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Chapter 1 – Relations and Functions

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 5

1. Relations and Functions

Introduction for Exercise 1.1

Concept corner
Definition:
 A set is a collection of well defined objects.
 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two non-empty sets, then the set of all ordered pairs (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 is
called the Cartesian Product of 𝑨 and 𝑩, and is denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵. Thus 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Note:
 𝐴 × 𝐵 is the set of all possible ordered pairs between the elements of 𝐴 and 𝑩 such that the first
coordinate is an element of 𝐴 and the second coordinate is an element of 𝐵.
 𝐵 × 𝐴 is the set of all possible ordered pairs between the element of 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that the first
coordinate is an element of 𝐵 and the second coordinate is an element of 𝐴
 If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑏, 𝑎).
 The “Cartesian product” is also referred as “cross product”
 In general 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴, but 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑛(𝐵 × 𝐴)
 𝐴 × 𝐵 = ∅ if and only if 𝐴 = ∅ or 𝐵 = ∅
 If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝 and 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑞 then 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑝𝑞
 The set of all points in the Cartesian plane can be viewed as the set of all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦)
where 𝑥, 𝑦 are real numbers. In fact ℝ × ℝ is the set of all points which we call as the Cartesian
plane.
 Distributive property of Cartesian product:
(i) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
(ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
 𝐴 × 𝐵 represent a shape in two dimensions and 𝐴 × 𝐵 × 𝐶 represent an object in three dimensions.

Text Book Page Number : 3

1. For any two non-empty sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, 𝐴 × 𝐵 is called as cartesian product.
2. If 𝑛 (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 20 and 𝑛(𝐴) = 5 then 𝑛(𝐵 ) is 𝟒.
3. If 𝐴 = {−1, 1} and 𝐵 = {−1, 1} then geometrically describe the set points of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
𝐴 = {−1, 1} , 𝐵 = {−1, 1}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {−1,1} × {−1,1}
= {(−1, −1)(−1,1)(1, −1)(1,1)}
4. If 𝐴, 𝐵 are the line segments given by the intervals
(−4, 3) and (−2, 3) Respectively, represent the
cartesian product of 𝐴 and 𝐵.
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {−4,3} × {−2,3}
= {(−4, −2), (−4,3), (3, −2), (3,3)}

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Shortcut corner
Text Book Page Number : 3
When will 𝐴 × 𝐵 be equal to 𝐵 × 𝐴 ? 𝑨 = {𝟐, −𝟐, 𝟑} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, −𝟒}
𝐴×𝐵 =𝐵×𝐴 𝑨 × 𝑩 =?
Only when 𝐴 and 𝐵 are equal sets. 𝐵
𝐴×𝐵
1 −4
Exercise 1.1 𝐴 2 (2,1) (2, −4)
−2 (−2,1) (−2, −4)
1. Find 𝑨 × 𝑩, 𝑨 × 𝑨 and 𝑩 × 𝑨 3 (3,1) (3, −4)
(i) 𝑨 = {𝟐, −𝟐, 𝟑} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, −𝟒} 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(2,1), (2, −4),
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {2, −2, 3} × {1, −4} (−2,1), (−2, −4),
= {(𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟐, −𝟒), (−𝟐, 𝟏), (−𝟐, −𝟒), (𝟑, 𝟏), (𝟑, −𝟒)} (3,1), (3, −4)}
𝐴 × 𝐴 = {2, −2,3} × {2, −2, 3}
= {(𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟐, −𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), (−𝟐, 𝟐), (−𝟐, −𝟐), (−𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟑, −𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟑)}
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {1, −4} × {2, −2,3}
= {(𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, −𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (−𝟒, 𝟐), (−𝟒, −𝟐), (−𝟒, 𝟑)}

(ii) 𝑨 = 𝑩 = {𝒑, 𝒒} Try Your Self…

1. Find 𝐴 × 𝐵, 𝐵 × 𝐴 and 𝐵 × 𝐵. i) 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑒}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {𝑝, 𝑞} × {𝑝, 𝑞 } ii) 𝐴 = 𝐵 = {1, 3} iii) 𝐴 = { } and 𝐵 = {2, 5}
= {(𝒑, 𝒑), (𝒑, 𝒒), (𝒒, 𝒑), (𝒒, 𝒒)} Ans: (i) 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑎) (𝑎, 𝑒) (𝑏, 𝑎) (𝑏, 𝑒) (𝑐, 𝑎) (𝑐, 𝑒)}
𝐵 × 𝐴 = (𝑎, 𝑎), (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎, 𝑐), (𝑒, 𝑎), (𝑒, 𝑏), (𝑒, 𝑐)
𝐴 × 𝐴 = {𝑝, 𝑞 } × {𝑝, 𝑞 }
𝐵 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑎), (𝑎, 𝑒), (𝑒, 𝑎)(𝑒, 𝑒)}
= {(𝒑, 𝒑), (𝒑, 𝒒), (𝒒, 𝒑), (𝒒, 𝒒)} (ii) 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,1), (1,3), (3,1), (3,3)}
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {𝑝, 𝑞} × {𝑝, 𝑞 } 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(1,1), (1,3), (3,1), (3,3)}
𝐵 × 𝐵 = {(1,1), (1,3), (3,1), (3,3)}
= {(𝒑, 𝒑), (𝒑, 𝒒), (𝒒, 𝒑), (𝒒, 𝒒)}
(iii) we can’t find Cartesian product of A and B.
Because A is an empty set.
(iii) 𝑨 = {𝒎, 𝒏}; 𝑩 = ∅
𝐴×𝐵 ={ } PTA-1
𝐴 × 𝐴 = {𝑚, 𝑛} × {𝑚, 𝑛}
= {(𝒎, 𝒎), (𝒎, 𝒏), (𝒏, 𝒎), (𝒏, 𝒏)}
𝐵×𝐴 ={ }
2. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑} and 𝑩 = {𝒙|𝒙 is a prime number less than 10}. Find 𝑨 × 𝑩 and 𝑩 × 𝑨.
𝐴 = {1,2,3} Try Your Self…
𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 is a prime number less than 10} 2. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,5} and 𝐵 =
= {2,3,5,7} {𝑥/𝑥 is a even prime
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3} × {2,3,5,7} number less than 10} find
𝐴 × 𝐵 and 𝐵 × 𝐴.
= {(𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟕)}
Ans:
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {2,3,5,7} × {1,2,3} 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,2), (2,2), (5,2)},
= {(𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟏), (𝟓, 𝟐), (𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟕, 𝟏), (𝟕, 𝟐), (𝟕, 𝟑)} 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(2,1), (2,2), (2,5)}

3. If 𝑩 × 𝑨 = {(−𝟐, 𝟑), (−𝟐, 𝟒), (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟒)} Find 𝑨 and 𝑩.
𝐵 = set of all first co-ordinates of elements of 𝐵 × 𝐴
Try Your Self…
𝑩 = {−𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟑}
3. If 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(1,2) (1,3) (3,2) (3,3) (5,2) (5,3)}
𝐴 = set of all second co-ordinates of elements of 𝐵 × 𝐴
find 𝐴 and 𝐵 Ans: 𝐴 = {2, 3}, 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5}
𝑨 = {𝟑, 𝟒}

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 7

4. If 𝑨 = {𝟓, 𝟔}, 𝑩 = {𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔}, 𝑪 = {𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕}, show that 𝑨 × 𝑨 = (𝑩 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑪 × 𝑪).

𝐴 × 𝐴 = (𝐵 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐶) Try Your Self…
If 𝐴 = {1, 2} 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} 𝐶 = {1, 2, 4} show that
LHS: 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {5,6} × {5,6} 4.
𝐴 × 𝐴 = (𝐵 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐶).
= {(𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟔), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟔)} ……….(1) Ans: 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2,2)}
RHS: 𝐵 × 𝐵 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1),
(2, 2) , (2, 3), (3, 1) , (3, 2) , (3, 3)}
𝐵 × 𝐵 = {4,5,6} × {4,5,6} 𝐶 × 𝐶 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 1),
= {(4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,4), (𝟓, 𝟓), (2, 2), (2, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 4)}
(𝐵 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐶) = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2)}
(𝟓, 𝟔), (6,4), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟔)}
𝐶 × 𝐶 = {5,6,7} × {5,6,7} = {(𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟔), (5,7), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟔), (6,7), (7,5), (7,6), (7,7)}
(𝐵 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐶 ) = {(𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟔), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟔)}……….(2)
From (1) and (2), 𝑨 × 𝑨 = (𝑩 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑪 × 𝑪)

5. Given 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}, 𝑩 = {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓}, 𝑪 = {𝟑, 𝟒} and 𝑫 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓}, check if
(𝑨 ∩ 𝑪) × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑫) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑪 × 𝑫) is true?
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1,2, 𝟑} ∩ {2, 𝟑, 5} = {3} Try Your Self…
5. Given 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, 𝐵 = {𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}, 𝐶 = {𝑐, 𝑑} and
𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 = {2, 𝟑, 𝟓} ∩ {1, 𝟑, 𝟓} = {3,5} 𝐷 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑑} check if
LHS: (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐷) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐷) is true?
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ) × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 ) = {3} × {3,5} Ans: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝑐}, 𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 = {𝑐, 𝑑}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐷) = {(𝑐, 𝑐), (𝑐, 𝑑)}
= {(3,3), (3,5)} ………….(1)
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎, 𝑐), (𝑎, 𝑑), (𝑏, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐)
RHS: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3} × {2,3,5} (𝑏, 𝑑), (𝑐, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑐), (𝑐, 𝑑)}
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,2), 𝐶 × 𝐷 = {(𝑐, 𝑎), (𝑐, 𝑐), (𝑐, 𝑑), (𝑑, 𝑎), (𝑑, 𝑐), (𝑑, 𝑑)}
(2,3), (2,5), (3,2), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓)} (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐷) = {(𝑐, 𝑐) (𝑐, 𝑑)}

𝐶 × 𝐷 = {3,4} × {1,3,5}
= {(3,1), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (4,1), (4,3), (4,5)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐷 ) = {(3,3), (3,5)} ……….(2)
From (1) and (2), (𝑨 ∩ 𝑪) × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑫) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑪 × 𝑫) is true.

6. Let 𝑨 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝕎|𝒙 < 𝟐}, 𝑩 = {𝒙 ∈ ℕ|𝟏 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒} and 𝑪 = {𝟑, 𝟓}. Verify that
(i) 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∪ (𝑨 × 𝑪) PTA-2
𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝕎|𝑥 < 2} = {0,1}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ|1 < 𝑥 ≤ 4} = {2,3,4}, 𝐶 = {3,5}
LHS:
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {2,3,4} ∪ {3,5} = {2,3,4,5}
𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = {0,1} × {2,3,4,5}
= {(𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟎, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟏, 𝟓)} ……..(1)
RHS:
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {0,1} × {2,3,4} = {(0,2), (0,3), (0,4), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {0,1} × {3,5} = {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶 ) = {(0,2), (0,3), (0,4), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4)} ∪ {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)}
= {(𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟎, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟏, 𝟓)} ……….(2)
From (1) and (2), 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∪ (𝑨 × 𝑪)

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(ii) 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 × 𝑪) PTA-5
LHS: 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {2,3,4} ∩ {3,5} = {3}
𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = {0,1} × {3}
= {(𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟑)} …………..(1)
RHS: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {0,1} × {2,3,4}
= {(𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟒)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {0,1} × {3,5}
= {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶 )
= {(0,2), (𝟎, 𝟑), (0,4), (1,2), (𝟏, 𝟑), (1,4)} ∩ {(𝟎, 𝟑), (0,5), (𝟏, 𝟑), (1,5)}
= {(0,3), (1,3)} ……………(2)
From (1) and (2),
𝑨 × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 × 𝑪)

(iii) (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) × 𝑪 = (𝑨 × 𝑪) ∪ (𝑩 × 𝑪)
LHS: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {0,1} ∪ {2,3,4} = {0,1,2,3,4}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) × 𝐶 = {0,1,2,3,4} × {3,5}
= {(𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓)} ………..(1)
RHS:
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {0,1} × {3,5} = {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)}
𝐵 × 𝐶 = {2,3,4} × {3,5} = {(2,3), (2,5), (3,3), (3,5), (4,3), (4,5)}
(𝐴 × 𝐶 ) ∪ (𝐵 × 𝐶 ) = {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)} ∪ {(2,3), (2,5), (3,3), (3,5), (4,3), (4,5)}
= {(𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓)} ……(2)
From (1) and (2), (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) × 𝑪 = (𝑨 × 𝑪) ∪ (𝑩 × 𝑪)

7. Let 𝑨 = The set of all natural numbers less than 8, 𝑩 = The set of all prime numbers less than 8,
𝑪 = The set of even prime number, Verify that
𝐴 = The set of all natural numbers less than 8 = {1,2,3,4,56,7}
𝐵 = The set of all prime numbers less than 8 = {2,3,5,7}
𝐶 = The set of even prime number = {2}
(i) (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) × 𝑪 = (𝑨 × 𝑪) ∩ (𝑩 × 𝑪)
LHS: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5, 6,7} ∩ {2,3,5,7}
= {2,3,5,7}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ) × 𝐶 = {2,3,5,7} × {2} = {(𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟓, 𝟐), (𝟕, 𝟐)} ………….(1)
RHS:
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4,56,7} × {2}
= {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (6,2), (7,2)}
𝐵 × 𝐶 = {2,3,5,7} × {2} = {(2,2), (3,2), (5,2), (7,2)}
(𝐴 × 𝐶 ) ∩ (𝐵 × 𝐶) = {(𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟓, 𝟐), (𝟕, 𝟐)} ……………(2)
From (1) and (2), (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) × 𝑪 = (𝑨 × 𝑪) ∩ (𝑩 × 𝑪)

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(ii) 𝑨 × (𝑩 − 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) − (𝑨 × 𝑪)
LHS: 𝐵 − 𝐶 = {2,3,5,7} − {2} = {3,5,7}
𝐴 × (𝐵 − 𝐶 ) = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} × {3,5,7}
= {(𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟕), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟕),
(𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟕), (𝟔, 𝟑), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟕), (𝟕, 𝟑), (𝟕, 𝟓), (𝟕, 𝟕)}…………(1)
RHS: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} × {2,3,5,7}
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (1,7), (2,2), (2,3), (2,5), (2,7), (3,2), (3,3), (3,5), (3,7), (4,2), (4,3),
(4,5), (4,7), (5,2), (5,3), (5,5), (5,7), (6,2), (6,3), (6,5), (6,7), (7,2), (7,3), (7,5), (7,7)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} × {2} = {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (6,2), (7,2)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) − (𝐴 × 𝐶 )
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (1,7), (2,2), (2,3), (2,5), (2,7), (3,2), (3,3), (3,5), (3,7), (4,2), (4,3),
(4,5), (4,7), (5,2), (5,3), (5,5), (5,7), (6,2), (6,3), (6,5), (6,7), (7,2), (7,3), (7,5), (7,7)}
− {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (6,2), (7,2)}
= {(𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟕), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟕),
(𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟕), (𝟔, 𝟑), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟕), (𝟕, 𝟑), (𝟕, 𝟓), (𝟕, 𝟕)}…………(2)
From (1) and (2)
𝑨 × (𝑩 − 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) − (𝑨 × 𝑪)

Creative Questions

1. Let 𝑨 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑾/𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟓}, 𝑩 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑾/𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐}, 𝑪 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑾/𝒙 < 𝟑} then verify that
𝑨 × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 × 𝑪) PTA-3
𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊|0 < 𝑥 < 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2} = {0, 1, 2},
𝐶 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊|𝑥 < 3} = {0, 1, 2}
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 2} ∩ {0, 1, 2} = {0, 1, 2}
𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {0, 1, 2}
= {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)}…… (1)
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4} × {0, 1, 2}
{
= {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {0, 1, 2}
= {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶 )
= {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)} ∩
{(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)}
= {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)} …(2)
From (1) and (2), 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶 ) is verified.

2. If 𝑨 × 𝑩 = {(𝟏, 𝟑) , (𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟒)} then find A and B.
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,3) (1,4) (2,3) (2,4)}
𝐴 = {set of all first co-ordinates of elements of 𝐴 × 𝐵} ⇒ 𝐴 = {1, 2}
𝐵 = {set of all second co-ordinates of elements of 𝐴 × 𝐵} ⇒ 𝐵 = {3,4}
Thus 𝐴 = {1, 2} and 𝐵 = {3, 4}
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3. Let 𝑨 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑵/𝒙 < 𝟓} 4. If 𝑨 = {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔} and 𝑩 = {𝟑, 𝟒} then
B= The set of all prime numbers less than 6 i) Find 𝑨 × 𝑩 and 𝑩 × 𝑨.
𝑪 = {𝟐, 𝟑}. verify that ii) Is 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝑩 × 𝑨 if not why?
i) (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) × 𝑪 = (𝑨 × 𝑪) ∩ (𝑩 × 𝑪) iii) Show that 𝒏(𝑨 × 𝑩) = 𝒏(𝑩 × 𝑨)
ii) 𝑨 × (𝑩 − 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) − (𝑨 × 𝑪) = 𝒏(𝑨) × 𝒏(𝑩).
i) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) × 𝐶 = (𝐴 × 𝐶) ∩ (𝐵 × 𝐶) Given that 𝐴 = {2,4,6} and 𝐵 = {3,4}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4} ∩ {2,3,5} = {2,3}
i) 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {2,4,6} × {3,4}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) × 𝐶 = {2,3} × {2,3}
= {(2,3), (2,4), (4,3),
= {(2,2), (2,3), (3,2), (3,3)} …… (1)
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4} × {2,3} (4,4), (6,3), (6,4)} …… (1)
= {(1,2), (1,3), (2,2), (2,3), 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {3,4} × {2,4,6}
(3,2), (3,3), (4,2), (4,3)} = {(3,2), (3,4), (3,6),
𝐵 × 𝐶 = {2,3,5} × {2,3} (4,2), (4,4), (4,6)} … … (2)
= {(2,2), (2,3), (3,2),
(3,3), (5,2), (5,3)} ii) From (1) and (2), 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴
(𝐴 × 𝐶) ∩ (𝐵 × 𝐶) Because (2,3) ≠ (3,2) and
= {(2,2), (2,3), (3,2), (3,3)} ……….. (2)
(2,4) ≠ (4,2), etc.
From (1) and (2),
iii) 𝑛(𝐴) = 3; 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 2
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) × 𝐶 = (𝐴 × 𝐶) ∩ (𝐵 × 𝐶) is verified.
ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 − 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) − (𝐴 × 𝐶) From (1) and (2) ⇒
𝐵 − 𝐶 = {2,3,5} − {2,3} = {5} 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐵)
𝐴 × (𝐵 − 𝐶) = {1,2,3,4} × {5} = 3×2 = 6
= {(1,5), (2,5), (3,5), (4,5)} ……… (1) 𝑛(𝐵 × 𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐵) × 𝑛(𝐴)
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4} × {2,3,5}
= 2×3
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,2), (2,3), (2,5),
=6
(3,2), (3,3), (3,5), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4} × {2,3} 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 3 × 2
= {(1,2), (1,3), (2,2), (2,3), =6
(3,2), (3,3), (4,2), (4,3)} ∴ 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑛(𝐵 × 𝐴)
(𝐴 × 𝐵) − (𝐴 × 𝐶) = {(1,5), (2,5), (3,5), (4,5)} … (2) = 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 6
From (1) and (2)
𝐴 × (𝐵 − 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) − (𝐴 × 𝐶) is Verified.

5. Let 𝑨 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑵/ 𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒} , 𝑩 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑾/ 𝒙 < 𝟐} , 𝑪 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑵/ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐} Then verify that

i) 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∪ (𝑨 × 𝑪) ii) 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 × 𝑪)
𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑁/2 < 𝑥 ≤ 4} = {3, 4}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊/𝑥 < 2} = {0, 1}
𝐶 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑁/𝑥 ≤ 2} = {1, 2}
i) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 2}
𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = {3, 4} × {0, 1, 2} = {(3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 0) , (4, 1), (4, 2)}……… (1)
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {3, 4} × {0, 1} = {(3, 0), (3, 1), (4, 0), (4,1)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {3, 4} × {1, 2} = {(3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶 ) = {(3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 0), (4, 1), (4, 2)}………….. (2)
From (1) and (2), 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶) is verified.
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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 11

ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 × 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {0,1} ∩ {1,2} = {1}
𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = {3,4} × {1} = {(3, 1) (4, 1)}………… (1)
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(3, 0), (3, 1), (4, 0), (4, 1)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {(3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶 ) = {(3, 1), (4, 1)}…………. (2)
From (1) and (2), 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶) is verified.

Introduction for Exercise 1.2

Concept corner

Definition: Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be any two non-empty sets. A relation (R) from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵
satisfying some specified conditions. If 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is related to 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 through R, then we write it as 𝑥𝑅𝑦.
𝑥𝑅𝑦 if and only if (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅
 The domain of the relation 𝑅 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐴|𝑥𝑅𝑦 , for some 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵}
 The co-domain of the relation 𝑅 is 𝐵
 The range of the relation 𝑅 = {𝑦 ∈ 𝐵|𝑥𝑅𝑦, for some 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴}
Note:
 A relation may be represented algebraically either by the roster method or by the set builder method.
 An arrow diagram is a visual representation of a relation.
 A relation which contains no element is called a ‘Null relation’.
 If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑞 then the total number of relations that exist from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is 2𝑝𝑞 .
 A relation which contains no elements is called a “Null relation”

Text Book Page Number : 7

Let 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 }
1. Which of the following are relations 2. Which of the following are relations
from 𝐴 to 𝐵? from 𝐵 to 𝐴?
(i) {(1, 𝑏), (1, 𝑐 ), (3, 𝑎), (4, 𝑏)} (i) {(𝑐, 𝑎), (𝑐, 𝑏), (𝑐, 1)}
(ii) {(1, 𝑎), (𝑏, 4), (𝑐, 3)} (ii) {(𝑐, 1), (𝑐, 2), (𝑐, 3), (𝑐, 4)}
(iii) {(1, 𝑎), (𝑎, 1), (2, 𝑏), (𝑏, 2)} (iii) {(𝑎, 4), (𝑏, 3), (𝑐, 2)}
1. Which of the following are relations from A to B?
(1, 𝑎), (1, 𝑏), (1, 𝑐 ), (2, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (2, 𝑐 )
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4} × {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 } = { }
(3, 𝑎), (3, 𝑏), (3, 𝑐 ), (4, 𝑎), (4, 𝑏), (4, 𝑏)
(i) {(1, 𝑏)(1, 𝑐 )(3, 𝑎)(4, 𝑏)} yes This is a relation from A to B
(ii) {(1, 𝑎)(𝑏, 4)(𝑐, 3)} No. This is not a relation from A to B
(iii) {(1, 𝑎)(𝑎, 1)(2, 𝑏)(𝑏, 2)} No. This is not a relation from A to B
2. Which of the following are relations from B to A?
(𝑎, 1)(𝑎, 2)(𝑎, 3)(𝑎, 4)(𝑏, 1)(𝑏, 2)
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 } × {1,2,3,4} = { }
(𝑏, 3)(𝑏, 4)(𝑐, 1)(𝑐, 2)(𝑐, 3)(𝑐, 4)
(i) {(𝑐, 𝑎)(𝑐, 𝑏)(𝑐, 1)} No. This is not a relation from B to A
(ii) {(𝑐, 1)(𝑐, 2)(𝑐, 3)(𝑐, 4)} yes. This is a relation from B to A
(iii) {(𝑎, 4)(𝑏, 3)(𝑐, 2)} Yes. This is a relation from B to A

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12 Way to Success - 10th Maths
Exercise 1.2
1. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟕} and 𝑩 = {𝟑, 𝟎, −𝟏, 𝟕}, which of the following are relation from 𝑨 to 𝑩?
(i) 𝑅1 = {(2,1), (7,1)}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3,7} × {3,0, −1,7}
= {(1,3), (1,0), (1, −1), (1,7), (2,3), (2,0), (2, −1), (2,7), (3,3), (3,0),
(3, −1), (3,7), (7,3), (7,0), (7, −1), (7,7)}
We know that,
(2,1) and (7,1)∈ 𝑅1 but (2,1), (7,1) ∉ 𝐴 × 𝐵
So, 𝑅1 is not a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵
(ii) 𝑅2 = {(−1,1)}
Here (−1,1) ∈ 𝑅2 but (−1,1) ∉ 𝐴 × 𝐵
So 𝑅2 is not a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵
(iii) 𝑅3 = {(2, −1), (7,7), (1,3)}
Here 𝑅3 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵
Hence 𝑅3 is a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵
(iv) 𝑅4 = {(7, −1), (0,3), (3,3), (0,7)}
Here (0,3) and (0,7) ∈ 𝑅4 but (0,3) and (0,7) ∉ (𝐴 × 𝐵)
So, 𝑅4 is not a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵

2. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, … , 𝟒𝟓} and 𝑹 be the relation defined as “is square of a number” on 𝑨.Write 𝑹 as
a subset of 𝑨 × 𝑨. Also, find the domain and range of 𝑹. Try Your Self…
Given 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4, … ,45} 1. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4 … … … … .25} and 𝑅 be
the relation difined as “is multiple of 5”
𝐴 × 𝐴 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4) … … (45,45)} on 𝐴. write 𝑅 as a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐴.
Then, 𝑅 be the relation defined as is “square of a Also, find the domain and range of 𝑅.
number ” on 𝐴. Ans:
𝐴 × 𝐴 = {(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4)…
Hence,𝑅 = {(1,1), (2,4), (3,9), (4,16), (5,25), (6,36)} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (25,25)}
So 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴 𝑅 = {(1,5) (2,10) (3,15) (4,20) (5,25)}
𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴.
The domain of 𝑅 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔} The domain 𝐷 = {1,2,3,4,5}
The range of 𝑅 = {𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟑𝟔} The range of 𝑅 = {5,10,15,20,25}

3. A Relation 𝑹 is given by the set {(𝒙, 𝒚)/𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝒙 ∈ {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}}. Determine its domain and range
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ∈ {0,1,2,3,4,5}} PTA-5
Here domain (𝑥) = {0,1,2,3,4,5}
Co-domain (𝑦) = 𝑥 + 3 Try Your Self…
2. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} and 𝐵 = {−1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10}. A
𝑦0 = 0 + 3 = 3 , 𝑦1 = 1 + 3 = 4
relation 𝑅 = {(1,3) (2,6) (3,10) (4,9)}. Find its range.
𝑦2 = 2 + 3 = 5 , 𝑦3 = 3 + 3 = 6 Ans: The range = {3,6,10,9}
𝑦4 = 4 + 3 = 7
𝑦5 = 5 + 3 = 8
𝑅 = {(0,3), (1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,7), (5,8)}
Domain = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}
Range = {𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖}
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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 13

4. Represent each of the given relation by (a) an arrow diagram (b) a graph and (c) a set in roster
form, wherever possible.
(i) {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚, 𝒙 ∈ {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}, 𝒚 ∈ {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒}} Try Your Self…
(a) An arrow diagram (b) a graph Represent each of the given relation by (a) an
arrow diagram (b) a graph and (c) set in
roster form
i) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 ,
𝑥 = {1,2,3,4,5} , 𝑦 = {0,1,2,3}}
ii) 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1,
𝑥, 𝑦 are natural numbers < 10}
Ans: i) a) Arrow diagram
Given, 𝑥 = 2𝑦
If 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 (c) a set in roster form b) Graph:

If 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 𝑅 = {(2,1), (4,2)}
(ii) {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝒙, 𝒚 are natural numbers <10}
Given, 𝑥, 𝑦 are natural numbers < 10
𝑋 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
c) Roster form 𝑅 = {(1,0) (2,1) (4,2)}
Here 𝑅(1) = 4, 𝑅(2) = 5, 𝑅(3) = 6,
𝑅(4) = 7, 𝑅(5) = 8, 𝑅(6) = 9 ii) a) Arrow diagram
(a) An arrow diagram (b) graph b) Graph

c) Roster form
𝑅 = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5),
(5,6), (6,7), (7,8), (8,9)}
(c) Roster Form
𝑅 = {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,7), (5,8), (6,9)}
5. A company has four categories of employees given by Assistants (𝑨), Clerks (𝑪), Managers (𝑴) and
an Executive Officer (𝑬). The company provide D 10,000, D 25,000, D 50,000, D 1,00,000 as salaries
to the people who work in the categories 𝑨, 𝑪, 𝑴 and 𝑬 respectively. If 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , 𝑨𝟑 , 𝑨𝟒 and 𝑨𝟓 where
Assistants; 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟐 , 𝑪𝟑 , 𝑪𝟒 were Clerks; 𝑴𝟏 , 𝑴𝟐 , 𝑴𝟑were managers and 𝑬𝟏 , 𝑬𝟐 were Executive officers
and if the relation 𝑹 is defined by 𝒙𝑹𝒚, where 𝒙 is the salary given to person 𝒚, express the relation
𝑹 through an ordered pair and an arrow diagram.
Salaries (S) = {10000, 25000, 50000, 100000}
Employees (E) = {𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 , 𝐴5 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 , 𝑀1 , 𝑀2 , 𝑀3 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 }
(a) Ordered Pairs:
𝑅 = {(10000, 𝐴1 ), (10000, 𝐴2 ), (10000, 𝐴3 ), (10000, 𝐴4 ), (10000, 𝐴5 ), (25000, 𝐶1 ), (25000, 𝐶2 ),
(25000, 𝐶3 ), (25000, 𝐶4 ), (50000, 𝑀1 )(50000, 𝑀2 ), (50000, 𝑀3 ), (100000, 𝐸1 ), (100000, 𝐸2 )}

(b) An arrow diagram:

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14 Way to Success - 10th Maths
Creative Questions
1. A Relation 𝑹 is given by the set 4. Let 𝑿 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒} which of the following
{(𝒙, 𝒚)/𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑, 𝒙 ∈ {, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}} are relation from 𝑿 to 𝑿?
Determine its domain and range i) 𝑹𝟏 = {(𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟒) , (𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟒, 𝟒)}
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3, 2 PTA-2 ii) 𝑹𝟐 = {(𝟑, 𝟏), (𝟒, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟏)}
𝑥 ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}} iii) 𝑹𝟑 = {(𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟓, 𝟑)}
Here domain (𝑥 ) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, 𝑋 × 𝑋 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4),
Co-domain (𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3 (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4),
𝑦0 = 0 + 3 = 3
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4),
𝑦1 = 1 + 3 = 4
𝑦2 = 4 + 3 = 7 (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4)}
𝑦3 = 9 + 3 = 12 i) 𝑅1 = {(2,3), (1,4), (2,1), (3,2), (4,4)}
𝑦4 = 16 + 3 = 19 we observe that, 𝑅1 ⊆ 𝑋 × 𝑋
𝑦5 = 25 + 3 = 28
𝑅 = {(0,3), (1,4), (2,7), (3,12), (4,19), (5,28)} Thus 𝑅1 is a relation from 𝑋 to 𝑋
Domain = {0,1,2,3,4,5} ii) 𝑅2 = {(3,1) (4,2) (2,1)}
Range = {3,4,7,12,19,28} we observe that, 𝑅2 ⊆ 𝑋 × 𝑋
2. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}, 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗} which Thus 𝑅2 is a relation from 𝑋 to 𝑋
of the following sets are relations from 𝑨 to 𝑩? iii) 𝑅3 = {(2,1), (3,5), (1,4), (5,3)}
i) 𝑹𝟏 = {(𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟓)}
ii) 𝑹𝟐 = {(𝟑, 𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟕), (𝟒, 𝟗), (𝟓, 𝟏𝟎)} Here (3,5) and (5,3) ∈ 𝑅3 but
iii) 𝑹𝟑 = {(𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟕), (𝟓, 𝟗), (𝟑, 𝟏)} (3,5) and (5,3) ∉ 𝑋 × 𝑋.
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,1), (1,3), (1,5), (1,7), (1,9), (2,1), So 𝑅3 is not a relation from 𝑋 to 𝑋.
(2,3), (2,5), (2,7), (2,9), (3,1), (3,3),
(3,5), (3,7) , (3,9), (4,1), (4,3), 5. A cell phone store sells three different types of
(4,5), (4,7), (4,9)(5,1) , (5,3), cell phones and we call them 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟐 and 𝑪𝟑 .
(5,5), (5,7), (5,9)} Let us also suppose that the price of 𝑪𝟏 is
i) we note that, 𝑅1 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵 C𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎, price of 𝑪𝟐 is C 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 and price of 𝑪𝟑
Hence, 𝑅1 is a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵. is C 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎. and the relation 𝑹 is defined by
( ) ( )
ii) Here 5,10 ∈ 𝑅2 but 5,10 ∉ (𝐴 × 𝐵) 𝒙𝑹𝒚 , where 𝒙 is the price of cell phone y.
So, 𝑅2 is not a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵 Express the relation 𝑹 through an ordered
iii) we note that 𝑅3 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵 pair and an arrow diagram.
So, 𝑅3 is a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵. Here 𝑅 is defined by 𝑥𝑅𝑦.
cost of cell phones (𝐴)
3. The arrow diagram shows a relationship
= {1200, 2500, 3000}
between the sets 𝑷 and 𝑸
Types of cell phones (𝐵) = {𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 }
write the relation in a) order of pairs
i) set builder form 𝑅 = {(1200, 𝐶1 ) (2500, 𝐶2 ) (3000, 𝐶3 )}
ii) Roster form
b) Arrow diagram
iii) What is the domain
and Range of 𝑹
i) set builder form of 𝑅
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑃, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑄}
ii) Roster form of 𝑅
𝑅 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,9), (4,16)}
iii) Domain of 𝑅 = {1,2,3,4} and
range of 𝑅 = {1,4,9,16}

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 15

Introduction for Exercise 1.3

Concept corner

Definition: A relations 𝑓 between two non-empty sets 𝑋 and 𝑌 is called a function from 𝑋 to 𝑌 if, for
each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 there exists only one 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 such that (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑓.That is, 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/ for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌}
Note:
 If 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is a function then, the set 𝑋 is called the domain, 𝑓 and the set 𝑌 is called its co-domain.
 A function is also called as a mapping or transformation.
 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is a function only if
i) every element in the domain of 𝑓 has an image.
ii) the image is unique.
 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are finite sets such that 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑞 then the total number of functions
that exist between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is 𝑞 𝑝
 If 𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑏, then 𝑏 is called image of a under 𝑓 and 𝑎 is called a pre-image of 𝑏.
 The set of all images of the elements 𝑋 under 𝑓 is called the range of 𝑓.
 Describing domain of a function
1
(i) Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1+𝑥 . If 𝑥 = −1 then 𝑓(−1) is not defined. Hence 𝑓 is defined for all real
numbers except at 𝑥 = −1. So, domain of 𝑓 is ℝ − {−1}
1
(ii) Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2 , if 𝑥 = 2,3 then 𝑓(2) and 𝑓(3) are not defined. Hence 𝑓 is defined
𝑥 −5𝑥+6
for all real numbers except at 𝑥 = 2 and 3. So domain of 𝑓 = ℝ − {2,3}

Text Book Page Number : 11

1. Relation are subsets of cartesion product. Functions are subsets of relations .
2. True or False: All the elements of a relation should have images. False
[Example: Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be a any relation from set A to set B.
If relation 𝑓 is not a function then it is possible that its domain is not equal to the set A and hence
all elements of set A not have a image in set B.]
3. True or False: All the elements of a function should have images. True
[Example: A function is a relation from a set A to set B in which each elements of a set A is
mapped to a unique element of set B. Hence all the elements of a function should have images.]
4. True or False: If 𝑅: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a relation then the domain of 𝑅 = 𝐴. False
5. If 𝑓: ℕ → ℕ is defined as 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 the pre-image(s) of 1 and 2 are 1 and no pre-image
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
𝑓(1) = 1
𝑓 (2) = 4
𝑓(3) = 9
𝑓 (4) = 16

6. The difference between relation and function is _______.

When every input has unique output then it is a function, otherwise relation.
7. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two non-empty finite sets. Then which one among the following two
collection is large?
(i) The number of relations between 𝐴 and 𝐵. (ii) The number of relations between 𝑨 and 𝑩.
[ The number of relations between A and B is large because funtions are subsets of relations.]

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16 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Text Book Page Number : 12

Is the relation representing the association between planets and their respective
moons a function?
No, it is not a function. Because mercury and Venus have no moons. Earth has one moon. The
other planets have more than one moon. Here, the relation between planets and their respective
moon is not a function.

Exercise 1.3
1. Let 𝒇 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ ℕ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙} be a relation on 𝑵. Find the domain, codomain and range. Is
this relation a function?
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥
Try Your Self…
𝑓(1) = 2(1) = 2 1. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5}, 𝐵 = 𝑁 be a
𝑓(2) = 2(2) = 4 relation defined by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
𝑓(3) = 2(3) = 6 Find the co-domain and range?
Ans: Range of 𝑓 = {1,4,9,16,25}
𝑓(4) = 2(4) = 8 Co-domain = {1,2,3, . . . . . . . . . . . }
⋮
𝑓 be a relation on 𝑁
Domain of 𝑓 = {1,2,3,4, … }
Codomain of 𝑓 = {1,2,3,4, … } , Range of 𝑓 = {2,4,6,8, … }
From the arrow diagram of 𝑓, for each 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 there exists only one 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. Yes, 𝑓 is a function.
2. Let 𝑿 = {𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖}. Determine whether the relation ℝ = {(𝒙, 𝒇(𝒙))|𝒙 ∈ 𝑿, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏} is a
function from 𝑿 to ℕ? Try Your Self…
Given 𝑋 = {3,4,6,8} 2. Let 𝐴 = {0,1,2,3} and 𝐵 = {1,3,5,7,9} Determine
whether the relation 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1}
𝑌 = {1,2,3,4, … . }
is a function from 𝐴 to 𝐵?
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1)} Ans: Each element in 𝐴 is associated with a unique element
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 1 in 𝐵. It is a function from 𝐴 to 𝐵.

𝑓 (3) = 32 + 1 = 10 , 𝑓(4) = 42 + 1 = 17 , 𝑓(6) = 62 + 1 = 37 , 𝑓(8) = 82 + 1 = 65

𝑅 = {(3,10), (4,17), (6,37), (8,65)}
We note that each element is the domains of 𝑋 has a unique image in 𝑁.
Yes, it is a function from 𝑋 to 𝑁

3. Given the function 𝒇: 𝒙 → 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔, evaluate (i) 𝒇(−𝟏) (ii) 𝒇(𝟐𝒂) (iii) 𝒇(𝟐) (iv) 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 Try Your Self…
(i) 𝑓(−1) 3. Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1, evaluate
𝑓(−1) = (−1)2 − 5(−1) + 6 = 1 + 5 + 6 = 𝟏𝟐 i) 𝑓(1) ii) 𝑓(−3) iii) 𝑓(2𝑎) iv) 𝑓(𝑥 + 1)
(ii) 𝑓(2𝑎) Ans: i) 𝑓(1) =4
𝑓 (2𝑎) = (2𝑎)2 − 5(2𝑎) + 6 = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒂 + 𝟔 ii) 𝑓(−3) =4
(iii) 𝑓(2) iii) 𝑓(2𝑎) = 4𝑎2 + 4𝑎 + 1
𝑓(2) = 22 − 5(2) + 6 = 4 − 10 + 6 = 𝟎 iv) 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
(iv) 𝑓(𝑥 − 1)
𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 5(𝑥 − 1) + 6
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 5𝑥 + 5 + 6 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 17

4. A graph representing the function 𝒇(𝒙) is given in adjacent figure.

It is clear that 𝒇(𝟗) = 𝟐
(i)Find the following values of the function
(a) 𝒇(𝟎) (b) 𝒇(𝟕) (c) 𝒇(𝟐) (d) 𝒇(𝟏𝟎)
(ii) for What value of 𝒙 is 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏
(iii) Describe the following (i)Domain (ii) Range
(iv) What is the image of 6 under 𝒇?
(i) From the figure,
(a) 𝑓(0) = 𝟗 (b) 𝑓 (7) = 𝟔 (c) 𝑓 (2) = 𝟔 (d) 𝑓(10) = 𝟎
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝟗. 𝟓
(iii) (a) Domain of 𝑓 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎} or
𝑓 = {𝒙/𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟎, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}
(b) Range of 𝑓 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗} or
𝑓 = {𝒙/𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟗, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}
(iv) The image of 6 under 𝑓 = 𝟓

𝒇(𝒙+𝟐)−𝒇(𝟐)
5. Let 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓. If 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎 then find
𝒙
Try Your Self…
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 ≠ 0
4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, {2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅}
𝑓(𝑥 + 2) = 2(𝑥 + 2) + 5 = 2𝑥 + 4 + 5 = 2𝑥 + 9 𝑓(2)+𝑓(4)
then find .
𝑓(3)
𝑓(2) = 2(2) + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9
Ans: 2
𝑓(𝑥+2)−𝑓(2) 2𝑥+9−9
Then 𝑥
= 𝑥
2𝑥
= =𝟐
𝑥

6. A function 𝒇 is defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑

𝒇(𝟎)+𝒇(𝟏)
(i) find (ii)find 𝒙 such that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 (iii) find 𝒙 sucht that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
𝟐
(iv) find 𝒙 such that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝟏 − 𝒙)
(i)
𝑓(0)+𝑓(1) (iii) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
2
2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥
𝑓 (0) = 2(0) − 3 = −3
2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 3
𝑓 (1) = 2(1) − 3 = −1
𝑓(0)+𝑓(1) −3−1 4 𝒙=𝟑
= = − = −𝟐
2 2 2
(iv) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(1 − 𝑥)
(ii) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 2𝑥 − 3 = 2(1 − 𝑥 ) − 3 = 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = −2𝑥 − 1
2𝑥 − 3 = 0 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 3 − 1
2𝑥 = 3 4𝑥 = 2
𝟑 𝟏
𝒙= 𝒙=
𝟐 𝟐

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18 Way to Success - 10th Maths
7. An open box is to be made from a square piece of material, 24 cm on a side, by
cutting equal squares from the corners and turning up the sides as shown
figure. Express the volume 𝑽 of the box as a function of 𝒙.
Side of the square material = 24cm
Side of cutting equal = 𝑥 cm
Square from the corners
Now, it is to be made an open box.
Side of the open box = 24 − 2𝑥 cm
Height = 𝑥 cm
Volume of the open box 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑏ℎ cubic units.
= (24 − 2𝑥 )(24 − 2𝑥 )(𝑥)
= (24 − 2𝑥 )2 (𝑥 )
= (576 − 96𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )𝑥
= 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝟕𝟔𝒙

8. A function 𝒇 is defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙. Find 9. A plane is flying at a speed of 500 km per
𝟐
𝒙 such that 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) = (𝒇(𝒙)) hour. Express the distance 𝒅 travelled by
the plane as function of time 𝒕 in hours.
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3 − 2𝑥 Given , speed (𝑆 )= 500 km/hr
2
To find 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) = (𝑓(𝑥 )) Speed =
Distance
Time
3 − 2𝑥 2 = (3 − 2𝑥 )2 𝑑
𝑆=
3 − 2𝑥 2 = 9 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 𝑡
𝒅 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒕
4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 6 = 0
. 6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 6 = 0 Try Your Self…
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
5. A bus travels at a speed of 50 𝑘𝑚 per
(𝑥 − 1)2 = 0 hour. Express the distance 𝑑 travelled
𝑥−1=0 by the bus as function of time t hours.
𝒙=𝟏 Ans: 𝑑 = 50 𝑡

10. The data in the adjacent table depicts the length of a woman’s
Length 𝒙 of Height ‘𝒚’
forehand and her corresponding height. Based on this data, a
forehand (in cm) (in inches)
student finds a relationship between the height (𝒚) and the 35 56
forehand length (𝒙) as 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃, where 𝒂, 𝒃 are constants. 45 65
(i) Check if this relation is a function. (ii) Find 𝒂 and 𝒃 (iii) 50 69.5
Find the height of a woman whose forehand length is 40cm (iv) 55 74
Find the length of forehand of a woman if her height is 53.3
inches. PTA-4
Given 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
(i) Arrow diagram
Each element in 𝑥 is associated with a unique element in 𝑦
Yes, this relation is a function
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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 19

(ii) find 𝑎 and 𝑏 (iv) Height = 53.3 inches

From the table 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
35𝑎 + 𝑏 = 56 ……………(1)
53.3 = (0.9)𝑥 + 24.5
45𝑎 + 𝑏 = 65 …………..(2)
(−) (−) (−)
= 0.9𝑥 + 24.5
−10𝑎 = −9 0.9𝑥 = 53.3 − 24.5
9
𝑎 = 10 = 0.9 = 28.8
28.8
𝑎 = 0.9 substitute in (1) 𝑥= 0.9
35(0.9) + 𝑏 = 56
𝑥 = 32 cm
31.5 + 𝑏 = 56
𝑏 = 56 − 31.5 = 24.5 The length of forehand of a women = 32 cm
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟗 and 𝒃 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 Try Your Self…
(iii) Length = 40cm, 𝑎 = 0.9, 𝑏 = 24.5 6.
𝑥 1 4 9 16
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 2 5 10 17
= (0.9)(40) + 24.5 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑎, 𝑏 are constants.
i) check if this relation is a function.
= 60.5 ii) Find 𝑎 and 𝑏 iii) Find 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 2
The height of a woman whose forehand Ans: i) 𝑓 is a function.
length is 40 cm = 60.5 inches. ii) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1
iii) when 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3

Creative Questions
1. An open box is to be made from a rectangle piece of material, 𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎 × 𝟓𝒄𝒎, by cutting equal squres
from the corners and turning up the the sides as shown. Express the volume 𝑽 of the box as a
function of 𝒙.
Length of the Rectangle material = 12 𝑐𝑚
Breadth of the Rectangle material = 5𝑐𝑚
side of cutting equal square from the corners = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
Now
It is to be made an open box
length of the open box = 12 − 2𝑥 𝑐𝑚
Breadth of the open box = 5 − 2𝑥 𝑐𝑚
height = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
volume of the open box
𝑉 = 𝑙𝑏ℎ
= (12 − 2𝑥 ) (5 − 2𝑥 ) (𝑥)
= (60 − 24𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 ) (𝑥)
= 4𝑥 3 − 34𝑥 2 + 60𝑥
2. Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏, Find i) 𝒇(𝟏) ii) 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏) iii) 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇(𝟏)
i) 𝑓(1) = 2(1) − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1
ii) 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 2(𝑥 + 1) − 1
= 2𝑥 + 2 − 1 = 2𝑥 + 1
iii) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑓 (1) = (2𝑥 − 1) + (1) = 2𝑥 − 1 + 1 = 2𝑥

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20 Way to Success - 10th Maths
3. A function 𝒇 is defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 5. A relation 𝒇 is defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
i) Find
𝒇(𝟎)+𝒇(𝟏)
ii)Find 𝒙 such that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 where 𝒙 ∈ {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}
𝟐
i) List the elements of 𝒇
iii) Find 𝒙 such that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
iv) Find 𝒙 such that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝟏 − 𝒙) ii) Is 𝒇 a function?
Given, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 1 where 𝑥 ∈ {2,3,4,5}
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 3 i) 𝑓 (2) = 2(2) − 1
𝑓(0)+𝑓(1)
i)
2
= 4−1
𝑓 (0) = 2(0) + 3 = 3 =3
𝑓 (1) = 2(1) + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5 𝑓(3) = 2(3) − 1
𝑓(0)+𝑓(1) 3+5 8 = 6−1
2
= 2
= 2= 4
=5
ii) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑓(4) = 2(4) − 1
2𝑥 + 3 = 0
= 8−1
2𝑥 = −3
−3
=7
𝑥= 2 𝑓(5) = 2(5) − 1
iii) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 = 10 − 1
2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥 =9
2𝑥 − 𝑥 = −3 𝑓 = {(2,3), (3,5), (4,7), (5,9)}
𝑥 = −3 ii) we observe that each element in the
iv) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (1 − 𝑥 ) domain of 𝑓 has a unique image. So 𝒇 is a
function.
2𝑥 + 3 = 2(1 − 𝑥 ) + 3
6. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟓}
= 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑹 = {(𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟐, 𝟒), (𝟑, 𝟗), (𝟒, 𝟏𝟔)} show
2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 5 − 3 that 𝑹 is a function and find its domain ,
2 1 co-domain and range?
4𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 = 2

4. A function 𝒇 is defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙.

𝟐
Find 𝒙 such that 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) = (𝒇(𝒙))
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 1 − 2𝑥
2
𝑓(𝑥 2 ) = (𝑓(𝑥 ))
1 − 2𝑥 2 = (1 − 2𝑥 )2 Given, 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4}
1 − 2𝑥 2 = 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 𝐵 = {1,4,9,16,25}
4𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 − 1 = 0
2 𝑅 = {(1,1), (2,4),
6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 0 = 0 (3,9), (4,16)}
6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0 From the arrow diagram, we see that for each
𝑥(6𝑥 − 4) = 0 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, there exists only one 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. Thus all
𝑥 = 0 (or) 6𝑥 − 4 = 0 elements in 𝐴 have only one image in 𝐵.
4
𝑥 = 0 (or) 𝑥=6 ∴ 𝑅 is a function.
𝑥 = 0 (or) 𝑥=
2 Domain 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4}
3 Co-domain 𝐵 = {1,4,9,16,25}
𝑥 = 0, 3
2 Range of 𝑓 = {1,4,9,16}

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 21

Introduction for Exercise 1.4

Concept corner
Note: Any equation represented in a graph is usually called a curve.
 Representation of functions
a) a set of ordered pairs b) a table form
c) An arrow diagram d) a graphical form.
 Vertical line test: A curve drawn in a graph represents a function, if every vertical line
intersects the curve in at most one point.
 Horizontal Line Test: A function represented in a graph in one – one, if every horizontal line
intersects the curve in at most one point.
 Every function can be represented by a curve in a graph. But not every curve drawn in a
graph will represent a function.
 If 𝑓: 𝐴 − 𝐵 is an onto function then, the range of 𝑓 = 𝐵
Note: A one-one and onto function is also called a one-one correspondence.
Types of functions
Sl.No Name Definition Mapping Example
1 One-One A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called one-one
function function if distinct elements of 𝐴 have
(Injection) distinct images in 𝐵.

2 Many-one A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called many-one

function function if two or more elements of 𝐴 have
same image in 𝐵

3 Onto function A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be onto

(Surjection) function if the range of 𝑓 is equal to the co-
domain of 𝑓.

4 Into function A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called an into

function if there exists at least one element
in 𝐵 which is not the image of any element
of 𝐴
5 Constant A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called a constant
function function if the range of 𝑓 contains only
one element.
That is, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and for
some fixed 𝑐 ∈ 𝐵.
6 Identity Let 𝐴 be anon-empty set. Then the
function function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐴 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 for
all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is called an identity function on 𝐴
and is denoted by 𝐼𝐴 .

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22 Way to Success - 10th Maths
7 Bijection If a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is both one-one and
onto, then 𝑓 is called a bijection from 𝐴 to 𝐵

8 Real – Valued A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is called a real valued function if the range of 𝑓 is a

function subset of the set of all real numbers 𝑅. That is 𝑓(𝐴) ⊆ 𝑅

Text Book Page Number : 23

State True or False. 4. There will be no onto function from A to B
1. All one – one function are onto functions. when 𝑛(𝐴) = 4, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 5. True
False The range of f is not equal to B.
Example: That is 𝑛(𝐴) ≠ 𝑛(𝐵)
The above function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is Here, 𝑛(𝐴) = 4, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 5
called one – one but not onto.
Because the range
of 𝑓 is not equal to the co- 5. If 𝑓 is a bijection from A to B then
domain of 𝑓. 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐵 ). True
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is both one – one and
2. There will be no one – one function from A to onto (bijection)
B when 𝑛(𝐴) = 4, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 3. True Hence, 𝑛(𝐴) = 3 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 3
If 𝑓 is called one – one
function, distinct
elements of A have 6. If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐵 ), then 𝑓 is a bijection from A to B.
distinct images in B. True
But 2 and 4 have the 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is both one – one and
same image. Here 𝑛(𝐴) = 4, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 3 onto (bijection)
Hence, 𝑛(𝐴) = 3 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 3

3. All onto function are one – one functions.

False
Here, the range of 𝑓 is B. 7. All constant function are bijection. False
Here onto function. Here, distinct elements
But ‘b’ and ‘d’ have do not have distinct
same image. Hence images and 𝑛(𝐴) ≠ 𝑛(𝐵)
not one – one function.

Pg.No
20 Can there be a one to many function?
As per definition, it is Not possible.
23 Is an identity function one – one function?
Yes. An identity function is one-one funciton.

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 23

Exercise 1.4

1. Determine whether the graph given below represent functions. Give reason for your answers
concerning each graph.

Using vertical line test,

the curve does not The curve does not
The curve represent a The graph represent a
represent a function as represent a function
function as the function as the
the vertical line meets as the vertical line
vertical line meets the vertical line meets the
the curve in two meets the curve in
curve in at most one line is at most one
points P and Q. three points P, Q and
point. point P.
R.
𝒙
2. Let 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 be a function defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟏, where 𝑨 = {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟐}, 𝑩 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟗}.
𝟐
Represent by (i) set of ordered pairs (ii) a table (iii) an arrow diagram (iv) a graph
Given, 𝐴 = {2,4,6,10,12}, 𝐵 = {0,1,2,4,5,9}
𝑥
Now 𝑓(𝑥 ) = − 1
2 Try Your Self…
2 1. Let 𝐴 = {6,9,15,18,21}; 𝐵 = {1,2,4,5,6} and 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be defined
Thus, 𝑓(2) = − 1 = 1 − 1 = 𝟎
2 𝑥−3
by 𝑓(𝑥) = . Represent 𝑓 by i) an arrow diagram ii) a set of
4 3
𝑓(4) = − 1 ordered pairs iii) a table iv) a graph.
2
=2−1=𝟏 Ans: i) An arrow diagram
6
𝑓(6) = 2 − 1 ii) Set of ordered pairs
𝑓 = {(6,1) (9,2) (15,4) (18,5) (21,6)}
=3−1=𝟐
10
𝑓(10) = −1 iii) Table
2
𝑥 6 9 15 18 21
= 5−1 𝑓(𝑥) 1 2 4 5 6
=𝟒
12 iv) Graph
𝑓(12) = −1
2
=6−1=𝟓
(i) set of ordered pairs,
𝒇 = {(𝟐, 𝟎), (𝟒, 𝟏), (𝟔, 𝟐), (𝟏𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟏𝟐, 𝟓)}
(ii) Table
𝑥 2 4 6 10 12
𝑓(𝑥) 0 1 2 4 5

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24 Way to Success - 10th Maths
(iii) An arrow diagram (iv) Graph

3. Represent the function 𝒇 = {(𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟒)} through (i) an arrow diagram (ii)
a table form (iii) a graph Try Your Self…
𝑓 = {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,3), (5,4)} 2. Represent the function 𝑓 = {(−1,2) (−3,1) (−5,6) (−4,3)}
as i) a table ii) an arrow diagram
(i) an arrow diagram Ans: i) Table ii) Arrow diagram
𝑥 −1 −3 −5 −4
𝑓(𝑥) 2 1 6 3

(iii) a graph
(ii) a table form
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5
𝑓(𝑥) 2 2 2 3 4

4. Show that the function 𝒇: ℕ → ℕ defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 is one-one but not onto
The function 𝑓: ℕ → ℕ defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 1 But the even numbers in the co-
If 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 2(1) − 1 = 1 domain do not have any pre-images of
If 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 (2) = 2(2) − 1 = 3 the domain. Hence 𝑓 is not onto, So 𝑓
is one-one but not onto function.
If 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 2(3) − 1 = 5
Arrow diagram: Try Your Self…
3. Let 𝑓 be function 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 be defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 is one-one but not onto.
Ans: Since different elements of 𝑁 have different
Then 𝑓 is a function from 𝑁 to 𝑁 and for different
images in the co-domain, the function 𝑓 is
elements in 𝑁 , there are different images in 𝑁 . one-one function. 𝑓 is one-one but not onto
Hence 𝑓 one-one function. function.

5. Show that the function 𝒇: ℕ → ℕ defined by 𝒇(𝒎) = 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎 + 𝟑 is one – one function

The function 𝑓: ℕ → ℕ defined by Try Your Self…
𝑓(𝑚) = 𝑚2 + 𝑚 + 3 4. Show that the function the function 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 defined by
𝑚 = 1, 𝑓 (1) = (1)2 + 1 + 3 = 1 + 1 + 3 = 5 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 is one-one function.
𝑚 = 2, 𝑓 (2) = (2)2 + 2 + 3 = 4 + 2 + 3 = 9 Ans: Since different elements of 𝑁 have different image in
2 the co-domain the function 𝑓 is one-one function.
𝑚 = 3, 𝑓 (3) = (3) + 3 + 3 = 9 + 3 + 3 = 15
𝑚 = 4, 𝑓 (4) = (4)2 + 4 + 3 = 16 + 4 + 3 = 23
Since different elements of 𝑁 have different images in the codomain the function of 𝒇 is one-one
function.

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 25

6. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒} and 𝑩 = ℕ. Let 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 be defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 then, (i) find the range of 𝒇
(ii) identify the type of function
Try Your Self…
Now 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} , 𝐵 = {1,2,3, … } 5. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5} and 𝐵 = 𝑁 and 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be defined by
Given 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 then i) find the range of 𝑓 ii) identify the type of
function.
𝑓(1) = 13 = 1, 𝑓(3) = 33 = 27 Ans: i) Range of 𝑓 = {1, 8, 27, 64, 125}
𝑓(2) = 23 = 8, 𝑓 (4) = 43 = 64 ii) Since distinct elements are associated in to distinct elements, it
is a one-one function.
(i) Range of 𝒇 = {𝟏, 𝟖, 𝟐𝟕, 𝟔𝟒}
(ii) Since distinct elements in 𝐴 are mapped into distinct images in 𝐵, it is a one-one function.
2 ∈ 𝐵 is not the image of any element of 𝐴. So, it is Into function.

7. In each of the following cases state whether the function is bijective or not. Justify your answer.
(i) 𝒇: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 (ii) 𝒇: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3 − 4𝑥 2
𝑓(0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1 𝑓 (0) = 3 − 4(0)2 = 3
𝑓(1) = 2(1) + 1 = 3
𝑓(1) = 3 − 4(1)2 = −1
𝑓(2) = 2(2) + 1 = 5
𝑓(2) = 3 − 4(2)2 = −13
𝑓(−1) = 2(−1) + 1 = −1
𝑓(−2) = 2(−2) + 1 = −3 𝑓(−1) = 3 − 4(−1)2 = −1
𝑓(−3) = 2(−3) + 1 = −5
Range of 𝑓 = {1, 3, 5, −1, −3, −5}

Thus two distinct elements 1 and −1 in 𝐴

have same image −1 in 𝐵. Hence 𝑓 is not a
one-one function. But every elements in 𝐵
has a pre-image in 𝐴 . Hence 𝑓 is a onto
function.
As distinct elements of 𝐴 have distinct Therefore 𝑓 is not one-one but onto.
images in 𝐵 and every elements in 𝐵 has a
pre-image in 𝐴. The function is bijective. Hence 𝑓 is not bijective.

8. Let 𝑨 = {−𝟏, 𝟏} and 𝑩 = {𝟎, 𝟐}. If the function 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 is an onto
function? Find 𝒂 and 𝒃.
Given 𝐴 = {−1,1} and 𝐵 = {0,2} That is, 𝑓(−1) = 0 ⇒ −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 Try Your Self…
Then 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 defined by 𝑓(1) = 2 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2 6. Let 𝐴 = {0,1} and
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is an onto function. Now −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 …………..(1) 𝐵 = {1,3}. If the
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2 …………..(2) function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵
(1)+(2) 2𝑏 = 2
defined by 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑏=1
is an onto function.
Substitute 𝑏 = 1 in (2)
Find 𝑎 and 𝑏?
𝑎+1=2
Ans: 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = 1
𝑎 =2−1=1
[Range of 𝑓 = co-domain]
Thus, 𝒂 = 𝟏 and 𝒃 = 𝟏

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26 Way to Success - 10th Maths
𝒙 + 𝟐; 𝒙>𝟏
( )
9. If the function 𝒇 is defined by 𝒇 𝒙 = { 𝟐; −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 find the values of
𝒙 − 𝟏; −𝟑 < 𝒙 < −𝟏
(i) 𝒇(𝟑) (ii) 𝒇(𝟎) (iii) 𝒇(−𝟏. 𝟓) (iv) 𝒇(𝟐) + 𝒇(−𝟐) Try Your Self…
𝑥 + 2; 𝑥>1 where 𝑥 = 2,3,4 7. A function 𝑓 is defined by
𝑓(𝑥 ) = { 2; −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 where 𝑥 = 0 4𝑥 2 − 1; −3 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑥 − 1; −3 < 𝑥 < −1 where 𝑥 = −2 𝑓(𝑥) = { 3𝑥 − 2; 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
(i) 𝑓(3) (ii) 𝑓(0) 2𝑥 − 3; 4<𝑥<7
When 𝑥 = 3, When 𝑥 = 0 Find (i) 𝑓(5) + 𝑓(6)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 2 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 (ii) 𝑓(1) − 𝑓(−3)
𝑓(3) = 3 + 2 = 𝟓 𝑓(0) = 𝟐 (iii) 𝑓(−2) − 𝑓(4)
Ans: (i) 𝑓(5) + 𝑓(6) = 16
(iii) 𝑓(−1.5) (iv) 𝑓 (2) + 𝑓(−2)
(ii) 𝑓(1) − 𝑓(−3) = −32
When 𝑥 = −1.5 When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 2 (iii) 𝑓(−2) − 𝑓(4) = 5
𝑓(2) = 2 + 2 = 4
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 1
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 1
𝑓 (−1.5) = −1.5 − 1 𝑓 (−2) = −2 − 1 = −3
= −𝟐. 𝟓 𝑓 (2) + 𝑓(−2) = 4 + (−3) = 𝟏

𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏; −𝟓 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟐
10. A function 𝒇: [−𝟓, 𝟗] → ℝ is defined as follows: 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 ; 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟔
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒; 𝟔 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟗
𝟐𝒇(−𝟐)−𝒇(𝟔)
Find (i) 𝒇(−𝟑) + 𝒇(𝟐) (ii) 𝒇(𝟕) − 𝒇(𝟏) (iii) 𝟐𝒇(𝟒) + 𝒇(𝟖) (iv) 𝒇(𝟒)+𝒇(−𝟐)
6𝑥 + 1; −5 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 ; Where 𝑥 = −5, −4, −3, −2, −1,0,1
𝑓(𝑥 ) = {5𝑥 2 − 1; 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 6 ; Where 𝑥 = 2, 3,4,5
3𝑥 − 4; 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9 ; Where 𝑥 = 6,7,8,9
(i) 𝑓 (−3) + 𝑓(2) (ii) 𝑓 (7) − 𝑓(1) PTA-4
When 𝑥 = −3 When 𝑥 = 7
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 + 1 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 4
𝑓(−3) = 6(−3) + 1 = −18 + 1 = −17 𝑓 (7) = 3(7) − 4 = 21 − 4 = 17
When 𝑥 = 2 When 𝑥 = 1
2
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 − 1 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 + 1
( ) ( )2
𝑓 2 = 5 2 − 1 = 20 − 1 = 19 𝑓 (1) = 6(1) + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
𝑓(−3) + 𝑓 (2) = −17 + 19 = 𝟐 ∴ 𝑓 (7) − 𝑓(1) = 17 − 7 = 𝟏𝟎
(iii) 2𝑓(4) + 𝑓(8) (iv)
2𝑓(−2)−𝑓(6)
𝑓(4)+𝑓(−2) PTA-4
When 𝑥 = 4,
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2 − 1
𝑓(−2) = 6(−2) + 1
𝑓(4) = 5(4)2 − 1
= −12 + 1 = −11
= 80 − 1
When 𝑥 = 6, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 4
= 79
𝑓(6) = 3(6) − 4
When 𝑥 = 8, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 4
= 18 − 4 = 14
𝑓(8) = 3(8) − 4
When 𝑥 = 4, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 2 − 1
= 24 − 4 = 20
𝑓(4) = 5(4)2 − 1 = 80 − 1 = 79
2𝑓(4) + 𝑓 (8) = 2(79) + 20 2𝑓(−2)−𝑓(6) 2(−11)−14 −22−14 −36 𝟗
= 158 + 20 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖 𝑓(4)+𝑓(−2)
= 79+(−11) = 79−11 = 68 = − 𝟏𝟕

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 27

11. The distance 𝑺 an object travels under the influence of gravity in the time 𝒕 seconds is given by
𝟏
𝑺(𝒕) = 𝒈𝒕𝟐 + 𝒂𝒕 + 𝒃 where, ( 𝒈 is the acceleration due to gravity), 𝒂, 𝒃 are constants. Verify
𝟐
whether the function 𝑺(𝒕) is one-one or not. PTA-3
1
Given 𝑆(𝑡) = 𝑔𝑡 2 + 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 constants)
2

Now take 𝑡 = 1,2,3, … seconds

1
𝑡 = 1, 𝑆(1) = 𝑔(1)2 + 𝑎(1) + 𝑏
2
1
= 2 𝑔 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒈 + 𝒂 + 𝒃
1
𝑡 = 2, 𝑆(2) = 2 𝑔(2)2 + 𝑎(2) + 𝑏

= 𝟐𝒈 + 𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃
1
𝑡 = 3, 𝑆(3) = 𝑔(3)2 + 𝑎(3) + 𝑏
2

= 𝟒. 𝟓𝒈 + 𝟑𝒂 + 𝒃
Since distinct elements of 𝐴 have distinct image in 𝐵. Yes, it is an one-one function.

12. The function ′𝒕′ which maps temperature in Celsius (𝑪) into temperature in Fahrenheit (𝑭) is
𝟗
defined by 𝒕(𝑪) = 𝑭 where 𝑭 = 𝑪 + 𝟑𝟐. Find PTA-1
𝟓

(i) 𝒕(𝟎) (ii) 𝒕(𝟐𝟖) (iii) 𝒕(−𝟏𝟎) (iv) the value of 𝑪 when 𝒕(𝑪) = 𝟐𝟏𝟐
(v) the temperature when the Celsius value is equal to the Fahrenheit value
9
The function 𝑡 is defined by, 𝑡(𝐶 ) = 𝐹, where 𝐹 = 𝐶 + 32
5
9
(i) 𝑡(0) = (0) + 32 = 𝟑𝟐°𝑭 (v) we know that
5 9
𝑡(𝐶 ) = 𝐹 where 𝐹 = 5 𝐶 + 32
9
(ii) 𝑡(28) = 5 (28) + 32 9
𝑡(𝐹) = 𝐶 where 𝐶 = 5 𝐹 + 32
= 9(5.6) + 32 If the temperatures are same then two
′𝑡′s in the formula should represent the
= 50.4 + 32
same temperature. So then we multiply
5
= 𝟖𝟐. 𝟒°𝑭 each side by (− 4)
9 9
(iii) 𝑡(−10) = (−10) + 32 𝑡 = 5 𝑡 + 32°
5
9
𝑡 − 5 𝑡 = 32°
= −18 + 32
5
Multiply each side by (− 4)
= 𝟏𝟒°𝑭
5 9 5
− (𝑡 − 𝑡) = 32° × (− )
(iv) When 𝑡(𝐶 ) = 212 4 5 4
5 9
9 − 4 𝑡 + 4 𝑡 = −40°
𝐶 + 32 = 212 −5𝑡+9𝑡
5
4
= −40°
9
𝐶 = 212 − 32 = 180 4𝑡
= −40°
5 4
180×5
𝐶= = 𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝑪 𝒕 = −𝟒𝟎°
9

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28 Way to Success - 10th Maths
Creative Questions

1. 𝑹 = {(𝒙, −𝟐), (−𝟓, 𝒚)} represents the identity 4. Let 𝑨 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗} be
function, find the values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 PTA-6 two sets. Let 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 be a function. given
𝑅 represents the identity function by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏. Represent this function i)
by arrow diagram ii) in a table form iii) as a
∴ 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −5 set of ordered pairs iv) in a graphical form.
2. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒} , 𝑩 = ℕ. Let 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 be 𝐴 = {0,1,2,3}
defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 . 𝐵 = {1,3,5,7,9}
PTA-5
Find (i) the range of 𝒇
𝑓 (𝑎) = 2𝑥 + 1
(ii) identify the type of function
𝑓 (0) = 2(0) + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
Now 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} , 𝐵 = {1,2,3, … }
Given 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 𝑓 (1) = 2(1) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
2
𝑓(1) = 1 = 1, 𝑓(3) = 3 = 9 2 𝑓 (2) = 2(2) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
2 2
𝑓(2) = 2 = 4, 𝑓 (4) = 4 = 16 𝑓 (3) = 2(3) + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
{
(i) Range of 𝑓 = 1, 4, 9, 16 }
(ii) Since distinct elements in 𝐴 are mapped i) Arrow diagram:
into distinct images in 𝐵 , it is a one-one Let us represent the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 by an
function. 2 ∈ 𝐵 is not the image of any arrow diagram
element of 𝐴. So, it is Into function.
3. Using horizontal line test determine which of the
following functions are one – one.
i) ii)
ii) Table form:
Let us represent 𝑓 using a table as shown
below
𝑥 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 1 3 5 7
i)
iii) Set of ordered pairs: The given function
𝑓 can represented as a set of ordered
pairs
𝑓 = {(0,1), (1,3), (2,5), (3,7)}
iv) Graphical form:
In the adjacent 𝑥𝑦 – plane the points
The curve represent a one – one function as the (0,1), (1,3), (2,5) , (3,7) are plotted.
horizontal line meet the curve in only one point 𝑃.
ii)

The curve does not represent a one – one function,

since, the horizontal line meet the curve in two
points 𝑃 and 𝑄.

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 29

5. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}, 𝑩 = {𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅} and 8. Let 𝑨 = {𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖}, 𝑩 = {−𝟏𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟕, −𝟏𝟎, −𝟗, −𝟕, −𝟏𝟑}
𝒇 = {(𝟏, 𝒂) (𝟐, 𝒃) (𝟑, 𝒅)} be a function from and 𝒇 = {(𝒙, 𝒚)/𝒚 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨, 𝒚 ∈ 𝑩}
𝑨 to 𝑩. Show that 𝒇 is one – one but not i) write down the elements of 𝒇.
onto function. ii) what is the Co-domain?
𝐴 = {1,2,3}, 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}, iii) what is the range?
𝑓 = {(1, 𝑎) (2, 𝑏) (3, 𝑑)} iv) Identify the type of function?
v) Find the pre-images of −𝟗 and −𝟏𝟑
The function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥
i) if 𝑥 = 5, 𝑓(5) = 3 − 2(5) = −7
if 𝑥 = 6, 𝑓(6) = 3 − 2(6) = −9
if 𝑥 = 7, 𝑓(7) = 3 − 2(7) = −11
if 𝑥 = 8, 𝑓(8) = 3 − 2(8) = −13
element of
Then 𝑓 is a function from 𝐴 → 𝐵 and for 𝑓 = {(5, −7) (6, −9) (7, −11) (8, −13)}
different elements in 𝐴 there are different ii) Co domain = {−11,4,7, −10, −9, −7, −13}
images in 𝐵. iii) Range of 𝑓 = {−7, −9, −11, −13}
Hence 𝑓 is one – one function. iv) Since different elements of 𝐴 have different
But the element 𝑐 is the Co-domain does image in the Co – domains, the function 𝑓 is
not have any pre-image in the Domain. one – one function.
Hence 𝑓 is not onto. v) The pre-images of −9 and −13 are 6 and 8
Therefore 𝑓 is one – one but not an onto respectively.
function.
6. If 𝑨 = {𝟏, −𝟐, −𝟑, 𝟒. −𝟓} and 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 is 9. Forensic scientists can determine the height (in
onto function defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 inches) of a person based on the length of their
then find 𝑩. forehand. They usually do so using the function
𝒉(𝒃) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝒃 + 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 where 𝒃 is the length of the
Given, 𝐴 = {1, −2, −3,4, −5}
forehand.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
i) check if the function 𝒉 is one – one.
𝑓(1) = 12 + 1 + 1 = 3
ii) Also find the height of a person if the length of
𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 − 2 + 1 = 4 − 2 + 1 = 3 his forehand is 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝒔.
𝑓(−3) = (−3)2 − 3 + 1 = 9 − 3 + 1 = 7 iii) Find the length of the forehand if the height of
𝑓(4) = (4)2 + 4 + 1 = 16 + 4 + 1 = 21 a person is 𝟕𝟓 inches.
𝑓(−5) = (−5)2 − 5 + 1 = 25 − 5 + 1 = 21 i) To check if ℎ is one – one.
Since, 𝑓 is an onto function, we assume that, ℎ(𝑏1 ) = ℎ(𝑏2 )
the range of 𝑓 = 𝐵 = co domain of 𝑓 Then we get,
𝐵 = {3,7,21} 0.9𝑏1 + 24.5 = 0.9𝑏2 + 24.5
0.9𝑏1 = 0.9𝑏2
7. Let 𝒇 be a function from 𝑹 to 𝑹 defined by 𝑏1 = 𝑏2
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐. Find the value of 𝒂 and 𝒃 Thus ℎ(𝑏1 ) = ℎ(𝑏2 ) ⇒ 𝑏1 = 𝑏2
given that (𝒂, 𝟒) and (𝟏, 𝒃) belong to 𝒇. So the function ℎ is one – one.
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2; 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 3𝑥 − 2)/ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅} ii) If the length of his forehand 𝑏 = 50 𝑐𝑚, then
(𝑎, 4) means the image of 𝑎 is 4 the height is
That is, 𝑓(𝑎) = 4 ℎ(50) = (0.9 × 50) + 24.5
3𝑎 − 2 = 4 = 45 + 24.5 = 69.5 inches.
3𝑎 = 4 + 2 = 6 iii) If the height of a person is 75 inches, then
𝑎 = 2. ℎ(𝑏) = 75 and do the length of the
(1, 𝑏) means the image of 1 is 𝑏 forehand is given by,
That is, 𝑓(1) = 𝑏 0.9𝑏 + 24.5 = 75
3(1) − 2 = 𝑏 0.9𝑏 = 75 − 24.5 = 50.5
𝑏=1 50.5
𝑏= = 56.11 𝑐𝑚𝑠
0.9

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30 Way to Success - 10th Maths
𝟏 + 𝒙, 𝒙 < −𝟐
10. If the function 𝒇: 𝑹 → 𝑹 difined by 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏, − 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟒 then find the value of,
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 𝒙≥𝟒
𝟐𝒇(𝟑)−𝟑𝒇(−𝟐)
i) 𝒇(𝟑) ii) 𝒇(−𝟒) iii) 𝒇(𝟑) + 𝟐𝒇(𝟏) iv)
𝒇(𝟓)

The function 𝑓 is defined by three values in iv) we know 𝑓(3) = 5

intervals I, II, III as shown below. To finding 𝑓(−2), 𝑥 = −2 lies in the
second interval
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑓(−2) = 2(−2) − 1
= −4 − 1
i) Now, see that 𝑥 = 3 lies in the second intervel = −5
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 = 5 lies in the third interval,
𝑓(3) = 2(3) − 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 10
=6−1 =5 = 3(5)2 − 10
ii) 𝑥 = −4 lies in the first interval = 75 − 10
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 = 65
2𝑓(3)−3𝑓(−2)
= 1 + (−4) = −3. Hence,
𝑓(5)
iii) From (i) 𝑓(3) = 5 2(5)−3(−5)
=
𝑓(5)
𝑥 = 1 lies in the second interval
10+15
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 =
65
25
𝑓(1) = 2(1) − 1 = 2 − 1 =1 =
65
𝑓(𝑥) + 2𝑓(1) = 5 + 2(1) = 5 + 2 = 7 5
=
13

Introduction for Exercise 1.5

Concept corner
Definition: Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 be two functions. Then the
composition of 𝑓 and 𝑔 denoted by 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 is defined as the function
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥 )) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴.
 The composition 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) exists only when range of 𝑓 is a subset of 𝑔
 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ≠ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 Composition of function is not commutative.
 Composition of three functions is always associative. That is 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ.
 A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 ≠ 0 is called a linear function.
Some specific linear functions and their graphs are given below.
No. Function Domain and Definition Graph
1 The identity function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 31

2 Additive inverse function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥

 A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a quadratic function.

Function, Domain, Range and Definition Graph
𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅,
𝑓(𝑥 ) ∈ [0, ∞ )

𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅.
𝑓(𝑥 ) ∈ (−∞, 0]

A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

(𝑎 ≠ 0) is called a cubic function.

1
A function 𝑓: 𝑅 − {0} → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = is called a
𝑥
reciprocal function.

A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is called a

constant function.

Modulus or Absolute Valued Function: 𝑓: 𝑅 → [0, ∞) defined by

𝑥 ;𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥| = {
−𝑥 ; 𝑥 < 0

 Modulus function is not a linear function but it is composed of two linear functions 𝑥 and −𝑥

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32 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Pg.No
28 State your answer for the following questions by selectiong the correct option.
1. Composition of function is commutative
(a) Always true (b) Never true (c) Sometimes true
Ex: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
= 𝑓(𝑥 − 4) = 3 + 𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥 − 1
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
= 𝑔(3 + 𝑥) = 3 + 𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥 − 1
Here , 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
2. Composition of function is assoctative
(a) Always true (b) Never true (c) Sometimes true
Composition of the function is always associative.
That is 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ
31 1. Is a constant function a linear function?
Yes. If the constant function is constantly ‘o’, then it’s linear.
2. Is quadratic function a one – one function?
No. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1
Here , -2 and 2 have same image
3. Is cubic function a one – one function?
Yes, The cubic function is indeed a function as it passes the vertical line test. In
addition this function possesses the property that each 𝑥 value has one unique 𝑦
value. This characteristic is referred to as being a one – one function.
4. Is the reciprocal function a bijection?
Yes, the reciprocal function is a bijection
5. If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a constant function, then the range of f will have singleton (or) one
element.

Text Book Page Number: 26

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑚 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑛
does 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 ?
𝑛
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 𝑛 )𝑚 = 𝑥 𝑛𝑚
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 𝑚 ) = (𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛
Hence, 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓

Exercise 1.5
1. Using the functions 𝒇 and 𝒈 given below, find 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 and 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇. Check whether 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟔, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒙
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
= 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
= 𝑓(2𝑥 2 − 1)
= 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) 2
= 𝑥 2 − 6…………..(1) = 2 ……………(1)
2𝑥 −1
2
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔 ( )
𝑥
= 𝑔(𝑥 − 6) 2 2 8
= (𝑥 − 6)2 ……………(2) = 2 ( ) − 1 = 2 − 1 ……………….(2)
𝑥 𝑥
From (1) and (2) 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 From (1) and (2) We see that 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 33

𝒙+𝟔 2. Find the value of 𝒌, such that 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇

(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑 − 𝒙
𝟑
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒌
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(6𝑥 − 𝑘)
= 𝑓(3 − 𝑥)
= 3(6𝑥 − 𝑘) + 2 = 18𝑥 − 3𝑘 + 2
3−𝑥+6 9−𝑥
= = ……………..(1) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(3𝑥 + 2)
3 3
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 6(3𝑥 + 2) − 𝑘 = 18𝑥 + 12 − 𝑘
𝑥+6 Given that, 𝑓∘𝑔 = 𝑔∘𝑓
= 𝑔( )
3
18𝑥 − 3𝑘 + 2 = 18𝑥 + 12 − 𝑘
𝑥+6 9−𝑥−6 3−𝑥
=3 −( ) = = …………..(2)
3 3 3 18𝑥 − 18𝑥 − 3𝑘 + 𝑘 = 12 − 2
From (1) and (2) we get that, 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 −2𝑘 = 10
(iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑 + 𝒙, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒌 = −𝟓
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) (ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒌, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓
= 𝑓(𝑥 − 4) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
Try Your Self…
= 3+𝑥−4 = 𝑓(4𝑥 + 5)
2. Find the value of 𝑘,
= 𝑥 − 1 ……………(1) = 2(4𝑥 + 5) − 𝑘 such that 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
= 8𝑥 + 10 − 𝑘 if 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 𝑘 and
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑔(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 5
= 𝑔(3 + 𝑥)
= 𝑔(2𝑥 − 𝑘) Ans: 𝑘=2
= 3+𝑥−4
= 4(2𝑥 − 𝑘) + 5
= 𝑥 − 1 ………………..(2)
= 8𝑥 − 4𝑘 + 5
From (1) and (2) we get that, 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇
Given that 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
(v) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝒙 8𝑥 + 10 − 𝑘 = 8𝑥 − 4𝑘 + 5
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) 8𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 𝑘 + 4𝑘 = 5 − 10
= 𝑓(1 + 𝑥) 3𝑘 = −5
= 4(1 + 𝑥)2 − 1 𝒌=−
𝟓
𝟑
= 4 + 8𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 1
𝒙+𝟏
= 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 3 ………….(1) 3. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = , show that
𝟐
𝒇∘𝒈= 𝒈∘𝒇
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑥+1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) =
= 𝑔(4𝑥 2 − 1) 2

= 1 + 4𝑥 2 − 1 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
𝑥+1 Try Your Self…
= 4𝑥 2 ……………….(2) = 𝑓(
2
)
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 𝑥,
From (1) and (2) We see that 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 𝑥+1 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3 show that
= 2( ) − 1
2 𝑓∘𝑔 =𝑔∘𝑓 =𝑥
= 𝑥+1−1 Ans:
𝑓∘𝑔=𝑔∘𝑓 =𝑥
Try Your Self… = 𝑥 ……….(1)
1. Using the functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 given below, find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 check whether 𝑓∘𝑔 =𝑔∘𝑓
= 𝑔(2𝑥 − 1)
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥; 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
2𝑥−1+1 2𝑥
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 ; 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 = =
2 2

Ans: (i) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ≠ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 (ii) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝑥 …..(2)

From (1) and (2), 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇

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34 Way to Success - 10th Maths
4. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟐 find 𝒂, if 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝟏 PTA-2
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) Try Your Self…
= 𝑔(𝑥 2 − 1)
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1,
= 𝑥2 − 1 − 2
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 7 find
= 𝑥2 − 3 𝑎, if 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑎) = 1
Given 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑎) = 1
Ans: 𝑎 = ±3
Hence 𝑎2 − 3 = 1
𝑎2 = 1 + 3
𝑎2 = 4
𝒂 = ±𝟐
5. Let 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 ⊆ 𝑵 and a function 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 be defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈: 𝑩 → 𝑪 be defined by
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 . Find the range of 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 and 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 be defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 ⊆ 𝑁
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 , Range of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = {𝑦/𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁}
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 + 1) = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 , Range of 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = {𝑦/𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁}
6. Let 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏. Find
(i) 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇 (ii) 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) Try Your Self…
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)))
5. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 Find
= 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 1) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥 2 − 1)) (i) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 (ii) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓
= (𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 1 = 𝑓((𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 1) Ans:
= 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 1 = 𝑓(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 1) (i) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 = 4𝑥 + 3
= 𝑓(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 ) (ii) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 = 8𝑥 + 7
= 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝟐
= [𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ] − 𝟏

7. If 𝒇: 𝑹 → 𝑹 and 𝒈: 𝑹 → 𝑹 are defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 then check if 𝒇, 𝒈 are one-one and
𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is one-one? PTA-6
𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(−1) = (−1)16 = 1
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(1) = (1)16 = 1 Try Your Self…
6. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅
= 𝑓(𝑥 5 ) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(2) = (2)16
are defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
= (𝑥 5 )5 = 𝑥 25 Thus two distinct elements −1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 then
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(1) = (1)25 = 1 and 1 have same images. check if 𝑓, 𝑔 are one-one
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(2) = (2)25 Hence 𝑔 is not one-one and 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is one-one?
(3) 25
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(3) = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) Ans: 𝑓 is one – one,
Since each elements in 𝑓 have = 𝑓(𝑥 4 ) 𝑔 is not one-one
distinct images, 𝑓 is one-one 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is one-one
4 = (𝑥 4 )5 = 𝑥 20
𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(1) = (1)20 = 1
𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 4 )
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(−1) = (−1)20 = 1
= (𝑥 4 )4 = 𝑥 16
Thus two distinct elements −1 and 1 have same images.
Hence 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is not one-one.

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 35

8. Consider the functions 𝒇(𝒙), 𝒈(𝒙), 𝒉(𝒙) as given below, show that (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) ∘ 𝒉 = 𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉) in each case.
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 (ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟒
and 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) Try Your Self…
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥) 7. Consider the functions
𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥), ℎ(𝑥) as given
= 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (2𝑥)2 = 4𝑥 2
below. Show that
= 𝑓(3𝑥 + 1) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(ℎ(𝑥)) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ = 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)
= 3𝑥 + 1 − 1 = 3𝑥 = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 + 4) (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1;
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2;
Then (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(ℎ(𝑥)) = 4(𝑥 + 4)2
ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥
= (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 2 ) = 4(𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16) (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1;
= 4𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 64………(1) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3,
= 3𝑥 2 ……………(1) ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥
(𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)𝑥 = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) Ans:
(i) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ = 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)
= 𝑔(𝑥 2 ) = 𝑔(𝑥 + 4)
(ii) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ = 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)
= 3𝑥 2 + 1 = 2(𝑥 + 4) = 2𝑥 + 8

So, 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)𝑥 = 𝑓(3𝑥 2 + 1) So, 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)𝑥 = 𝑓(2𝑥 + 8)

= 3𝑥 2 + 1 − 1 = (2𝑥 + 8)2

= 3𝑥 2 …………………(2) = 4𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 64……………..(2)

From (1) and (2), (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) ∘ 𝒉 = 𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉)
From (1) & (2),(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) ∘ 𝒉 = 𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉)
(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟒, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓 PTA-2
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)𝑥 = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥))
= 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4 = 𝑔(3𝑥 − 5) = (3𝑥 − 5)2
Then (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) = 3𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 25
= 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(3𝑥 − 5) 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = 𝑓(9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 25)
= (3𝑥 − 5)2 − 4 = 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 25 − 4
= 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 25 − 4 = 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 21 ………..(2)
= 9𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 21……..(1) From (1) and (2), (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) ∘ 𝒉 = 𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉)

9. Let 𝒇 = {(−𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟎, −𝟏), (𝟐, −𝟗)} be a linear 10. In electrical circuit theory, a circuit 𝑪(𝒕) is
function from ℤ into ℤ. Find 𝒇(𝒙). called a linear circuit if it satisfies the
Let 𝑓 = {(−1,3), (0, −1), (2, −9)} be a linear superposition principle given by
function from 𝑍 into 𝑍 𝑪(𝒂𝒕𝟏 + 𝒃𝒕𝟐 ) = 𝒂𝑪(𝒕𝟏 ) + 𝒃𝑪(𝒕𝟐 ), where 𝒂, 𝒃
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 can be written are constants. Show that the circuit 𝑪(𝒕) = 𝟑𝒕 is
linear.
𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐)/ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍}
𝐶(𝑡1 ) = 𝑡
𝑓(−1) = 3
𝐶(𝑡2 ) = 2𝑡 where 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
−𝑚 + 𝑐 = 3 ……………..(1)
𝐶(𝑡) = 𝐶(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) = 𝐶(𝑡1 ) + 𝐶(𝑡2 )
𝑓(0) = −1
𝑡 + 2𝑡 = 3𝑡
𝑐 = −1 ……………(2)
∴ 𝑪(𝒕) = 𝟑𝒕 is linear.
Substitute 𝐶 = −1 in (1)
−𝑚 + 𝑐 = 3
−𝑚 − 1 = 3
𝑚 = −1 − 3 = −4
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏
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36 Way to Success - 10th Maths
Creative Questions
1. Find 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 and 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 and 4. Find 𝒌 if 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇(𝒌) = 𝟏𝟓 where
𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐. 𝒇(𝒌) = 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏.
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1; 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑘))
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 2)
= 2(2𝑘 + 1) + 1
= 2(𝑥 2 + 2) − 1
= 2𝑥 2 + 4 − 1 = 4𝑘 + 2 + 1
= 2𝑥 2 + 3 = 4𝑘 + 3
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 − 1) Thus 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑘) = 4𝑘 + 3
= (2𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 Given 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑘) = 15
= 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 + 2 ∴ 4𝑘 + 3 = 15
= 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
2 4𝑘 = 15 − 3
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 4𝑘 = 12
12
𝑓∘𝑔 ≠ 𝑔∘𝑓 𝑘= =3
4

2. Represent the function 5. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙 and

𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 as a composition of two 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙. Prove that
functions. 𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉) = (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) ∘ 𝒉
We set 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥, ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥
𝑓1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 Now (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥))
Then 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 𝑔(3𝑥)
= √𝑓2 (𝑥) = 1 − 3𝑥
= 𝑓1 |𝑓2 (𝑥)| So 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) (𝑥) = 𝑓(1 − 3𝑥)
= 𝑓1 𝑓2 (𝑥)
= 2(1 − 3𝑥) + 1
3. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒌 and if = 2 − 6𝑥 + 1
𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 = 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇, then find the value of 𝒌. = 3 − 6𝑥 ……….…. (1)
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 𝑘
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
= 𝑓(2𝑥 + 𝑘) = 𝑓(1 − 𝑥)
= 3(2𝑥 + 𝑘) − 1
= 2(1 − 𝑥) + 1
= 6𝑥 + 3𝑘 − 1
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 3𝑘 − 1 = 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 3 − 2𝑥
= 𝑔(3𝑥 − 1)
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) (ℎ(𝑥))
= 2 (3𝑥 − 1) + 𝑘
= 6𝑥 − 2 + 𝑘 = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) (3𝑥)
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 2 + 𝑘 = 3 − 2(3𝑥)
𝑓∘𝑔 =𝑔∘𝑓
6𝑥 + 3𝑘 − 1 = 6𝑥 − 2 + 𝑘 = 3 − 6𝑥 ………... (2)
6𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑘 − 𝑘 = 1 − 2 From (1) and (2), we get
2𝑘 = −1 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ
−1
⇒ 𝑘=
2

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 37

6. Find 𝒙 if 𝒈𝒇𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇𝒈 𝒈(𝒙), given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟐 7. Find 𝒌, if 𝒇(𝒌) = 𝟐𝒌 − 𝟏

𝑔𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔[𝑓{𝑓(𝑥)}] 𝑓(𝑥 + 4) = [3(𝑥 + 4) − 1] and 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇(𝒌) = 𝟓
= 𝑔[𝑓(3𝑥 − 1)] = 3𝑥 + 12 − 1 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑘))
= 𝑓(2𝑘 − 1)
= 𝑔[3(3𝑥 − 1) − 1] = 3𝑥 − 11
= 2(2𝑘 − 1) − 1
= 𝑔(9𝑥 − 4) Given, 𝑔𝑓𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓𝑔𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑘 − 2 − 1
𝑔(9𝑥 − 4) = [9𝑥 − 4 + 2] 9𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑥 − 11 = 4𝑘 − 3
But 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑘) = 5
= 9𝑥 − 2 9𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 2 − 11
4𝑘 − 3 = 5
𝑓𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓[𝑔{𝑔(𝑥)}] 6𝑥 = −9 4𝑘 = 5 + 3
= 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥 + 2)] 𝑥=
−9 4𝑘 = 8
6 8
𝑘=
= 𝑓[(𝑥 + 2) + 2] 𝑥=
−3 4
2 𝑘=2
= 𝑓(𝑥 + 4)

Exercise 1.6
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. If 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 6 and 𝐴 = {1,3} then 𝑛(𝐵) is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6
𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 6, 𝑛(𝐴) = 2
𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐵 )
𝑛(𝐴×𝐵) 6
𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑛(𝐴)
=2=3

2. 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑞}, 𝐵 = {2,3}, 𝐶 = {𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠} then 𝑛[(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) × 𝐵 ] is PTA-3

(A) 8 (B) 20 (C) 12 (D) 16
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑞} ∪ {𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠} = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠}
𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) = 6 , 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 2
𝑛[(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) × 𝐵 ] = 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) × 𝑛(𝐵 )
= 6 × 2 = 12

3. If 𝐴 = {1,2}, 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4}, 𝐶 = {5,6} and 𝐷 = {5,6,7,8} then the state which of the following
statement is true
(A) (𝑨 × 𝑪) ⊂ (𝑩 × 𝑫) (B) (𝐵 × 𝐷 ) ⊂ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
(C) (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ⊂ (𝐴 × 𝐷) (D) (𝐷 × 𝐴) ⊂ (𝐵 × 𝐴)
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1,2} × {5,6} = {(1,5), (1,6), (2,5), (2,6)}
𝐵 × 𝐷 = {1,2,3,4} × {5,6,7,8}
= {(1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (2,5), (2,6), (2,7), (2,8), (3,5), (3,6), (3,7), (3,8), (4,5), (4,6), (4,7), (4,8)}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2} × {1,2,3,4}
= {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4)}
𝐴 × 𝐷 = {1,2} × {5,6,7,8}
= {(1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (2,5), (2,6), (2,7), (2,8)}
We observe that the Cartesian products(𝐴 × 𝐶) ⊂ (𝐵 × 𝐷) is true

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38 Way to Success - 10th Maths
4. If there are 1024 relations from a set 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5} to a set 𝐵, then the number of element in 𝐵 is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8 PTA-2
Number of relations = 2𝑚𝑛
2𝑚𝑛 = 1024
25𝑛 = 1024
25𝑛 = 210
5𝑛 = 10
10
𝑛= =2
2

5. The range of the relations 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑥 2 )|𝑥 is a prime number less than 13} is PTA-4
(A){2,3,5,7} (B) {2,3,5,7,11} (C) {4,9,25,49,121} (D) {1,4,9,25,49,121}
Given, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑥 2 )|𝑥 is a prime number less than 13}
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
𝑓(2) = 22 = 4
𝑓(3) = 32 = 9
𝑓(5) = 52 = 25
𝑓(7) = 72 = 49
𝑓(11) = 112 = 121
Range of 𝑅 = {4,9,25,49,121}

6. If the ordered pairs (𝑎 + 2,4) and (5, 2𝑎 + 𝑏) are equal then (𝑎, 𝑏) is PTA-6
(A) (2, −2) (B) (5,1) (C) (2,3) (D) (𝟑, −𝟐)
Given, (𝑎 + 2, 4) = (5, 2𝑎 + 𝑏)
Now 𝑎 + 2 = 5 ⇒ 𝑎 = 5 − 2 = 3
Then, 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 4
2(3) + 𝑏 = 4
6+𝑏 = 4
𝑏 = 4 − 6 = −2
(𝑎, 𝑏) = (3, −2)

7. Let 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑚 and 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑛 then the total number of non-empty relations that can be defined
from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is
(A) 𝑚𝑛 (B) 𝑛𝑚 (C) 2𝑚𝑛 − 1 (D) 𝟐𝒎𝒏

8. If {(𝑎, 8), (6, 𝑏)} represents an identity function, then the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏 respectively. PTA-1
(A) (8,6) (B) (8,8) (C) (6,8) (D) (6,6)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴

∴ (𝑎, 𝑏) = (8,6)

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 39

9. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} and 𝐵 = {4,8,9,10}. A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 given by 𝑓 = {(1,4), (2,8), (3,9), (4,10)} is a
(A) Many-one function (B) Identity function PTA-4
(C) One-to-one function (D) Into function

Distinct elements of 𝐴 have distinct images in 𝐵.

So, it is one – to – one function

1
10. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = , then 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is
3𝑥
3 2 𝟐 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 𝟗𝒙𝟐 6𝑥 2
1 1 2 1 2
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓 ( ) = 2 ( ) = 2 ( )=
3𝑥 3𝑥 9𝑥 2 9𝑥 2

11. If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a bijective function and if 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 7, then 𝑛(𝐴) is equal to PTA-2

(A) 7 (B) 49 (C) 1 (D) 14
If 𝑓 is bijective if 𝑓 is both a one-one and an onto function. 𝑛(𝐴) = 7
12. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions given by
𝑓 = {(0,1), (2,0), (3, −4), (4,2), (5,7)}
𝑔 = {(0,2), (1,0), (2,4), (−4,2), (7,0)} then the range of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is
(A) {0,2,3,4,5} (B) {−4,1,0,2,7} (C) {1,2,3,4,5} (D) {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐}
(i) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓(𝑔(0)) = 𝑓(2) = 0
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
(ii) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓(𝑔(1)) = 𝑓(0) = 1
0 1 0 2
2 0 1 0 (iii) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓(𝑔(2)) = 𝑓 (4) = 2
3 −4 2 4 (iv) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓(𝑔(−4)) = 𝑓 (2) = 0
4 2 −4 2 (v) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓(𝑔(7)) = 𝑓(0) = 1
5 7 7 0 Range of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = {0,1,2}

13. Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √1 + 𝑥 2 then

(A) 𝑓 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥 ). 𝑓(𝑦) (B) 𝑓(𝑥𝑦) ≥ 𝑓 (𝑥 ). 𝑓(𝑦)
(C) 𝒇(𝒙𝒚) ≤ 𝒇(𝒙). 𝒇(𝒚) (D) None of these
Put 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1
𝑓(𝑥 ) = √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(1) = √1 + 12 = √2
𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑓(−1) = √1 + (−1)2 = √2
𝑥𝑦 = (1)(−1) = −1
𝑓(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑓 (−1) = √1 + (−1)2 = √2
𝑓(𝑥𝑦) ≤ 𝑓 (𝑥 ). 𝑓(𝑦)

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40 Way to Success - 10th Maths
14. If 𝑔 = {(1,1), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7)} is a function given by 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝛼𝑥 + 𝛽 then the values of 𝛼 and 𝛽 are
(A) (−1,2) (B) (𝟐, −𝟏) (C) (−1, −2) (D) (1,2) PTA-6
𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝛼𝑥 + 𝛽)/𝑥 ∈ 𝑅} 2𝛼 + 𝛽 = 3
If 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 1 𝛼 =2
That is 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1 …….(1) Substitute 𝛼 = 2 in (1)
If 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3 𝛼+𝛽 =1
That is 2𝛼 + 𝛽 = 3…….(2) 2+𝛽 = 1
From (1) and (2) 𝛽 = 1 − 2 = −1
𝛼+𝛽 = 1 (𝛼, 𝛽 ) = (2, −1)

15. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 1)3 − (𝑥 − 1)3 represents a function which is PTA-5

(A)linear (B) cubic (C) reciprocal (D) quadratic
𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 1 )3 − (𝑥 − 1 )3
= (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
= 6𝑥 2 + 2
Hence it is quadratic

QR Code Questions

1. If 𝑓 ∶ 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2, then the pre-images of 27 are

(A) 𝟓, −𝟓 (B) √5, −√5 (C) 5, 0 (D) 0, 5
2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 2
𝑓(5) = 52 + 2
= 25 + 2 = 27
𝑓(−5) = (−5)2 + 2 = 25 + 2 = 27
Pre-images of 27 are 5, −5
1 1
2. If 𝑓 (𝑥 − ) = 𝑥 2 + , then 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ___________ .
𝑥 𝑥2
1 1
(A) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 (B) 𝑥 2 − 2 (C) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 (D) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2
1 1
𝑓 (𝑥 − ) = 𝑥 2 +
𝑥 𝑥2
1 2
𝑥 2 + 2 = (𝑥 − ) + 2
𝑥
1 1
= [𝑥 2 + − 2𝑥 × ] + 2
𝑥2 𝑥
1
= 𝑥2 + −2+2
𝑥2
1
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑥2
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 41

3. If 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 }, 𝐵 = {2, 3} and 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 } then 𝑛[(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ) × 𝐵 ] is

(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 𝟔 (D) 12
𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 }, 𝐵 = {2, 3}, 𝑐 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 }
𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 } ∩ {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 }
= {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ) × 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 } × {2, 3}
= {(𝑎, 2) (𝑎, 3) (𝑏, 2) (𝑏, 3) (𝑐, 2) (𝑐, 3)}
𝑛[(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ) × 𝐵 ] = 6
4. If the ordered pairs (𝑎, 1) and (5, 𝑏) belong to {(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3}, then the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
(A) −13, 2 (B) 2, 13 (C) 2, −13 (D) −𝟐, 𝟏𝟑
{(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3} , (𝑎, −1) (5, 𝑏); 𝑎, 𝑏 =?
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
(𝑎, −1) ⇒ −1 = 2𝑎 + 3 (5, 𝑏) ⇒ 𝑏 = (2 × 5) + 3
2𝑎 = −1 − 3 𝑏 = 10 + 3
2𝑎 = −4 𝑏 = 13
−4
𝑎 = = −2
2
𝑎 = −2
∴ 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 13

5. The function 𝑓 ∶ ℕ → ℕ is defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥. Then the function 𝑓 is

(A) Not one-one but onto (B) one-one but not onto
(C) one-one and onto (D) not one-one and not onto
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥; 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁
𝑓(1) = 2(1) = 2
𝑓(2) = 2(2) = 4
𝑓(3) = 2(3) = 6
one-one and onto

6. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1, then 𝑓 (𝑓(𝑓 (𝑦 + 2))) is

(A) 𝑦 + 3 (B) 𝒚 + 𝟓 (C) 𝑦 + 7 (D) 𝑦 + 9
𝑓(𝑦 + 2) = 𝑦 + 2 + 1 = 𝑦 + 3
𝑓(𝑓(𝑦 + 2)) = 𝑓(𝑦 + 3)
= 𝑦+3+1 = 𝑦+4
𝑓 (𝑓(𝑓(𝑦 + 2))) = 𝑓 (𝑦 + 4)
= 𝑦+4+1
=𝑦+5
7. The function 𝑡 which maps temperature in degree Celsius into temperature in degree Fahrenheit is
9
defined by 𝑡(𝑐 ) = (𝐶) + 32. The Fahrenheit degree is 95 then the value of 𝑐 will be
5
(A) 37 (B) 36 (C) 𝟑𝟓 (D) 29
9
𝑡(𝐶 ) = (𝐶) + 32
5
9
𝑡(35) = 5 × 35 + 32
= 63 + 32 = 95
the value of 𝑐 = 35
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42 Way to Success - 10th Maths
8. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛, where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are integers, 𝑓(−2) = 7 and 𝑓(3) = 2, then 𝑚 and 𝑛 are equal to
(A) −𝟏, 𝟓 (B) −1, −5 (C) 1, −9 (D) 1, 9
( ) ( ) ( ) 5
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛, 𝑓 −2 = 7, 𝑓 3 = 2, 𝑚 = ⇒ 𝑚 = −1
−5
𝑚, 𝑛 =?
Sub 𝑚 = −1 in (2)
𝑓(−2) ⇒ 𝑚(−2) + 𝑛 = 7
3𝑚 + 𝑛 = 2
𝑓(3) ⇒ 𝑚(3) + 𝑛 = 2
3(−1) + 𝑛 = 2
−2𝑚 + 𝑛 = 7 ………… (1)
−3 + 𝑛 = 2
3𝑚 + 𝑛 = 2 ………….. (2)
𝑛 =2+3
Solve (1), (2)
𝑛=5
−2𝑚 + 𝑛 = 7 (𝑚, 𝑛) = (−1, 5)
3𝑚 + 𝑛 = 2
(−) (−) (−)
−5𝑚 =5

9. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 − 2, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓, then the value of 𝑎 is

1
(A) −3 (B) 𝟑 (C) (D) 13
3
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 − 2, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
𝑎 =?
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝑓(2𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑎(2𝑥 − 1) − 2
= 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎 − 2 ………… (I)
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝑔[𝑓 (𝑥 )] = 𝑔(𝑎𝑥 − 2)
= 2(𝑎𝑥 − 2) − 1
= 2𝑎𝑥 − 4 − 1
= 2𝑎𝑥 − 5 ………………. (II)
(𝐼) = (𝐼𝐼) ⇒ 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎 − 2 = 2𝑎𝑥 − 5
2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎 − 2 = −5
−𝑎 = −3
𝑎=3
10. If 𝑓 is a identity function, then the value of 𝑓(1) − 2𝑓 (2) + 𝑓(3) is
(A) 1 (B) 𝟎 (C) −1 (D) −3
𝑓(1) − 2𝑓(2) + 𝑓 (3) =?
𝑥 = 𝑥; 𝑓(1) = 1, 𝑓 (2) = 2, 𝑓(3) = 3
𝑓(1) − 2𝑓(2) + 𝑓 (3) = 1 − (2 × 2) + 3 = 4 − 4 = 0
1 1
11. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3, then 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑦) is
1 1 1 𝟏
(A) 𝑦8 (B) 𝑦6 (C) 𝑦4 (D) 𝒚𝟑
1 1
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 (𝑦) =?
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 (𝑦) ⇒ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 (𝑦)
1 1
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ; 𝑓(𝑦) =
𝑥 𝑦
1 1 1
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 ⇒ ∴ 𝑔 (𝑦) = 1 3
= 𝑦3
( 𝑦)

𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦 3
1
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 (𝑦) ⇒ 𝑓(𝑦 3 ) = 𝑦3

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 43

12. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3𝑥 then 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(1 − 𝑥 ) = ?

(A) 9𝑥 − 5 (B) 5𝑥 − 9 (C) 5𝑥 + 9 (D) 𝟓 − 𝟗𝒙
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 (1 − 𝑥 ) =?
𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(1 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑓[𝑓(1 − 𝑥 )]
= 𝑓(2 − 3𝑥 )
= 𝑓[𝑓(2 − 3(1 − 𝑥 ))]
= 𝑓[𝑓 (2 − 3 + 3𝑥 )]
= 𝑓[𝑓 (3𝑥 − 1)]
= 2 − 3(3𝑥 − 1)
= 2 − 9𝑥 + 3
= 5 − 9𝑥
1
13. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(1 − 𝑥 ) = 2 then 𝑓 (2) is
(A) 𝟏 (B) −1 (C) 5 (D) −9
1
𝑥=2
1 1
𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 (1 − ) = 2
2 2
1 1
𝑓( )+𝑓( ) = 2
2 2
1
2𝑓 (2) = 2
1
𝑓( ) = 1
2
1
14. If 𝑓 is a constant function of value . Then the value of 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2)+. . . . . . . . +𝑓 (100) is
10
1 1
(A) (B) 𝟏𝟎 (C) 100 (D)
10 100
𝑓 is a constant function then there is no change of the value if 𝑥 varies so
1 1 1
𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2)+. . . . . . . . +𝑓(100) = + +. . . . . . . +
10 10 10
1+1+.......+1 100
= =
10 10
= 10
𝑥+1 1+2𝑥
15. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = then 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 ) is
𝑥−2 𝑥−1
(A) Constant function (B) Identity function
(C) Quadratic function (D) Cubic function
𝑥+1 1+2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥−2 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥−1
, 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 )
1+2𝑥
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝑓 ( )
𝑥−1
1+2𝑥
+ 1
= 𝑥−1
1+2𝑥
− 2
𝑥−1
1+2𝑥+𝑥−1
= 𝑥−1
1+2𝑥−2𝑥+2
𝑥−1
3𝑥
= =𝑥
3
(B) Identity function

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44 Way to Success - 10th Maths
Creative MCQ
1. If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑞 then the total number of relations that exist between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is
PTA-1
(A) 2𝑝 (B) 2𝑞 (C) 2𝑝+𝑞 (D) 𝟐𝒑𝒒
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = (−1)𝑥 is a function from ℕ to ℤ . Then the range of f is PTA-3
(A) {1} (B) ℕ (C) {1, −1} (D) ℤ
For 𝑥 ∈ ℕ, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (−1)𝑥
= ±1

3. The given diagram represents

PTA-6
(A) an onto function (B) a constant function
(C) an one-one function (D) not a function
2 has two images 4, 2. It is not a function

4. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏} then 𝐵 × 𝐴

(A) {(1, 𝑎), (1, 𝑏), (2, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏)} (B) {(1, 𝑎), (2, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏)}
(C) {(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎, 2), (𝑏, 1), (𝑏, 2)} (D) {(𝒂, 𝟏), (𝒂, 𝟐), (𝒂, 𝟑), (𝒃, 𝟏), (𝒃, 𝟐), (𝒃, 𝟑)}
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏} × {1,2,3}
= {(𝑎, 1), (𝑎, 2), (𝑎, 3), (𝑏, 1), (𝑏, 2), (𝑏, 3)}
5. 𝑛(𝐴) = 3 and 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 4 then 𝑛(𝐵 × 𝐴)
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 6 (D) 12
𝑛(𝐴) = 3 and 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 4 then 𝑛(𝐵 × 𝐴) = 4 × 3 = 12
6. Real numbers 𝑅 is defined as follows
(A) 𝑁 ∪ 𝑊 (B) 𝑸 ∪ 𝑸′ (C) 𝑊 ∪ 𝑍 (D) 𝑍 ∪ 𝑄
7. 𝐴 = {1,2} and 𝐵 = {1,2} then geometrically the set of points of 𝐴 × 𝐵 is
(A) a rectangle (B) a square (C) a circle (D) a triangle

𝐴 = {1,2},
𝐵 = {1,2}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (22)}

8. If 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(1,2), (1,3), (3,2), (3,3), (5,2), (5,3)} then find 𝐴

(A) {𝟐, 𝟑} (B) {1,2,3,5} (C) {1,3,5} (D) {2,3,5}
𝐵 = {1,3,5}
𝐴 = {2,3}
9. 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(3,2), (3,4), (5,2), (5,4)} then find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
(A) {3,5} (B) {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓} (C) {2,4} (D) { }
𝐴 = {3,5}, 𝐵 = {2,4} , 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2,3,4,5}

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 45

10. 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} which of the following are relations from 𝐵 to 𝐴?
(A) {(𝑐, 𝑎), (𝑐, 𝑏), (𝑐, 1)} (B) {(𝒂, 𝟒), (𝒃, 𝟑), (𝒄, 𝟐)}
(C) {(1, 𝑎), (𝑏, 4), (𝑐, 3)} (D) {(1, 𝑏), (1, 𝑐 ), (3, 𝑎), (4, 𝑏)}
1
11. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , 𝑓 is defined for all real numbers except at
1+𝑥

(A) 𝑥 = 1 (B) 𝑥 = 0 (C) 𝒙 = −𝟏 (D) 𝑥 = 2

1+𝑥 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ −1, 𝑓 is defined for all real numbers except at 𝑥 = −1
1
12. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = then domain of 𝑓 is
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
(A) 𝑹 − {𝟐, 𝟑} (B) 𝑅 (C) 𝑁 (D) 𝑍
2
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥 = 2,3 , then 𝑓(2), 𝑓(𝐶) are not defined. Hence 𝑓 is defined for all real numbers except at
𝑥 = 2 and 3. So domain of 𝑓 = 𝑅 − {2,3}
13. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 , find 𝑓(−1)
(A) 1 (B) −𝟏 (C) 3 (D) −3
𝑓(−1) = 2(−1) − (−1 )3
= −2 + 1
= −1
14. If a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is both one-one and onto then 𝑓 is called
(A) Injection (B) Surjection (C) Bijection (D) into function
15. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑚 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑛 then 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 =
(A) 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 (B) 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 (C) 𝒙𝒎𝒏 (D)1
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ))
= 𝑓 (𝑥 𝑛 )
= (𝑥 𝑛 )𝑚
= 𝑥 𝑚𝑛
16. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 then 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 =
(A) 𝒙𝟔 (B) 𝑥 5 (C) 𝑥 (D) 𝑥 −1
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥 ))
= 𝑔(𝑥 3 )
= (𝑥 3 )2 = 𝑥 6
17. If 𝑓(1) = −1 then pre-image of −1 is
(A) 1 (B) −1 (C) 0 (D) 2
18. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 then 𝑓(4)
(A) 4 (B) √2 (3) 𝟐 (D) None of these
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
⇒ 𝑓(4) = √4 = 2

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46 Way to Success - 10th Maths
Unit Exercise - 1
1. If the ordered pairs (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙, 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚) and 4. Let 𝑨 = {𝟗, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟕}
(−2,5) are equal, then find 𝒙 and 𝒚. and let 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑵 be defined by 𝒇(𝒏) = the
The ordered pairs (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦) highest prime factor of 𝒏 ∈ 𝑨. Write 𝒇 as a
and (−2, 5) are equal. set of ordered pairs and find the range of 𝒇.
Now, 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = −2 Let 𝐴 = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17}
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝑁 defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = the highest
prime factor of 𝑛 ∈ 𝐴.
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑓 = {(9, 3), (10, 5), (11, 11), (12, 3),
𝑥 = 1 (or) 𝑥 = 2
(13, 13), (14, 7), (15, 5), (16, 2), (17, 17)}
𝑥 = 1, 2
Then 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = 5 Range of 𝑓 = {2, 3, 5, 11, 13, 17}
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0 9 =3×3 10 = 5 × 2 11 = 1 × 11
(𝑦 − 1) (𝑦 + 5) = 0 12 = 3 × 4 13 = 1 × 13 14 = 2 × 17
15 = 5 × 3 16 = 2 × 8 17 = 1 × 17
𝑦 = 1 (or) 𝑦 = −5
𝑦 = −5, 1 5. Find the domain of the function

2. The Cartesian product 𝑨 × 𝑨 has 𝟗 elements 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟏 + √𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

among which (−𝟏, 𝟎) and (𝟎, 𝟏) are found.
Find the set 𝑨 and the remaining elements of Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √1 + √1 − √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑨 × 𝑨. If 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞), 𝑓(𝑥) is not real.
𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐴) If 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1], 𝑓(𝑥) is real.
=9 ∴ Domain is {−1, 0, 1}
𝑛(𝐴) = 3
6. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 and 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟐,
we observe that the Cartesian products
Prove that (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) ∘ 𝒉 = 𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉).
which (−1, 0) (0,1),
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 , ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 2
we conclude 𝐴 = {−1, 0, 1}
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ))
then 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {−1, 0, 1} × {−1, 0, 1} = 𝑓(3𝑥) = (3𝑥 )2 = 9𝑥 2
= {(−1, −1) , (−1, 0) , (−1, 1), Then (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) (ℎ(𝑥))
(0, −1) , (0, 0) , (0, 1), (1, −1) , = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) (𝑥 − 2)
(1, 0), (1, −1)} = 9(𝑥 − 2)2
= 9(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
3. Given that 𝒇(𝒙) = {√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏. = 9𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 36…(1)
𝟒 𝒙<𝟏
Find i) 𝒇(𝟎) ii) 𝒇(𝟑) (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) (𝑥 ) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥 ))
iii) 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝟏) in terms of 𝒂. = 𝑔(𝑥 − 2)
(Given that 𝒂 ≥ 𝟎)
= 3(𝑥 − 2) = 3𝑥 − 6
𝑓(𝑥 ) = {√𝑥 − 1 , 𝑥 ≥ 1 , 𝑥 = 1,2,3, . .. 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ) (𝑥) = 𝑓(3𝑥 − 6)
4 , 𝑥 < 1, 𝑥 = 0, −1, −2 , −3. . .
= (3𝑥 − 6)2
i) 𝑓(0) = 4
= 9𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 36……(2)
ii) 𝑓(3) = √3 − 1 = √2 From (1) and (2)
iii) 𝑓 (𝑎 + 1) = √𝑎 + 1 − 1 = √𝑎 (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ = 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)

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Chapter 1 - Relations and Functions 47

7. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒}, 9. The functions 𝒇 and 𝒈 are defined by
𝒙−𝟐
𝑪 = {𝟓, 𝟔} and 𝑫 = {𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖}. Verify 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖; 𝒈(𝒙) =
𝟑
whether 𝑨 × 𝑪 is a subset of 𝑩 × 𝑫? 𝟏
𝐴 = {1, 2} , 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} , i) Calculate the value of 𝒈𝒈 ( )
𝟐
𝐶 = {5, 6} and 𝐷 = {5, 6, 7, 8} ii) Write an expression for 𝒈𝒇(𝒙) in its
simplest form.
Now, 𝑥−2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 + 8; 𝑔(𝑥 ) =
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1, 2} × {5, 6} 3
1 1
= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)} …... (1) i) 𝑔𝑔 (2) = 𝑔 ⋅ 𝑔 (2)
𝐵 × 𝐷 = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {5, 6, 7, 8} 1
= 𝑔 (𝑔 (2))
= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8),
−1
−2
(2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8) = 𝑔( 2
)
3
(3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8), −3
(4,5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)} …… (2) = 𝑔 (2×3)
we observe from (1) and (2)
−1
𝐴 × 𝐶 ⊆ 𝐵 × 𝐷. = 𝑔(2 )
−1
𝒙−𝟏 −2 −1−4 −5
8. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏 show that = (2 ) =( ) = ( )
3 2×3 6
𝟏
𝒇(𝒇(𝒙)) = − , provided 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎.
𝒙
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥−1
, 𝑥≠1 ii) 𝑔𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑔 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥+1
𝑥−1 = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥 ))
𝑓(𝑓(𝑥 )) = 𝑓 (𝑥+1) 6𝑥+8−2
= 𝑔(6𝑥 + 8) = 3
𝑥−1 𝑥−1−𝑥−1
−1 −2 6𝑥+6
= 𝑥+1
𝑥−1 = 𝑥+1
𝑥−1+𝑥+1 = 2𝑥 =
+1 3
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 6 (𝑥+1)
−1 =
= 𝑥 , 𝑥≠0 3
= 2(𝑥 + 1)
Hence proved.

10. Write the domain of the following real functions

𝟐𝒙+𝟏 −𝟓
i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟗
ii) 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 iii) 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟐 iv) 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟔
2𝑥+1
i) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = PTA-6 iii) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 2 PTA-6
𝑥−9
If 𝑥 = 9 then 𝑓(−9) is not defined If 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 2) 𝑔(𝑥 ) is not real
Hence 𝑓 is defined for all real numbers If 𝑥 ∈ [2, ∞) 𝑔(𝑥) is real
except at 𝑥 = 9. ∴ the Domain is [2, ∞)
So domain of 𝑓 = 𝑅 − {9}
ii) 𝑝(𝑥 ) =
−5 iv) ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 6
4𝑥 2 +1
Here ℎ is defined for all real numbers.
Here 𝑝 is defined for all real number.
Hence domain of ℎ = 𝑅
Hence domain of 𝑝 = 𝑅

Important Example Questions:

2 Marks: Example 1.7 (PTA-1), Eg.1.15(ii) (PTA-2), Eg.1.22(PTA-4), Eg.1.17 (PTA-6)
5 Marks: Example 1.11 (PTA -3), Eg.1.23 (PTA-5), Eg.1.15 (MDL)

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