Module 5
Random Sampling and
Sampling Distribution
Definition of Terms
POPULATION
group where members have something in common, that is,
the total set of observations that can be made.
Examples:
• the population of senior citizens in Metro Manila
• the population of students in the senior high school
program
Definition of Terms
SAMPLE
a smaller group or subset of the population in question
Examples:
• a sample of 500 senior citizens from Metro Manila
• a sample of 1000 grade 11 students from Metro Manila
Definition of Terms
PARAMETER
describes an entire population
Example:
45% of the senior citizens in Metro Manila are male.
Definition of Terms
STATISTIC
describes only the sample
Example:
Twenty-five out of the 100 randomly chosen grade 11 students
belong to STEM strand.
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
The simplest way of getting random sample where each
member of the population has an equal chance of being
chosen as the sample.
Example:
To choose the sample, arrange the elements of the population in
order, and then use a computer or a scientific calculator to
generate as many random numbers as required. The sample will
be composed of those elements which correspond to the random
numbers.
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
This involves the random selection of one of the first 𝑘
elements in an ordered population, and then the systematic
selection of every 𝑘th element thereafter.
The value of 𝑘 is first calculated by dividing the population size
by the sample size.
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
Example:
Suppose there are 500 grade 5 students and you need to
select 50 students as your sample.
Dividing the population size 500 by the sample size 50, we get
10. That means, every 10th student will be included in the
sample.
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
This involves selecting a simple random sample from each of a
given number of subpopulations. Each subpopulation is called
a stratum (plural: strata).
Example:
If a study is taking senior citizens into consideration, the population
may need to be subdivided into subgroups like 60-69 years old, 70-
79 years old, etc. The sample will be chosen from each subgroups.
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
CLUSTER SAMPLING
The population is first divided into separate groups called
clusters. Then, a simple random sample of clusters from the
available clusters in the population is selected.
Example:
If the population is composed of all the senior citizens from Metro
Manila, the clusters could be senior citizens from the different
municipalities and cities in Metro Manila.
Data is then gathered from selected clusters, like five cities.
Key Points
● Population
a group where members have something in common, that is, the total set of
observations that can be made
● Sample
a smaller group or subset of the population in question
● Parameter
describes an entire population
● Statistic
describes only the sample
Key Points
● Simple Random Sampling
The simplest way of getting random sample where each member of the population has
an equal chance of being chosen as the sample.
● Stratified Random Sampling
This involves selecting a simple random sample from each of a given number of
subpopulations. Each subpopulation is called a stratum (plural: strata).
● Cluster Sampling
The population is first divided into separate groups called clusters. Then, a simple
random sample of clusters from the available clusters in the population is selected.
Key Points
● Systematic Random Sampling
This involves the random selection of one of the first 𝑘 elements in an ordered
population, and then the systematic selection of every 𝑘th element thereafter.
The value of 𝑘 is first calculated by dividing the population size by the sample size.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
This is a probability distribution of a statistic obtained from all
possible samples of a particular size from a population
MEAN OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
This is the distribution of the infinite number of sample
means
Example 1: Assuming that a survey of siblings of randomly
selected individuals, the random variable is X = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
Taking two samples from the random variable, list all the
possible samples
{{ and construct the sampling distribution of
the sample mean.
Solution:
Sample Sample Mean
1, 2 1.5
1, 3 2
1, 4 2.5
2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3
3, 4 3.5
All possible outcomes without repetition.
Solution:
X Frequency P(X)
1.5 1 1
6
2 1 1
6
2.5 2 2
𝑜𝑟
1
6 3
3 1 1
6
3.5 1 1
6
Probability Mass Distribution
Solution:
Recall the formula of mean of random variables E(X)=μ=∑xP(x)
X P(X) X . P(X) Total: 2.499
1.5 1 0.25 So the mean of the sampling
6 distribution is 2.499 or 2.5
2 1 0.333
6
2.5 2
𝑜𝑟
1 0.833
6 3
3 1 0.5
6
3.5 1 0.583
6
VARIANCE OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
• This refers to the variability of the sample means. It can be
computed using the formula below.
𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑋 − 𝐸(𝑋) 2 P(X)
Solution:
Using the formula : 𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑋 − 𝐸(𝑋) 2 P(X)
X P(X) X . P(X) 𝑋 − 𝐸(𝑋) 2 P(X)
Total: 0.416
1
1.5 1 0.25 1.5 − 2.499 2 = 0.166
6
The variance of the sampling
6 distribution is 0.416. The
1
2 1 0.333 6
2 − 2.499 2 = 0.0415 standard deviation of the
sampling distribution is
6
1 0.416 = 0.645.
2.5 2 1 0.833 2.5 − 2.499 2 =0
𝑜𝑟 3
6 3
1
3 1 0.5 3 − 2.499 2 = 0.0418
6
6
1
3.5 1 0.583 3.5 − 2.499 2 = 0.167
6
6
