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IDEX
1. Major Land forms of the world

2. Major Plateaus of the world

3. Important Mountain ranges of the world

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4. Important Rivers of the world

5. Important Lakes of the world

6. Important Seas of the world

7. Important Peninsulas of the world

8. Important Gulfs of the world

9. Major straits of the world

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 MAJOR LAND FORMS OF THE EARTH
• You must have seen some of the landform features as shown
• The second, or the external process is the continuous
in the below. You will notice that the surface of the earth is
wearing down and rebuilding of the land surface.
not the same everywhere.
• The wearing away of the earth's surface is called
• The earth has an infinite variety of landforms. Some parts of
erosion, The surface is being lowered by the process of
the lithosphere may be rugged and some flat.
• These landforms are a resuit of two processes. You will be erosior and rebuilt by the process of deposition.

amazed to know that the ground you are standing on is slowly • These two processes are carried out by running water,

moving, Within the earth a continuous movement is taking ice and wind.
place. • Broadly. we can group different landforms depending on
• The first, or the internal process leads to the upliftment and elevation and slope as mountains, plateaus and plains
sinking of the earth's surface at several places
 Land forms made by running water

• Fluvial landforms are those generated by running water, mainly rivers.

F
• The term fluvial derives from the Latin word ‘fluvius’ that means river. Middle Course/ Stage of Maturity
• The source of the river is generally found in an upland region with a slope down
• In this stage, vertical erosion slowly starts
for the run-offs. to replace with lateral erosion or erosion from
both sides of the channel.
• Wider flood plains start to visible in this
Courses of a river
course and the volume of water increases with
the confluence of many tributaries.
• A river, which is the best example of the linear flow of • The work of the river predominantly
becomes transportation of the eroded materials
running water through a valley, can be divided into three, from the upper course (little deposition too).
based on its course – upper course, middle course, and • Landforms like alluvial fans, piedmont
alluvial plains, meanders, etc. can be seen at
lower course. this stage.

Upper Course / Stage of Youth Lower Course/ Stage of Old

• It starts from the source of the river in hilly or • The river starts to flow through a broad,
mountainous areas level plain with heavy debris brought down
• The river flows down the steep slope and, as a result, from the upper and middle courses.
its velocity and eroding power are at their maximum. • Vertical erosion has almost stopped
• As the river flows down with high velocity, vertical and lateral erosion still goes on.
• Landforms like braided channels,
erosion or downward cutting will be high which results in
floodplains, levees, meanders, oxbow lakes,
the formation of V-shaped valleys.
deltas, etc. can be seen at this stage.
• Waterfalls, rapids, and gorges exist where the local
hard rock bodies are exposed.
 Erosional Landforms Due to Running Water

Rills, and Gully

• A rill is a shallow channel in some

soil, created by the erosion of flowing
water. Rills can generally be easily
removed by tilling the soil. When rills
get large enough that they cannot
easily be removed, they’re known as
gullies.
• The rills will gradually develop into
long and wide gullies
• The gullies will further deepen,
widen and lengthen to give rise to
valleys.
• Depending upon dimensions,
shape, types and structure of rocks in
which they are formed, many types of
valleys like the V-shaped valley, gorge,
canyon, etc. can be recognised.
 Erosional Landforms Due to Running Water

Waterfalls & Rapid

• When rivers plunge down in a

sudden fall of some height, they are
called waterfalls
• Their great force usually wears out
a plunge pool beneath
 Erosional Landforms Due to Running Water
↑

Drainage Basin
Incised or Entrenched Meanders

• Other terms that are used to describe drainage

• They are found cut in hard rocks. basins are catchment, catchment area, catchment
They are very deep and wide. basin, drainage area, river basin, and water basin.
• Over time, they deepen and widen to • The drainage basin acts as a funnel by
form gorges or canyons in hard rock. collecting all the water within the area covered by
the basin and channelling it to a single point.
 Depositional Landforms Due to Running Water

• made by river sediments brought

down by extensive erosion in the upper Alluvial Fans

course of the rivers.

• The river moving downstream on a Floodplains
level plain brings down a heavy load of
sediments from the upper course.
Oxbow Lake
• The decrease in stream velocity in
the lower course of the river reduces the
transporting power of the streams which Delta

leads to deposition of this sediment

load.
• This depositional process leads to
the formation of various depositional
landforms through fluvial action such as
Delta, Levees and Flood Plain etc.
 Depositional Landforms Due to Running Water

Floodplains
Alluvial Fans

• Floodplain is a major landform of

river deposition.
Alluvial fans are formed when streams • Rivers in the lower course carry large
flowing from mountains break into foot
quantities of sediments
slope plains of low gradient
• Large sized materials are deposited
first when stream channel breaks into a
gentle slope.
• Sand, silt and clay and other fine
sized sediments are carried over gentler
channels by relatively slow-moving
waters
• During annual or sporadic floods,
these materials are spread over the low
lying adjacent areas. A layer of
sediments is thus deposited during each
flood, gradually building up a floodplain
 Depositional Landforms Due to Running Water

Natural Levees Oxbow Lake

• As meanders grow into deep loops, the

• important landform associated with
same may get cut off due to erosion at the
floodplains. inflection point and are left as oxbow lakes.
• For large rivers, the sediments deposited
• found along the banks of large rivers. linearly at the depositional side of a meander
are called Point Bars or Meander Bars.
• They are low, linear and parallel ridges of

coarse deposits along the banks of rivers on both

sides due to deposition action of the stream,

appearing as natural embankments.

• At the time of flooding, the water is spilt over

the bank. As the speed of flow of the water comes

down, large sized sediments with high specific

gravity are dumped along the bank as ridges.

 Depositional Landforms Due to Running Water

Delta

• They are found in the mouth of the

river, which is the final location of the
depositional activity of a river.
• Deltas are fan-shaped alluvial areas,
resembling an alluvial fan
• The load carried by the rivers is
dumped and spread into the mouth of the
river at sea. Further, this load spreads
and piles up as a low cone
• Deltas extend sideways and seaward
at an amazing rate
• Some deltas are extremely large. For
example, the Ganges delta is as big as
the whole west of Malaysia
 Landforms made by Winds:-

• wind is the main geomorphic agent in Erosional Landforms due to Wind

the hot deserts.

Pediplains

• Winds in hot deserts have greater Deflation Hollows

Mushroom Tables
speed which causes erosional and

depositional activities in the desert. Depositional Landforms Due to Wind

• The landforms which are created by

Sand dunes
erosional and depositional activities of

wind are called as Aeolian Landforms.

 Erosional Landforms due to Wind

Pediplains Deflation Hollows

• Deflation is the removal of loose

When the high relief structures in particles from the ground by the action of

deserts are reduced to low wind.

featureless plains by the activities of • When deflation causes a shallow

depression by persistent movements of

wind, they are called as Pediplains.
wind, they are called as deflation hollows.
 Erosional Landforms due to Wind

Mushroom Tables

probably the most famous

erosional Aeolian landform.

The wind erodes a large rock

from the bottom and carves a

mushroom-like shape in it.

 Depositional Landforms Due to Wind

Sand dunes

• Dry hot deserts are good places for

sand dune formation.
• According to the shape of a sand
dune, there are varieties of sand dune
forms like Barchans, Seifs etc.
• The crescent-shaped dunes are
called as Barchans and they are the
most common one.
 Landforms made by Waves:-

I
Erosional Landforms due to Waves Depositional Landforms due to Waves

Beaches
Headlands and Bays

Spits and Hook

Cliffs and Wave-Cut platforms

Lagoons

Caves, Arches, Stacks, and Stumps

Gloups (blowholes)
 Erosional Landforms due to Waves

Headlands and Bays Cliffs and Wave-Cut platforms

 Erosional Landforms due to Waves

Gloups (blowholes)
Caves, Arches, Stacks, and Stumps
 Depositional Landforms due to Waves

Lagoons
Beaches

Beaches are made up of eroded material

that has been transported from
elsewhere and then deposited by the sea

Spits and Hook

 Landforms made by Glaciers:-

Erosional landforms due to Glaciers

• Glaciers are a mass of ice moving under its
own weight. They are commonly found in the Cirque or Corris

snow-fields. Hanging Valleys or U-shaped Valleys,

• A Glacier forms in areas where the
Horns and Aretes
accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation
(melting and sublimation) over many years, often
Depositional Landforms due to Glaciers
centuries
• Continental Glacier/Piedmont Glacier: they
Moraines
move outward in all directions
Eskers
• Valley/Mountain Glaciers: Move from higher
Drumlins
elevation to lower
 Erosional landforms due to Glaciers

Cirque or Corris Hanging Valleys or U-shaped Valleys

 Erosional landforms due to Glaciers

Horns and Aretes

 Depositional Landforms due to Glaciers

Eskers
Moraines
Depositional Landforms due to Glaciers

Drumlins
 Important MCQs
Which of the following is not glacial Which among the following is a narrow
depositional landform? ridge of rock separating two valleys?

1. Moraines Arete
2. Drumlins Seifs
3. cirque Canyon
Horn
4.None

The landform Canyon is a result of which

Which one of the following pairs is not
of the following processes?
correctly matched?

Erosion
1. Canyon-River Deposition
2. Zeugen-Wind Weathering
3. Inselberg-Glaciers Both1&3
4.Moraine -Glaciers
 Important MCQs
Cirques are formed due to which among What are most important landforms in desert
the following processes? areas?

Wind erosion (a) Chardong

Limestone erosion (b) Interbedded rocks
Glacial erosion (c) Sand dunes
None of the above (d) Valleys

Gullies deepens, widen, lengthen and unite

Natural levees and point bars are to form
depositional land form of
(a) rills
A.glaciers.
(b) valleys
B.waves.
C.winds. (c) mountains
D.rivers.
(d) deltas
 Important MCQs

Which of the following influence formation of deltas?

1. Tides
2. Currents
3. Waves
4. Rate of sedimentation

Select the correct answer from the following codes

a. Only 1 and 4
b. Only 1 and 3
c. Only 1, 3 and 4
d. 1,2, 3 and 4
 Major plateaus of the world

Plateaus

• A plateau is a flat-topped table land.

• They are one of the four major landforms, along with
mountains, plains, and hills.
• Plateaus, like mountains may be young or old. The
Deccan plateau in India is one of the oldest plateaus.
• Valleys form when river water cuts through the
plateau.
• Plateaus are very useful because they are rich in
mineral deposits. As a result, many of the mining areas
in the world are located in the plateau areas.

The term Plateau can be defined as the upland which

has at least one side of a very steep slope standing

well above the neighboring surface and whose upper

part is extensively flat.

 Different types of plateaus:-

2. Piedmont Plateaus
1. Intermontane Plateaus

• which is situated at the foot of a mountain

• plateaus which are bordering the mountain ranges
and is locked on the other side by a plain or a sea
• word ‘intermontane’ means ‘between mountains’. ocean
• Intermontane plateaus are the highest in the world. • word ‘piedmont’ means ‘foot of a mountain
• Examples:- Plateau of Tibet • also called as Plateaus of denudation
• Examples:- Malwa Plateau
 Different types of plateaus:-

4. Volcanic Plateaus
3. Continental Plateaus
• formed by numerous small volcanic
• formed either by an extensive continental eruptions that slowly build up over time,
upliftment or by the spread of horizontal basic lava forming a plateau from the resulting lava flows.
• Continental Plateaus are also known as Plateaus • Example:- Columbia Plateau in the
of Accumulation. northwestern United States of America and
• Examples:- Plateau of Maharashtra Deccan Traps
 Different types of plateaus:-

5. Dissected Plateaus significance of Plateaus

• Most of the minerals in the world are

• plateau area that has been severely eroded so
found in plateaus.
that the relief is sharp

• Example:-Catskill Mountains in New York state • The extraction of minerals in

plateaus is relatively easier on plateaus
than mountains.

• The major portions of industrial raw

materials are obtained from 1 plateaus.
List of Major Plateaus of the World

Colorado Plateau

Columbia Plateau

Appalachian Plateau

Laurentian Plateau

Central Mexican Plateau

Central Massif

Tibetan Plateau - Roof of the world

Mongolian Plateau

Siberian Plateau

Deccan Plateau

Arabian Plateau
 Colorado Plateau Columbia Plateau

• located in parts of Washington, Oregon, and the

• includes Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico.
Idaho states of the U.S.
• divided by the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon.
• surrounded by the Cascade Range and the
• largest plateau in America
Rocky Mountains
• example of intermontane plateau.
• divided by the Columbia River.

• formed as the result of volcanic eruptions

 Appalachian Plateau Laurentian Plateau

• Appalachian Plateau is a series of rugged • Lying in the eastern part of Canada

dissected plateaus located on the western side • is also known as the Canadian Shield.
of the Appalachian Mountains
• Famous for exposed Precambrian igneous
• Appalachian Mountains are a mountain range
and high-grade metamorphic rocks.
that run down the Eastern United States
• Appalachian Plateau is the northwestern part • Fine quality of Iron Ore is found here.

of the Appalachian Mountains, stretching from

New York to Alabama.
 ↑

Central Mexican Plateau Guyana Highland

• also known as the Mexican Altiplano • part of the Guyana Shield,

• lies in northeast South America
• occupies much of northern and central Mexico. • one of the oldest land surfaces in the world.
• extends from the United States border in the north to
the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the south
• bounded by the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra
Madre Oriental to the west and east, respectively.
 Altiplano Plateau
Brazilian Highland
• in west-central South America
• intermontane plateau which is located between covering most of the eastern, southern and
central portions of Brazil, in all approximately
two ranges of Andes Mountain. half of the country’s land area.
• Capital of Bolivia La Paz and Sucre are situated
on this plateau.
 Central Massif
Patagonian Highland

• southern end of South America, governed by • Massif Central is a highland region in the middle
of southern France
Argentina and Chile.

• It is a Piedmont plateau • famous for Grapes cultivation.

 Tibetan Plateau - Roof of the world

• This is the highest, largest, and most famous

plateau in the world
• Stretches through the countries of Tibet, China,
and India.
• It is 1,000 km. north to south and 2,000 km. east
to west
• flat valley floor Which at about 16,000 feet above
sea level.
• Formed due to collision of the Indo-Australian
and Eurasian tectonic plates.
• high enough to reverse the Hadley cell
convection cycles and to drive the monsoons of
India towards the south.
• surrounded by mountains to the south by the
Himalayan Range, to the northeast by the Kunlun
Range, and to the west by the Karakoram Range.
 Central Siberian Plateau
Mongolian Plateau

• Mongolian Plateau is the part of the Central Asian occupies a great part of central Siberia
Plateau between the Yenisei and Lena rivers.

• plateau includes the Gobi Desert

 Deccan Plateau Shan Plateau
Shan Plateau, crystalline massif forming the
• Deccan Plateau is a large plateau which forms eastern part of Myanmar (Burma) and forming
most of the southern part of India. part of the Indo-Malayan mountain system.
• It is bordered by two mountain ranges, the
Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.
• The plateau includes the Deccan Traps which is
the largest volcanic feature on Earth.
• Made of multiple basalt layers or lava flows, the
Deccan Traps covers 500,000 square kilometers in
area.
• The Deccan is rich in minerals
 Anatolian Plateau
Arabian Plateau
• Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, is a large
• Arabian Plateau is an Oligocene sub- peninsula in Western Asia
horizontal regional planation surface, extending • constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey.
throughout the western half of the Arabian • It is an intermontane plateau lying between Pontiac
Peninsula. and Taurus Mountain ranges
• Tigris–Euphrates Rivers flow through this plateau.
• Precious wool producing Angora goats are found
here.
 East African Plateau
Ethiopian Plateau

East African Plateau is a large plateau in

The Ethiopian Highlands is a rugged mass of the eastern part of central Africa in
mountains in Ethiopia in northeast Africa.
Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania.
 Katanga Plateau
Ahaggar Plateau
• The Katanga, or Shaba, Plateau is a farming and
large plateau in the north centre of the Sahara, ranching region in the Democratic Republic of the
on the Tropic of Cancer, North Africa. Congo.
• It is famous for copper production.
• Other minerals like Cobalt, Uranium, Zinc, Silver,
Gold and Tin are also mined here.
 Western Plateau (Australian Shield The Potohar Plateau

• Western Plateau is Australia’s largest

Potohar Plateau is located in the northeastern
drainage division part of Pakistan.
• including large parts of Western Australia,
South Australia, and the Northern Territory.
 Loess Plateau
Mascarene Plateau
• It is in China.
• Plateaus also form in the ocean, such as the
• The soil here is made of fine particles brought
Mascarene Plateau in the Indian Ocean.
by the wind. This fine loamy soil is extremely
• extends between the Seychelles and Mauritius Islands
productive.
• Crops grown in this soil along the Yellow River
give great yields.
 Important MCQs

A plateau ........standing above the surrounding area. The "Roof of the World" is

a) flat land
A. The Alps
b) elevated flat-topped table land
B. Andes
c) elevated small summit and a broad base land C. The Apinines

d) All of the above D. The Pamir Plateau

Plateaus situated in between plains and

The area which is the ‘store house of minerals’ in South
mountains are called:
America is

A. Intermontane plateaus
(A) Brazillian Plateau

(B) Bolivian Plateau B. Continental plateaus

(C) Patagonia Plateau C. Piedmont plateaus

(D) Orinoco Basin D. Peninsular plateaus

 Important MCQs

Which of the following plateaus is located in China?

Deccan Trap was formed by
a) Loess Plateau
a) Cretaceous vulcanicity
b) Massif Central Plateau
b) Dharwar vulcanicity
c) Anatolian Plateau
c) Mesozoic vulcanicity
d) Pothowar Plateau
d) Paleozoic Vulcanicity

Which of the following plateaus is located in France?

East African plateau is not found in which of the
following country a) Loess Plateau
a) Kenya b) Massif Central Plateau
b) Tanzania c) Anatolian Plateau
c) Uganda d) Pothowar Plateau
d) Somalia
 Important MCQs

The Columbia – Snake Plateau is located Over how many Indian states does the
which of the following country? Deccan Plateau extend?

A. USA a) 3

B. Mexico b) 5

C. Argentina c) 8

D. Peru d) 10

Which of the following Plateau bounded by the Rocky Which of the following Plateau known as ‘Canadian
Mountains from north and east, in the west by the Great Shield'?
Basin, and from the south by the Sonoran Desert?
A. Katanga Plateau

A. Columbia – Snake Plateau B. Mascarene Plateau

C. Laurentian Plateau
B. Colorado Plateau
D. Patagonian Plateau
C. Deccan Plateau

D. Tibetan Plateau
 Important MCQs

Which of the following Plateau is famous for Tin Match the following
reserve?
Set I. Set II
A. Altiplano Plateau or Bolivian Plateau
a. Pothohar Plateau. Grapes cultivation
B. Massif Central
b. Bavarian plateau. Algeria
C. Anatolian Plateau c. Ahaggar Plateau. Alpine Foreland
D. Spanish Plateau or Iberian Plateau d. Massif Central. Pakistan

Code:

a b c b c d

A. 1 2 3 2 3 4
Which of the following Plateau is famous for the best
quality wool producing goat i.e. Angora goats? B. 1 4 2 4 2 3

A. Pothohar Plateau C. 4 3 2 3 2 1

B. Loess Plateau D. 3 1 2 1 2 4

C. Spanish Plateau or Iberian Plateau

D. Anatolian Plateau
 Important MCQs

Match the following

List I ( Name of Plateau) List II ( Country)

A. Bavarian Plateau. 1. Spain

Patagonian Plateau is located in which country? B. Ahaggar Plateau. 2. Turkey

a) Turkey C. Anatolian Plateau. 3. Algeria

b) Chile D. Iberian Plateau. 4. Germany

c) Argentina Codes:

d) Brazil A B C D

a) 1 2 3 4

b) 2 1 4 3

c) 4 3 2 1

d) 4 3 1 2
 Mountain Ranges and Peaks of the World

• A mountain range is a series of mountains

ranged in a line and connected by high ground.
• Mountain ranges are formed by a variety of
geological processes, but most of the significant
ones on Earth are the result of plate tectonics.
 Types of Mountains
Block Mountains
Fold Mountains
• These types of mountains are formed when gigantic
areas are displaced vertically and broken.
• generally formed through the process of • Here, the uplifted or elevated blocks are called ‘horsts’,
and the lowered or deflated blocks are called ‘graben’.
orogeny.
• According to archaeologists, most block mountains are
• An event referred to as an ‘orogenic event’ takes
formed due to faulting.
place over a million years to form a fold mountain
• A block mountain can be formed under three
• A tectonic plate gets folded when it accumulates circumstances: upward movement, downward movement,
pressure from both sides and no movement
• Examples of Fold Mountains: The Himalayas, the • The Vosges Mountain in Europe and the Rhine Valley
Alps, and the Andes are some common examples of Block Mountains.
 Types of Mountains

Volcanic Mountains

• A mountain formed due to volcanic activity in the

volcanoes is known as a volcanic mountain

• The soil found near the volcanic mountain is very

fertile in nature. However, due to volcanic eruptions, it

is not possible to yield any crop.

• Examples of Volcanic Mountains: Mt. Kilimanjaro and

Mt. Fujiyama
 Important Mountain Ranges & Peaks:-
Scandinavian Mountains
Significance of Mountains
Ural Mountains

Hindukush Mountains
• Large resources of minerals like petroleum, coal, and limestone
are found in mountains Himalayas
• Mountains are referred to as “water towers” because they act as Kunlun Mountains
significant headwaters for several rivers and other freshwater
sources. Great Dividing Range

• When rivers emerge from high mountains, they convey water to

Rocky Mountains
lower valleys along with silt. This is in charge of creating fertile plains
and supporting operations related to agriculture. Appalachian Mountains
• The mountains can also act as natural boundaries between the
Alps
two countries. They have a prominent role in protecting the country
from external threats. Altai Mountains
• They serve as a climatic divide between two adjoining regions.
Andes Mountains
The mountains cause orogenic rainfalls, diversion, and blocking of
cold winds, etc. Atlas Mountains
• The climate, pure air, distinctive flora and fauna, scenic beauty,
Drakensberg Mountains
local culture, history, and tradition, as well as the opportunity to
experience snow and engage in winter sports, are just a few of the
Caucasus Mountain
factors that make mountain regions attract tourists.
 Rocky Mountains Appalachian Mountains

Highest Peaks:- Mt. Elbert Highest Peaks :- Mt. Mitchell

Location:- North America Location:- North America

It is one of the longest fold mountains in the world and It is a fold mountain with rich in mineral
extends from Canada to Western US (New Mexico State) resources
 Alps Sierra Nevada

Highest Peaks:- Mont Blanc (French –Italian border) Highest Peaks:- Mt. Whitney

Location:- Europe
Location:- California, USA

It is a folded mountain and source for rivers like Description:- Habitat for many Red Indian tribes
Danube, Rhine, etc.
 Alaska Range Altai Mountains

Highest Peaks:- Belukha mountains

Important/Highest Peaks:- Mt. McKinley
Location:- Central Asia
Location:- North America
Description:- Young folded mountain
Description:- Mt. McKinley highest peak in North which extends from Kazakhstan to
America northern China.
 Atlas Mountains
Andes Mountains

Highest Peaks:- Mt. Toubk

Highest Peaks:- Mt. Aconcagua
Location:- Northwestern Africa
Location:- South America
Description:- Young fold mountain spreading over
Description:- Longest mountain chain in the Morocco and Tunisia.
world
 Drakensberg Mountains Caucasus Mountain

Highest Peaks: Mt. Lesotho Highest Peaks:- Mt. Elbrus

Location :- South Africa Location:- Europe

Description:- Located between the Black

Description :- Young folded mountain Sea and the Caspian Sea
 Scandinavian Mountains

Galdhøpiggen

Europe (Finland, Norway, Sweden)

The western sides of the mountains drop

precipitously into the North
Sea and Norwegian Sea, forming the fjords of
Norway, whereas to the northeast they
gradually curve towards Finland.

Carpathian Mountains

Gerlachovský štít

Europe

Range of mountains forming an arc

across Central and Eastern Europe
 Ural Mountains Hindukush Mountains

Mt. Trich Mir

Mt. Narodnaya

Russia Pakistan and Afghanistan

This mountain range act as a

boundary between Europe and Folded mountain with rugged topography
Asia. which makes it difficult for transportation.
 Himalayas
Arakan Yoma

Mt. Everest Mt. Kennedy peak

Asia Myanmar

It extends from north to south direction.

Young fold mountains in Asia which separates
Shifting cultivation is practised.
Indian sub-continent from Asian plains
 Kunlun Mountains Vosges

Mt. Muztag
Mt. Grand Ballon

North of Tibetan plateau and

western China Eastern France, Europe

Famous for the cultivation of

It is one of the young folded mountains. grapes and manufacture of
wines.
Great Dividing Range

Mt. Kosciuszko

Australia

This range is the source for

the rivers Darling and Murray.
 Comment your answers

Which of the following mountains is formed as a result of Which of the following mountains forms when
the endogenic force, such as when two plates meet the earth's crust's massive chunks are raised
head-on and their edges crumble? or lowered?

(a) Fold Mountains (a) Fold Mountains

(b) Block Mountains (b) Block Mountains

(c) Volcanic Mountains (c) Volcanic Mountains

(d) Dissected mountains (d) Dissected mountains

 Which is the longest mountain range in the world?
Africa's highest mountain peak Mt. Kilimanjaro lies
a) Atlas mountain range
a) Kenya
b) Himalayan mountain range
b) Malawi
c) Rocky Mountain range
c) Tanzania
d) Andes mountain range
d) Zambia

In which continent is the Caucasus mountain range located? Mount Aconcagua is the highest peak of the?

a) Africa a) Atlas mountain range

b) Europe b) Himalayan mountain range

c) Australia c) Rocky Mountain range

d) North America d) Andes mountain range

Mount Albert is the highest peak of the? Mount Elbrus is the highest peak of the?

a) Atlas mountain range a) Atlas mountain range

b) Himalayan mountain range b) Himalayan mountain range

c) Rocky Mountain range c) Rocky Mountain range

d) Caucasus mountain range d) Caucasus mountain range

Mount Toubqal is the highest peak of the?

Mount Blanc is the highest peak of the?
a) Atlas mountain range
a) Atlas mountain range
b) Himalayan mountain range
b) Himalayan mountain range
c) Rocky Mountain range
c) Rocky Mountain range
d) Andes mountain range
d) Alps mountain range
 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer
Which mountain range separates Europe from Asia? using the codes given below the lists: ( UPPSC 2020)

a) Ural List-I List-II

b) Alps (Mountain) (Country)

c) Atlas A. Atlas 1. France/Spain

d) Rocky B. Kilimanjaro 2. Ecuador

C. Chimbrozo 3. Tanzania

D. Pyrenees 4. Morocco

Codes:
Arakan Yoma Mountain makes the border between A B C D
which countries?
a) 4 3 2 1
a) Spain and France
b) 4 1 2 3
b) France and Germany
c) 2 3 4 1
c) France and Switzerland
d) 1 3 4 2
d) Spain and Switzerland
The mountains differ from the hills in terms of Rhine Valley is an example of Block Mountain, it is
located in?
a) elevation
a) France
b) slope
b) Switzerland
c) aspect
c) Germany
d) rocks
d) Italy

Which is the highest peak in Australia?

a) Mount Elbrus
b) Mount Kilimanjaro
c) Mount Kosciuszko
d) Mount Aconcagua
Match List I with List II and Select the correct answer using the code given below
List I ( Mountain) List II ( Countries)
A. Kilimanjaro 1. Morocco
B. Taubkal 2. Algeria
C. Stanley 3. Tanzania

D. Hoggar 4. Uganda

Codes
A B C D
a) 3 1 4 2
b) 4 2 3 1
c) 3 4 1 2
d) 4 3 2 1
 Important Rivers of the World

Major rivers of the world are crucial for providing drinking water, irrigation, transportation, and
hydroelectric power generation, as well as for a variety of leisure activities like swimming and boating.
The whole continents of the world are traversed by numerous rivers and their tributaries.

Europe North America South America

Africa Asia

GANGES RIVER DANUBE RIVER RIVER MISSISSIPPI AMAZON RIVER

RIVER NILE
BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER PARANA RIVER
RIVER ODER SAINT LAWRENCE RIVER
RIVER CONGO INDUS RIVER ORINOCO RIVER
DNIEPER RIVER
MACKENZIE RIVER
ORANGE RIVER YELLOW RIVER MADEIRA RIVER
RIVER VOLGA
MISSOURI RIVER
MEKONG RIVER
LIMPOPO RIVER
ELBE RIVER
IRRAWADDY RIVER COLORADO RIVER
NIGER RIVER
SALWEEN RIVER RIVER RHINE
ZAMBEZI RIVER
Australia
YANGTZE RIVER RHONE RIVER
MURRAY RIVER
THAMES RIVER
YENISEI RIVER
DON RIVER DARLING RIVER
RIVER IRTYSH

URAL RIVER

LENA RIVER

OB-IRTYSH
 Africa

RIVER NILE

Considered to be the longest river in the world.

The length of the Nile River is roughly 6650 kilometers. Lake

Victoria is assumed to be the river’s origin.

The river’s course passes through Egypt, Uganda, Ethiopia,

Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo,

Eritrea, Burundi, Sudan, and South Sudan.

The Blue and White Niles are the river’s two tributaries.

Which of the following is incorrect about river Nile?

1 Blue Nile originates in Ethiopia.

2 White Nile is considered to be the primary source of Nile river.

3 White Nile and Blue Nile meets at Khartoum.

4 River Nile discharges its water into Red sea.

 Africa
RIVER CONGO

The only river to cross the equator twice is the Congo River.

It is originally known as the Zaire River.

It has a length of 4700 Km.

It travels in a curving pattern across the continent of Africa.

With some sections reaching depths of over 700 feet, it is also

the deepest river in the entire globe.

Which one of the following is a part of the Congo Basin?

[A] Cameroon
[B] Nigeria
[C] South Sudan
[D] Uganda

Which of the following rivers in the world crosses equator

two times?
1 Amazon
2 Ganga
3 Nile
4 Congo
 Africa

ORANGE RIVER

The Orange River is the longest in South Africa.

It starts in the Drakensberg in neighboring Lesotho, where

it is also known as the Senqu River.

It travels across South Africa before entering the Atlantic

Ocean.

The Orange River is a component of the border between

Lesotho and South Africa as well as between Namibia and
South Africa.

From the river’s source and the Atlantic Ocean, it travels

1,365 miles.

The river was known as Gariep by the first residents, and

Groote Rivier by the Dutch

Which of these rivers primarily flows in South Africa?

1 Niger River
2 Congo River
3 Nile River
4 Orange River
 LIMPOPO RIVER

divides South Africa from Botswana and Zimbabwe.

It’s the 2nd largest river in African continent.

River Limpopo also flows into the Indian Oceans,

Which one of the following rivers crosses the

tropic of Capricorn twice?
1 Vaal
2 Limpopo
3 Niger
4 Zambezi
 NIGER RIVER

Its source is in the Guinea Highlands

It runs in a crescent shape through Mali, Niger,

on the border with Benin and then through

Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta,

known as the Niger Delta into the Gulf of Guinea

in the Atlantic Ocean

Which of the following statements is not correct

about the Niger River?:

[A] It is the third longest river of Africa.

[B] It passes through Guinea and Mali.

[C] Benue River is its main tributary.

[D] It drains its water in the Mediterranean Sea.

 ZAMBEZI RIVER

passes through parts of Angola, Namibia,

Botswana, and Zimbabwe

The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls.

With reference to 'Victoria falls' in Africa which of

the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is located on the border of Zambia and
Mozambique.
2. It is situated on Zambezi River.
Select the correct answer using the code given
below :

1 Only 1
2 Only 2
3 Both 1 and 2
4 Neither 1 nor 2
 Asia

GANGES RIVER

outspreads in India, Tibet (China), Nepal and Bangladesh. It is

the largest river basin in India and accounts for about one-

fourth of the total area of the country. It covers states of Uttar

Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, West Bengal,

Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Himachal

Pradesh and Union Territory of Delhi.

The Five Prayags

1 Devaprayag, the place of confluence of Bhagirathi river and

Alaknanda river.
2 Rudraprayag, the place of confluence of Mandakini river and
Alaknanda river.
3 Nandaprayag, the place of confluence of Nandakini river and
Alaknanda river.
4 Karnaprayag, the place of confluence of Pindar river and
Alaknanda river.
5 Vishnuprayag, the place of confluence of Dhauliganga river
and Alaknanda river.
Major Tributaries of the Ganga River
Consider the following tributaries of river
Ganga:
1. Gandak
2. Kosi
3. Ghaghara
4. Gomti
Which of the following is the correct order of
the above rivers from east to west?

1 3-4-1-2
2 2-1-3-4
3 2-3-1-4
4 1-2-4-3
 Region Name

Tsangpo (meaning ‘The

BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER Tibet
Purifier’)

China Yarlung Zangbo Jiangin

Dihang or Siong, South of

• The Brahmaputra (meaning the son of Brahma). Assam Valley
Sadiya: Brahmaputra

Bangladesh Jamuna River

• The Brahmaputra’s source is the Chemayungdung Padma River: Combined
Bangladesh Waters of Ganga and
glacier in southwestern Tibet. It’s source is very close to Brahmaputra

the sources of Indus and Satluj. Bangladesh

Meghana: From the
confluence of Padma and
Meghna
• Mariam La separates the source of the Brahmaputra
from the Manasarovar Lake.

It flows as the Yarlung Tsangpo River across southern

Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges
and into Arunachal Pradesh where it is known as
Dihang

flows through Bangladesh as the Jamuna where it

merges with the Ganga to form a vast delta, the
Sunderbans
 Major Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River

With reference to the Brahmaputra river, consider the

Left bank – Dhansiri, Lohit, Dibang
following statements:
Right Bank – Subansiri, Kameng, Manas, Sankosh 1 The Rango Tsangpo is the major right-bank tributary
of this river in Tibet.
2 It enters India west of Sadiya town in Arunachal
Pradesh.
3 Its major left bank tributaries are the Subansiri,
Kameng, Manas and Sankosh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 1 and 2 only

2 2 only

3 2 and 3 only

4 1 and 3 only
 Himalayan River Systems

INDUS RIVER • The Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra

comprise the Himalayan river systems.

The Indus river is one of the world’s largest river
• The Himalayan Rivers existed even before the
basins. It is also known as Sindhu. The river flows
through China(Tibet region), India, and Pakistan. In formation of the Himalayas i.e. before the collision

Tibet, it is known as Singi Khambai or Lion’s mouth. of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian plate.

It originates from a glacier near Bokhar Chu in the

Tibetan region at an altitude of 4,164 m in the
Kailash Mountain range near the Mansarovar Lake.

• Zaskar river, Suru river, Soan river, Jhelum River,

Chenab River, Ravi River, Beas river, Satluj river,
Panjnad river are its major left-bank tributaries.
• Shyok River, Gilgit river, Hunza river, Swat river,
Kunnar river, Kurram river, Gomal River, and Kabul
river are its major right-bank tributaries.
Indus Waters Treaty 1960
• The Indus system comprises of main Indus River, With reference to the Indus river system, of
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. The basin is
the following four rivers, three of them pour
mainly shared by India and Pakistan with a small share for
China and Afghanistan. into one of them which joins the Indus direct.
• Under the treaty signed between India and Pakistan in Among the following, which one is such river
1960, all the waters of three rivers, namely Ravi, Sutlej,
and Beas ( Eastern Rivers) were allocated to India for that joins the Indus direct?
exclusive use.
1 Chenab
• While, the waters of Western rivers – Indus, Jhelum, and
2 Jhelum
Chenab were allocated to Pakistan except for specified
domestic, non-consumptive, and agricultural use 3 Ravi
permitted to India as provided in the Treaty. 4 Sutlej
 YELLOW RIVER

second longest river in China (after the Yangtze). The mighty Yellow River, the ‘mother river’ of
• Source: The Bayankala Mountains on the Chinese civilisation, has also been known as the
Plateau of Tibet in western central China. ‘River of Disaster’ and ‘China’s sorrow’ because of

• Mouth: southern Bohai Sea the devastating floods it has wrought in its basin from

The name “Yellow River” comes from the huge pre-history to the last century.

amounts of “yellow” loess sediment it carries,

which are eroded when it flows through the
Loess Plateau.
Huang Ho river of China is famously known as ________.
1 Yellow River
2 Blue River
3 Red River
4 Pink River
 MEKONG RIVER

• The Mekong, or Mekong River, is a trans-

boundary river in Southeast Asia.
• It is the world's twelfth longest river and the
seventh longest in Asia.

From the Tibetan Plateau the river runs through China,

Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam

With reference to Mekong river, which of the following

statement/s is/are correct?
1. Mekong rises in Tibetan Plateau
2. Mekong delta is situated in Southern Cambodia.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

1 1 only
2 2 only
3 Both 1 and 2
4 Neither 1 nor 2
 IRRAWADDY RIVER

Officially known as the Ayeyarwady River, the Irrawaddy

bisects Myanmar from north to south.

The source of the river comes from the confluence of the

N’mai and Mali Rivers, and it flows towards the Andaman
Sea.

The river’s Burmese name (Ayeyarwady) came from

the Pali name of India’s Ravi river, Iravati

In which country does the Irrawaddy River flow?

1 Myanmar
2 Bhutan
3 Bangladesh
4 Vietnam
 SALWEEN RIVER

The Salween River (also known as the Nu and

Thanlwin) is the longest undammed river in mainland
Southeast Asia

The Salween flows primarily within southwest China

and eastern Myanmar (Burma), with a short section

forming the border of Burma and Thailand

 URAL RIVER

Sources: Southern Ural Mts., Russia

Outflow: Caspian Sea

Approx. Length (km): 2,533

It is also known as the Zhayyq River in the

local Kazakh language.
 LENA RIVER

river originates in the Baikal range, just to the

east of the actual Baikal Lake, and travels

primarily through the Russian Republic of

Sakha before finally joining the Yenisei River

The Lena River is the easternmost of the three great

Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean.

◦ City on river: Yakutsk on Lena

◦ The Lena is the eleventh-longest river in the world.

 RIVER AMUR

The Heilong Jiang, commonly known as the

Amur River, is the tenth-longest river in the
world.

It forms the border between northeastern

China and Russia.

It has a length of 4480 Km.

The word Amur is thought to have originated

from a term meaning “water”.

The river rises in the hills in the western part

of Northeast China at the confluence of its
two major affluents, the Shilka and the Argun

Which of the following rivers forms the natural

border between Russia and China?
1 Volga river
2 Moskva river
3 Amur river
4 Yellow river
 What is the correct sequence of occurrence
of the following Rivers as one proceeds from
OB-IRTYSH west to east?
1 Ob-Irtysh
starts in the Altas Mountains and empties into the Arctic 2 Volga
Ocean. 3 Lena
has a length of 5410 Km. 4 Yenisei
Select the correct answer using the code
also referred to as the Ob River, is one of the three major given below:
Siberian rivers, together with the Yenisei and the Lena 1 2-1-4-3
2 1-2-4-3
3 3-2-1-4
4 1-2-3-4
 RIVER EUPHRATES

regarded as Western Asia’s longest river.

RIVER TIGRIS

its source in the Armenian Highlands to its mouth

in the Persian Gulf, is Western Asia’s second-

largest river after the Euphrates River.

Rivers Euphrates and Tigris are associated with which

ancient civilisation?

1 Mesopotamian Civilisation

2 Egyptian Civilisation

3 Indus Valley Civilisation

4 Chinese Civilisation
 Europe

DANUBE RIVER

originates at the meeting of the Brigach and Breg

rivers, close to the German town
flows for 2,850 kilometers. Germany, Austria,
Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovakia,
Moldova, Ukraine, and Romania are among the
ten European countries that the river flows
through.

Ultimately, the Danube River empties into the

Black Sea through the Danube Delta.

Consider the following pairs:

Rivers – Sea/Ocean they drain into

1. Amazon – Atlantic Ocean

2. Nile – Red Sea
3. Danube – Black Sea
4. Orange – Indian Ocean

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) All four
 RIVER ODER

• Oder River, is a river in east-central Europe.

• It is one of the most significant rivers in the catchment

basin of the Baltic Sea, second only to the Vistula in

discharge and length.

• It is Poland’s second-longest river.

• The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows

through western Poland, later forming the border

between Poland and Germany.

Which of the following statement is/are incorrect?

1 Oder follows almost the border of Germany of Polant/
Baltic Sea.
2 Vistula River is the longest and largest river in Poland
and of the drainage basin of the Baltic Sea.
Select the incorrect code from below.
1 Only 2
2 Both 1 and 2
3 Only 1
4 None of the above
 DNIEPER RIVER

fourth-longest in Europe with a length of around 2,200 km

It is Dnipro in Ukrainian and Dnyapro in Belarusian.

• The Dnieper or Dnipro is one of the major rivers of

Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia,
before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black
Sea.
• It is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the
fourth-longest river in Europe, after the Volga, Danube,
and Ural rivers.

Which one of the following rivers does not drain into Black
Sea?

1 Volga
2 Dnieper
3 Don
4 Danube
 RIVER VOLGA

The Volga River is the main river in western Russia.

It extends 3,530 kilometers from its source in the

Valdai Hills to the Caspian Sea, the biggest inland
body of water in the world.

A little more than half of Russia’s population

resides in the Volga River Basin.

Consider the following pairs:

River Flows into

1. Mekong Andaman Sea
2. Thames Irish Sea
3. Volga Caspian Sea
4. Zambezi Indian Ocean

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

1 1 and 2 only
2 3 only
3 3 and 4 only
4 1, 2 and 4 only
 RIVER RHINE

ELBE RIVER river begins in the Swiss canton of

Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps.
The Elbe River is 1,112 kilometers long. It has its
passes through six countries: Switzerland,
beginnings in the southern Krkonose Mountains, Principality of Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany,
which are close to the border between Poland and France and the Netherlands.

the Czech Republic

As the Rhine enters Germany, it forms the border
between Germany and France.
 RHONE RIVER

The Rhone River begins in the Rhone glacier

of the Swiss mountains.

It has a length of around 813 kilometers.

This swiftly moving river enters Lake

Geneva at its eastern end before running
through the southeast of France on its way
south.

The Rhone River splits into the Big Rhone

and Little Rhone near the French city of
Arles before emptying into the
Mediterranean Sea.

Match the following:

Column - I Column - II
(Cities) (On River Bank)
a. Paris i. Rhine
b. Geneva ii. Rhone
c. Bon iii. Dnieper
d. Kiev iv. Seine

1 a - iv, b - ii, c - i, d - iii

2 a - iv, b - ii, c - iii, d - i
3 a - ii, b - iv, c - i, d - iii
4 a - iii, b - iv, c - i, d - ii
 THAMES RIVER

The river runs into the North Sea via the Thames

Estuary after passing through several well-known

cities, including London, Reading, Hendley-on-

Thomas, Windsor, and Oxford, where it is also

known as the Isis River.

it is the longest river entirely in England and

the second-longest in the United Kingdom,
after the River Severn.

London is located across the ___________ river.

1 Danube
2 Subterranean
3 Lea
4 Thames
 DON RIVER

The Don River is the fifth-longest in Europe with a

length of roughly 1,870 kilometres.

Then, when it approaches the Volga River, it runs

in a southeasterly direction until abruptly turning
west to enter the Gulf of Taganrog in the Sea of
Azov

Which one of the following rivers does not drain

into Black Sea?

1 Volga
2 Dnieper
3 Don
4 Danube
 North America

RIVER MISSISSIPPI

The Mississippi River runs into the Gulf of Mexico from

northern Minnesota. Lake Itasca is regarded to be its

source

It has a length of 6275 Km. The river system drains

31 US states as well as two Canadian provinces.

At the mouth of which of the following rivers is

the 'bird's foot' type delta formed?

1 Huang Ho
2 Nile
3 Danube
4 Mississippi
 MISSOURI RIVER

major tributary of the Mississippi River in the United States.

rises in the Rocky Mountains

Which of the following rivers is the longest tributary of the

Mississippi River?

1 Mackenzie River
2 Colorado River
3 Missouri River

4 Rio Grande River

 SAINT LAWRENCE RIVER

originates in Lake Ontario and empties into the Atlantic

Ocean

• It is a part of the international boundary between

Ontario, Canada, and the U.S. state of New York.

• This river is in a seismically active zone.

Which river connects the great lakes of North

America to the Atlantic Ocean?

1 St. Lawrence river

2 Colorado river
3 Amazon river
4 Mackenzie river
 MACKENZIE RIVER

◦ Its basin is the largest in Canada.

◦ Drained an area of 697000 square miles which is almost as large as

Mexico.
◦ It has a strong flow.

◦ Its lake covered triangular delta

◦ And is about 50 miles wide along the Arctic Shore.

◦ Source- Head of Finlay River.

◦ Outflow- Beaufort Sea. Consider the following:

1. Mackenzie
2. Mississippi
3. St. Lawrence
4. Rio Grande
How many of the following rivers of North America
drain into the Gulf of Mexico?

Only One
Only Two
Only Three
All Four
 COLORADO RIVER

• The 2,330 km river starts at La Poudre Pass in the

central Rocky Mountains of Colorado in Grand Lake,
Colorado.
• It flows through the southwest across the
Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon
before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona–Nevada
border.
• After entering Mexico, the Colorado approaches
the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the
Gulf of California

Which of the following river crosses an extensive

desert before it reaches the sea?

1 Mississippi
2 Amazon
3 Colorado
4 Beas
 South America

AMAZON RIVER

In terms of total water flow volume, the Amazon River is

without a doubt the largest in the world.

It has a length of 6575 Km.

Its claims to be the second-longest river in the world,

however, is widely contested because Egypt’s Nile River
has long held the title.

The debate on the origins of the Amazon is the source

of the dispute

Consider the following statements about Amazon Rainforest:

1. South America’s Amazon contains nearly a third of all the

tropical rainforests left on Earth.
2. The Amazon has more species of primate than anywhere
else on Earth.
3. It is bounded by the Andes Mountains to the north, the
Guiana Highlands to the west.

Which of the given above statements is/are correct?

1 1 and 2
2 2 and 3
3 1 and 3
4 1, 2 and 3
 ORINOCO RIVER

PARANA RIVER
In South America, the Orinoco River passes
through Colombia and Venezuela.
The Tupi word para the onáva, which means “like the
sea,” is the source of its name. The word the Orinoco means 'a place to paddle',
i.e. a river where navigation is possible
The Parana River is the defining boundary of Brazil
and Paraguay and originates from the Brazilian The Orinoco river originates from the Western
highlands. Cordillera and falls into the Caribbean Sea.
 MADEIRA RIVER

Madeira River flows between Bolivia and Brazil. It is one of

the largest and most important tributaries of the Amazon
River
 Australia

MURRAY RIVER
Australia’s longest river, the Murray, flows through the
southeast of the nation.

It travels through New South Wales, Victoria, and South

Australia and is 2508 kilometers long.

Almost 1.5 million homes in Australia receive their water

from this river, which is also used to irrigate nearby
fields.

DARLING RIVER

major tributary of the Murray-Darling system.

Darling Range a plateau located in Western

Australia.

It lies parallel to the southwest coast

 Lakes
Fresh water lakes

a large area of water surrounded by land. • Most of the lakes in the world are fresh-water lakes
fed by rivers and with out-flowing streams e.g. Great
Lakes of North America.

Saline lakes

• Salt lakes (also called saline lakes)

• Because of the intense evaporation (negative
freshwater balance = more water is lost in evaporation
than gained from rivers) these lakes are saline.
• Examples of salt lakes include Great Salt Lake, the
Aral Sea and the Dead Sea.
 Note:- Caspian Sea and Dead Sea are lakes. The surface and shores of the Dead Sea
are 423 metres below sea level, making it Earth’s lowest elevation on land.

Largest Lakes by Surface Area Largest Lakes by Volume Deepest Lakes in the World

1 Lake Superior – North America 1 Baikal – Asia 1 Lake Baikal – Asia

2 Lake Victoria – Africa 2 Tanganyika – Africa 2 Lake Tanganyika
3 Lake Huron – North America 3 Superior – North America
4 Lake Michigan – North America
Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario)

Great Slave Lake

Great Bear Lake
Lake Winnipeg
Great Salt Lake
 Five Great Lakes of North America

The Great Lakes are, from west to east:

Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario.

They drain into the Gulf of St Lawrence in the North

Atlantic through the St Lawrence River.

• They contain a fifth of the world’s total freshwater

and are a crucial source of irrigation and
transportation.

• They also serve as the habitat for more than 3,500

species of plants and animals.

Lake Huron is the world’s third largest freshwater lake,

after Lake Superior and Lake Victoria.

 Lake Winnipeg

Lake Winnipeg is Canada's 6th largest freshwater lake.

Great Slave Lake

Great Slave Lake is the second-largest lake of Canada,

after Great Bear Lake. It is also the deepest lake in North

America.

Great Bear Lake

Great Bear Lake is the largest lake in Canada,

which is located inside Canada

 GREAT SALT LAKE

largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere and

the eighth-largest terminal lake in the world.

The lake has been called "America's Dead Sea

 The Great Lakes of North America were formed as a
result of?

A. Volcanic explosion
B. Meteor Impact
C. Tectonic activity
D. Melting of glaciers

Consider the following statements, Which of the following Great Lakes is completely
1] The Great Lakes are the largest surface freshwater system on located in the United States?
the Earth.
2] The names of the five Great Lakes are Lake Superior, Lake
Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. 1 Lake Ontario

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 2 Lake Erie (Erie Lake)

a) 1 Only 3 Lake Michigan

b) 2 Only 4 Lake Huron

c) Both 1 and 2

d) Neither 1 nor 2
 e e Carbo
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poopo

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 Saikal
So
Easier
is
P

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E
Lake
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-
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-

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 Important Seas of the world – UPSC

Seas are smaller than oceans and are usually located where the land and ocean meet. Typically, Seas are partially
enclosed by land. Seas have great geographical, Political, and Economical significance.
 Irish Sea
Barents Sea
• The Irish Sea is an extensive body of water that separates

The Barents Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located the islands of Ireland and Great Britain.
off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided • It is linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George’s

between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters. Channel and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of
Scotland in the north by the North Channel.
 Labrador Sea
Caribbean Sea
• The Labrador Sea is an arm of the North Atlantic
• The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and
tropics of the Western Hemisphere. Greenland. The sea is flanked by continental shelves
• It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and to the southwest, northwest, and northeast.
southwest, to the north by the Greater Antilles starting
It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through
with Cuba, to the east by the Lesser Antilles, and to the south
the Davis Strait.
by the northern coast of South America. The Gulf of
Mexico lies to the northwest.
 North Sea
Mediterranean Sea
The North Sea lies between Great
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Low Countries,
Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost and France. An epeiric sea on the European continental
completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through
Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian
east by the Levant. Sea in the north.
 Andaman Sea
Norwegian Sea The Andaman Sea (historically also known as the Burma Sea)
is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean bounded by

The Norwegian Sea is a marginal sea, grouped with the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of
Martaban and the west side of the Malay Peninsula and
either the Atlantic Ocean or the Arctic Ocean, northwest
separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the Andaman
of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland
Islands and the Nicobar Islands. Its southern end is at Breueh
Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.
Island just north of Sumatra, with the Strait of Malacca further
southeast.
 Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea is a region of the northern Indian

Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan, Iran, and the
Gulf of Oman, on the west by the Gulf of Aden,
Guardafui Channel, and the Arabian Peninsula, on the
southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on
the southwest by Somalia, and on the east by India.

The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea

to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and
the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to
the Persian Gulf.
Persian Gulf

• The Persian Gulf sometimes called the Arabian Gulf

is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body of
water is an extension of the Arabian Sea located
between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.
• It is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the
Strait of Hormuz. The Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the
northwest shoreline.
 Java Sea Red Sea
• The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean,
• The Java Sea is an extensive shallow sea on the Sunda
lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the
Shelf, between the Indonesian islands of Borneo to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab el Mandeb strait
and the Gulf of Aden.
north, Java to the south, Sumatra to the west, • To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba,
and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). It is
and Sulawesi to the east.
underlain by the Red Sea Rift, which is part of the Great
• Karimata Strait to its northwest links it to the South Rift Valley.

China Sea. It is a part of the western Pacific Ocean.

 Aegean Sea
Adriatic Sea

The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the

• The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is
Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula. located between the Balkans and Anatolia
• The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean
In the north, the Aegean is connected to the Marmara
Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects
Sea and the Black Sea by the straits of the Dardanelles
to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. and the Bosphorus
• The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, and
Slovenia.
 Celebes Sea
Bering Sea
The Celebes Sea or Sulawesi Sea, of the western
The Bering Sea is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific
Pacific Ocean, is bordered on the north by the Sulu
Ocean. It forms, along with the Bering Strait, the divide
Archipelago and Sulu Sea and Mindanao Island of the
between the two largest landmasses on
Philippines, on the east by the Sangihe Islands chain,
Earth: Eurasia and The Americas
on the south by Sulawesi’s Minahasa Peninsula, and
on the west by northern Kalimantan in Indonesia.
 Tasman Sea

Coral Sea
The Tasman Sea is a marginal sea of the South

The Coral Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific off Pacific Ocean, situated between Australia and
New Zealand.
the northeast coast of Australia and is classified as an

interim Australian bioregion

 East China Sea

The East China Sea is an arm of the Western Pacific

Ocean, located directly offshore from East China.

The sea’s northern extension between mainland

China and the Korean Peninsula is the Yellow Sea

Yellow Sea

The Yellow Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific

Ocean located between mainland China and the Korean

Peninsula
 Sea of Japan
Philippine Sea
The Sea of Japan is the marginal sea between
• The Philippine Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean
Ocean east of the Philippine archipelago (hence the name), the Peninsula, and the mainland of the Russian Far
largest in the world, occupying an estimated surface area of East. The Japanese archipelago separates the sea

5 million square kilometers (2×106 sq mi). from the Pacific Ocean.

• The Philippine Sea Plate forms the floor of the sea. Its

western border is the first island chain to the west, comprising

the Ryukyu Islands in the northwest and Taiwan in the west

 South China Sea

Sea of Okhotsk is bounded in the north by the shores of South China,

in the west by the Indochinese Peninsula, in the east by
the islands of Taiwan and northwestern Philippines,
and in the south by Borneo, eastern Sumatra, and the
Bangka Belitung Islands,
 Beaufort Sea
Baltic Sea
f
 Peninsulas in the World – UPSC IAS

Peninsula – (paene “almost” and insula “island”) A peninsula is a landform surrounded by water
on most of its border (three sides) while being connected to a mainland from which it extends.

Important Peninsulas in the World

The Arabian Peninsula

The (Indian) Deccan Peninsula

The Indo-china Peninsula

The Horn of Africa:

The Alaska Peninsula:
The Labrador Peninsula
The Scandinavian Peninsula

The Balkan Peninsula:

The Iberian Peninsula:

The Kamchatka Peninsula
Korean Peninsula
Floridan Peninsula
Baja California Peninsula
 The (Indian) Deccan Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula
• Surrounded by the Arabian Sea to the West, the Bay
• peninsula of Western Asia, it is situated in the Northeast
of Bengal to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the
of Africa on the Arabian plate.
south, the Indian peninsula is the second largest
• Being the largest peninsula on the earth
• peninsula consists of Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, peninsula in the world.

Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and parts of Jordan and Iraq. • located in the Southern part of central India
• it is bordered by the Red Sea on the West and the • It is inclusive of eight Indian states
Southwest, the Persian Gulf to the Northeast, and the
Indian Ocean to the Southeast. It is connected to the
Levant in the North
 The Horn of Africa:

The Indo-china Peninsula

• Large extension of land protruding from the Eastern
• known as Mainland Southeast Asia edge of the African continent, the Horn of Africa is the
• The Indian Ocean bounds the region to the west and the fourth largest peninsula in the world.
Pacific Ocean to the east. Projecting southwards from the • It comprises four countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea,
Asian continent, it features several mountain ranges like the and Somalia.
Tibetan Plateau to the north. • Also called the Somali Peninsular, it is surrounded by
• The peninsula includes Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos,
the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east
Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam
and extends into the Arabian Sea for hundreds of miles.

↑
 The Labrador Peninsula:
The Alaska Peninsula:
• The peninsula in Eastern Canada.
• The term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ denotes the • It consists of the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland
Northwestern projection of the North American and Labrador and the province of Quebec.
continent.
• It is bound by the Hudson Bay to the west, the Hudson
• It is surrounded by the Arctic Sea in the north,
Strait to the north, the Labrador Sea to the East, and the
Bering Strait in the west, and the Pacific Sea to the
south. Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the Southeast. It connects to
the mainland in the Southwest only.
 The Balkan Peninsula:
The Scandinavian Peninsula: • Rooting its name from the Balkans Mountain Range,
the Balkan Peninsula is a geographical region in
• Deriving its name from the cultural region of Denmark, Southeastern Europe. It is neighbored by the Adriatic
Norway, and Sweden, the Scandinavian Peninsula is one of the Sea on the northwest, the Ionian Sea on the
southwest, the Aegean Sea on the south and
largest peninsulas of Europe.
southeast, and the Black Sea on the east and the
• It is bordered by the Barents Sea to the north, the northeast.
Norwegian Sea to the west, the North Sea, and the Baltic Sea • It comprises Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia,
to the south. Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and North
• A quarter of the peninsula lies north of the Arctic Circle, the Turkey.
climates vary from tundra to subarctic with cool marine
coastlines in the West.
 The Kamchatka Peninsula:
The Iberian Peninsula:
• The region is located in the Russian Far East.
• The eastern and the western Coastlines are made
It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea on the Southeast up by the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk,
and East and by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, west, and respectively.
southwest. It is in close proximity to the northwest African • The region features the volcanoes of Kamchatka,
coast, separated by the Strait of Gibraltar and the which is recognized as a World Heritage Site by
Mediterranean Sea. UNESCO.
• The region faces moderately cool summers and
stormy winters.
 Korean Peninsula

• Korea, or the Korean Peninsula, is a region in East Asia.

• The peninsula extends southwards for about 1,100 km (680

mi) from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is

surrounded by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east and the

Yellow Sea (West Sea) to the west, the Korea Strait connecting

the two bodies of water.

• Since 1945 it has been divided into two parts which soon

became the two sovereign states: North Korea and South

Korea.

• Korea consists of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and

several minor islands near the peninsula.

• To the northwest, the Amnok River separates Korea from

China, and to the northeast, the Duman River separates it from

China and Russia.

 Baja California Peninsula

• The Baja California Peninsula is a peninsula in

Floridan Peninsula Northwestern Mexico
• separates the Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of
About two-thirds of Florida occupies a peninsula California.
between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean
 Kola Peninsula
Italian Peninsula
Kola Peninsula is a peninsula in the extreme
northwest of Russia, and one of the largest
peninsulas of Europe.
also known as the Italic Peninsula or the Apennine
Peninsula, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps
in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south.
 Crimean Peninsula
Sinai Peninsula
• Crimea (or Tauric Peninsula) is a peninsula located on the
northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is
• Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai is a peninsula in Egypt
almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the
and the only part of the country located in Asia. smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast.
• Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula is a sparsely populated desert • Crimean Peninsula was annexed by the Russian Federation

region between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. in 2014 and since then has been administered as two Russian
federal subjects – the Republic of Crimea and the federal city
of Sevastopol.
 Anatolian Peninsula Malay Peninsula
• Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in
The Malay Peninsula comprises South Myanmar
Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian
(Burma), Southern Thailand, Malaya, Singapore
continent.

• region is bounded by the Turkish Straits to the northwest, the

Black Sea to the north, the Armenian Highlands to the east, the

Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the

west.
 Yuctan Peninsula

• The Yucatán Peninsula, a northeastern projection of Central

America, lying between the Gulf of Mexico to the west and north
and the Caribbean Sea to the east.
• The peninsula comprises parts of Belize and Guatemala, as
well as three separate Mexican states: Yucatán, Quintana Roo,
and Campeche.
 Some important MCQs

The Arabian Peninsula is located in which part of the

The Iberian Peninsula is shared by which two countries?
world?

A) France and Spain A) Southeast Asia

B) Spain and Portugal B) South America
C) Italy and Spain C) Middle East

D) Greece and Turkey D) Africa

The Scandinavian Peninsula is mainly occupied by which The Kamchatka Peninsula, known for its volcanic

two countries? activity, is part of which country?

A) Finland and Norway A) Japan

B) Russia
B) Sweden and Denmark
C) Canada
C) Norway and Sweden
D) South Korea
D) Denmark and Finland
 The Jutland Peninsula is shared by which two countries?
The Balkan Peninsula is located in which continent?

A) Sweden and Denmark

A) Europe
B) Germany and Denmark
B) Asia
C) Africa C) Norway and Sweden

D) South America D) Denmark and Finland

The Indochinese Peninsula includes countries such as Vietnam, Yucatán Peninsula, known for its Maya archaeological
Laos, and Cambodia and is located in which part of Asia? sites, is part of which country?

A) South Asia
B) Southeast Asia A) Mexico
C) Central Asia B) Belize
D) East Asia
C) Guatemala

D) Honduras
Consider the following pairs.

Peninsula. Associated Country

1Kamchatka Japan
2Anatolian Canada
3Labrador Turkey

Which of the following pairs given above is/are not correct?

1. 1 only
2. 1 and 2 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

E
Important Gulfs of the World – UPSC
 Gulf of Oman
Gulf of Mexico
(a) Gulf of Oman connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of
Hormuz, which then runs to the Persian Gulf.
a) It is the largest gulf in the world. (b) The gulf borders Pakistan and Iran on the north, Oman on
(b) It is bordered by the United States, the south, and the United Arab Emirates on the west.

Mexico, and the island nation of Cuba.

(c) It has a coastline of about 5,000 km.

 Gulf of Aden Persian Gulf
a) It is located in Western Asia between Iran and
a) Gulf of Aden is located in the Arabian
the Arabian Peninsula.
Sea between Yemen and Somalia.
(b) The Persian Gulf is an extension of the Indian Ocean
(b) In the north-west, it connects with the Red
(Gulf of Oman) through the Strait of Hormuz.
Sea through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait.
(c) Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are
(c) The waterway is part of the important Suez
canal shipping route between the Mediterranean (clockwise, from the north): Iran, Oman, United Arab

Sea and the Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean. Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Iraq
 Gulf of Bothnia
Gulf of Carpentaria

(a) the Gulf of Bothnia is part of the Baltic

(a) It is a large, shallow sea enclosed on three sides by
northern Australia and bounded on the north by the Arafura Sea between Sweden and Finland.

Sea. The Arafura Sea is the body of water that lies (b) It is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea.

between Australia and New Guinea

-
 Gulf of Alaska

Gulf of Riga (a) The Gulf of Alaska is an arm of the Pacific Ocean.
(b) The entire shoreline of the Gulf is a rugged combination
(a) the Gulf of Riga is a bay of the Baltic Sea
of forest, mountain, and a number of tidewater glaciers.
between Latvia and Estonia.
(c) Alaska’s largest glaciers, the Malaspina Glacier and
(b) Gulf of Riga and the Baltic Sea is connected by
Bering Glacier spill out onto the coastal plain along the
the Irbe Strait.
Gulf of Alaska.
 Gulf of Finland Gulf of Martaban

The Gulf of Martaban or the Gulf of Mottama is an arm

(a) Gulf of Finland is located between the southern coast of
of the Andaman Sea in the southern part of Burma. The
Finland and the northern coast of Estonia in the Baltic Sea.
gulf is named after the port city of Mottama (formerly
(b) It extends all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia,
known as Martaban).
where the river Neva drains into it. The eastern parts of the
The Sittaung, Salween, and Yangon rivers empty into it.
Gulf of Finland belong to Russia
(c) The area of the gulf is 30,000 km2. The length from the
Hanko Peninsula to Saint Petersburg is 400 km.
 Gulf of Mannar

(a) Gulf of Mannar lies between the southeastern tip

of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka.

(b) It is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive

Sea in the Indian Ocean.

(c) Adam’s Bridge, also called Ramsethu, which includes

Mannar Island, separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Bay,

which lies to the north between India and Sri Lanka.

(d) In 1986, a group of 21 islets lying off the Tamil Nadu

coast between Thoothukudi and Dhanushkodi was declared

the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park. The park and its

10 km buffer zone were declared a Biosphere Reserve in

1989.
 Gulf of Thailand
Gulf of Panama
(a) Gulf of Thailand was formerly known as the Gulf of

(a) Gulf of Panama is a gulf in the Pacific Ocean, near Siam.

(b) The Gulf of Thailand is bordered by Cambodia,
the southern coast of Panama.
Thailand, and Vietnam.
(b) It has a maximum width of 250 km, a maximum depth
(c) The northern tip of the gulf is the Bay of Bangkok at
of 220 m, and a size of 2,400 km2.
the mouth of the Chao Phraya River.
(c) The Panama Canal connects the Gulf of Panama with
(d) The gulf covers roughly 320,000 km2.
the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
 Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Gabes (a) The Gulf of Aqaba or Gulf of Eilat is a large gulf
located at the northern tip of the Red Sea, east of the
(a) Gulf of Gabes is a gulf on Tunisia’s east coast in Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian mainland.
the Mediterranean Sea, off North Africa. (b) Its coastline is divided between four
countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.
(b) The gulf borders Libya and Tunisia.
(c) The Gulf of Aqaba is one of the world’s premier
sites for diving.
 Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Tonkin
It is situated on the coast of the state of Gujrat near
(a) The Gulf of Tonkin is a gulf at the northwestern
the Kutch region. It is an inlet into the Arabian Sea
portion of the South China Sea, located off the coasts from the west coast of India. The maximum depth
of Tonkin and South China. of the Gulf of Kutch is 402 ft and its width is around

(b) The gulf receives the Red River, and its main ports 150 to 160 Kms. The First Coral garden will be set
up in the Gulf of Kutch.
include Ben Thuy and Haiphong in northern Vietnam

and Beihai (Pakhoi) in China.

-
 Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Guinea

The Gulf of Guinea is the north-easternmost part of

This is located south of the Gulf of Kutch and is also an
the tropical Atlantic Ocean.
extension of the Arabian sea along the western coast of India
• The intersection of the Equator and Prime
around the state of Gujrat’s Kathiawar region. India’s major
Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude) is
east-flowing rivers – Narmada and Tapti flow into the Gulf of
in this gulf.
Khambhat. It also is known as the Gulf of Cambay.
• Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf
of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta.
 Significance of straits
Straits
• Straits play an important role in the Seaborne trade

Strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically for commercial shipping.

navigable waterway that connects two larger • They play an important role in geopolitics.
bodies of water. Most commonly it is a channel of
• They play an important role in economic and
water that lies between two landmasses.
military matters.

• Major straits of the world are used for commercial

shipping to travel from one exclusive zone or sea to
another.

• Straits are immensely commercially and

strategically important. Straits provide various
navigable routes to many ships.

• Straits are also used in generating tidal power with

the help of turbines. For example, 5.6 GW of energy is
produced by Cook’s strait of New Zealand.

• The Strait plays a vital role in serving as a channel

through which ocean currents are passed which helps
in mortifying the climate of that area.
 Malacca Strait Palk Strait

Joins: Andaman Sea & South China Sea

Join: Palk Bay & Bay of Bengal
Location: Indonesia –Malaysia
Location: India-Sri Lanka
 Yucatan Strait
Sunda Strait

Join: Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea

Join: Java Sea & Indian Ocean
Location: Mexico-Cuba
Location: Indonesia
 Bab-el-Mandeb Strait

Otranto Strait Join: Red Sea & Gulf of Aden

Location: Yemen-Djibouti
Join: Adriatic Sea & Ionian Sea
Location: Italy-Albania
 Mozambique Strait
Cook Strait

Join: Indian Ocean

Join: South Pacific Ocean Location: Mozambique -Madagascar
Location: New Zealand (North & South Islands)
 Taurus Strait (Torres Strait)
North Channel

Join: Irish Sea & Atlantic Ocean Join: Arafura Sea & Gulf of Papua
Location: Ireland-England Location: Papua New Guinea — Australia
 Bosporous Strait

Bering Strait
Join: Black Sea and Marmara Sea
Location: Turkey
Join: Bering Sea & Chuksi Sea
Location: Alaska-Russia
 Davis Strait
Dardanelles Strait

Join: Baffin Bay & Atlantic Ocean

Join: Marmara Sea and Agean Sea
Location: Greenland-Canada
Location: Turkey
 Florida Strait
Dover strait

Join: Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean

Join: English Channel & North Sea
Location: England-France Location: USA-Cuba
Strait of Dover or Dover Strait is the narrowest part of
the English Channel
 Magellan strait
Hormuz Strait

Join: Pacific and South Atlantic Ocean

Join: Gulf of Persia & Gulf of Oman Location: Chile
Location: Oman-Iran
 Gibraltar Strait

Makkassar Strait
Join: Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean
Location: Spain-Morocco
Join: Java Sea & Celebeze Sea
• The Strait of Gibraltar is located at the southern
Location: Indonesia
tip of the Iberian Peninsula.

• The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that

connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean
Sea and separates Gibraltar and Peninsular Spain in
Europe from Morocco in Africa.
 Taiwan Strait (Formosa Strait)
Tatar Strait
Join: South China Sea & East China Sea
Join: Japan Sea & Okhotsk Sea Location: China-Taiwan
Location: Russia (East Russia-Sakhalin Islands)
 Ten Degree Channel
Bohai Strait

Join: The Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal

The Bohai Sea is connected to the Yellow Sea via the Bohai
Strait. Location: Car Nicobar Islands and Little Andaman

The Bohai Sea is a marginal sea which is the north-western

extension of the Yellow Sea.

↑
 Kerch Strait

English Channel • The Kerch Strait is a strait connecting the Black

The English Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that Sea and the Sea of Azov.

separates southern England from northern France and • It separates the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea from

links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait the Taman Peninsula of Russia’s Krasnodar Krai.

of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busiest

shipping area in the world
 MCQS ON STRAITS OF THE WORLD

Which Strait divides Europe from Africa ? Which of the following is the longest strait in the
world?
1. Bosporus
1. Malacca Strait
2. Bering
2. Sunda Strait
3. Gibraltar
3. Denmark Strait
4. Dover
4. Bering Strait

Which of the following strait connects the Which of the following strait connects the Red
Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea? Sea and the Arabian Sea?

a) Dover Strait a) Dover Strait

b) Bab el-Mandab b) Bab el-Mandab

c) Bering Strait c) Bering Strait

d) Hormuz Strait d) Danish Strait

 MCQS ON STRAITS OF THE WORLD

Which straits connect the Baltic Sea to the North Sunda strait connect?
Sea? a) Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
a) Dover Strait b) Indian Ocean to Java Sea
b) Yucatan Strait c) Java Sea to the Pacific Ocean
c) Bering Strait d) South China Sea to the Pacific Ocean
d) Danish Strait

Which straits connect North New Zealand to

What does the Dardanelles strait connect? South New Zealand?
a) Black Sea and Sea of Marmara a) Dover Strait
b) Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara b) North Strait ( Channel)
c) Sea of Azov and Black Sea c) Cook Strait
d) Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea d) Danish Strait