4.

METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the problem Research

methodology refers to the principals & ideas on which researcher base their

procedures & strategies. . Research methodology involves the systematic proceeding

by which the researcher starts from the time of initial identification of the problem to

its final conclusion.56,23 Methodology gives a description of research design, setting,

population, sample & sample size, sampling, data collection procedure & plan for

data analysis.

This chapter is deals with methodological approach adopted to evaluate the

effectiveness of Structured teaching programme on the knowledge regarding

Behavioural Problems for B.ed students. Its includes description of research approach,

research design, study setting, sampling , development and description of tool, data

collection techniques and plan for data analysis.

In this study we study the various steps that are generally adapted by the

researcher in studying the research problem along with the logic behind them. The

purpose of this section is to communicate to the readers what the investigator did to

solve the research problem or to answer the research questions. This section in the

research report often tells the readers about the major methodological decision.
RESEARCH APPROACH

The research approach is an overall planned or blue print chosen to carry out

the study.56 In view of the nature of the problem selected for the study and objectives

to be accomplished an evaluative research approach was considered the best to assess

the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on Behavioural Problems.

According to Polit and Hungler(1999), evaluative research is an applied from

of research that involves finding out how to well a programme, practice/policy is

working, it involves the collection and analysis of information relating to the

functioning of programme with the aim of assessing its effectiveness. As the

investigator wished to assess the knowledge gained among the high school students

after interventions, the evaluating approach was used.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design refers to the researcher’s overall plan for obtaining

answer to the research questions and it spells out strategies that the researcher adopted

to develop information that is accurate, objective and interpretable.

In this study, the pre-experimental; one group Pre-test, one group Post-test

design was used to answer the hypothesis, to find out the relationship between the

independent variable and dependent variable. In this design pre test is conducted

followed by structured teaching programme and then post test for same group after 7

days
 TABLE -1 : Representation of research design .

GROUP PRE TEST INTERVENTION POST TEST

B. ed students of Administered the Administered Conduct the

NDRK college, structured structured teaching structured

Hassan. knowledge programme on knowledge

questionnaire on Behavioural questionnaire on

day -1 problems on day-1 day -8

O1 X O2

Key:

O1: Pre test to assess the knowledge regarding Behavioural Problems.

X: Structured teaching programme on Behavioural Problems.

O2: Post test to assess the knowledge regarding Behavioural Problems after STP
 Accessible population
Demographic variables
B.Ed students, At NDRK Education College, Hassan
General information

Smoking Non probability

Convenient Sampling
Aggression Sample size

Suicide 50 in number

Abnormal sexual behavior

Pre-test Data Collection
Procedure
Management & its Prevention
Structure questionnaire
Structured Teaching Programe
schedule

Post-Test

Criterion measure
Data analysis and interpretation knowledge score
Inferential and Descriptive statistics

Figure 2: Schematic rsepresentation of Research Design Report Thesis

Finding
RESEARCH SETTING

Setting refers to the area where the study is conducted. It is the physical

location and condition in which data collection takes place in study. 57 The study was

conducted in selected B.Ed college , which are located in the Hassan District of

Karnataka state. The reason for selecting this setting was an investigator interest in

imparting knowledge to the B.Ed students students who in turn would educate many

others. Familiarity of setting, availability of the setting and availability of the required

sample were also considered while selecting the study group.

In this study selected setting was B.Ed college, Hassan which is located within

01kilometers from Government College of Nursing, Hassan.

The selection of the B.Ed college was done for on the basis of:

 Geographical proximity.

 Feasibility of conducting the study.

 Availability of the samples.

VARIABLES

Variables are concepts at various levels of abstraction that are measured,

manipulated or controlled in the study. Three types of variables are identified in this

study. They are: Independent variable, Dependent variable & Demographic variable:

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:

Independent Variable is that which is believed to cause or influence the

dependent variable, in experimental research by manipulated (treatment) variable. In

this study the independent variable refers to Structured Teaching Programme

regarding Behavioural Problems.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

The variable is hypothesized to depend on, or be caused by another variable,

(the independent variable) for the outcome of interest. In the present study it refers to

the Knowledge of B.ed students students regarding Behavioural Problems.

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

Extraneous Variable is those variables that are present in research environment

that may interfere with research finding by acting as unwanted independent variables.

In the present study it refers to the Age, gender, religion, educational status of the

father, educational status of the mother, Annual income of family, place of residence,

type of family, previous information about Adolescent behavioral problems and

source of information of B.ed students.

POPULATION

 Population refers to the entire set of individuals or objects in which the

researcher interested in studying. Population in the present study was B.ed

students.

 Sample and Sampling technique.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE

Sample refers to a subset of population that is selected to involve in the

research study. In this study the sample consist of 50 B.ed students who are all the

students of selected B.ed college, Hassan who fulfil the inclusion and exclusion

criteria.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sampling technique refers to the process of selecting a portion of population to

represent the entire population. Purposive sampling technique was used to draw the

samples, which is the type of Non-probability sampling technique. Purpose of

sampling derives from the belief that the investigator knowledge about the population

and its element can be used to handpick cases to be included in the sample.

SAMPLING CRITERIA

The samples were selected with the following predetermined set criteria

during the period of study.

Inclusion Criteria: This study will include the B.Ed students

 B.Ed students who are willing to participate in the study.

 B.Ed students who are present at the time of data collection.

Exclusion criteria: This study will not include the students:

 B.Ed students who are not present at the time of data collection.

 B.Ed students who are not willing to participate in the study.

Development of the structured teaching programme

STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME (STP): Prepared teaching material

on knowledge regarding Adolescent Behavioural Problems.

The content of the planned teaching programme:

 Differentiate between normal & abnormal behavior

 Define behavioral problems

  Explains the causal factors of behavioral problems

 Define smoking

 List out the smoking equipment & causes of smoking

 Explains about the prevention & best ways to quit smoking

 Define aggression

 List out the types of aggression

 Explains about the prevention & control of aggression

 Explains about suicide

 Explains the causes & risk factors of suicide

 Explains about the prevention of suicide

 Explains about the unprotected sex

 List out the causes of unprotected sex

 Explains about the supportive and protective factors for unprotected sex

DATA COLLECTION TOOL

1. Selection & Development of the Research Tool

Based on research problem, review of literature, need for the study, suggestion

by guide & expert in the fields of Mental Health Nursing. Structured knowledge

questionnaire was considered to be the most appropriate instrument to elicit the

response from the subjects. Based on research problem the blue print of the tool was

prepared. The following steps were used to prepare the research tool.

 Selection of the Research Tool: -

In this structured knowledge questionnaire was felt to be appropriate to assess

the knowledge level of the Adolescent Behavioural Problems.

  Construction of Structured Knowledge Questionnaire: -

Knowledge questionnaire was selected to get exact and complete information

from the B.Ed students. It was felt that face to face contact information would

encourage the subjects to give prompt information and will help in collecting the data.

It was considered to be the appropriate tool. The main strengths behind developing the

tool was,

 related review of literature

 Guidance and Consultation taken from the guide, subject

experts of Mental Health Nursing.

 opinion and suggestion of experts

 Based on the concept of the study

 Based on objectives of the study

 Establishment of validity and reliability

 books, journals, unpublished research studies and internet etc

 discussion with colleagues and personal experience

All the above provided relevant data necessary to construct the tool on

Behavioural Problems. The developed tool was validated by the subject experts, guide

and co-guide. A blue print was prepared prior to the construction of the tool.

Description of the tool: -

The structured knowledge questionnaire consists of;

Section I: Age, gender, religion, educational status of the father, educational status

of the mother, Annual income of family, place of residence, type of family, previous
information about Adolescent behavioral problems and source of information of B.ed

students.

Section II: Structured knowledge questionnaire consisted of 40 items on knowledge

regarding Behavioural Problems.

It consists of five sections: I,II, III,IV,V

Section A: General Information about selected behavioural problems

Section B: Smoking management & prevention.

Section C: Aggression management & prevention.

Section D: Suicide management & prevention

Section E: Abnormal sexual behavioural management & prevention

Scoring of items

For knowledge questions each correct answer was given a score of '1' and one wrong

answers a score of '0' . Maximum score is 40 and minimum score is 0.

CONTENT VALIDITY OF THE TOOL

Content validity is concerned with the sampling adequacy of items for the

construct that is being measured. Content validity is relevant for both affective &

cognitive measures.

It refer to "The degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to

measure''. The prepared tool along with objectives and the STP was submitted to 08

experts, 1 psychiatrist, 1 statistician and 6 psychiatric nursing experts. The tool was

validated by subject experts and corrections were made based on their

recommendation and suggestions after consultation with the guide. The statistical

validity coefficient of the tool found to be 0.96.

The tool was modified as per the suggestion of the experts and final tool was

constructed.

1. Pre-testing of the tool

Pre-testing of the structured knowledge questionnaire was done in NDRK

B.Ed college, Hassan, for the B.Ed students, to check the clarity of the items, their

feasibility, reliability and practicability. It was administered to 5 B.Ed students who

are studying in NDRK B,Ed college. The sample chosen were similar in characteristic

to those of the population under study. It was found that it took about 40- 45 minutes

to complete the structured questionnaire.

2. Reliability of the tool

Reliability of the research instrument is defined as the extent to which the

instrument yields the same results on repeated measures. It is then concerned with

consistency, accuracy, precision, stability, equivalence and homogeneity.

The tool after validation was subjected to test for its reliability .The structured

knowledge questionnaire was administered to 05 samples. The reliability of the tool

is computed using split half Karl Pearson’s correlation formula (Raw score method).

The reliability co-efficient of half test of knowledge questionnaire (r1/2) is found to be

0.96. The reliability of the tool is computed by using Brown's prophency formula

(r1=2r1/2 /1+ r1/2) and result was found. Since the knowledge reliability for the scale

is >0.70 the tool was found to be reliable and feasible.

PILOT STUDY

A pilot study is a small scale version or trial run done in preparation for major

study.57 "A pilot study is small preliminary investigation of the same general
character as the major study. It is designed to acquaint the researcher with the

problems to be corrected in preparation for the larger research project and try out

problems for the collecting the data".

Purposes of the pilot study

The main purposes of the pilot study were:

 Evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme

 Find out the feasibility of conducting the final study.

 Determine the method of statistical analysis.

Permission was obtained from concerned authority from principal NDRK

B.Ed college, Hassan to conduct study. The pilot study was conducted from

17/04/2018 to 24/04/2018 at, NDRK B.Ed College, Hassan. Participants were

informed about the purpose of the study. The pre-test was conducted by using

structured knowledge questionnaire and structured teaching programme was given

on Behavioural Problems. On 7th day, post-test was conducted with same

structured knowledge questionnaire. The respondents took 30 minutes to complete

the tool. The finding of the pilot study revealed that the study is feasible. No

problems were developed during pre-test, conducting the structured teaching

programme, post-test, data analysis and inference. Pilot study revealed that the

major study is feasible to be conducted on the large scale.

Data collection and procedure

Data collection is the systematic gathering of information (data) relevant to the

research purpose.57

a) Permission from the concerned Authority

 Permission was obtained from the principal of NDRK B.Ed college , Hassan.

b)Period of Data collection

Main study data collection was conducted for period of 1 month between 01-

05-2018 to 01-06-2018 at NDRK B.Ed college , Hassan.

c) Pre-test (O1)

Data collection is the gathering of information from the sampling units. The

investigator conducted the pre-test to assess the knowledge of 50 B.Ed students

regarding Behavioural Problems at NDRK B.Ed college , Hassan. The purpose and

objectives of the study were explained to students and confidentiality was assured

with participate in the study was obtained. Approximately 45 minutes were spent for

collecting the data.

d) Conduct the structured teaching programme

The structured teaching programme on selected Behavioural Problems was

conducted after pre-testing on the same study.

e)Post-test(O2)

Post test was conducted on 8th day after pre testing and STP to find out the

effectiveness of structured teaching programme in terms of increase in their

knowledge by using structured knowledge questionnaire. Each subject took about the

30 minutes to complete the post test. All the participates co-operated well with the

investigator in both pre-test and post-test.

Method of data analysis

The data was analysed in terms of objectives of the study. Then plan for data analysis

follows;

1) Descriptive statistics 2) Inferential statistics

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

Data analysis is the technique used to reduce, organize and give meaning to

the data. In the present study, the data obtained were analyzed on the basis of the

objectives of the study, using Descriptive & Inferential statistics for analyzing the

significance difference between the pre and post test knowledge scores. Paired 't' test

was used to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme. Chi-

square test was used to determine the association between the pre-test knowledge

scores and the selected demographic variables. The significant findings will be

expressed in form of tables, figures and graphs. A master sheet was prepared with

responses given by the subjects. The plan for data analysis was as follows:

 Demographic variables are to be analysed in terms of frequencies and

percentage.

 Finding related to Knowledge score on Behavioural Problems.

 Finding related to area wise pre-test knowledge scores

 Finding related to area wise post test knowledge scores

 Finding related to effectiveness of structured knowledge questionnaire

 Paired 't' test was used to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching

programme
  Chi-square test ꭓ2 is used to determine the association between demographic

variables and knowledge level of B.Ed students regarding Behavioural

Problems.

SUMMARY

This chapter has dealt with the description of methodology, and different steps

which were undertaken for gathering and organization data for the investigation. It

includes research approach, research design, research setting, sample and sampling

technique, development and description of the instrument, pretesting the tool, pilot

study, procedure for data collection and plan for data analysis.