1

CHAPTER FOUR
Internet of Things (IoT)
 2

Contents

Definition of the term IOT

History of IOT

Advantage and disadvantage of IOT

Explain how IOT works

Architecture of IOT

Application areas of IOT

 3

Overview of Internet of Things

• The most important features of Internet of Things (IoT)

include:

• Artificial intelligence

• Connectivity

• Sensors

• Active engagement and

• Small device
 4

Overview of Internet of Things

• Artificial Intelligence
• IoT essentially makes anything virtually “smart”, meaning it
enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection,
artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks
• For example, your refrigerator and cabinets can be enhanced to
detect when milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then
place an order with your preferred grocer
• Connectivity
• New enabling technologies for networking and specifically IoT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major
providers
• Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still
being practical
• IoT creates these small networks between its system devices
 5

Overview of Internet of Things

• Sensors
• IoT loses its distinction without sensors

• They act as defining instruments that transform IoT from a standard passive
network of devices into an active system capable of real world integration
• Active Engagement

• IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service

engagement rather than passive engagement

• Small Devices
• Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over
time
• IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability,
and versatility
 6

Definitions of IoT
• Several groups defined IoT using different definitions

• Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB) definition:

• IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a huge number of devices

intelligently communicating in the presence of internet protocol that cannot be

directly operated by human beings but exist as components in buildings,
vehicles or the environment

• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) organization’s definition:

• IoT is the networking of smart objects in which smart objects have some

constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and processing accessibility

for achieving interoperability among smart objects
 7

Definitions of IoT
• IEEE communications category magazine’s definition:

• IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the presence

of the internet in such a way that new applications and services enable the
interaction in the physical and virtual world in the form of Machine-to-
Machine (M2M) communication in the cloud
• Oxford dictionary’s definition:

• IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s computing devices through the

internet that enables the sending and receiving of useful data
• The term Internet of Things according to the 2020 conceptual frame
work is expressed through a simple formula such as:

IoT = services + data + networks + sensors

 8

Definitions of IoT
• Generally, IoT is the network of physical objects or “things”
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange
data
• IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction
• IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer
data over the internet without any human intervention
 9

Definitions of IOT
• Simply stated, the Internet of Things consists of any device with an on/off
switch connected to the Internet
• This includes almost anything you can think of, ranging from cellphones to
building maintenance to the jet engine of an airplane
• Medical devices, such as a heart monitor implant or a biochip transponder in
a farm animal can transfer data over a network and are members of the IoT
• The IoT consists of a gigantic network of internet-connected “things” and
devices
• Ring, a doorbell that links to your smartphone, provides an excellent example
of a recent addition to the Internet of Things
• Ring signals you when the doorbell is pressed and lets you see who it is and
to speak with them
 10

Areas where IoT is applicable

• In connected industry

• In smart-city

• In smart-home

• In smart-energy

• In connected car

• In smart agriculture

• In connected building and campus

• In health care

• In Logistics
 11

• IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis,

and integration within a system
• It also improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy

• IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing,

networking, and robotics
• IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware
prices, and modern attitudes towards technology
• Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the
delivery of products, goods, and services; and the social,
economic, and political impact of those changes
12
 13

History of IOT (Reading Assignment)

• The Internet of Things has not been around for very long

• Since the early 1800s there have been visions of machines communicating with one
another
• In 1830s and 1840s Machines have been providing direct communications since the
telegraph (the first landline) was developed
• In June 3, 1900, Described as “wireless telegraphy,” the first radio voice transmission
took place, providing another necessary component for developing the Internet of
Things
• In 1950s The development of computers began

• In 1962 The Internet, itself a significant component of the IOT, started out as part of
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
• In 1969 evolved into ARPANET
 14

History of IOT
• The traditional fields of automation (including the automation of

buildings and homes), wireless sensor networks, GPS, control systems,

and others, all support the IoT

• Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, was the

first to describe the Internet of Things, during his 1999 speech

• Kevin Ashton stated that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was a

prerequisite for the Internet of Things. He concluded if all devices were

“tagged,” computers could manage, track, and inventory them

• To some extent, the tagging of things has been achieved through

technologies such as digital watermarking, barcodes, and QR codes

 15

Advantages of IoT
• Advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business

• Here is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has to offer:

• Improved Customer Engagement: Current analytics suffer from

blind-spots and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement
remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and
more effective engagement with audiences
• Technology Optimization: The same technologies and data which
improve the customer experience also improve device use, and aid in
more potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of
critical functional and field data
 16

Advantages of IOT
• Reduced Waste:

• IoT makes areas of improvement clear

• Current analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world

information leading to the more effective management of resources

• Enhanced Data Collection:

• Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design for

passive use

• IoT breaks it out of those spaces and places it exactly where humans really

want to go to analyze our world

• It allows an accurate picture of everything

 17

Disadvantage of IOT
• As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared
between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential
information also increases
• If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device will
become corrupted
• Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s
difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each
other
• Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers maybe even
millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the data from all
those devices will be challenging
 18

Challenges of IoT
• Security: IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected

devices communicating over networks. The system offers little

control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed

to various kinds of attackers

• Privacy: The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal

data in extreme detail without the user's active participation

• Flexibility: Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT

system to integrate easily with another. They worry about finding

themselves with several conflicting or locking systems.

 19

Challenges of IoT
• Complexity: Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design,

deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple

technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.

• Compliance: IoT, like any other technology in the realm of

business, must comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the

issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many
consider standard software compliance a battle.
 20

How does it work?

• An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded
processors, sensors and communication hardware to collect, send and act on
data they acquire from their environments
• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or
another edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or
analyzed locally
• Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the
information they get from one another
• The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can
interact with the devices. For instance, to set them up, give them instructions or
access the data
• The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these
web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed
 21

Architecture of IoT
• In general, an IoT device can be explained as a network of things

that consists of hardware, software, network connectivity, and

sensors

• The architecture of IoT devices comprises four major components:

• Sensing layer

• Network layer

• Data processing layer and

• Application layer
22
 23

1. Sensing Layer
• The main purpose of the sensing layer is: to identify any phenomena in
the devices’ peripheral and obtain data from the real world
• This layer consists of several sensors

• Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through sensor hubs

• A sensor hub is a common connection point for multiple sensors that

accumulate and forward sensor data to the processing unit of a device
• Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions that
generate the data
• An actuator might, for example, shut off a power supply, adjust an
airflow valve, or move a robotic gripper in an assembly process
 24

• Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad categories:

A. Motion Sensors
• They measure the change in motion as well as the orientation of the devices

• There are two types of motions one can observe in a device: linear and angular

• Linear motion: refers to the linear displacement of an IoT device

• Angular motion: refers to the rotational displacement of the device

B. Environmental Sensors
• Sensors such as light sensors, pressure sensors etc. are embedded in IoT devices
to sense the change in environmental parameters in the device’s peripheral.
• Its primary purpose is to help the devices to take autonomous decisions
according to the changes of a device’s peripheral
• For instance, environment sensors are used in many applications to improve user
experience (e.g. home automation systems, smart locks, smart lights, etc.)
 25

C. Position sensors
• Deal with the physical position and location of the device

• The most common position sensors used in IoT devices are Magnetic sensors and
Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.
• Magnetic sensors: are usually used as digital compass and help to fix the
orientation of the device display
• Global Positioning System: is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices

2. Network Layer
• Acts as a communication channel to transfer data, collected in the sensing layer,
to other connected devices
• In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by using diverse
communication technologies to allow data flow between other devices within the
same network.
• E.g. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWAVE, LoRa, cellular network, etc.
 26

3. Data Processing Layer

• Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices

• It takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the data to

make decisions based on the result

• In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.), the data

processing layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to

improve the user experience

• This layer may share the result of data processing with other

connected devices via the network layer

 27

4. Application Layer
• Implements and presents the results of the data processing layer to

accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices

• It is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users

• There exist diverse IoT applications, which include:

• Smart transportation

• Smart home

• Personal care

• Healthcare, etc.
 28

Devices and Networks

• Connected devices are part of a scenario in which every device talks to other
related devices in an environment to automate home and industrial tasks, and to
communicate usable sensor data to users, businesses and other interested parties.
• IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home, in industry or in the
enterprise.
• As such, the devices can be categorized into three main groups: Consumer,
Enterprise and Industrial.
• Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart speakers, toys,
wearables, and smart appliances
• Industrial and Enterprise IoT devices include smart meters, commercial security
systems and smart city technologies such as those used to monitor traffic and
weather conditions
 29

IoT tools and platforms

• There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform marketplace, offering
remarkably similar capabilities and methods of deployment
• These IoT platform solutions are based on IoT and cloud technology
• They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise, home automation,
healthcare or automotive, just to name a few
• IoT Platform includes:
• KAA: Manage an unlimited number of connected devices

• SiteWhere: run any number of IoT applications on single SiteWhere instance

• ThingSpeak: collect data in private channels, and share data with public
channels
• DeviceHive: connect any device

• Zetta: supports a wide range of hacker boards, and allows you to assemble
smartphone apps, device apps, and cloud apps
• ThingsBoard: real-time data visualization and remote device control
 30

Applications of IoT
• Here is a sample of various industries, and how IoT can be best

applied:

Agriculture:
• For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and management of
micro-climate conditions a reality, which in turn increases
production
• For outside planting, devices using IoT technology can sense soil
moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with weather data, better
control smart irrigation and fertilizer systems
• If the sprinkler systems dispense water only when needed, for
example, this prevents wasting a precious resource
 31

Applications of IoT
Consumer Use:
• For private citizens, IoT devices in the form of wearables and smart
homes make life easier
• Wearables cover accessories such as Fitbit, smartphones, Apple
watches, health monitors, to name a few
• These devices improve entertainment, network connectivity, health, and
fitness
• Smart homes take care of things like activating environmental controls
so that your house is at peak comfort when you come home
• Dinner that requires either an oven or a crockpot can be started remotely,
so the food is ready when you arrive
• Security is made more accessible as well, with the consumer having the
ability to control appliances and lights remotely, as well as activating a
smart lock to allow the appropriate people to enter the house even if they
don’t have a key
 32

Applications of IoT
Healthcare:
• First and foremost, wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor
their patients’ health at home, thereby reducing hospital stays
while still providing up to the minute real-time information that
could save lives
• In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the
availability, thereby cutting wait time for free space.
• Putting IoT sensors on critical equipment means fewer
breakdowns and increased reliability, which can mean the
difference between life and death
• Elderly care becomes significantly more comfortable with IoT
• In addition to the above-mentioned real-time home monitoring,
sensors can also determine if a patient has fallen or is suffering a
heart attack
 33

Applications of IoT
Insurance:

• Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts for

IoT wearables such as Fitbit.

• By employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized

policies and encourage healthier habits, which in the long run

benefits everyone, insurer, and customer alike
 34

Applications of IoT
Manufacturing:
• RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer track a
product from its start on the factory floor to its placement in the
destination store, the whole supply chain from start to finish
• These sensors can gather information on travel time, product
condition, and environmental conditions that the product was
subjected to
• Sensors attached to factory equipment can help identify
bottlenecks in the production line, thereby reducing lost time and
waste
• Other sensors mounted on those same machines can also track the
performance of the machine, predicting when the unit will require
maintenance, thereby preventing costly breakdowns
 35

Applications of IoT
Retail:
• Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control warehouse
automation and robotics, information gleaned from IoT sensors
• Much of this relies on RFIDs, which are already in heavy use
worldwide
• Mall locations are iffy things; business tends to fluctuate, and the
advent of online shopping has driven down the demand for brick
and mortar establishments
• However, IoT can help analyze mall traffic so that stores located in
malls can make the necessary adjustments that enhance the
customer’s shopping experience while reducing overhead
• Speaking of customer engagement, IoT helps retailers target
customers based on past purchases
• A retailer could craft a personalized promotion for their loyal
customers, thereby eliminating the need for costly mass-marketing
promotions
 36

Applications of IoT
Transportation:
• Self-driving cars

• The GPS, which if you think of it is another example of IoT, is

being utilized to help transportation companies plot faster and
more efficient routes for trucks hauling freight, thereby speeding
up delivery times
• There’s already significant progress made in navigation, once
again alluding to a phone or car’s GPS
• But city planners can also use that data to help determine traffic
patterns, parking space demand, and road construction and
maintenance
 37

Applications of IoT
Utilities:
• IoT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental conditions
such as humidity, temperature, and lighting
• The information provided by IoT sensors can aid in the creation of
algorithms that regulate energy usage and make the appropriate
adjustments, eliminating the human equation
• With IoT-driven environmental control, businesses and private
residences can experience significant energy savings, which in the
long run, benefits everyone, including the environment!
• On a larger scale, data gathered by the IoT can be used to help run
municipal power grids more efficiently, analyzing factors such as
usage
• In addition, the sensors can help pinpoint outages faster, thereby
increasing the response time of repair crews and decreasing
blackout times
 38

1. IoT Based Smart Home

• Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and
monitor different home devices from anywhere via smartphones
or over the web with no physical distance limitations.
• These “smart” devices have the potential to share information
with each other given the permanent availability to access the
broadband internet connection.
• Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely
appliances to avoid accidents and save energy.
• Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with the ability
to transmit data over long distances.
 39

• Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s

inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the
information available on a smartphone app

• Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely, and the

kitchen ranges with the interface to a smartphone app allowing remotely

adjustable temperature control and monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning feature

• Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel

safe in their daily life at home.

• Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and

violations to prevent intruders.

• Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to

obtain advice on how to save cost and resources, & many more.
 40

2. IoT based smart city

• The development of smart grids, data analytics, and autonomous
vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to deliver innovations in
energy management, traffic management, and security, sharing the
benefits of this technology throughout society.
• Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in
buildings, bridges and historical monuments.
• Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
• Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public
announcement systems.
• Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning
messages and diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected
events like accidents or traffic jams.
• Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces available in the
city making residents able to identify and reserve the closest available
spaces
• Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to
optimize the trash collection routes. Garbage cans and recycle bins with
RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when garbage has put out.
 41

3. IoT Based Smart Farming

• Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the
production of fruits and vegetables and its quality.
• Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw,
etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.
• Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal
farms to ensure its survival and health.
• Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring,
accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management of the agriculture fields,
including better control of fertilizing, electricity and watering.
• Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in open
pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and
detection of harmful gases from excrements.
 42

?
END OF CHAPTER FOUR
Next: Chapter Five: Augmented Reality