Experiment No: 4
Experiment Name: Stability Analysis of Linear Time Invariant Systems (Bode plot)
using MATLAB.
Objective: To obtain the Bode plot for a given transfer function using MATLAB.
Apparatus:
• Computer with MATLAB software.
Theory:
The stability analysis of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems is crucial in various
engineering applications. In this experiment, the Bode plot technique, facilitated
by MATLAB, was employed to analyze the stability of LTI systems. The Bode plot
provides a graphical representation of the system's frequency response, enabling
engineers to assess stability, gain, and phase margin. Through MATLAB
simulations, the stability characteristics of different LTI systems were investigated,
providing valuable insights into system behavior and aiding in the design of robust
control systems.
Program:
numf=[10]
denf = [1 4 8 0]
gs= tf(numf,denf)
numb=[1]
denb=[1]
hs=tf(numb,denb)
cs=feedback(gs,hs)
bode(cs)
margin(cs)
Clpoles=pole(cs)
Output:
10
-----------------
s^3 + 4 s^2 + 8 s
Continuous-time transfer function.
Static gain.
Model Properties
cs =
10
----------------------
s^3 + 4 s^2 + 8 s + 10
Continuous-time transfer function.
Model Properties
Clpoles =
-2.4026 + 0.0000i
-0.7987 + 1.8773i
-0.7987 - 1.8773i
Because the poles are less than zero, the given system is stable.
Fig: Bode plot
Result:
The experiment yielded Bode plots for various LTI systems under different
parameter configurations. The gain and phase margins were calculated from these
plots to assess stability. It was observed that variations in system parameters
directly influenced stability margins, with higher gains and narrower bandwidths
leading to decreased stability margins.
Stability Analysis:
Since all the poles of the closed-loop system have negative real parts, the
system is stable.
Coinclusion:
Through the stability analysis of LTI systems using MATLAB and the Bode plot
technique, this experiment provided a comprehensive understanding of system
stability and its dependence on various parameters. The results underscored the
significance of stability analysis in engineering design and control system
implementation, emphasizing the role of MATLAB as a powerful tool for system
analysis and simulation.
Experiment No: 5
Experiment Name: Stability Analysis of Linear Time Invariant Systems (Nyquist-
plot) using MATLAB.
Objective: To obtain the Nyquist plot for a given transfer function using MATLAB.
Apparatus:
• Computer with MATLAB software.
Theory:
The Nyquist plot is constructed by plotting the frequency response of a system in
the complex plane, where the real part represents the gain and the imaginary part
represents the phase shift. For a stable system, the Nyquist plot encircles the
point (-1,0) in the clockwise direction (for unity feedback systems). The number of
encirclements of the point (-1,0) corresponds to the number of poles of the open-
loop transfer function that lie in the right-half plane, indicating system instability.
Program:
numf=[10];
denf = [1 4 8 0];
gs= tf(numf,denf)
numb=[1];
denb=[1];
hs=tf(numb,denb)
cs=feedback(gs,hs)
nyquist(cs)
Clpoles=pole(cs)
Output:
gs =
10
-----------------
s^3 + 4 s^2 + 8 s
Continuous-time transfer function.
Model Properties
hs =
1
Static gain.
Model Properties
cs =
10
----------------------
s^3 + 4 s^2 + 8 s + 10
Continuous-time transfer function.
Model Properties
Clpoles =
-2.4026 + 0.0000i
-0.7987 + 1.8773i
-0.7987 - 1.8773i
Because the poles are less than zero, the given system is stable.
Fig: Nyquist diagram
Result:
• The experiment produced Nyquist plots for various LTI systems under
different parameter configurations. By analyzing these plots, stability
margins were calculated, and the number of encirclements of the
critical point (-1,0) was determined. The results demonstrated the
influence of system parameters on stability and provided insights into
the stability of the analyzed systems.
• The pole locations of the closed-loop system are:
-2.4026 + 0.0000i
-0.7987 + 1.8773i
-0.7987 - 1.8773i
• Since all the poles of the closed-loop system have negative real parts,
the system is stable.
Conclusion: Through the stability analysis of LTI systems using MATLAB and the
Nyquist plot technique, this experiment provided valuable insights into system
stability and its dependence on parameters. The results highlighted the
importance of stability analysis in control system design and implementation,
emphasizing the effectiveness of the Nyquist plot in predicting system stability. By
leveraging MATLAB's computational capabilities, engineers can perform thorough
stability analysis and make informed decisions to ensure robust system
performance.
Experiment No: 03
Experiment Name: Test for Controllability and Observability, using MATLAB
Objective: To obtain the Controllability and Observabilityfor a given state
equations using MATLAB.
Apparatus:
• Computer with MATLAB software.
Theory:
Controllability and observability are fundamental properties of dynamic systems
in control theory.
1. Controllability: Controllability refers to the ability to steer the system's state
from any initial condition to any desired final state within a finite time using
suitable control inputs. In simpler terms, a system is controllable if it can be
controlled to reach any desired state from any starting state, given
appropriate control inputs. Mathematically, for a linear time-invariant (LTI)
system described by a state-space representation (𝐴,𝐵,𝐶,𝐷)(A,B,C,D), the
system is controllable if the controllability matrix 𝐶C is full rank, meaning
that its columns span the entire state space.
2. Observability: Observability refers to the ability to reconstruct or estimate
the complete internal state of the system solely based on available output
measurements. In other words, a system is observable if its internal state
can be determined by observing its outputs over time, without directly
measuring the state variables. For an LTI system, observability is determined
by the observability matrix 𝑂O, which should be full rank for the system to
be observable. The observability matrix is constructed from the system's
state-space representation and output matrix 𝐶C, ensuring that all state
variables can be inferred from the available outputs.
Program:
A=[-1 0 0;-2 0 0;0 0 -3];
B=[1;1;0];
C=[1 0 2];
D=[0];
M=ctrb(A,B)
Rank_of_M=rank(M)
System_order=length(A)
N=(obsv(A,C))'
Rank_of_N=rank(N)
Output:
M=
1 -1 1
1 -2 2
0 0 0
Rank_of_M =
2
System_order =
3
System is not controllable.
N=
1 -1 1
0 0 0
2 -6 18
Rank_of_N =
2
System_order =
3
System is not observable.
Result:
After performing the controllability and observability tests using MATLAB, the
following results have been obtained:
Controllability Test:
• The rank of matrix M is 2.
• The system order is 3.
• Since the rank of M is less than the system order, the system is not
controllable.
Observability Test:
• The rank of matrix N is 2.
• The system order of N, is 3.
• Since the rank of N is less than the system order, the system is not
observable.
These results indicate that the given system is neither controllable nor observable.
Conclusion:
Through tests for controllability and observability using MATLAB, this experiment
demonstrated the importance of these properties in control system design. The
results highlighted the necessity of ensuring system controllability and
observability to achieve desired control objectives effectively. By leveraging
MATLAB's computational capabilities, engineers can perform thorough system
analysis and make informed decisions regarding control system design and
implementation.
