Methods of Data Collection
Collection of Primary Data
Primary data refers to the original data collected It involves gathering information directly from
firsthand for a specific research study. individuals or sources through various methods.
Observation Method
• Involves systematically watching and recording behavior, events, or
phenomena.
• Can be conducted in a controlled environment (laboratory) or natural
setting (field).
• Enables researchers to gather data without relying on participants'
self-reports.
Interview Method
Involves direct interaction between the researcher and participants to
gather information.
Structured interviews follow a predetermined set of questions, while
unstructured interviews allow for more open ended responses.
Can be conducted in person, over the phone, or through digital
platforms.
Collection of Data through Questionnaires
and Schedules
Questionnaires are selfadministered surveys with a
standardized set of questions.
Schedules involve face to face interviews where the researcher
fills out the questionnaire based on participants' responses.
Both methods allow for the collection of large amounts of data
from a diverse range of participants.
Other Methods of Data Collection
Focus Groups: Involves group discussions to gather
qualitative data and explore participants' perspectives.
Case Studies: In-depth analysis of a particular individual,
group, or situation to gain detailed insights.
Experiments: Manipulation of variables to determine
cause and effect relationships.
Collection of Secondary Data
Secondary data refers to existing data collected by
someone else for a different purpose.
Sources include research papers, government reports,
databases, books, and other published materials.
Offers cost-effective and time-efficient access to a wide
range of information.
Selection of an Appropriate Method for Data
Collection
Consider the research objectives, nature of the research
Consider problem, available resources, and ethical considerations.
Assess the advantages, limitations, and feasibility of different
Assess data collection methods.
Select a method that aligns with the research goals and provides
Select the most valid and reliable data.
Case Study Method
Involves in-depth examination and analysis of a
particular individual, group, or situation.
Utilizes multiple data collection methods such as
interviews, observations, and document analysis.
Provides rich, detailed insights into complex phenomena.
Guidelines for
Developing a
Questionnaire
1. Clearly define the research objectives
and research questions.
2. Use simple and concise language to
ensure clarity.
3. Follow a logical and organized structure.
4. Use a mix of open ended and closed
ended questions.
5. Pretest the questionnaire to identify and
address any issues before full
implementation.
Successful Interviewing
1. Establish rapport and build
trust with the participants.
2. Use active listening skills and
ask relevant follow-up questions.
3. Maintain a neutral and
nonbiased approach.
4. Respect participants' privacy
and confidentiality.
5. Document accurate and
detailed notes during or
immediately after the interview.
Survey vs. Experiment
• Surveys involve collecting data from a sample to
gather information about a population, focusing on
descriptive or correlational analysis.
• Experiments involve manipulating variables to
determine cause and effect relationships and allow
for stronger causal inferences.
