CET 402

QUANTITY SURVEYING & VALUATION

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 REFERENCE BOOKS
 Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering by B. N. Dutta

 Estimating, costing and Valuation by Rangwala

 Estimating, Costing, specification and Valuation in Civil engineering

by M. Chakraborti

A textbook of Estimating and Costing by D. D. Kohli and R. C.

Kohli

 Estimation and Quantity Surveying by Dr. S. Seetharaman and M.

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Chinnasamy
MODULE - I
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 CONTENTS OF THE MODULE
 Introduction- Quantity Surveying- Basic principles, Role/responsibility of Quantity
surveyor at various stages of construction
 Estimate-Details required, Type of estimate, purposes.
 Contingencies, Work-charge establishment, Tools and Plant, centage charge, Day work,
Prime cost, Provisional sum & provisional Quantity, Overhead charges, Cost index,
Contract documents (Brief description only)
 Bill of Quantity -Typical format-use
 Item of works- Identify various item of work from the drawings-units of measurement
of various materials and works.
 General rule & method of measurement with reference to Indian Standard
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Specifications- IS1200.
QUANTITY SURVEYING
 Quantity surveying is the technique of calculating or
Computing the various quantities and the expected
Expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project.
 In case the funds available are less than the estimated cost the work
is done in part or by reducing it or specifications are altered.
 The following requirement are necessary for preparing an estimate.

a ) Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points.

b) Detailed specifications about workman ship & properties of
materials etc.
c) Standard schedule of rates of the current year.
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QUANTITY SURVEYOR

 Quantity surveyors are responsible for managing all

aspects of the contractual and financial side of
construction projects.
 They help to ensure that the construction project is
completed within its projected budget.
 Quantity surveyors are also hired by contractors to help
with the valuation of construction work for the
contractor, help with bidding and project budgeting, and
the submission of bills to the client.
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MAJOR ROLES OF A QUANTITY SURVEYOR
 Assist in establishing clients requirements and undertake
feasibility studies to ensure their proposals will work.
 Prepare and analyse the cost of tender.
 Analysing terms and conditions of the contract.
 Predicting potential risks in the project and taking precautions to
mitigate such.
 Forecasting the costs of different resources needed for the project.
 Prepare tender documents, contracts, budgets and other
documentation.
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 Valuation of construction work.
 ESTIMATES
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 INTRODUCTION
 Importance of estimation
 To know the volume of work that can be completed within the
limits of the funds

 To know the probable cost that may be required to complete the

proposed work

 Work has to be stopped before it’s completion due to the shortage of

funds or materials

 To get sanction of necessary funds from the authority concerned 9

 ESTIMATION
 Defined as the process of calculating the quantities and costs of
the various items required in connection with the work

 Prepared from plan and specification

 Prepared by calculating the quantities from the dimensions on the

drawings and multiplied by unit cost of item

 Required drawings consisting of the plan, the elevation and the

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section through important points
 ESTIMATION
 Required a detailed specification of all workmanship,
properties and proportion of materials

 Simple to understand

 Knowledge of drawing is essential

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 Accuracy is very important
Reason for Exceeding the Estimate are:

 Increase in the rates

 Inaccuracy in preparing the estimate

 Omission of items

 Changes in design

 Improper rates 12
Rates in the estimate consist of:
 Cost of materials
 Cost of transport
 Cost of labour
 Cost of scaffolding
 Cost of tools and plants
 Cost of water
 Taxes

 Establishment and supervision cost

 Reasonable profit of contractor, etc. 13
 PURPOSE OF ESTIMATION
1. To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the
owner to complete the proposed work. For public construction
work, estimates are required in order to obtain administrative
approval, allotment of funds and technical sanction.
2. To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to
programme their timely procurement.
3. To calculate the number of different categories of workers that
are to be employed to complete the work within the scheduled
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time of completion.
 PURPOSE OF ESTIMATION
4. To assess the requirements of tools, plants and equipment
required to complete the work according to the programme.
5. To fix up the completion period from the volume of works
involved in the estimate.
6. To draw up a construction schedule and programme and also to
arrange the funds required according to the programming.
7. To justify the investment.
8. To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment.
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9. An estimate of an existing property is required for valuation.

 ACTUAL COST
 Estimate is never the actual cost.

 Probable cost, worked out from the dimensions and the

standing rates at the time of preparation of estimate.

 Actual cost known at the completion only.

 Actual cost should not differ much from the estimated cost. 16
 TYPES OF ESTIMATES
 Preliminary or Approximate Estimate
 Plinth Area Estimate
 Cube Rate Estimate
 Approximate Quantity Method Estimate
 Detailed Estimate
 Revised Estimate
 Supplementary Estimate
 Supplementary and Revised Estimate
 Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate 17

 Complete Estimate
 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE
 [Approximate Estimate/ Abstract Estimate/ Rough Cost Estimate]

 To find out an approximate cost in a short time.

 Calculated based on the knowledge of rate of similar works

and from practical knowledge.

 Cost of land, cost of each building, cost of roads, water supply and
sanitary works, electrification, etc. are required to be calculated
and shown separately.
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 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE
 Accompanied by a brief report explaining the necessity and
utility of the project and showing how the cost of separate
items have been arrived at.

 Accompanied with a site plan or layout plan.

A percentage of about 5 to 10% is added as contingencies.

 Eg:

 Buildings – per unit basis

 Roads & Highways – per km basis 19

 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE

What is the
approximate cost What is the
of a hostel approximate cost
building for 100 for a 10km state
students @ Rs. highway @
10000 per Rs.500000 per
student? km?

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 PLINTH AREA ESTIMATE
 Also called P. A. Estimate.

 Prepared on the basis of plinth area of building.

 Rate being deducted from the cost of similar building having

similar specification, heights and construction in the locality.

 Calculated by finding the plinth area of the building and

multiplied by the plinth area rate.

 Courtyard and other area should not be included in the plinth

area. 21
 PLINTH AREA ESTIMATE
 Approximate estimate.

 Preliminary estimate to know the approximate cost.

 For storeyed buildings, P. A. estimate is prepared for each storey

separately.

What is the approximate cost of a

building having plinth area of 100m2 @
Rs. 900 per m2?
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 CUBE RATE ESTIMATE
 Also called cubic rate method or cubic metre method.

 More accurate compared to plinth area method.

 Volume of proposed building is worked out and

multiplied by the rate per cubic volume of similar
buildings in that locality.

What is the approximate cost of a building of

cubic content or volume 400m3 @ Rs. 180 per m3?
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 APPROXIMATE QUANTITY METHOD ESTIMATE
 Approximate total length of walls in running metre is
found out.

 Then multiplied with the rate per running metre of wall.

 For foundations:
 Excavation

 Foundation

 Brick work up to plinth

 Damp proof course 24

 APPROXIMATE QUANTITY METHOD ESTIMATE
 For super structure:
 Brick work

 Wood works

 Roof and floor finishing

 Concreting, etc.

 Plan or line plan should be available.

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 DETAILED ESTIMATE
 [Item rate estimate]

 Accurate estimate

 Length, breadth and height are noted from the drawings

 Quantities of each item of works are calculated

 Multiplying these quantities by their respective rates

 Done in 2 stages
 Details of measurements and calculation of quantities
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 Abstract of estimated cost
 DETAILED ESTIMATE
 Details of measurements and calculation of quantities

 Abstract of estimated cost

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 DETAILED ESTIMATE
 Prepared for technical sanction of the competent authority, for
arranging contract and for the execution of work

 Accompanied with:
 Report

 General specification

 Detailed specifications

 Drawings

 Calculation and designs

 Analysis of rates 28
 REVISED ESTIMATE
 Detailed estimate for revised quantities

 Accompanied with a comparative statement abstract form

showing the variations of each item of works, its quantity, rate and
cost under original and revised, side by side, the excess or saving
and reason for variation

 Prepared and submitted for fresh technical sanction 29

 NEED OF REVISED ESTIMATE
 When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded or likely
to exceed more than 5%

 When the expenditure of work exceeds or likely to exceed

by more than 10% of the administrative approval

 When there are material deviation from the original proposal,

even though the cost may be met from the sanctioned amount

 When it is found that the sanctioned estimate is more than

the actual requirement 30
 SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE
 Prepared when some changes or additional works due to material
deviation of a structural nature from the design
originally approved may be necessary.

 Fresh detailed estimate of the additional works in addition

to the original estimate.

 Method of preparation is same as that of detailed estimate. 31

 SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE
 Abstract should show the amount of the original
estimate and the total amount including the
supplementary amount for which sanction is required

 No comparative abstract form is required

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SUPPLEMENTARY & REVISED ESTIMATE
 Prepared when both revised and supplementary estimate
is required

 Amount of supplementary estimate is added to the revised

estimate, showing the amount separately

 Total amount of the revised estimate includes the

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amount for supplementary works also
ANNUAL REPAIR OR MAINTENANCE ESTIMATE
 [A. R. or A. M. Estimate]

 Prepared for the items which require renewal, replacement,

repair, etc. in the form of detailed estimate

 Generally kept within the prescribed limits on % basis of

the cost of the construction of the structure

 For buildings: white washing, painting, minor repair, etc.

 For road works: patch repairing, renewals, repairs of bridges

and culverts, etc. 34
 COMPLETE ESTIMATE
 Estimated cost of all items which are related to the work in addition to
the main contract or to the detailed estimate.
Consists of:
 Cost of land
 Cost of the main contracts or labour, materials & supervision
 Cost of legal expenses
 Contingency 5% of the work for extra work
 Engineering fees including cost for preparation of plan,
design, estimate and sanction fee and cost for supervision of
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works
 COMPLETE ESTIMATE
Also Consists of:

 Cost of surveying

 First cost or actual cost of land

 Cost of examination of deeds, title of land and execution of

deeds

 Defaulting taxes of land, street improvement if any

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 Permit fee for water and electricity during construction
 SOME IMPORTANT
TERMINOLOGIES
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CONTINGENCIES

 The term “contingencies” indicates the incidental

expenses of miscellaneous character which cannot be
classified under any distinct item sub-head, yet pertain
to the work as a whole.
 To meet such unforeseen expenses an additional amount of
3% to 5% of the estimated cost of the works is provided in
the total estimate.
 Miscellaneous incidental expenses which cannot be
classified under any sub-head or item, are met from the 38

amount provided under contingencies.

WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT
 Itis the establishment which is charged to works directly.
During the construction of a building or a project, certain
no. of supervisors, technical staffs are required to be
employed and their salaries are paid from the amount of
work charged establishment provided in the estimate.
 For Work-charged establishment, an amount of 1.5% to 2%
of the estimated cost of works is provided in the
estimates.
 The work charged employees are temporary staffs and
their appointment shall have to be sanctioned by the
competent authority for a specified period. 39
TOOLS AND PLANTS (T AND P)
 Forbig work or project, a percentage of 1% to 1.5% of the
estimated cost is provided in the estimate for the purchase
of tools and plants which will be required for the
execution of the work.

 Normally the contractor has to arrange and use his own

tools and plants.

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CENTAGE CHARGE/ DEPARTMENTAL CHARGE
 When the engineering department takes up the work of
other department, a percentage amount of 10 to 15 % of
the estimate cost is charged to meet the expenses of
establishment, designing, planning, supervision etc and this
percentage charge is known as Centage charge.

 Also termed as supervision charges for works.

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DAY WORK

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PRIME COST

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PROVISIONAL SUM

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PROVISIONAL QUANTITY

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OVERHEAD CHARGES

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OVERHEAD CHARGES (CONTD..)

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COST INDEX
 Cost index is a ratio of the cost of something today to its
cost at some time in the past.
 As such, it is a tool which can be used to estimate the
cost of things today based on their cost some time ago

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CONTRACT DOCUMENT
 Before the work is given out on contract, an agreement or bond is prepared.
The following documents shall be attached.
 Each page shall be the signature of the contractor and the accepting authority and
all corrections shall be similarly initiated.
1. Title page
2. Index page
3. Tender notice
4. Tender form
5. Bill of quantities
6. Schedule of issue of materials
7. General specifications
8. Detailed specifications
9. Drawings
10. Conditions of contract.
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BILL OF QUANTITY (BOQ)
 It is a statement of the various items of work giving the
description, quantities and unit of rates. It is prepared in a
tabular form similar to the „Abstract of estimated cost‟ of the
detailed estimate, but the rate and amount columns are left
blank.
 When priced, that is rates and the amounts are filled up and
totalled, this gives the estimated cost.
 It is primarily meant for inviting the tender and supplied
to the contractor to fill up the rates and amounts columns.
 On receipt of tenders the rates and amounts are compared
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and decision about entrusting the work is finalized.
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 MEASUREMENT OF
VARIOUS ITEMS OF
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WORKS
 GENERAL RULES –IS 1200
 IS 1200 - Measurement of Building and Civil Engineering Works has
total 28 separate parts which contains single copy for every item.
 These all standard codes cover the important information about the
measurements and deductions of building and civil engineering works.
 Each item shall be fully described and shall include
whenever necessary all materials, transport, unloading,
stacking, storing waste, handling, return of packing,
necessary scaffolding, safety appliances, all labour
required for finishing to its shape, size, setting, fitting
and fixing in position, cutting, waste and all other
incidental operations where necessary.
 In booking dimensions, the order shall be in the sequence of 53
length, breadth or width and height or depth or thickness.
 GENERAL RULES – IS 1200
 All
work shall be measured, subjected to the following tolerances
unless otherwise stated:
 Dimension shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m
 Area shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m2
 Volume shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m3

 Items of work for bills of quantities shall fully describe the

materials and workmanship and accurately represent the work to
be executed

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 GENERAL RULES – IS 1200
 Same type of work under different conditions and nature like work
in liquid mud, work in snow, work under tide, etc. shall be
measured separately under separate items.

 In
case of structural concrete, brick work or stone masonry, the
work under the following categories shall be measured separately
and the heights shall be described:
 From foundation to plinth level,
 From plinth level to first floor level,
 From first floor level to second floor level.

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 PRINCIPLES OF UNITS
 Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in cubic unit or
volume i.e, in m3

 Shallow, thin and surface works shall be taken in square units or

area, i.e, in m2

 Long and thin works shall be taken in linear or running unit, and
linear measurement shall be taken in running m

 Piece work, job work, etc. shall be enumerated, i.e, taken in

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number
 MAIN ITEMS OF WORK
1. Earth work

2. Brick work

3. Stone masonry

4. Concrete works

5. Wood work

6. Steel and iron work

7. Roof covering
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8. Ceiling and lining works
 MAIN ITEMS OF WORK
9. Paving and floor finishes

10. Plastering and pointing

11. Painting, polishing, varnishing, etc.

12. White washing, colour washing and distempering.

13. Sanitary and water supply works

14. Electrical work

15. Road work

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16. Dismantling and demolition work
 IS 1200
 Part 1 Earthwork:
 Part 2 concrete works :
 Part 3 Brickwork
 Part 4 stone masonry
 Part 5 form work
 Part 6 refractory work
 Part 7 hardware
 Part 8 steel work and iron work
 Part 9 roof covering (including cladding)
 Part 10 ceiling and linings
 Part11 paving, floor finishes dado and skirting
 Part 12 : Plastering and Pointing
 Part 13 Whitewashing, colour washing, distampering and painting of building surfaces
 Part 14 glazing 59
IS 1200

 Part 15 painting, polishing, varnishing etc

 Part 16 laying of water and sewer lines including appurtenant items
 Part 17 road work including air field pavements
 Part 18 demolition and dismantling
 Part 19 : Water Supply, Plumbing and Drains
 Part 20 laying of gas and oil pipelines
 Part 21 wood-work and joinery
 Part 22 materials
 Part 23 piling
 Part 24 well foundations
 Part 25 tunneling
 Part 26 Acid resistant lining
 Part 27 Earthwork done by mechanical appliances 60
 Part 28 Sound insulation works
 IS 1200-PART 1- EARTH WORK
 Taken in m3

 Length, breadth and height measured to get the cubic content

 Works of different nature like, excavation in foundation, in trenches, etc. and in

filling in plinth, in banking, etc. measured under separate items

 Works of different kinds of soils like, ordinary soil, hard soil, ordinary rock,
hard rock, etc. measured under separate items

 If ground is uneven, levelling should be done and depth of excavation or filling

determined from these levels 61
 IS 1200-PART 1- EARTH WORK
 Separate measurement for every 30m lead or distance and 1.5m lift
or height or depth
 Lead – Horizontal distance b/w centre of excavation to centre of
spoil heap
 Lift – Vertical distance b/w centre of excavation to centre of spoil
heap

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 IS 1200-PART 1- EARTH WORK

 Returning, filling and ramming excavated earth is taken

in m3

 Clay puddle – taken in m3

 Trimming and dressing of natural ground – in m2

 Cutting down trees – in numbers

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