INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING o Pythagoras – philosopher and

mathematician who spent time in Egypt

Computing – any activity that utilizes computers to familiarized Egyptian mathematic
to manage, process, and communicate critical o Pythagoreans – compromised men and
information that is an integral part of modern women who believed in transmigration of
industrial technology. souls and number as the essence of all
things.
Early Civilizations o Thales – theorem in Euclidean geometry
is best contribution
Babylonians
- thrived in Mesopotamia from about 2000 BC to Romans
500 BC. They only used two symbols for their – Influenced by the Greek culture and
numerical system (1 and 10). mathematics
o Roman Number System – uses letter to
o Clay cuneiform – mathematical texts
symbolize numbers in which the number
which contain tables for various
consists of a sequence of letters
mathematical operations such as basic
arithmetic operations, cubes, and square
roots. Islamic Influence
o Counting board – was usually made of
wood and had grooves that allowed - Continuation of the achievements of the Greek
beads to be placed at any point of the civilization.
groove.
- Used rational and irrational numbers as
o Abacus – the beads in and abacus have
algebraic objects to moved away from Greek’s
holes that would enable them to be
idea of mathematics as just being geometry.
placed in a specific rod of the abacus.

Egyptians - Islamic scholars later applied algebra to

arithmetic and geometry.
– Egyptian mathematics focuses on measuring
time, measuring floods, calculating the land area,
bookkeeping, and calculating taxes.
Notable Figures in Computing
o Rhind Papyrus – writing surface like
paper. It includes examples of all types of Wilhelm Gottfried Leibniz (Step Reckoner)
arithmetic and geometric problems – that
would then allow students to participate - German philosopher, mathematician, and one
in the Pharaoh’s building program. of the pioneers in mechanical calculation

- He developed the binary number system

Greeks
- Approximately 500-600 BC - Recognized the limitations of Pascaline (which
could only add and subtract), he designed a
- Works by Pythagoras and Thales which machine of his own;
centered on Geometry were two of the most
remarkable contributions to early Greeks. o The Step Reckoner – the first calculator to
- Although the Babylonians were probably aware run the basic arithmetic operations
of Pythagorean theorem 1000 years before, he
was credited as the foundation of it.
Charles Babbage (The Difference Engine) Gladys Mae West (GPS Technology)
- Father of Modern Computing
2nd Black woman hired at the Naval Proving
- Designed a device in 1821 to surpass Pascaline Ground in Virginia, USA, in 1956
and the Step Reckoner
o Global Positioning System (GPS)
o Difference Engine – used to produce
mathematical tables designed to precisely
compute polynomial functions and
THE MODERN COMPUTING
logarithmic & trigonometric functions such as
sine or cosine. Cloud Computing
- It is the application of hardware and software
**NOTE: Babbage only produced prototypes of to deliver readily available, on-demand, and
difference engine. The first working Difference measured computing services over the Internet.
Engine was built by Swedish engineers George
and Edward Schuetz in 1853. o Cloud storage – Google Drive, iCloud
o Google Translate
o Streaming Services – Netflix, Apple TV,
Ada Lovelace and Deezer
- the “first computer programmer’

George Boole (Symbolic Logic) Virtualization

- Logic should be considered a separate branch of - This technology stimulates hardware functions
mathematics and not just a part of Philosophy. by creating multiple virtual machines on a
physical server that acts as a hardware device.
- “Mathematical Analysis of Logic” (1847) which
enhanced the ideas of a logical method o Server Virtualization – companies use
one server to support different functions
- Introduced the quantities of “0” and “1” for more structured resource
▪ 1 – symbolize the universe of thinkable applications.
objects o In Desktop Virtualization – several
▪ 0 – symbolize the absence of things desktop operating systems from a single
computer.
o Boolean algebra – the foundation of o Storage Virtualization – let’s connected
modern computing device, servers, and applications acquire
information from a centralized dashboard
Grace Brester Murray Hopper (COBOL) such as cloud
- Computer pioneer and naval officer
**NOTE: Cloud computing uses virtualization
technology to achieve its purpose.
o Common Business-oriented Language
(COBOL)
Internet of Things
- Network of an extensive range of physical
Katherine Johson (Human Computer)
objectives that automatically share data over the
- “Computers” were mainly women
Internet.
- Her calculations allowed NASA to send - Allows faster information exchange and
astronauts to the moon communication between “things.
o Radio frequency identification (RFID) –
found in electronic tags and smart cards
 o Sensor technology – detects and collects Edge Computing
environmental signals such as - It is a decentralized and distributed cloud
temperature, humidity, and speed computing; wherein “edge” is a general concept.
o Embedded systems – hardware and
- It deals with computing infrastructure that is
software are integrated to provide
close to date sources.
specific functions such as automated
teller machine (ATM), digital cameras,
and calculators Various Impacts of Computing in
Different Industries
Big Data
1. Business Organizations
- massive and complex datasets characterized by
2. Banking Industries
high volume, variety of data types, and velocity
3. Education
as data are collected and analyzed at ever-
4. Healthcare
increasing rates.
5. Government
o Banking industries – use big data to track 6. Robotics
financial market activities, and used to
catch illegal trading activities (done by
Network analytics and natural language
processors).
o Healthcare industries – use big data to
acquire sizeable amount of data from
thousands of patients to let doctors use
evidence-based medicine.
o Education industries – use big data to
measure a teacher’s effectiveness to
ensure a pleasant experience for students
and teachers.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

- machines can learn from experience, adjust to
new inputs, and do human-like activities

**NOTE:
Cloud computing is the foundation of Artificial
Intelligence.

Internet of Things provides the raw materials

used to produce the fertilizer that Big Data feeds
into Artificial Intelligence.

Fog Computing
- expansion of the idea of cloud computing
proposed by Cisco.
- The data and application set are stored in edge
devices compared to the clouds of cloud
computing.
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING o Interpreter – acts as a compiler, but
translates one program statement at a
time – this executes the statement as
Types of Programming soon as it is translated
o Syntax errors – errors that might be
Computer Program
encountered during the process of
- It is a sequence of statements intended to
translation (ex. A misspelled command)
accomplish a certain task
o Logical errors – errors that occur when
- It is a set of instructions for a computer to
the syntax is correct, but the expected
follow
output is not
o Debugging – process of locating and
Programming correcting the errors of a program
- It is a process of planning and creating a
program
Programming Cycle
Low-level Languages
- languages that deal with a computer’s Algorithm
hardware components - a problem-solving technique used in solving
programming problems
o Machine Language - step-by-step problem-solving process in which a
- language that the computer can solution is arrived at a finite amount of time
directly understand
- most basic set of instructions that the
The Problem-Solving Process in Programming
computer can execute
Environment:
- written in binary codes (0,1)
o Assembly 1. Problem Analysis
- symbolic form of machine language 2. Algorithm Design
that is easier for people to read 3. Coding: Implement the algorithm in a
- makes use of instructions in programming language.
mnemonic form 4. Execution: Verify that the algorithm
▪ Assembler – a program works.
that translates
assembly language Two (2) Commonly Used Tools in Representing
instructions into Algorithm:
machine language
1. Pseudocode – method of describing
computer algorithms using a combination
High-level Languages
of natural language and programming
- programming languages that use natural
language
languages, such as the English language. A high-
2. Flowchart – visual representation of an
level language has its own syntax.
algorithm – contains shapes describing
o Syntax – rules of the language how an algorithm or program operates.
o Command – program statements that
carry out tasks that the program has to
perform Flow lines – direction or
o Compiler – program that translates a the process
program written in a high-level language
into a low-level language before executing Terminal Block –
the program statements represents the beginning
or end
 Process – represents a Java Environment
process or step Java
- developed by Sun Microsystems for general-
Data – data used as purpose business applications.
inputs or outputs

Java Environment Machine JVM)

Decision Block – true
- environment that translates Java bytecode into
or false
machine language and executes it.
Connector – used for
complex algorithms Source code
- programming statements within a high-level
Predefined Process – language – created using a text editor or a
indicates the use of development environment.
algorithm specified
outside the program, Development Environment
such as methods or - set of tools that help write programs easily such
functions. as NetBeans
o Java compiler – converts source code into
Programming Methodologies binary program of bytecode
o Java compiler – checks the bytecode and
Programming methodology – approach to communicates with the operating system
analyzing such complex problems by planning
software development and controlling the Two types of Java Programs:
development process • Application – stand-alone program
o Console application – supports
Two popular approaches in writing a
character output to a computer
computer program: screen in a DOS window.
o Procedural Programming – problem is o Windowed application – creates
broken down into functions that perform GUI with elements such as menus,
one task each – suitable only for small buttons, dialog boxes, etc.
programs that have low level of • Applet – a program embedded in a Web
complexity. page – runs in a browser.
o Object-Oriented Programming –
programs are organized around objects Simple Java Program:
rather than actions, and data rather than public class BliztBarba {
logic. public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Hello”);
}
}

BliztBarba – class name; class is the basic unit of

a java program

{ and } – marks the beginning and end

main – special method; the entry point of the of public static void main(String[] args)
the program execution (Java class can only have o public – access modifier
1 main method) o static – a method is accessible and usable
A literal string – series of characters that appear o void – the main method does not return
as exactly as entered; located between double any value when it is called
quotation marks o main – JVM always executes the main
Arguments – information passed to a method so method first
it can perform its task o String[] args – type of argument that can
be passed to the main method
Identifier – a name of a program component
such as class, object, or variable
Saving, Compiling and Debugging Syntax
Requirements in naming identifiers: Errors
Java Development Kit (JDK)
• Must begin with a letter of the English
- includes a complete set of JRE tools for
alphabet, an underscore, or a dollar sign
developing, debugging, and monitoring Java
(Note: An identifier cannot begin with a
applications.
digit).
- need to install to the computer to write,
• White spaces are not allowed.
compile, and execute Java programs.
• It cannot be a reserved key word.
• Identifiers are case sensitive.
Java Runtime Environment
- covers most end-users needs
Reserved words or keywords - contains everything required to run Java
- have special predefined meaning and cannot be applications on a system
used in naming variables, classes, methods, or
identifiers.
Comments
- used to explain the details in a program
- helps another person to run the program
- comments are ignored by the compiler
o Single-line comments - //
o Multiple-line comments - /* & */

The import Statement

Packages
The main() Method -collections of related classes that have been
- a special method in every Java application grouped together into a folder
- executing Java programs always begins with the - the name of the folder is the name of the
method main package which is written in lowercase
- all Java applications must include a class Import – a reserved keyword in Java used to
containing one (1) main method access the classes in passage
o Importing a package member
Heading and the body: import package_name.Class_name;
- contains the declaration and execution of the o Importing an entire package
program import package_name.*;
Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematical Language and Symbols
Language – a complex system of words and
Patterns in Nature symbols, either spoken or written
Patterns – sequences or designs that are orderly
Language of Mathematics – every language has
and that repeat – anything that is not random
its vocabulary (the words) and its rules for
Types of Patters combining these words into complete thoughts
Symmetry – when different sides of something (the sentences)
are alike
Fractals & Spirals – (fractals) are the never-
ending patterns that repeat indefinitely as the
pattern is iterated on an infinitely smaller scale.
(spirals) are another common pattern that we
see more often in living things.
Fibonacci Patterns – each number is the sum of
the two numbers before it
Tessellations – patterns that are formed by
repeated cubes or tiles

Characteristics of the language of

The Use of Mathematics mathematics:
Technology 1. Precise – able to make very fine
- Search Engines - Navigation distinctions
- Predicting the Weather - Computers
2. Concise – able to say things briefly
- Computers - Digital Music
Engineering 3. Powerful – able to express complex
- Construction - Surveying thoughts with relative ease
- Automotive Design - Rockets and Satellites
- Robotics - Microwaves English Language to Mathematical
Media Language
- Reading CDs and DVDs - Movie Graphics
Expressions – a name given a mathematical
- Digital Music - Polling and Voting
object or interest
- Making Music - Music Shuffling
Sentence – mathematical analog of a ‘sentence’
Medicine and Health
- Neurology - Population Dynamics
- MRI and Tomography - Problem Solving Sets, Functions, and Relations
- Crowd People - Plastic Surgery
Sets – collection of objects
Finance and Business
o Elements – member of a set; use the
- Insurance - Game Theory
symbol ∈, usually read “is an element
- Fraud Detection - Pricing Strategies
of”
- Big Data - Supply Chains
Functions – a relation between a set of inputs
having exactly one output.
Relations – the relationship between the two
different sets of information

Elementary Logic
Logical connective (logical operator) – a symbol
or a word used to connect two or more
sentences
1. Negation – ~ or ¬
2. Conjunction – p ^ q; and
3. Disjunction – p ˅ q; or
4. Implication – p ⇒ q; “p implies q”; if p then q
Understanding the Self Immanuel Kant – reason is the foundation of all
knowledge
- consciousness consists of inner self
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE (psychological state and rational state) and outer
self (senses and physical world)
Philosophers
Socrates – body and soul Gilbert Ryle – “I act therefore, I am”

Patricia Churchland – contrary to dualism, our

Plato – soul moves to another body
sense of self is derived from the physical brain
Human soul is made up of three parts (eliminative materialism)
(The Republic):
Maurice Merleau-Ponty – body was a key part of
o Appetitive – desires/pleasures the subjective self
o Spirited – mood/emotions Maurice Merleau-Ponty – using our senses
o Rational – logic and intellect (empiricism) with rationalism (logical thinking)

Augustine of Hippo – once we die, our soul will

go back to its original Creator. THE SELF, SOCIETY AND CULTURE
A. Self-Identity VS Social Identity
Thomas Aquinas – experiences in life define who o Perception – how people perceive (see)
we are the world around them.
o Attitude – how an individual thinks or
feels about something.
Rene Descartes - “Father of Modern Philosophy”
o Values – what he sees as true and false
- Dualism: mind & body
- mind is part of the unseen creation, B. Sense of Self and Socialization
and the body is just a part of the mind o George Mead – sense of self is formed
- consciousness (awareness) comes through social interactions (Social Self
from the mind Theory)
- “I think therefor I am” or George Mead – Me (rules and social
“Cogito, ergo, sum” in Latin standard) & I (are we going to follow the
“Me”?)
John Locke – identity is related to consciousness o Charles Cooley – how people develop a
- memories is stored at any age sense of self (Looking-Glass Theory)
- we choose our own identity; memories Elements on how we develop a sense of
define consciousness self:
- How we imagine we appear to others
- The judgement we imagine that other
David Hume – firm believer of “empiricism”
- we interpret (give meaning) things people may be making about us
based on our senses - Our self-image based upon the
evaluation of others
- how we perceive things based on
our impressions/senses
- bundle theory C. I (Western) VS WE (Eastern)
D. NATURE (biologically) VS NURTURE (influence
of external factors – environment)
E. ETHNICITY AND CULTURE
o ETHNICITY - makes a person feel like they
belong to their cultural group
o CULTURE - how a person feels about
being part of a group
ENTREPRENEURIAL MIND Triple Bottom Line (TBL)
Enterprising – “marked by imagination, initiative, - “the triple bottom line” was coined in 1994 by
and readiness to undertake new project” John Elkington; founder of a British consultancy
called Sustainability
Entrepreneurial – “willing to take risks to create
value - TBL puts consistent and balanced focus on the
economic, social, and environmental values
provided by the organizations.
Entrepreneurial Economy • Profit – economic value created by
Entrepreneurship is the symbol of business business and enjoyed by the host society.
tenacity and achievement. Entrepreneurs are the • People – business’s impacts on
pioneers of today’s business successes. employees and community.
• Planet – environmental stewardship.
Entrepreneurs three (3) indispensable
contributions to the economy:
1. Entrepreneurs create new businesses. Entrepreneurial Traits
2. Entrepreneurs contribute greatly to national
• Entrepreneurs have an empowering
development.
perspective of failure.
3. Entrepreneurs create social change.
• Entrepreneurs know a little about a lot.
• Entrepreneurs give and receive praise
correction.
Entrepreneurship Spectrum
• Entrepreneurs fly with eagles.
• Entrepreneurs on starting a business • Entrepreneurs look into the future.
from scratch.
• Entrepreneurs on starting a family
business. Entrepreneurs that Changed the World
• Entrepreneurs on entering a partnership.
Tony Tan Caktiong - Jollibee
• Entrepreneurs on buying an existing
business. Angeline Tham – Angkas Ride Sharing App
Howard Schultz – Starbucks Coffee Company

Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Phil Knight – Nike

Development Reed Hastings – Netflix
Amancio Ortega – Zara
Walt Disney – The Walt Disney Company
Mark Zuckerberg – Facebook
Steve Jobs – Apple
Elon Musk – SpaceX
Ann Wojcicki – 23andMe
Larry Page & Sergey Brin – Google
Value Creation Enhancing Entrepreneurial Curiosity
Entrepreneurial Value Creation Theory Ways to enhance entrepreneurial curiosity:
- explains how entrepreneurs create value • Ask the right questions
through a venture • Innovation time (20% rule for
cultivating ideas)
o Mass Production - high efficiency of
• Always listen without judgement
repeatable tasks
o Mass Customization – high value of
bringing a new product or service
improvement to the market DISRUPTIVE THINKING AND INNOVATION
Types of innovation:
The Rationale of a Sustainable World
• Process Innovation – a change in how a
- the impacts of revolution how did we get from
product or service is manufactured,
this stage of industrialization
created, or distributed to achieve greater
efficiencies.
Creating Beyond Reactive Problem-Solving • Product/Service Innovation – creating
o Creating – draws its energy from dreams new ideas that do not alter established
or visions of what people truly want to business models.
see exist • Disruptive Innovation – introduces a new
o Reactive Problem Solving – draws its value proposition
energy from crisis, usually driven by an Disruptive Innovation – either created
underlying emotion of fear new markets or reshapes existing markets
o Low-end disruptive innovations
- occur when existing products
Entrepreneurial Curiosity and services are “too good” and
Curiosity – spark of creativity and innovation hence overpriced relative to the
Curiosity – the best long-term investment a value existing customers can use.
person can make. o New-market disruptive
innovations
Four Dimension: (Egon Zehnder’s Research) - occur when characteristics of
1. Curiosity – thirst for new experiences and existing products limit the number
knowledge; openness to feedback, learning, and of potential consumers or force
change. consumption to take place in
inconvenient, centralized settings.
2. Insight – ability to gather and synthesize
information and suggests new possibilities.

3. Engagement – ability to connect with others and

communicate a vision.

4. Determination – persistence to overcome

obstacles and achieve challenging goals.
Disruptive Innovation Theory
Disruptive innovation – inventions that make
products and services more accessible,
affordable, and, available.
Four points to identify disruptive innovation:
1. Disruptive is a process.
2. Disrupters often build business models that
are very different from those of incumbents.
3. Some disruptive innovations succeed, some
don’t.
4. The mantra “disrupt or be disrupted” can
misguide people.