reguined to vapowse q of a iquih to a qao at ite boiling point. Units + (T/g) H is abo the amount of heot released when |g of Vapor continses to 19 of liguid at the boiling point. Amount of heat = hoot of Vap * nase Example: How many souls of entigy must be absorbed by 5009 of H,0 at So°c to convert it fo 500g of stam ot 120°C ? Groen + Speofic heat HzO) + AIR T/q'c Specific heat HO(g) : 203 T/q°C Heat of vapriupkim HO: 2.26%10* S/g BP Ho » 100°¢ where () heoc needta 4o raise Tof S00g Hy0 to i BR ot 100% @ heot needid to chamge all water indo Skam at 100°C @ heat needed! to rouse Tof stam fiom 100°C to/20°C Tet Hot Absnbed - ©) +Q +@ = [Spl 0G) * meso Hox ATI+[ Help. x muse Ho] +L Sp.H. of HOG) * maze HO x «TJ = frus Fo * 5009 * (eo-s0°0)f + [2.26«1c? 7° 5009] + [203 Fe * 500, * (120 ~ loo°e) JOY kT + HBO RT + ART = 1250 kT = Las loey 1 Nee that the energy requind to break te urterimelecular bonds in \_ Iiquid waler is very hgh due pumarily + hydeegen bending. “SY” Evarnple: How much heat (in iS) muot be removed when cooling ISSq of bensene, CyHey at 120% 10 solid bensgne, ot 5.18% ? Gwen for bemsene: bp. at atm: 80.1°C mp. at Jotm: SABC sprefic heat (L): LF4 T/ge. specific heed (g): 104 T/4%t haot of fiom + at T/q heat of Vapoigation: 395 T/q Plan: Cylle gy Or CMe wees Gell) > GHW ae CHO 120.0°C BOC, Bo.lec, SBC SABC. Total heot relewed = © +®@ +@+@ © eo = Sp.HtG) x mass x AT = LOH Toc 15S q x(n0.0~ BOING” HS ka © shea = Hr vop. x mou = 396 T/gx ISSg = = 6.2 kT @® beot = Spb) * mae x 4Te (74 Sorex 1SSqx (Bal-S4ztC)= BO.1 RY © Wee = Ut sion x manos 12% Yq * 155g = (%F bd + foto hoot released © D+® +@ +@)= 10kA kT Frame: IF S009 of kad at 200°C ane phead in 100g of wakr at BOC in am insulated cantauner, what will be the fmptrodone wher the lead and water ane ot the Same Yempnratue 7 Given: Speorfic heat of ho (4) + HIP Fae Sponpic het of Pb) + O19 Fe HO @) —> HOG) + Pb) <— Pb(s) 20% Te Doe 100g S005 head gained by waka = heot lost by Pb ZT = . 418 9% * (00, *(Tp-ad)= 0.159 Fe * S00, * (200-7) AIG T; - 83b0 J = IS9OOT- 745 FG AWS Te = 2Hab0 5 Te = 487 °C When substomees at differtrd deompoetuas are mixed, hat is hanofined fiom He warmer substance fo He cooler subsiance and the final Jempuatire of tHe muxiue is tnteumedate between the original Kempuotwas of te substances Example + If 5000 Sof heat are removed firm 5009 of 10 (L) ot CA°C whet wilt be its fiat emperotun ? 5000 J = HIF HE * 500g x (b2-T) SCOT + 130,000 J - 2090 TF 200% = 125000 5 Te = 508°C Ck lohen o- SD.O 9 bar o} coppts is placed tn 250.09 of token FOH*C, the Emprotune of He Woltr rato to 35:00 °C. chee ‘fe Uritiol emprraine of “fe Copper ban ? Gusem: c heat of Cub) 0.365 T/g'e xe boa Hoa) IPY Tare haat dost by Cu= heat gaured by Had Spit Ca* monoy, aT Spt Had * moar o% “Tio Oe rere BH H.IBY Tigre x 2SD.Oy x (2S:0- 20.4) 3e7- [Saga 7 Grint ) 19.a5T= 15664 fr T= 813°C Note: stage. of tHe Keluen. io the same othe °C. Senta we are aoe in fomprase, we com wink in eit Jemperostust Unch, Back to tle First Las of thermedynamisa Consid.a. book onfop of a plore bag with duy tea (cos) + nt. COs) > COag) and HR book will Rus a bog ees Systm : ad 29) ere ihe on De Hos Pemeicerie SE. De ee systim le fe vonk dene on Syston . | +0 iat? ‘ook ee Sign converte : g* heat tw atldad to system Sumranntings host to rams: sySliim. fo Surmnunthgs + wnk oe to- bonk adore by svslom an Sunreurtlras LT Vane 64 Example: (hot io ta. change in vitunal erengy of Syston. cohich does JO To} wak and absnbs 30 Sof et ‘to sunmundiogs? 4E=e40 a a) + (aor) +107 t hast Stimdees | a Example: (ohot io the Rat involed when a Sylim loses SOT of Unewrol Energy and hao 20 T of wnk done on tt by He sumawrclirgs ? Is the hot chamge exothoumic o entatermu ? “E-@4 wo pools a+ Caos) a G> ~50T-IWT = -70T Syston lors boc 1, egalieamic, Encthalpy — heot content of a. Substance ot Constant preaura, » dsiqroes by H a ia Winkel Eg te Y AH = Op, heot hawsfuud ot Gwlart A 2E=@, hot tonsferwd of onstut Volume The voluos of “Hand AE ane close andl sometimes He Same. Sign convenbions ors. sare! 4H= 46 — work © heat io released by yitin ; @ hot io absabed by slstem 6+ Stata fiumefure : a. cokose cole iy deleymured oly by “fe shivol te lin Chang's sbi Chane depend on, on tHe inihiad ond feral stilts, net on 1 the, ocd, Le., Te path that woo token, “They 42 eovy te! i became Tey cre deagrakd by capiol Luter: Pad *P. eB, SPR Feeck = Prchall Wiad ale AT = Thent- Tauhal V oad 4V Ostia, OV = Verst- Vursbol and Boat &, 26 NOT ye Wonk in eaoy 4 See thot ito on polk sena Work= frux duofane bat, Qa Gpo one fob -fiunchina Enctholpy Changes f Choma Reactima Considiucthe decomposchim of H30 nto hyhogon gan and orygen geo! Ha0(4) > Haq) +3026) *H,g tN RT Tnole Vira Samet. hoot w obsnbed ewdotiiemic Mn ee Whew | met 1000 0 breaks dawn to Imotof Ha1a) and & vet of Cxlq) AY] RS of bot of crnatant Prenuae 1S repusrcel Fate tevrwe reactor, Haq + £Oa9)> H20@) Hans FAL kT peo is relcoua exolemic How must hot is rebeasedl fr ‘this vea.chin 2 Ate@+ Cag > RHO) AnstH82 bis Are Une iret Hans HBL RT 6-W Triday! Hfone wes He wn “ reliowad,” Re bot 2 abuoys @ ney » when Stofirg SH = 42 RS, ore must include te sx pee (So eweryare ay ohh o = Info oc ot ie ste, Considia “he following combustion reachin cf ethane : Coho + Ong > CO2q) + H20L) Unbolanad (2 Hf the “Hin io ~ISbI RT iret CoNys hoo much Rot i relessnd VF 20.0 g of COx9) wv producd ? . © Mf B65 bS of fot io veleasasd, bre rary quam of C2 H, uno corbatd? a 7 4: Bolana the Rockm meee in ffermothramic pasha it is OK fohase fachnol coef ACH @+ % Cag) —> 2 COagr+ SHOW) + ISL BT Stree “Han? 1S! be Call? when | meteef GHoig) tp 2: Plant! Wconsued, ISbl KT ef heat produc. Planfr@: G COs > mot CO, > met GH, —> hee _ Vt COx bine? Coty ISI LS relased Pheat vlan = 20.04 CO, x THESE « hae TS = 355 kT rebuoved Plam-fa(b): hwo relaauid —> mot CH, —? g Cae \m&CHe 30.18 2q Gi = 35k * ee * Tl RO4g GH@ So, beat io horalled Aike any other quoritity ywolned in shorchiomelyiy 6-12 How do Yow-cxpraumrentolly ceunine the amowst of Rot evolued a Fequimad wo reachin 7 Coloumétiy = + meagurat of amstant presune. (AP20) gives *H = Ci “wf cup" coloimeler vrreawa bot ot cwetut velum (2V=0) gues 4B = 3v * bomb" colovimeter. Co Calsumetiy — fee rene Nt eid in aquaaw tacking Syieck Examples Gusidu cating 500g My chige to 100.0 ml. of LOOMHOL ine coffee cup coleuneka., Find (a> Gp in TG) “Hna im AS fmt Ma - thermomaler + stirrer, @ Reactim: — Mats) + JHCL egy > Mg Clog) + Ha(9) Dato: fempmotuse omciaate firm 220°C 448°C Specefe het seluhion + 4.20 Tare sof seat Me ly of : 100 g/mL heat capocity of oloumel.s 0.50 T/C hest evotied = hot gamed by sclutim + heat quimed by Colrumeler Ht of Setm x mone of Stn x AT + heotcopacity x &T 4B Yorr x 10009 x(¥4.8-22.0) + OSD Yee x (H4k-2) qaqa 5 + Was 95007 wa 950 x1T # Qpe 7 I8Dx OT nop hoon n= Datmi Dek ©) ho sumply do dichiomelhy : ay (Y = TISAI T , [RT HAgMy < H (imei My) = “O00 gh * Too Ty! = AQ BS foot Mg 6-13 "Bomb" Colomety sends fo meobune Combustion reachma here Trompe: Considun teaching a 2.009 samp ofoctane, Colle, with ih a complet, canbuatin Fund @) gy @)7E Rp octane ©) *E (‘Set sthormonaten. / co) LTE TF Reactin: Cote) Zouqy > SCOxq + THOU) Data moss of water in coleumetr: 1.20 ky Temperature oncanare firm aS00%C > 4IHO°C. heot copacsty of bomb = 937 T/ee. Spoofic hot of wetar= 184 T/qec. heat evotud = heat gained by wok + haat gained by te bomb speufic Ht ofwatr x maaoyo%4T + heateapacity «AT tow HAIRY T/get + 120r10'g * UL 40-2500) + 837 Tie (140-2500 F300 T + 13700 Yb, l00T m II RY Gy> 7 Jbl RY Jbl ks ( *E (cane) = 71003 Crity * "48.0 15/4 Cele HR. W429 ~ ©) *E (Reet) = Tecate "Trot Goin” 7 SABO S/n Gl What clo you do if ‘tt rit posible fo twa a caloumelec to ntooure Mot trode tn attain? Cohet hepgens fen ? We woe the fet thot 4H and *E ane stot finctins and o He Path doen matin — only the unatial veactus awd e final Prsluils ely Evomple: Suppose we wart te know the “Haw fr A> D Wedoknoo “Hans f» A2B, B2C, and CAD We cam coleutet, “H fr Aad. reactim “Han If yr odd up He reackime A?B “10k and Comeal out Adee feums, Bee -2007 ‘the desired Heachin. is He rowlt t+€>aDdD +5 by The “Him is the sum of “Hrns A 2 D (0-20 +5) of other veoefime eS In athe, words = BBS C Atom = AUnn ~ Poth Path - S by el since His sit functin, A | This jb called Hens’ Low of Heat Summation Heres 0 real exam Exomgla: Caleutste oH? fo the ane Na,0g) + S039) > peed () gper te following a Nae + HQ) -> NaOHG) + + Ha) “Ne Ry 2) NoyS0u@) + HOW) > ANaOH(S) + S03q) +HIB RT @) 2No,06) + AH@)—> 4Naw)+ AHO) +259 AT Hint» Leck fr 0 compmund inet that only oppiors ofee im epuchira In thy Case (2) hoo Hos bt ithe ide of her ae of AH (@) reumae(2) QN&OH + S03 > NaSOy + HO Han? [MIP ks W 7@wy2 —NogO + He > JNO + Had Han = $2592 (©) We vee (1) fo * mop cry we cov Woot srs XL ANe Luo ANAOW + He > add fogetn coment fume Na,O + SOs -> No2SO4q ol Hess’ Low com be restated in motemettcol fom! FH ® Suny prtace - Sin *H? reactants aor 3 yee haat ot lobe prumne n_ stoichoretic coe}heiant bea SHE standasd! motor ertholpy of foumaition. ( Tal) + Py (dake io awseitable in tables) Nats: Stondord wnoton exithel py of frmation., He, is cmmurd of heot abinbed in a react whee |mete ofa substuree m0 Specie slate is mode fiom elemeris in tir stourchad state, Examplas of slemenls in Heir storcbuel stilts where *He = B. hydrogen? Ha qo merony — Ha @) He@ lyon Fe (s> chinine: Clg) corbm — CGS, graphite) brrmive + Bry (t) loddre + Tals) Reaction AY AHE U0 gy = -2HLB RI fk Hag + E0yp2H20@ 24.8 ky, AH HOW) = - 285.8 ki /not Hag +£0x9>? HyOW) -285.8 Example: CObet vs ee actin whose HE, io eguol to “Hf fa @ Gow? Ga + Og) + Hag > CaOWsS) (6) NaHCo,@): Nag+ 2Mog* egos * HOyq—> NaHCOs6) Exompla: Coboulite, the enthalpy change when 500s of nehoqlycriin luce gine = ’ ‘ 2 Calls (NO), #) > 3 Nag + FAG + bCA@ + 5HOG) HE (Yt) 73H ° oO SBS -aKLe Plans Find “Hin fut, fen de stoichionitin lb oon f Ants Sin Hf petuch - 8 n“Headaae =(BAHE ney t EHF oupt OH covgy * S“HE typ) ~ 2% “Haine “C2 Ws f CBs) + Cami) CA- 36H)” 3570 kT) - (- Fa8KT) = ~ 9842 bS so QBHQ KT of heot an released when 2 motes of richoglycsrin What io Higa when 5.00 of nih debs. ae oo , TAHA RT | Imo rho | “Hin” “Enel ihe “Bag. yg mabe” 2G riheglinin = -3L3 bS Com we fell if a veachin. io produc fumed (reackuib mostly crue f preduch) cr reactant fumed (tench remain largely wnven ced) suinply boy loolung ost Yhe sign of 2H? — NO Wf 4H

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