Protectorate - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Protectorate

Protectorate
A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by
another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law.[1] It is a dependent
territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its internal affairs, while still recognizing the
suzerainty of a more powerful sovereign state without being a possession.[2][3][4] In exchange, the
protectorate usually accepts specified obligations depending on the terms of their arrangement.[4]
Usually protectorates are established de jure by a treaty.[2][3] Under certain conditions—as with
Egypt under British rule (1882–1914)—a state can also be labelled as a de facto protectorate or
a veiled protectorate.[5][6][7]

A protectorate is different from a colony as it has local rulers, is not directly possessed, and rarely
experiences colonization by the suzerain state.[8][9] A state that is under the protection of another
state while retaining its "international personality" is called a "protected state", not a protectorate.
[10][a]

History
Protectorates are one of the oldest features of international relations, dating back to the Roman
Empire. Civitates foederatae were cities that were subordinate to Rome for their foreign relations.
In the Middle Ages, Andorra was a protectorate of France and Spain. Modern protectorate
concepts were devised in the nineteenth century.[11]

Typology

Foreign relations
In practice, a protectorate often has direct foreign relations only with the protector state, and
transfers the management of all its more important international affairs to the latter.[12][4][2][3]
Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own but relies on the protector for its
defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no formal power to control the
internal affairs of the protectorate.

Protectorates differ from League of Nations mandates and their successors, United Nations Trust
Territories, whose administration is supervised, in varying degrees, by the international
community. A protectorate formally enters into the protection through a bilateral agreement with
the protector, while international mandates are stewarded by the world community-representing
body, with or without a de facto administering power.

Protected state
A protected state has a form of protection where it continues to retain an "international

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personality" and enjoys an agreed amount of independence in conducting its foreign policy.[10][13]

For political and pragmatic reasons, the protection relationship is not usually advertised, but
described with euphemisms such as "an independent state with special treaty relations" with the
protecting state.[14] A protected state appears on world maps just as any other independent state.[a]

International administration of a state can also be regarded as an internationalized form of

protection, where the protector is an international organisation rather than a state.[15]

Colonial protection
Multiple regions—such as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, the Colony and Protectorate of
Lagos, and similar—were subjects of colonial protection.[16][17] Conditions of protection are
generally much less generous for areas of colonial protection. The protectorate was often reduced
to a de facto condition similar to a colony, but with the pre-existing native state continuing as the
agent of indirect rule. Occasionally, a protectorate was established by another form of indirect rule:
a chartered company, which becomes a de facto state in its European home state (but
geographically overseas), allowed to be an independent country with its own foreign policy and
generally its own armed forces.

In fact, protectorates were often declared despite no agreement being duly entered into by the state
supposedly being protected, or only agreed to by a party of dubious authority in those states.
Colonial protectors frequently decided to reshuffle several protectorates into a new, artificial unit
without consulting the protectorates, without being mindful of the theoretical duty of a protector to
help maintain a protectorate's status and integrity. The Berlin agreement of February 26, 1885,
allowed European colonial powers to establish protectorates in Black Africa (the last region to be
divided among them) by diplomatic notification, even without actual possession on the ground.
This aspect of history is referred to as the Scramble for Africa. A similar case is the formal use of
such terms as colony and protectorate for an amalgamation—convenient only for the colonizer or
protector—of adjacent territories, over which it held (de facto) sway by protective or "raw" colonial
power.

Amical protection
In amical protection—as of United States of the Ionian Islands by Britain—the terms are often very
favourable for the protectorate.[18][19] The political interest of the protector is frequently moral (a
matter of accepted moral obligation, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, or dynastic, historical,
or ethnocultural ties). Also, the protector's interest is in countering a rival or enemy power—such
as preventing the rival from obtaining or maintaining control of areas of strategic importance. This
may involve a very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external relations but may not
constitute any real sacrifice, as the protectorate may not have been able to have a similar use of
them without the protector's strength.

Amical protection was frequently extended by the great powers to other Christian (generally
European) states, and to states of no significant importance. After 1815, non-Christian states (such
as the Chinese Qing dynasty) also provided amical protection of other, much weaker states.

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In modern times, a form of amical protection can be seen as an important or defining feature of
microstates. According to the definition proposed by Dumienski (2014): "microstates are modern
protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of
sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic
viability against their geographic or demographic constraints".[20]

Argentina's protectorates
▪ Liga Federal (1815–1820)
▪ Chile (1817–1818)
▪ Peru (1820–1822)
▪ Riograndense Republic (1836–1845)
▪ Juliana Republic (1839–1845)
▪ Gobierno del Cerrito (1843–1851)
▪ Paraguay (1876)

De facto
▪ Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821)
▪ National Territory of Misiones (1865–1954)
▪ National Territory of the Gran Chaco (1874–1884)
▪ National Territory of the Patagonia (1878–1884)
▪ National Territory of the Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands (1884–
1991)

Brazil's protectorates
▪ Republic of Acre (1899–1903)
▪ Paraguay (1869–1876)
▪ Uruguay (1828–1835)

British Empire's protectorates and protected states

Americas
▪ Mosquitia (1638–1860; over Central America's Miskito Indian nation)

Europe
▪ Malta Protectorate (1800–1813); Crown Colony of Malta proclaimed in 1813) (de
jure part of the Kingdom of Sicily but under British protection)
▪ Ionian islands (1815–1864) (a Greek state and amical protectorate of Great Britain

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between 1815 and 1864)

▪ British Cyprus (1878–1914) (put under British military administration 1914–22 then
proclaimed a Crown Colony 1922–60)

South Asia
▪ Cis-Sutlej states[21][22] (1809–1862)
▪ Kingdom of Nepal (1816–1923; protected state)[14]
▪ Kingdom of Sikkim (1861–1947), (1947–1972)[23]
▪ Maldive Islands (1776–1965), (1965–1968), (1968–1990)[24]
▪ Emirate of Afghanistan (1879–1919; protected state)[14]
▪ Afghanistan (1919–1947, 1948, 1950, 1956)
▪ Various British Raj Princely States (1845–1947)
▪ Bhutan (1906–1947, 1948; protected state)[14]

Western Asia
▪ British Residency of the Persian Gulf (1822–1971); headquarters based in Bushire, Persia

▪ Bahrain, protected state (1880–1971)[14]

▪ Sheikhdom of Kuwait, protected state (1899–1961)[14]
▪ Qatar, protected state (1916–1971)
▪ Trucial States; precursor state of the UAE, protected states (1892–1971)[14]
▪ Abu Dhabi (1820–1971)
▪ Ajman (1820–1971)
▪ Dubai (1835–1971)
▪ Fujairah (1952–1971)
▪ Ras Al Khaimah (1820–1971)
▪ Sharjah (1820–1971)
▪ Kalba (1936–1951)
▪ Umm al-Qaiwain (1820–1971)
▪ Muscat and Oman (1892–1971; informal, protected state)[25][26]
▪ Aden Protectorate (1872–1963); precursor state of South Yemen[27]
▪ Eastern Protectorate States (mostly in Hadhramaut); later the Protectorate of South Arabia
(1963–1967)
▪ Kathiri
▪ Mahra
▪ Qu'aiti
▪ Upper Yafa (consisted of five Sheikhdoms: Al-Busi, Al-Dhubi, Hadrami, Maflahi, and
Mawsata)

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▪ Hawra
▪ Irqa
▪ Western Protectorate States; later the Federation of South Arabia (1959/1962–1967),
including Aden Colony
▪ Wahidi Sultanates (these included: Balhaf, Azzan, Bir Ali, and Habban)
▪ Beihan
▪ Dhala and Qutaibi
▪ Fadhli
▪ Lahej
▪ Lower Yafa
▪ Audhali
▪ Haushabi
▪ Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
▪ Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
▪ Lower Aulaqi
▪ Alawi
▪ Aqrabi
▪ Dathina
▪ Shaib

Africa
▪ British Somaliland (1884–1960)[27]
▪ Bechuanaland Protectorate (1885–1966)
▪ Barotseland Protectorate (1889–1964)
▪ Nyasaland Protectorate (1893–1964) ( British
Central Africa Protectorate from 1889 until 1907)
▪ Sultanate of Zanzibar (1890–1963)
▪ Sultanate of Wituland (1890–1923)
▪ Gambia Colony and Protectorate* (1894–1965) 1960 stamp of Bechuanaland
▪ Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962) Protectorate with the portraits of
▪ East Africa Protectorate (1895–1920) Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth
II
▪ Sierra Leone Protectorate* (1896–1961)
▪ Nigeria* (1914–1960)
▪ Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914)
▪ Swaziland (1903–1968)
▪ Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914)
▪ Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (British protectorate) (1901–1957)
▪ Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922)
▪ Kenya Protectorate* (1920–1963)
▪ Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1936)

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▪ Northern Rhodesia (1924–1964)

*protectorates which existed alongside a colony of the same name

De facto

▪ Khediviate of Egypt (1882–1913)

Oceania
▪ Territory of Papua (1884–1888)
▪ Tokelau (1877–1916)
▪ Cook Islands (1888–1893)
▪ Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1892–1916)
▪ British Solomon Islands (1893–1978)
▪ Niue (1900–1901)
▪ Tonga (1900–1970)

East and Southeast Asia

▪ British North Borneo (1888–1946)
▪ Brunei (1888–1984)
▪ Raj of Sarawak (1888–1946)
▪ Federation of Malaya (1948–1957)
▪ Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
▪ Negeri Sembilan (1888–1895)
▪ Sungai Ujong (1874–1888)
▪ Jelebu (1886–1895)
▪ Pahang (1888–1895)
▪ Perak (1874–1895)
▪ Selangor (1874–1895)
▪ Unfederated Malay States (1904/09–1946)
▪ Johor (1914–1946)
▪ Johor Muar (1897–1909)
▪ Kedah (1909–1946)
▪ Kedah Kulim (1894–1909)
▪ Kelantan (1909–1946)
▪ Perlis (1909–1946)
▪ Terengganu (1909–1946)

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China's protectorates
▪ Han dynasty:
▪ Protectorate of the Western Regions
▪ Tang dynasty:
▪ Protectorate General to Pacify the West
▪ Protectorate General to Pacify the North
▪ Protectorate General to Pacify the East
▪ Yuan dynasty:
▪ Goryeo (1270–1356)[28]
▪ Qing dynasty:
▪ Tibet[29][30][31][b]

Dutch Empire's protectorates

Various sultanates in the Dutch East Indies (present day Indonesia):[35][36][37]

Sumatra
▪ Tarumon Kingdom (1830–1946)
▪ Langkat Sultanate (26 October 1869 – December 1945)
▪ Deli Sultanate (22 August 1862 – December 1945)
▪ Asahan Sultanate (27 September 1865 – December 1945)
▪ Bila (1864–1946)
▪ Tasik (Kota Pinang) (1865 – December 1945)
▪ Siak Sultanate (1 February 1858 – 1946)
▪ Sungai Taras (Kampong Raja) (1864–1916)
▪ Panei (1864–1946)
▪ Sultanate of Serdang (1865 – December 1945)
▪ Indragiri (1838 – September 1945)
▪ Jambi (1833–1899)
▪ Kuala (1886–1946)
▪ Pelalawan (1859 – November 1945)
▪ Siantar (1904–1946)
▪ Tanah Jawa (1904–1946)

Riau Archipelago
▪ Lingga-Riau (1819–1911)

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Java
▪ Banten (1682–1811)
▪ Cirebon (1684–1819)
▪ Yogjakarta Sultanate (13 February 1755 – 1942)
▪ Mataram Sultanate (later Surakarta Sunanate) (26 February 1677 – 19 August 1945)
▪ Principality of Mangkunegara (24 February 1757 – 1946)
▪ Duchy of Pakualaman (22 June 1812 – 1942)
▪ Semarang (1682–1809)

Bali
▪ Klungkung (1843–1908)
▪ Badung (1843–1906)
▪ Bangli (1843–1908)
▪ Buleleng (1841–1872; 1890–1893)
▪ Gianyar (1843–1908)
▪ Jembrana (1849–1882)
▪ Karang Asem (1843–1908)
▪ Tabanan (1843–1906)

Lombok
▪ Lombok (1843–1894)
▪ Sumbawa (1908–c. 1948)
▪ Bima (8 December 1669 – 1949)
▪ Dompu (1905–1942)

Flores & Solor

▪ Larantuka (1860–c. 1947)
▪ Tanah Kuna Lima (1917–1924)
▪ Ndona (1917–1924)
▪ Sikka (1879–c. 1947)

Borneo
▪ Banjarmasin (1787–1860)
▪ Pontianak Sultanate (16 August 1819 – 1942)
▪ Sambas Sultanate (1819–1949)
▪ Kubu (4 June 1823 – 1949)
▪ Landak (1819–c. 1949)

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▪ Mempawah Kingdom (1819–1942)

▪ Sanggau Kingdom (182?–1949)
▪ Sekadau (182?–c. 1949)
▪ Simpang (1822–c. 1949)
▪ Sintang (1822–1949)
▪ Sukadana (1828–c.1949)
▪ Kota Waringin Sultanate (1824–1949)
▪ Kutai Kertanegara Sultanate (8 August 1825 – 1949)
▪ Gunung Tabur (1844–c.1945)
▪ Bulungan Sultanate (1844–c.1949)
▪ Simbaliung (1844–c. 1949)
▪ Kubu (1823–1949)
▪ Tayan (1823–c. 1949)

Celebes
▪ Gowa Sultanate (1669–1906; 1936–1949)
▪ Bone Sultanate (1669–1905)
▪ Bolaang Mongonduw (1825–c. 1949)
▪ Laiwui (1858–c. 1949)
▪ Luwu (1861–c. 1949)
▪ Soppeng (1860–c. 1949)
▪ Butung (1824–c. 1949)
▪ Siau (1680–c. 1949)
▪ Banggai (1907–c. 1949)
▪ Tallo (1668–1780)
▪ Wajo (1860–c. 1949)
▪ Tabukan (1677–c. 1949)

Ajattappareng Confederacy (1905–c. 1949)

▪ Malusetasi
▪ Rapang
▪ Swaito (union of Sawito & Alita, 1908)
▪ Sidenreng
▪ Supa

Mabbatupappeng Confederacy (1906–c. 1949)

▪ Barru
▪ Soppengriaja (union of Balusu, Kiru, & Kamiri, 1906)
▪ Tanette

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Mandar Confederacy (1906–c. 1949)

▪ Balangnipa
▪ Binuang
▪ Cenrana
▪ Majene
▪ Mamuju
▪ Pambauang
▪ Tapalang

Massenrempulu Confederacy (1905–c. 1949)

▪ Allah
▪ Batulapa
▪ Bontobatu
▪ Enrekang
▪ Kasa
▪ Maiwa
▪ Malua

The Moluccas
▪ Ternate Sultanate (12 October 1676 – 1949)
▪ Bacan Sultanate (1667–1949)
▪ Tidore (1657–c.1949)

West Timor & Alor

▪ Amanatun (1749–c. 1949)
▪ Amanuban (1749–c. 1949)
▪ Amarasi (1749–c. 1949)
▪ Amfoan (1683–c. 1949)
▪ Beboki (1756–c. 1949)
▪ Belu (1756–c.1949)
▪ Insana (1756–c.1949)
▪ Sonbai Besar (1756–1906)
▪ Sonbai Kecil (1659–1917)
▪ Roti (Korbafo before 1928) (c. 1750–c.1949)
▪ TaEbenu (1688–1917)

New Guinea

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▪ Dutch New Guinea:

▪ Kaimana Sultanate (????-1949)

France's protectorates and protected states

Africa
"Protection" was the formal legal structure under which French colonial forces expanded in Africa
between the 1830s and 1900. Almost every pre-existing state that was later part of French West
Africa was placed under protectorate status at some point, although direct rule gradually replaced
protectorate agreements. Formal ruling structures, or fictive recreations of them, were largely
retained—as with the low-level authority figures in the French Cercles—with leaders appointed and
removed by French officials.[38]

▪ Benin traditional states

▪ Independent of Danhome, under French protectorate, from 1889
▪ Porto-Novo a French protectorate, 23 February 1863 – 2 January 1865. Cotonou a French
Protectorate, 19 May 1868. Porto-Novo French protectorate, 14 April 1882.
▪ Central African Republic traditional states:
▪ French protectorate over Dar al-Kuti (1912 Sultanate suppressed by the French), 12
December 1897
▪ French protectorate over the Sultanate of Bangassou, 1894
▪ Burkina Faso was from 20 February 1895 a French protectorate named Upper Volta (Haute-
Volta)
▪ Chad: Baghirmi state 20 September 1897 a French protectorate
▪ Côte d'Ivoire: 10 January 1889 French protectorate of Ivory Coast
▪ Guinea: 5 August 1849 French protectorate over coastal region; (Riviéres du Sud).
▪ Niger, Sultanate of Damagaram (Zinder), 30 July 1899 under French protectorate over the
native rulers, titled Sarkin Damagaram or Sultan
▪ Senegal: 4 February 1850 First of several French protectorate treaties with local rulers
▪ Comoros21 April 1886 French protectorate (Anjouan) until 25 July 1912 when annexed.
▪ Present Djibouti was originally, from 24 June 1884, the Territory of Obock and Protectorate of
Tadjoura (Territoires Français d'Obock, Tadjoura, Dankils et Somalis), a French protectorate
recognized by Britain on 9 February 1888, renamed on 20 May 1896 as French Somaliland
(Côte Française des Somalis).
▪ Mauritania: 12 May 1903 French protectorate; within Mauritania several traditional states:
▪ Adrar emirate from 9 January 1909 French protectorate (before Spanish)
▪ The Taganit confederation's emirate (founded by Idaw `Ish dynasty), from 1905 under
French protectorate.
▪ Brakna confederation's emirate
▪ Emirate of Trarza: 15 December 1902 placed under French protectorate status.
▪ Morocco – most of the sultanate was under French protectorate (30 March 1912 – 7 April

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1956) although, in theory, it remained a sovereign state under the Treaty of Fez;[39] this fact
was confirmed by the International Court of Justice in 1952.[40]
▪ The northern part of Morocco was under Spanish protectorate in the same period.
▪ Traditional Madagascar States
▪ Kingdom of Imerina under French protectorate, 6 August 1896. French Madagascar
colony, 28 February 1897.
▪ Tunisia (12 May 1881 – 20 March 1956): became a French protectorate by treaty

Americas
▪ Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867), established by Emperor Napoleon III during the
Second French intervention in Mexico and ruled by the Austrian-born, French puppet monarch
Maximilian I

Asia
▪ French Indochina until 1953/54:
▪ Annam and Tonkin 6 June 1884
▪ Cambodia 11 August 1863
▪ Laos 3 October 1893
▪ Vietnam 6 June 1884

Europe
▪ Rhenish Republic (1923–1924)
▪ Saar Protectorate (1946–1956), not colonial or amical, 1 Sapèque – Protectorate of Tonkin
but a former part of Germany that would by referendum (1905)
return to it, in fact a re-edition of a former League of
Nations mandate. Most French protectorates were colonial.

Oceania
▪ French Polynesia, mainly the Society Islands (several others were immediately annexed).
[41] All eventually were annexed by 1889.
▪ Otaheiti (native king styled Ari`i rahi) becomes a French protectorate known as Tahiti,
1842–1880
▪ Raiatea and Tahaa (after temporary annexation by Otaheiti; (title Ari`i) a French
protectorate, 1880)
▪ Mangareva (one of the Gambier Islands; ruler title `Akariki) a French protectorate, 16
February 1844 (unratified) and 30 November 1871[42]
▪ Wallis and Futuna:

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▪ Wallis declared to be a French protectorate by King of Uvea and Captain Mallet, 4

November 1842. Officially in a treaty becomes a French protectorate, 5 April 1887.
▪ Sigave and Alo on the islands of Futuna and Alofi signed a treaty establishing a
French protectorate on 16 February 1888.

Germany's protectorates and protected states

The German Empire used the word Schutzgebiet, literally
protectorate, for all of its colonial possessions until they were lost
during World War I, regardless of the actual level of government
control. Cases involving indirect rule included:

▪ German New Guinea (1884–1920), now part of Papua

New Guinea
▪ German South West Africa (1884–1920), present-day
Namibia
▪ Togoland (1884–1914), now part of Ghana and Togo
▪ North Solomon Islands (1885–1920), now part of Papua 5000 kronen – Protectorate of
New Guinea and the Solomon Islands Bohemia and Moravia (1939–
1945)
▪ Wituland (1885–1890), now part of Kenya
▪ Ruanda-Urundi (1894–1920)
▪ German Samoa (1900–1920), present-day Samoa
▪ Marshall Islands
▪ Nauru, various officials posted with the Head Chiefs
▪ Gando Emirate (1895–1897)[43]
▪ Gulmu (1895–1897)[43]
Before and during World War II, Nazi Germany designated the rump of occupied Czechoslovakia
and Denmark as protectorates:

▪ Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945), however it was also considered a

partially annexed territory of Germany
▪ Denmark (1940–1943)

India's protectorates
▪ Bhutan (1947–2007).
▪ Kingdom of Sikkim (1950–1975), later acceded to India as State of Sikkim.[44]

Italy's protectorates and protected states

▪ The Albanian Republic (1917–1920) and the Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
▪ Monaco under amical Protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia 20 November 1815 to 1860.
▪ Ethiopia : 2 May 1889 Treaty of Wuchale, in the Italian language version, stated that
Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian Amharic language version

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merely stated that the Emperor could, if he so chose, go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs.
When the differences in the versions came to light, Emperor Menelik II abrogated first the
article in question (XVII), and later the whole treaty. The event culminated in the First Italo-
Ethiopian War, in which Ethiopia was victorious and defended her sovereignty in 1896.
▪ Libya: on 15 October 1912 Italian protectorate declared over Cirenaica (Cyrenaica) until 17
May 1919.
▪ Benadir Coast in Somalia: 3 August 1889 Italian protectorate (in the northeast; unoccupied
until May 1893), until 16 March 1905 when it changed to Italian Somaliland.
▪ Majeerteen Sultanate since 7 April 1889 under Italian protectorate (renewed 7 April
1895), then in 1927 incorporated into the Italian colony.
▪ Sultanate of Hobyo since December 1888 under Italian protectorate (renewed 11 April
1895), then in October 1925 incorporated into the Italian colony (known as Obbia).

Japan's protectorates
▪ Korean Empire (1905–1910)
▪ Manchukuo (1932–1945)
▪ Mengjiang (1939–1945)

Poland's protectorates
▪ Kaffa (1462–1475)

Portugal's protectorates
▪ Cabinda (Portuguese Congo) (1885–1974), Portugal first claimed sovereignty over Cabinda in
the February 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco, which gave Cabinda the status of a protectorate of
the Portuguese Crown under the request of "the princes and governors of Cabinda".
▪ Kingdom of Kongo (1857–1914)
▪ Gaza Empire (1824–1895), now part of Mozambique
▪ Angoche Sultanate (1903–1910)
▪ Kingdom of Larantuka (1515–1859)

Russia's and the Soviet Union's protectorates and

protected states
▪ Cossack Hetmanate (1654–1764)
▪ Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1783–1801)
▪ Kingdom of Imereti (1804–1810)
▪ Revolutionary Serbia (1807–1812)
▪ Principality of Serbia (1826–1856), now part of Serbia
▪ Principality of Moldova (1829–1856), now part of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine
▪ Principality of Wallachia (1829–1856)

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▪ Emirate of Bukhara (1873–1920)

▪ Khanate of Khiva (1873–1920)
▪ Uryankhay Krai (1914)
▪ Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949), now part of Xinjiang, China

De facto
Some sources mention the following territories as de facto Russian protectorates:

▪ South Ossetia (2008–present)[45]

▪ Transnistria (1992–present)[46]
▪ Abkhazia (1994–present)[45]
▪ Donetsk People's Republic (2015–2022)[47]
▪ Luhansk People's Republic (2015–2022)[48]
▪ Republic of Artsakh (2020–2023)[49][50][51]

Spain's protectorates
▪ Spanish Morocco protectorate from 27 November 1912 until 2 April 1958 (Northern zone
until 7 April 1956, Southern zone (Cape Juby) until 2 April 1958).
▪ Sultanate of Sulu (1851–1899)

Turkey's and the Ottoman Empire's protectorates and

protected states
▪ Aceh Sultanate (1569–1903)
▪ Maldives (1560–1590)
▪ Cossack Hetmanate (1669–1685)

De facto
▪ Northern Cyprus (1983–present)

United Nations' protectorates

▪ United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (1999–2002)[52][53]
▪ United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993)
▪ United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (1999–present)
(only de jure since 2008)
▪ United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (1962–1963)
▪ United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western
Sirmium (1996–1998)

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United States' protectorates and protected states

After becoming independent nations in 1902 and 1903 respectively, Cuba and Panama became
protectorates of the United States. In 1903, Cuba and the U.S. signed the Cuban–American Treaty
of Relations, which affirmed the provisions of the Platt Amendment, including that the U.S. had
the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve its independence, among other reasons (the Platt
Amendment had also been integrated into the 1901 constitution of Cuba). Later that year, Panama
and the U.S. signed the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which established the Panama Canal Zone and
gave the U.S. the right to intervene in the cities of Panama and Colón (and the adjacent territories
and harbors) for the maintenance of public order. The 1904 constitution of Panama, in Article 136,
also gave the U.S. the right to intervene in any part of Panama "to reestablish public peace and
constitutional order." Haiti later also became a protectorate after the ratification of the Haitian–
American Convention (which gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Haiti for a period of ten years,
which was later expanded to twenty years through an additional agreement in 1917) on September
16, 1915.

The United States also attempted to establish protectorates over the Dominican Republic[54] as
well as other Central American nations such as Nicaragua through the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty.

▪ Cuba (1904–1934)[55][56]
▪ Panama (1904–1939)
▪ Haiti (1915–1936)

De facto
▪ Republic of Negros (1899–1901)[57]
▪ Republic of Zamboanga (1899–1903)
▪ Sultanate of Sulu (1899–1915)

Contemporary usage by the United States

Some agencies of the United States government, such as the Environmental Protection Agency,
refer to the District of Columbia and insular areas of the United States—such as American Samoa
and the U.S. Virgin Islands—as protectorates.[58] However, the agency responsible for the
administration of those areas, the Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) within the United States
Department of Interior, uses only the term "insular area" rather than protectorate.

▪ District of Columbia
▪ American Samoa
▪ Guam
▪ Northern Mariana Islands
▪ Puerto Rico
▪ U.S. Virgin Islands

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Protectorate - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate

Joint protectorates
▪ Republic of Ragusa (1684–1798), a joint Habsburg Austrian–Ottoman Turkish protectorate
▪ The United States of the Ionian Islands and the Septinsular Republic were federal
republics of seven formerly Venetian (see Provveditore) Ionian Islands (Corfu, Cephalonia,
Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxos), officially under joint protectorate of the allied
Christian powers, de facto a British amical protectorate from 1815 to 1864.
▪ Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)
▪ Independent State of Croatia (1941–1943)
▪ Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949)
▪ Allied-occupied Austria (1945–1955)

See also
▪ British Protected Person
▪ Client state
▪ European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
▪ EUFOR Althea
▪ High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
▪ League of Nations mandate
▪ Peace Implementation Council
▪ Protector (titles for Heads of State and other individual persons)
▪ Protectorate (imperial China)
▪ Timeline of national independence
▪ Tribute

Notes
a. Protected state in this technical sense is distinguished from the informal usage of "protected
state" to refer to a state receiving protection.
b. Some scholars regard the relationship as one of Priest-patron rather than a protectorate.[32][33]
[34]

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